Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Kifi 0 2405 859650 811610 2026-06-17T21:14:33Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359634907|Leerfish]]" 859650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifin leerfish''' ko '''garrick''' ( ''Lichia amia'' ) nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] ruwa ne a cikin dangin Trachinotidae . Ita ce kaɗai mamba a cikin nau'in '''''Lichia''''' . Tana da asali a yawancin gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], daga [[Bahar Rum]] da yammacin [[Black Sea|Baƙin Teku]], arewa zuwa Faransa, da kuma kudu tare da ruwan gabar tekun yammacin [[Afirka]], tana kaiwa kudu maso gabashin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Su nau'i ne mai mahimmanci a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku, musamman a Afirka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Taryn S. |last2=Cowley |first2=Paul D. |last3=Bennett |first3=Rhett H. |last4=Childs |first4=Amber-Robyn |date=2018 |title=Fish on the move: connectivity of an estuary-dependent fishery species evaluated using a large-scale acoustic telemetry array |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=2038–2052 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |issn=0706-652X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Henriques |first=R |last2=Potts |first2=WM |last3=Sauer |first3=WHH |last4=Shaw |first4=PW |date=2012-12-01 |title=Evidence of deep genetic divergence between populations of an important recreational fishery species, ''Lichia amia'' L. 1758, around southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/1814232X.2012.749809 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |doi=10.2989/1814232x.2012.749809 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗannan kifayen za su iya kaiwa tsawon mita 1.5 da kuma fiye da mita 30.&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram. Suna zaune a yankin raƙuman ruwa na bakin teku inda suke samar da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa don farautar wasu ƙananan kifaye, suna fifita ƙananan kifaye. A Afirka ta Kudu, galibi suna yin hayayyafa a magudanar ruwa kuma suna ƙaura zuwa yanayin ruwa bayan sun girma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Taryn S. |last2=Cowley |first2=Paul D. |last3=Bennett |first3=Rhett H. |last4=Childs |first4=Amber-Robyn |date=2018 |title=Fish on the move: connectivity of an estuary-dependent fishery species evaluated using a large-scale acoustic telemetry array |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=2038–2052 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |issn=0706-652X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin Haraji == Shaidun kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa akwai babban bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin yawan kifayen leerfish a Afirka ta Kudu da Angola, wanda wataƙila ya raba ta hanyar Benguela Current . Don haka an ba da shawarar a sarrafa waɗannan al'ummomin a matsayin hannun jari biyu masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Henriques |first=R |last2=Potts |first2=WM |last3=Sauer |first3=WHH |last4=Shaw |first4=PW |date=2012-12-01 |title=Evidence of deep genetic divergence between populations of an important recreational fishery species, ''Lichia amia'' L. 1758, around southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/1814232X.2012.749809 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |doi=10.2989/1814232x.2012.749809 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenriquesPottsSauerShaw2012">Henriques, R; Potts, WM; Sauer, WHH; Shaw, PW (2012-12-01). </cite></ref> == Tarihin burbushin halittu == [[Fayil:Lichia_veronensis.JPG|left|thumb|Samfuran burbushin halittu na ''[[Lichia veronensis|L. veronensis]]'']] Wani dangin da ya mutu, ''[[Lichia veronensis]]'' <small>Bannikov, 1990</small>, an san shi daga wurin da Monte Bolca ta farko ta Eocene ta kasance a Italiya, yana nuna cewa wannan nau'in ya rayu a yankinsa na yanzu tsawon kusan shekaru miliyan 50. Wani nau'in da ya mutu, ''[[Lichia alta]]'' <small>Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891</small>, an san shi daga Oligocene na Slovenia. An san ''Lichia'' burbushin halittu a matsayin wanda aka keɓe ga ''L. amia'' na yanzu tun daga marigayi Miocene ( Messinian ) na Italiya, a tsakiyar rikicin gishirin Messinian . Wannan yana nuna cewa dole ne ''L. amia'' na yanzu ya rabu da danginsa da suka mutu kafin wannan lokacin, kuma cewa aljihun teku na iya kasancewa a cikin Bahar Rum a wannan lokacin. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Carnevale |first=G. |last2=Bannikov |first2=Alexandre F. |last3=Marramà |first3=G. |last4=Tyler |first4=James C. |last5=Zorzin. |first5=R. |date=2014 |title=The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide |url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/149338/1/Carnevale%20et%20al%202014%20The%20Pesciara%20F-L.%20Fishes%20and%20other%20vertebrates2.pdf |journal=Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=i–xxvii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carnevale |first=Giorgio |last2=Caputo |first2=G. |last3=Landini |first3=D. |date=2008 |title=A leerfish (Teleostei, Carangidae) from the Messinian evaporites of the Vena del Gesso basin (Romagna Apennines, Italy): Paleogeographical and paleoecological implications. |url=https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/130599 |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=47 |issue=2}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 8c36urwcrabvjkn1ptf6z7pt7goefj5 859651 859650 2026-06-17T21:15:39Z Engineer014 44591 859651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin leerfish''' ko '''garrick''' ( ''Lichia amia'' ) nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] ruwa ne a cikin dangin Trachinotidae . Ita ce kaɗai mamba a cikin nau'in '''''Lichia''''' . Tana da asali a yawancin gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], daga [[Bahar Rum]] da yammacin [[Black Sea|Baƙin Teku]], arewa zuwa Faransa, da kuma kudu tare da ruwan gabar tekun yammacin [[Afirka]], tana kaiwa kudu maso gabashin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Su nau'i ne mai mahimmanci a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku, musamman a Afirka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Taryn S. |last2=Cowley |first2=Paul D. |last3=Bennett |first3=Rhett H. |last4=Childs |first4=Amber-Robyn |date=2018 |title=Fish on the move: connectivity of an estuary-dependent fishery species evaluated using a large-scale acoustic telemetry array |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=2038–2052 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |issn=0706-652X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Henriques |first=R |last2=Potts |first2=WM |last3=Sauer |first3=WHH |last4=Shaw |first4=PW |date=2012-12-01 |title=Evidence of deep genetic divergence between populations of an important recreational fishery species, ''Lichia amia'' L. 1758, around southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/1814232X.2012.749809 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |doi=10.2989/1814232x.2012.749809 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗannan kifayen za su iya kaiwa tsawon mita 1.5 da kuma fiye da mita 30.&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram. Suna zaune a yankin raƙuman ruwa na bakin teku inda suke samar da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa don farautar wasu ƙananan kifaye, suna fifita ƙananan kifaye. A Afirka ta Kudu, galibi suna yin hayayyafa a magudanar ruwa kuma suna ƙaura zuwa yanayin ruwa bayan sun girma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Taryn S. |last2=Cowley |first2=Paul D. |last3=Bennett |first3=Rhett H. |last4=Childs |first4=Amber-Robyn |date=2018 |title=Fish on the move: connectivity of an estuary-dependent fishery species evaluated using a large-scale acoustic telemetry array |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=2038–2052 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361 |issn=0706-652X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin Haraji == Shaidun kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa akwai babban bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin yawan kifayen leerfish a Afirka ta Kudu da Angola, wanda wataƙila ya raba ta hanyar Benguela Current . Don haka an ba da shawarar a sarrafa waɗannan al'ummomin a matsayin hannun jari biyu masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Henriques |first=R |last2=Potts |first2=WM |last3=Sauer |first3=WHH |last4=Shaw |first4=PW |date=2012-12-01 |title=Evidence of deep genetic divergence between populations of an important recreational fishery species, ''Lichia amia'' L. 1758, around southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/1814232X.2012.749809 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |doi=10.2989/1814232x.2012.749809 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHenriquesPottsSauerShaw2012">Henriques, R; Potts, WM; Sauer, WHH; Shaw, PW (2012-12-01). </cite></ref> == Tarihin burbushin halittu == [[Fayil:Lichia_veronensis.JPG|left|thumb|Samfuran burbushin halittu na ''[[Lichia veronensis|L. veronensis]]'']] Wani dangin da ya mutu, ''[[Lichia veronensis]]'' <small>Bannikov, 1990</small>, an san shi daga wurin da Monte Bolca ta farko ta Eocene ta kasance a Italiya, yana nuna cewa wannan nau'in ya rayu a yankinsa na yanzu tsawon kusan shekaru miliyan 50. Wani nau'in da ya mutu, ''[[Lichia alta]]'' <small>Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891</small>, an san shi daga Oligocene na Slovenia. An san ''Lichia'' burbushin halittu a matsayin wanda aka keɓe ga ''L. amia'' na yanzu tun daga marigayi Miocene ( Messinian ) na Italiya, a tsakiyar rikicin gishirin Messinian . Wannan yana nuna cewa dole ne ''L. amia'' na yanzu ya rabu da danginsa da suka mutu kafin wannan lokacin, kuma cewa aljihun teku na iya kasancewa a cikin Bahar Rum a wannan lokacin. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Carnevale |first=G. |last2=Bannikov |first2=Alexandre F. |last3=Marramà |first3=G. |last4=Tyler |first4=James C. |last5=Zorzin. |first5=R. |date=2014 |title=The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide |url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/149338/1/Carnevale%20et%20al%202014%20The%20Pesciara%20F-L.%20Fishes%20and%20other%20vertebrates2.pdf |journal=Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=i–xxvii}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carnevale |first=Giorgio |last2=Caputo |first2=G. |last3=Landini |first3=D. |date=2008 |title=A leerfish (Teleostei, Carangidae) from the Messinian evaporites of the Vena del Gesso basin (Romagna Apennines, Italy): Paleogeographical and paleoecological implications. |url=https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/130599 |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=47 |issue=2}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> sa5clzewri3uuv5t7i69rtbx9qvec13 Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro 0 5702 859465 785905 2026-06-17T16:39:22Z Kaddi123 38060 859465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mosquito_on_human_skin.jpg |thumb| Sauri ]] [[File:Aguas_urbanas_fecales_de_un_barrio_urbano_de_togo.JPG |thumb| Gurbatar muhalli na jawo Sauro da kan haifar da cutar Maleriya]] [[Fayil:Trois kits de test de dépistage rapide positif pour le paludisme(malaria) sur table 03.jpg|thumb|test na maleriya]] '''Maleriya,''' Cuta ce wadda sauro ke haifarwa, ita dai Cutar ta kasance sauro ne ke yaɗa ta, a tsakanin mutane da sauran dabbobi daga ƙwayoyin cutar [[protozoans]] (wata kwayar cutar ce wadda ba'a gani da idanu ba tare da amfani na na'urar ganin kwayoyin halittu) ta yanayin ''[[Plasmodium]]'' .<ref name="WHO2014" /> Alamomin zazzabi sun hada da [[janti]], [[ciwon jiki|gajiya]], [[amai]] da [[ciwon kai]].<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Idan ya yi tsanani yana haddasa fata ta zama ruwan korawa, sankamewar jiki, [[suma]] ko [[mutuwa]].<ref name="EBMED2014" /> Wadan nan alamomi na bayyana kwanaki goma zuwa sha biyar bayan cizon [[sauro]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ga waɗanda ba su sami magani sosai ba cutar na iya dawowa bayan wasu watanni.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ga wadanda suka rayu bayan sun kamu, sake kamuwa na iya haifar da alamomi marasa tsanani.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Wannan [[garkuwa|juriya]] ta takaitaccen lokaci na dacewa a cikin watanni zuwa shekaru idan ba'a sami sake kamuwa da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] ba.<ref name="EBMED2014" /> <!--Cause and diagnosis--> Yawanci, cutar na yaduwa daga cizon tamatar sauro mai ɗauke da cutar wato sauro ''[[Anopheles]]''.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wannan cizon shi ya kan shigar da kwayar cutar daga yawun sauron zuwa cikin [[tsarin gudanar|jini]] na mutum.<ref name=WHO2014/> Sai kuma kwayar cutar ta tafi zuwa hanta inda za ta balaga kuma ta hayayyafa.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Mutane na iya harbuwa kuma su yada jinsi biyar na ''Plasmodium''.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Sanadi na yawaicin mutuwa sababinta daga ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P.&nbsp;falciparum]]'' tare da ''[[Plasmodium vivax|P.&nbsp;vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P.&nbsp;ovale]]'', da ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P.&nbsp;malariae]]'' waɗanda ke haifar da yanayin zazzabi sassauƙa.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Jinsin ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P.&nbsp;knowlesi]]'' bai cika haifar da cutuka ga mutane ba.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ana maganin zazzabi ta hanyar nazarin [[jini]] da madubin likita da amfani da [[hotunan jini]], ko kuma da fasaha mai gano kwayar cuta [[antigen]] wato [[Gwajin gano zazzabi na antigen|gwaje-gwajen gaggawa domin magani]].<ref name=EBMED2014/> Hanyar gwaji mai amfani da [[jerin alamomi ta polymerase]] domin gano [[DNA]] na kwayar cutar ana samar da ita, amma ba'a cika amfani da ita ba a sassan da cutar zazzabi ta zama [[ruwan-dare (gidan-kowa-da-akwai)|game-gari]] sabo da tsadarsa da kuma wahala.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |author=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref>. Alamurran da suka shafe aikin gona/ noma da suka hada da ban-ruwa, suna da dabbaka malaria a yankunan Tropical da Sub-saharan.<ref>Taffese, H. S., & Zuma, S. M. (2024). Determinants of persistent malaria transmission in the Arjo-Didessa farm area in Ethiopia. ''Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases'', ''39''(1), 5.</ref> <!--Prevention and treatment--> Za'a iya rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar hana cizon sauro ta amafni da [[gidan sauro]] da [[magani mai korar sauro]], ko ta yin amfani da matakai na hana yaduwar sauro kamar feshin [[maganin sauro]] da kuma hana kwanciyar ruwa.sana da da kashe haki a cikin gida ko gefen gida<ref name=EBMED2014/> Akwai magunguna masu yawa domin [[hana zazzaɓi|kare zazzabi]] daga matafiya zuwa shiyyoyin da cutar ta zama ruwan-dare.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Shan magani akai-akai [[sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] na da matuƙar kyau ga [[yara]] da kuma bayan [[wata uku na farko]] na [[samun ciki]] a shiyyoyi da aka fi samun zazzabi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Duk da bukatar da ake da ita, babu wata ingantacciyar [[allura]] da ake da ita, duk da cewa ƙoƙarin samar da wata na ci gaba.<ref name=WHO2014/> Maganin zazzabi da ka bayar da shawara a kansa hadi ne da [[maganin zazzaɓi]] wanda ya haɗa da [[artemisinin]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Magani na biyu na iya zama [[mefloquine]], [[lumefantrine]], ko sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Za'a iya amfani da [[Quinine]] tare da [[doxycycline]] idan ba'a sami artemisinin ba.<ref name=WHO2010/> Kuma ana bayar da shawara cewa a wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan-dare, idan zai yiwu, a tabbatar da zazzabin cizon sauron kafin a fara bayar da magani sabo da damuwar da ake da ita ta wajen karuwar [[bijirewa magani]] da cutar ke yi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Bijirewa na karuwa ga yawaicin magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro; misali, bijirewa [[chloroquine]] ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' ya yadu a yankuna masu zazzabin cizon sauro, kuma bijirewa artemisinin ya zama matsala a wasu sassa na Kudancin Asia.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!--Epidemiology--> Cutar ta fi yaduwa a [[Wurare masu zafi|wurare masu zafin yanayi]] da kuma bangarori [[da kusa da wurin zafi]] wadan da ke kusa da inda layin [[equator]] ya keta.<ref name=EBMED2014>{{cite journal|last=Caraballo|first=Hector|title=Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=May 2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da mafi yawan [[kusa da Saharar Afirka]], [[Asia]], da [[Latin America]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[gungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2012, an sami matsalar zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 207.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> A wannan shekarar, an ƙiyasta cewa cutar ta hallaka a ƙalla tsakanin mutane miliyan 473,000 da mutane 789,000, mafi yawansu yara a nahiyar Afirka.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Yawanci a kan alaƙanta cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro da talauci kuma ya na shafar [[haɓakar tattalin arziki]].<ref name="IftSoL">{{Cite report |author=Gollin D, Zimmermann C |title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]] |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Worrall 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K |title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature |journal=Tropical Health and Medicine |year=2005 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1047–59 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x |pmid=16185240}} {{open access}}</ref> A nahiyar Afirka an ƙiyasta cewa ya jawo asarar Dalar Amurka biliyan 12 a shekara sabo da ƙaruwar tsadar kiwon lafiya, rashin samun damar yin aiki da kuma illoli ga yawon buɗe-idanu.<ref name="Greenwood 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA |title=Malaria |journal=Lancet |year=2005|volume=365 |issue=9469 |pages=1487–98 |pmid=15850634 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> ==Cutar Maleriya a Kasar Hausa== Cutar Malariya wani cutar da aka samu kuma yana da muhimmanci a cikin kasashen Afrika. Malariya tana da sabon cutarwa da aka kira cutar da aka fi sani da "plasmodium" a matsayin "parasite" a cikin damar. Cutar Malariya zai zamo dalilin samun mutum a kan tsaro da kuma a kan ciki. A Hausa, Cutar Malariya an samu kamar "Rashin Tsuntsaye" ko "Rashin Tsuntsa". Wadanda ke da shakka a kan cutar Malariya aka yin kira da suna "Tsuntsaye" ko "Tsuntsa" saboda rashin tsuntsaye da aka samu a cikin cutar. Saboda haka, Cutar Malariya na Hausa yana da alamun tsari da kuma alamun kwayoyi da ke da muhimmanci a cikin zamaninmu.malaria nada hadari sosai masaman ga kanana Yara da mata masu juna biyu tana iya shanye masu jini idan ta dauki tsawon lokaci a cikin jikin su. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Halitta]] 0qgj8r1wx2ecl2wm8jt61dwjzlp3djo Jaffa 0 8918 859565 521600 2026-06-17T19:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Catholic church in Jaffa.jpg|thumb|hoton chocin jaffa]] [[File:Retsif ha-Aliya ha-Shniya Street, Jaffa, 2019 (03).jpg|thumb|hoton cikin garin jaffa]] [[File:Jaffa Old City Aerial View.jpg|thumb|hoton yanayin garin jaffa]] '''Jaffa''', a harshen Hebrew '''Yafo ya fito ne daga yankin'''larabci '''''Yaffa |يَافَا ''''', wasu na kiransa da '''''Japho''''' ko kuma '''''Joppa'''''), itace dadaddiyar garin dake kudancin ɓangaren da ayanzu yazama [[Tel Abib|Tel Abib-Yafo]], tsohuwar birnin tashar ruwa ce na [[Isra'ila]]. Jaffa tayi suna ne tareda kasancewar anan ne labarun [[Jonah]], Annabi [[Suleiman]] da [[Saint Peter]] na cikin [[baibul]] da kuma labarin da aka kaga na [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] da [[Perseus]] suka samo asali, sannan kuma a yanzu garin yayi suna ne, sanadiyar ire iren nau'ukan [[lemu]]n dasuke nomawa, wadanda ake kira da for its [[Lemun Jaffa]]. == Asalin Sunan Garin == Ansamu ambaton sunan garin a wasu littafan da suka fito daga [[Egypt]]ian da kuma [[Amarna letters]] a matsayin ''Yapu''. Cewar an sanya wa garin sunan ne saboda [[Japheth|Yafet]], wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin yayan Annabi [[Nuhu]], Wanda kuma shine yasake Gina garin bayan the one who built it after the [[Ruwan Dufana|Genesis flood narrative|Flood]].<ref>One example of this legend is the sixteenth-century French pilgrim Denis Possot who recorded, "Jaffe, est le port de la Terre saincte, anciennement nommé Joppe, faict et construict premierment en ville et cité grande à merveilles et de grant renom, par Japhet, fils de Noé." in his ''Le Voyage de la Terre Sainte'' (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints 1971, reprint of Paris edition, 1890, orig. 1532), p. 155.</ref><ref>Another pilgrim, Sir Richard of Guylforde, wrote,"This Jaffe was sometyme a grete Cytie [...] and it was one of the firste Cyties of the worlde founded by Japheth, Noes sone, and beryth yet his name." in the pilgrimage narrative from 1506, recorded by his chaplain in 1511, edited by Sir Henry Ellis (London: Camden Society, 1851), p. 16.</ref> The [[Hellenistic period|Hellenist]] na danganta sunan da sunan ''Iopeia'', ko [[Cassiopeia (mythology)|Cassiopeia]], Mahaifiyar [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]]. Inda ake fashion duwatsu dake kusa da harbor yashara ne a matsayin inda Perseus ya ceci Andromeda. [[Pliny the Elder]] danuwansa babba yadanganta sunan da Iopa, yarinyar [[Aeolus]], ubangijin Iska a cewarsu. Dan [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] geographer [[al-Muqaddasi]] yane danganta garin da ''Yaffa.''<ref name=Strange550>le Strange, 1890, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/550/mode/1up 550]-551</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:MarktJaffaGustavBauernfeind1887.jpg|thumb|''Kasuwa a Jaffa'', daga [[Gustav Bauernfeind]], 1877]] Tsohon garin Jaffa an gina ta ne akan wani tsauni tareda samun daman gabar tekun garin sosai dan wani dama na tsaron soji a tarihin Ƙasar.<ref name="UCLA">Stacey Jennifer Miller, ''The Lion Temple of Jaffa: Archaeological Investigations of the Late Bronze Age Egyptian. Occupation in Canaan.'' [http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Miller_Stacey_J_2012_BA_Honors_Thesis_UCLA.pdf BA thesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819082359/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Miller_Stacey_J_2012_BA_Honors_Thesis_UCLA.pdf |date=2019-08-19 }}, University of California, Los Angeles, 2012</ref> Labarin [[tell (archaeology)|tell]] of Jaffa, da aka kirkira ta hanyar tara duwatsu da kasa a karnoni da dama, yasa tsaunin karin tsawo sosai. === Gabanin Tarihi === Archaeological yanuna cewar inda garin Jaffa yake an taɓa zama a wurin tun a ƙarni na [[8th millennium BC|7500 BCE]].<ref>cite web | url= http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_jaffa.html |title=TEL YAFO EXPEDITION: Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa) |publisher=Tel Aviv University</ref> === Zamanin Tagulla === Harbourn Asali na Jaffa ana amfani dashi tun a [[Zamanin Tagulla]]. Birnin an kirkire shine a kusan 1800 BCE.<ref name="Popular">Aaron A. Burke and Martin Peilstöcker, [https://popular-archaeology.com/issue/march-2013/article/the-egyptian-fortress-in-jaffa ''The Egyptian Fortress in Jaffa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909055321/http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/march-2013/article/the-egyptian-fortress-in-jaffa |date=2017-09-09 }}, Popular Archaeology, 3 March 2013</ref> An samu sunan garin Jaffa garin ne a [[Dadaddiyar Egypt]] tun a kusan 1440 BCE. Labarin daya shahara akan [[the Taking of Joppa]] ya tabbatar da kwace garin da [[Pharaoh]] [[Thutmose III]] yayi, whose general, [[Djehuty (general)|Djehuty]] sun boye sojojin Egypt a buhun huna Wanda carried by pack animals sannan aka aika dasu camouflaged a matsayin tribute zuwa cikin birnin [[Canaan]], anan ne sojojin suka fito suka kwace garin. Labarun ya zone kafin labarin [[Homer|Homeric]] story of the [[Dawakan Trojan]] a Ƙarni biyu. Kuma an ƙara samunsa a [[Amarna letters]] da sunan da misrawa ke kiransa wato ''Ya-Pho'', ('' Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33''). Birnin na karkashin mulkin Egypt ne harsai a 800 BCE. ===Hebrew Bible: conquest to return from Babylon=== Jaffa an ambace ta sau huɗu a cikin littafin [[Hebrew Bible]], amatsayin wani birni dake kallon [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] [[Tribe of Dan]] (Bibleref2|Joshua 19:46), a matsayin tashar shiga na [[Lebanon Cedar|cedars of Lebanon]] na [[Solomon's Temple]] (Bibleref2|2 Chronicles 2:16), a matsayin wurin da annabi [[Jonah]] embarked ɗan [[Tarshish]] (Bibleref2|Jonah 1:3) da kuma matsayin Tasha dan cedars din Lebanon Dan [[Second Temple]] of Jerusalem (Bibleref2|Ezra 3:7). Jaffa an ambace ta a cikin littafin [[Book of Joshua]] a matsayin garin dake iyakar [[Tribe of Dan]], wanda sunanta na zamani yakoma "[[Gush Dan]]" for the center of the coastal plain. The tribe of Dan did not manage to dislocate the Philistines from Jaffa, but many descendants of [[Dan (biblical figure)|Dan]] lived along the coast and earned their living from shipmaking and sailing. In the "Song of [[Deborah]]" the prophetess asks: "דן למה יגור אוניות": "Why doth Dan dwell in ships?"<ref>cite web |url= http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0705.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507153057/http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0705.htm |date=2021-05-07 }} |title= Judges Chapter 5 שׁוֹפְטִים | quote = Judges 5:17&nbsp;– Gilead abode beyond the Jordan; and Dan, why doth he sojourn by the ships? Asher dwelt at the shore of the sea, and abideth by its bays.</ref> Bayan Canaanite da [[Philistine]] dominion, [[King David]] da dansa [[King Solomon]] sun kwace garin Jaffa and used its port to bring the [[Cedrus libani|cedars]] used in the construction of the [[First Temple]] from [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]]. Garin yacigaba da zama a hannun [[Israelites|Israelite]] har bayan rabewar [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|united Kingdom of Israel]]. === Lokutan Assyrian, Babylonian da Persian === A shekarar 701 BCE, a kwanakin [[Hezekiah|King Hezekiah]] (חזקיהו), [[Sennacherib]], sarkin [[Assyria]], ya kwace yankin daga Jaffa. Bayan wani lokaci na kwatan [[Babylonia]], ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Persia]], Jaffa nada gwamnati ne daga [[Phoenicians]] din Tyre. ===Lokutan Hellenistic zuwa Byzantine=== Mayakan [[Alexander the Great]] sun zauna a Jaffa. Sai daga baya tazama tashar [[Seleucid Empire]] harsai lokacin da [[Maccabees]] ([[1 Maccabees]] x.76, xiv.5) suka kwace ta kuma [[Hasmonean dynasty]] suka mulki garin. Lokacin [[First Jewish–Roman War]], ankwace garin Jaffa da kona ta daga [[Cestius Gallus]]. Malamin tarihin Roman Jewish [[Josephus]] (Jewish War 2.507–509, 3:414–426) yayi rubutu cewa mazauna 8,400 aka kashe a garin. [[Piracy|Pirates]] dasuke aiki a sabon garin sun hadu da fushin [[Vespasian]], wanda ya rushe garin kuma ya gina [[ganuwa]] a inda take, dasanya Roman garrison agurin. Labarin [[New Testament]] game da [[Saint Peter]] wanda yadawo da [[Dorcas]] ta cigaba da rayuwa (dake cikin [[Acts of the Apostles]], {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|9:36–42}}, tarihin yafaru ne a Jaffa, sai ake kira da Girka {{lang|grc|Ἰόππη}} ([[latinization of names|Latinized]] amatsayin ''Joppa''). {{bibleverse||Acts|10:10–23}} relates that, while Peter was in Jaffa, he had a vision of a large sheet filled with [[Kosher foods|"clean"]] and "unclean" animals being lowered from heaven, together with a message from the [[Holy Spirit]] telling him to accompany several messengers to [[Cornelius the Centurion|Cornelius]] in [[Caesarea Maritima]]. Peter retells the story of his vision in {{bibleverse||Acts|11:4-17}}, explaining how he had come to preach [[Christianity]] to the [[gentile]]s. In ''[[Midrash halakha|Midrash]] Tanna'im'' in its chapter Deuteronomy 33:19, reference is made to [[Jose ben Halafta]] (2nd century) traveling through Jaffa. Jaffa seems to have attracted serious Jewish scholars in the 4th and 5th century. The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (compiled 4th and 5th century) in ''Moed Ketan'' references [[Rabbi Aha|Rabi Akha bar Khanina]] of Jaffa; and in ''Pesachim'' chapter 1 refers to [[Phinehas ben Jair|Rabi Pinchas ben Yair]] of Jaffa. The [[Babylonian Talmud]] (compiled 5th century) in ''Megillah'' 16b mentions Rav Adda Demin of Jaffa. ''[[Leviticus Rabbah]]'' (compiled between 5th and 7th century) mentions Rav Nachman of Jaffa. The ''[[Pesikta Rabbati]]'' (written in the 9th century) in chapter 17 mentions R. Tanchum of Jaffa.<ref>{{citation |author=Rabbi Joseph Schwarz |title=Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine |accessdate=31 May 2011 |url=http://www.shechem.org/machon/schwarz/palestine/tribe_of_dan.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621063020/http://shechem.org/machon/schwarz/palestine/tribe_of_dan.html |archivedate=21 June 2011 }}</ref>. Several streets and alleys of the Jaffa Flea Market area are named after these scholars. During the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa was a fairly unimportant Roman and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] locality, which only in the 5th century became a bishopric.<ref>[[Michel Le Quien]], ''Oriens Christianus'', III, 627.</ref> A very small number of its Greek or Latin bishops are known.<ref>[[Michel Le Quien]], ''Oriens Christianus'', III, 625–30, 1291; [[Konrad Eubel]], ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'', Munich, I, 297; II, 186.</ref><ref>''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08268a.htm]</ref> ===Lokaci Matsakaici=== [[File:Antik Saray1.jpg|thumb|Jaffa Museum in Old Saray building]] In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of [[Ramla]], then the provincial capital. [[Al-Muqaddasi]] (c. 945/946 - 991) described ''Yafah'' as "lying on the sea, is but a small town, although the [[Emporium (antiquity)|emporium]] of Palestine and the port of [[Ramla|Ar Ramlah]]. It is protected by a strong wall with iron gates, and the sea-gates also are of iron. The [[mosque]] is pleasant to the eye, and overlooks the sea. The harbour is excellent".<ref name=Strange550/> Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the [[First Crusade]], and was the centre of the [[County of Jaffa and Ascalon]], one of the [[vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. One of its counts, [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], wrote the principal book of the [[Assizes of Jerusalem|Assizes]] of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} [[Saladin]] conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to [[Richard I of England|King Richard the Lionheart]] on 10 September 1191, three days after the [[Battle of Arsuf]]. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in July 1192 ([[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]]) the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the [[Treaty of Jaffa]] was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies. [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah."<ref>{{citation | url = http://news.discovery.com/history/inscription-crusader-king-frederick-111115.html | title = First Arabic Crusader Inscription Found | first = Rossella | last = Lorenzi | date = 15 November 2011 | publisher = Discovery News | access-date = 28 November 2018 | archive-date = 1 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501200524/http://news.discovery.com/history/inscription-crusader-king-frederick-111115.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1268, Jaffa was conquered by Egyptian [[Mamluk]]s, led by [[Baibars]]. [[Abu'l-Fida]] (1273 – 1331), writing in 1321, described "Yafa, in Filastin" as "a small but very pleasant town lying on the sea-shore. It has a celebrated harbour. The town of Yafa is well fortified. Its markets are much frequented, and many merchants ply their trades here. There is a large harbour frequented by all the ships coming to Filastin, and from it they set sail to all lands. Between it and Ar Ramlah the distance is 6 miles, and it lies west of Ar Ramlah."<ref name=Strange550/> [[File:Iaffa - Cootwijck Johannes Van - 1619.jpg|thumb|Jaffa in the early 17th century]] The traveller [[Jean Cotwyk]] (Cotovicus) described Jaffa as a heap of ruins when he visited in 1598.<ref>{{cite book | title = Jewish Encyclopedia | chapter = Jaffa | author = Gotthard Deutsch and M. Franco | year = 1903 |url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8497-jaffa }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Joannes Cotovicus | title = Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum | year = 1619 | page = 135 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-hI0bXD2Xn8C | place = Antwerp}}</ref> ===Lokacin Usmaniya=== {{multiple image |direction = vertical |width = 250 |footer = |image1 = Antoine-Jean Gros - Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa.jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = [[Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa]] |image2 = Félix Bonfils (French) - Jaffa, Vue Générale Prise de la Mer - Palestine - Google Art Project.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = View of the port by [[Félix Bonfils]], 1867–1870 |image3 = ChederInJaffa1 (before1899).jpg |alt3 = |caption3 = Jewish pre-school, c. 1890s |image4 = Landing at Jaffa.jpg |alt4 = |caption4 = Boatmen waiting to land passengers, c. 1911 }} In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Selim I]], and in the [[Defter|census]] of 1596, it appeared located in the ''[[nahiya]]'' of ''[[Ramla]]'' in the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]]'' of [[Gaza Sanjak|Gaza]]. It had a population of 15 households, all [[Muslim]]. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3 % on various products; a total of 7,520 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 151</ref> The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to [[Ramla]] and [[Lod]], where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore.<ref>Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/landandbookorbi08thomgoog#page/n287/mode/1up 275]</ref> On 7 March 1799 [[Napoleon]] captured the town in what became known as the [[Siege of Jaffa]], ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French.<ref name=Moit>{{cite book |author=Jacques-François Moit |title=Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie |year=1814 }}, quoted in {{cite journal |author=Véronique Nahoum-Grappe |title=The anthropology of extreme violence: the crime of desecration |journal=International Social Science Journal |volume=54 |issue=174 |year=2002 |pages=549–557 |doi=10.1111/1468-2451.00409 }}</ref> Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Moit described it thus: {{quote|On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the south-west of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down.<ref name=Moit/>}} Many more died in an epidemic of [[bubonic plague]] that broke out soon afterwards.<ref>''Jaffa: a City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 8–9</ref> The governor who was appointed after these devastating events, [[Muhammad Abu-Nabbut]], commenced wide-ranging building and restoration work in Jaffa, including the [[Mahmoudiya Mosque]] and [[Sabil Abu Nabbut]]. During the 1834 [[Peasants' revolt in Palestine]], Jaffa was besieged for forty days by "mountaineers" in revolt against [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt]].<ref>Thomson, page 515.</ref> Rayuwa na zamantakewa a birnin ya sake dawowa ne a farkon karni na 19th. A 1820, Isaiah Ajiman na Istanbul ya gina synagogue da dakuna domin kwanan yahudawa akan hanyarsu na tafiya zuwa birnayen Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias da [[Safed]]. Garin ne yakasance akafi sani da Dar al-Yehud (Kalmar larabci dake nufin "gidan yahudawa"); kuma nan ne farkon mazaunan unguwa na yahudawa a Jaffa. Zaban Mahmud Aja amatsayin gwamnan Usmaniya, sai yazama mafarin samun zaman lafiya da cigaba a birnin, amma hakan ya katsu a 1832 da aka kwace birnin wanda [[Muhammad Ali na Misira]] yayi. By 1839, at least 153 [[Sephardi Jews]] were living in Jaffa.<ref>{{citation | title = The digitalization project of the 19th century censuses in Eretz Israel done under the auspices of Sir Moses Montefiore | accessdate = 31 May 2011 | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/44144106/Digitalization-Project-of-Montefiore-Censuses-19th-century}}</ref> The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi [[Dubrovnik|miRagusa]]. In the early 1850s, HaLevi leased an orchard to [[Clorinda S. Minor]], founder of a Christian messianic community that established Mount Hope, a farming initiative to encourage local Jews to learn manual trades, which the Messianics did in order to pave wave for the [[Second Coming]] of Jesus. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore]] bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Friedman |first=Lior |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560 |title=The mountain of despair, |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=5 April 2009 |accessdate=25 August 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124628/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Anazarci == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jaffa}} [[Category:Biranen_Isra'ila]] a5i9qysvhb8ahks8hs7vebsuydu1zts Jihar Jigawa 0 9079 859829 793420 2026-06-18T09:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Jigawa}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->|name=Jigawa|official_name=|type=[[States of Nigeria|State]]|image_flag=Jigawa State Flag.png|flag_alt=Flag of Jigawa State|image_seal=|seal_alt=Seal of Jigawa State|nickname=[[List of Nigerian state nicknames|The New World]]|image_map=Nigeria Jigawa State map.png|map_alt=|map_caption=Location of Jigawa State in Nigeria|coordinates={{coord|12|00|N|9|45|E|region:NG_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]]|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|established_title=[[List of Nigerian states by date of statehood|Date created]]|established_date=27 August 1991|seat_type=[[List of Nigerian state capitals|Capital]]|seat=[[Dutse]]|government_footnotes=|leader_party=[[All Progressives Congress|APC]]|leader_title=[[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]]<br />'''([[List of Governors of Jigawa State|List]])'''|leader_name=[[Umar Namadi]]|leader_title1={{nowrap|[[Deputy Governor of Jigawa State|Deputy Governor]]}}|leader_name1=[[Aminu Usman]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])|leader_title2=Legislature|leader_name2=[[Jigawa State House of Assembly]]|leader_title3=[[Senate of Nigeria|Senators]]|leader_name3={{Nowrap|NE: [[Abdulhamid Ahmed Madori|Abdulhamid Madori]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])}}<br />{{Nowrap|NW: [[Babangida Hussaini]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])}}<br />{{Nowrap|SW: [[Khabeeb Mustapha (politician)|Khabeeb Mustapha]] ([[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])}}|leader_title4=[[Nigerian House of Representatives|Representatives]]|leader_name4=[[Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Jigawa#9th Assembly|List]]|unit_pref=Metric<!-- or US or UK -->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=23154|area_rank=[[List of Nigerian states by area|18th of 36]]|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_footnotes=|population_total=4,361,002<ref name="PHC Tables">{{Cite web|url=http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/|title=2006 PHC Priority Tables – NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION|website=population.gov.ng|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054745/http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|population_as_of=2006 census|population_rank=[[List of Nigerian states by population|8th of 36]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_est=7,499,100<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State: Subdivision |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA018__jigawa/|access-date=7 February 2024 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>|pop_est_as_of=2022|population_note=|demographics_type1=[[List of Nigerian states by GDP|GDP (PPP)]]|demographics1_footnotes=|demographics1_title1=Year|demographics1_info1=2021|demographics1_title2=Total|demographics1_info2=$13.97&nbsp;billion<ref name="C-GIDD GDP">{{cite web |date=13 October 2022 |editor-last=Okeowo |editor-first=Gabriel |editor2-last=Fatoba |editor2-first=Iyanuoluwa |title=State of States 2022 Edition |url=https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-State-of-states_Official.pdf |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=Budgit.org |publisher=BudgIT |publication-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>|demographics1_title3=Per capita|demographics1_info3=$2,074<ref name="C-GIDD GDP" />|timezone1=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset1=+01|postal_code_type=postal code|postal_code=720001|area_code_type=|area_code=|iso_code=[[ISO 3166-2:NG|NG-JI]]|blank_name_sec1=[[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)|blank_info_sec1=0.371<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index|36th of 37]]|website=[http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/ jigawastate.gov.ng]|footnotes=}} [[Jerin Jihohin Najeriya bisa yawan jama'a|Jiha ta takwas mafi girma]] ta yawan jama'a, mazaunan Jihar Jigawa galibi 'yan asalin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne ko [[Fulani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Tribes in Jigawa State {{!}} iBusiness Directory |url=https://www.ibusiness.com.ng/tribes-in-jigawa-state/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707013628/https://www.ibusiness.com.ng/tribes-in-jigawa-state/ |archive-date=7 July 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=iBusiness {{!}} Nigeria Business Directory & List of Companies |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin mazaunan Jihar Jigawa [[Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulmi]] ne, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi goma sha biyu a cikin ƙasar da dokar Shari'a ke mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2017 |title=Christians in Nigeria's Jigawa State cry out as authorities begin church demolition |url=https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2017/01/christians-in-nigerias-jigawa-state-cry-out-as-authorities-begin-church-demolition/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=World Watch Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> Jihar Jigawa sananniya ce ga zane-zanen dutsen ''Dutsen Habude'' a garin [[Birnin Kudu]], wanda aka samo asali ne daga zamanin Neolithic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodwin |first=A. J. H. |date=1957 |title=Rock Gongs, Chutes, Paintings and Fertility |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3886443 |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=37–40 |doi=10.2307/3886443 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3886443 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2013 |title=Saturday 7th September, 2013 |url=https://issuu.com/pml01/docs/saturday_7th_september__2013/43 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=Issuu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Garin [[Haɗejiya|Hadejia]] (tsohon ''Biram'') sananne ne a matsayin daya daga cikin al'adun gargajiya na "[[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]] na gaskiya guda bakwai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daura {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Daura-Nigeria |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Tattalin arzikin Jihar Jigawa ya kasance ya dogara da aikin gona. Saboda yanayin da ba shi da kyau a jihar, ƙaura daga waje ta ma'aikata zuwa jihohin makwabta kamar Jihar Kano don neman aikin da ba a yi ba. Rashin gonar [[noma]] a cikin jihar ya zama matsala a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da gonar noma da ke ci gaba da fuskantar [[Annoba a Najeriya|Bala'o'i na kasa]] kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], wanda zai zama mafi yawa saboda canjin yanayi. A sakamakon haka, tashin hankali tsakanin [[manoma]] da [[Fulani Makiyaya|Makiyaya na Fulani]] a kan ƙasar noma sun zama tashin hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2008 |title=Violence over land on the rise in Jigawa State |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/240829 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=fr}}</ref> Jihar Jigawa tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi talatin da shida]] da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya . Tana cikin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar tsakanin latitudes 11.00 ° N zuwa 13.00 ° N da longitudes 8.00 ° E zuwa 10.15 ° E. Jihar Jigawa tana da iyaka da [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] na kilomita 355 (mil 221) da [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] na kilomita 164 (mil 102) zuwa yamma, [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] zuwa gabas da [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] na kilomita 193 (mil 120) zuwa arewa maso gabas. A arewa, Jigawa tana da iyaka ta duniya tare da [[Yankin Zinder]] a Jamhuriyar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] na kilomita 70, wanda shine dama ta musamman don ayyukan kasuwanci na kan iyaka. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi amfani wannan ta hanyar farawa da kafa yankin cinikayya kyauta a garin [[Maigatari]] a kan iyaka da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jigawa tana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 31.23 ° C (88.21 ° F) kuma yana da 1.77% sama da matsakaitan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/jigawa#:~:text=Jigawa%20Climate%20Summary&text=The%20city%27s%20yearly%20temperature%20is,%25%20of%20the%20time)%20annually. |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Jihar tana da jimlar yanki na kusan murabba'in kilomita 22,410. Yanayinta yana da alaƙa da ƙasa mai motsi, tare da dunes na yashi na girma daban-daban wanda ya kai kilomita da yawa a wasu sassan Jiha. Yankin kudancin Jigawa ya ƙunshi ƙuƙwalwar ginshiki yayin da arewa maso gabas ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu laushi na Tsarin [[Cadi|Chadi]]. Manyan koguna sune [[Kogin Hadejia|Hadejia]], Kafin Hausa da Iggi Rivers tare da wasu masu ba da gudummawa da ke ciyar da marshlands masu yawa a arewa maso gabashin jihar. Hadejia - Kogin Kafin Hausa ya ratsa jihar daga yamma zuwa gabas ta hanyar Hadejia-Nguru wetlands kuma ya kwarara cikin Tafkin Chadi. === Shuke-shuke === Yawancin sassan Jigawa suna cikin Sudan Savannah tare da abubuwa na Guinea Savannah a kudancin. Jimlar gandun daji a cikin jihar tana ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasa na 14.8%. Saboda dalilai na halitta da na ɗan adam, ana rufe gandun daji, yana sa ɓangaren arewacin jihar ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da mamayewar hamada. Jiha tana jin daɗin ƙasa mai noma mai kyau wanda kusan dukkanin amfanin gona na wurare masu zafi zasu iya daidaitawa da shi, don haka ya zama ɗaya daga cikin albarkatun ƙasa masu daraja. Yankin tsire-tsire na Sudan ya ƙunshi manyan filayen da suka dace da samar da dabbobi. Jihar Jigawa tana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke lalata jihar koyaushe, yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa, yana haifar le mummunar rikici a gonakin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AKEWUSHOLA |first=Nurudeen |date=26 June 2023 |title=Flooding: What is Jigawa state doing to mitigate future disaster? |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/flooding-what-is-jigawa-state-doing-to-mitigate-future-disaster/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |date=7 July 2023 |title=What we are doing to mitigate flooding in Jigawa - Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/608564-what-we-are-doing-to-mitigate-flooding-in-jigawa-governor.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadiq |first=Shakirat |date=7 September 2023 |title=Jigawa State Dredges Hadejia River To Prevent Flood |url=https://von.gov.ng/jigawa-state-dredges-hadejia-river-to-prevent-flood/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 July 2023 |title=Jigawa flood: Victims lament negligence by govt, seek urgent action |url=https://guardian.ng/news/jigawa-flood-victims-lament-negligence-by-govt-seek-urgent-action/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> za'a iya bayyana halin zamantakewa da al'adu a Jihar Jigawa a matsayin iri ɗaya: yawancin jama'ar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] / [[Fulani]] ne, waɗanda za'a iya samun su a duk sassan jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title= |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/map.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313163933/https://onlinenigeria.com/map. |archive-date=2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-13}}</ref> [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] galibi ana samun su ne a Masarautar Hadejia, tare da wasu alamun Badawa galibi a sassan Arewa maso gabas. Kodayake kowanne daga cikin kabilun uku masu rinjaye sun ci gaba da kula da asalin kabilansu, Islama da dogon tarihin aure sun ci gaba tilasta musu tare. Kimanin mutane miliyan 3.6 ne ke zaune a Jihar Jigawa. Rayuwar rayuwa kamar yadda yake a shekara ta 2001 ya kasance kusan shekaru 52 tare da jimlar haihuwa na kimanin yara 6.2 ga kowace mace mai shekaru haihuwa (kadan sama da matsakaicin ƙasa). Kodayake yawan jama'ar jihar galibi yankunan karkara ne (90%), rarrabawar dangane da jima'i kusan daidai ne tsakanin namiji (50.8%) da mace (49.2%). Wannan tsari na rarraba yawan jama'a iri ɗaya ne a fadin mazabu daban-daban da kuma tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Binciken CWIQ na 2002 ya nuna cewa kashi 45.2% na yawan jama'a sun hada da matasa a kasa da shekaru 15; 49.0% tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 59 yayin da kashi 5.8% mutane ne masu shekaru 60 da sama. Wannan binciken ya nuna rabo na dogaro na kusan 1; ma'ana cewa akwai kusan ɗaya mai dogaro ga kowane mutum mai aiki a cikin jama'a. Alamun asali don bangaren samar da ruwa sun nuna cewa samun ruwan sha sama da 90%, wanda ke daga cikin mafi girma a kasar. Binciken CWIQ na 2002 duk da haka, ya nuna cewa samun damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci (haifiyar bututu, ramukan famfo na hannu da rijiyoyin da aka kare) yana da ƙasa a kusan 63%, yayin da kusan kashi 67% na gidaje suna da kyakkyawar hanyar tsabta. Dangane da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, kusan kashi 40% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya wanda, duk da haka, ya fi girma a cikin birane inda aka sami damar kusan kashi 55%. Binciken CWIQ ya gano cewa matsakaicin kashi 70% na waɗanda suka tuntubi cibiyar kiwon lafiya sun nuna gamsuwa da ayyukan da aka bayar. Jihar [[Jigawa]] tana fama da hamada, kuma kayan yankan Katako suna taimakawa wajen lalata bishiyoyi. Ƙananan ƙimar fitar da katako yana haifar da matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kuma yana barazana ga rayuwar bishiyoyi marasa daraja da fa'ida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2016 |title=High rate of deforestation in Jigawa - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/high-rate-of-deforestation-in-jigawa/#:~:text=Many%20operators%20of%20timber%20cutting,reason%20of%20producing%20roofing%20timber |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=dailytrust.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=8 May 2023 |title=Jigawa govt bans tree felling for firewood, charcoal |url=https://punchng.com/jigawa-govt-bans-tree-felling-for-firewood-charcoal/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibitomi |first=Foluke |date=12 May 2023 |title=Jigawa State Government Bans Tree Felling for Firewood, Charcoal |url=https://von.gov.ng/jigawa-state-government-bans-tree-felling-for-firewood-charcoal/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana magana da harshen Bade a cikin [[Guri (Nijeriya)|Guri]] LGA, ana magana da Manga a [[Birniwa]], [[Kiri Kasama]], sassan [[Malam Madori]], [[Kaugama]] da Guri LGAs. Ana magana da yaren Warji a [[Birnin Kudu]] LGA, kuma ana magana da yarin Duwai a [[Haɗejiya|Hadejia]] LGA. Manyan harsuna sune [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], [[Kanuri]] da [[Fillanci|Fula]] (wanda Fulani ke magana). <gallery> Fayil:Dutse_City.jpg|Emirs palace street Dutse Fayil:Dutse_City_1.jpg|Dutse City Fayil:Dutse_City_2.jpg|Dutse City Fayil:Dutse_City_4.jpg|Dutse City Fayil:Dutse_City_5.jpg|Dutse City Fayil:Emir_Palace_Dutse.jpg|Emir palace Dutse Garu Fayil:Gumel_1.jpg|Emir palace Gumel Fayil:Ringim_Emir's_Palace.joh_01.jpg|Emir palace [[Masarautar Ringim|Ringim]] Fayil:Hadejia_13.jpg|Emir palace Hadejia Fayil:Kazaure_Palace_2.jpg|Emir palace Kazaure Fayil:Saminu_Turaki_Tower_1.jpg|Saminu Turaki tower, Dutse Fayil:Shuwarin.jpg|Shuwarin town, 8 kilometres to Dutse City Fayil:Sule_Lamido_University.jpg|[[Jami'ar Sule Lamido|Sule Lamido University]], [[Kafin Hausa]] Fayil:River_Hadejia_02.jpg|[[Kogin Hadejia|Hadejia River]] Fayil:Biram.jpg|Garun Gabas or Biram, one of the seven true Hausa states (Hausa Bakwai). Fayil:Captain_Phillips_Grave.jpg|Grave of Captain Phillips (kabarin mai tumbi, Hadejia) Fayil:Dutse_Central_Juma'at_Mosque_01.jpg|Dutse central mosque Fayil:Government_House_Jigawa_State.jpg|Government house Dutse Fayil:Federal_University_Dutse.jpg|[[Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse|Federal University Dutse]] Fayil:Makera.jpg|Katanga, Nigeria </gallery> == Yankunan Karamar Hukumar == [[Fayil:Government_House_Jigawa_State.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidan gwamnati Dutse]] Jihar Jigawa - wacce aka kirkira daga tsohuwar [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a watan Agustan 1991 - tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya . Malam Inuwa-Dutse, tsohon kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da albarkatun kasa ne ya jagoranci tashin hankali don kirkirar jihar a lokacin gwamnan marigayi [[Audu Bako]], gwamnan tsohuwar Jihar Kano (wanda ya hada da jihohin Kano da Jigawa na yanzu). Ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya na 1999, jihar ta ƙunshi kananan hukumomi 27, waɗanda aka raba su zuwa mazabu 30 na jihohi, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin mazabu 11 na tarayya da gundumomi 3 na sanatoci. Wadannan kananan hukumomi 27 sun kara rarraba su zuwa yankuna 77 na ci gaba ta hanyar doka No. 5 na 2004 na Majalisar Dokokin Jiha. Dangane da tsarin dimokuradiyya a kasar, ana zabar gwamnatoci a jihohi da kananan hukumomi, kuma sun hada da zartarwa tare da majalisar dokoki. Majalisar dokoki ta jihar tana da zaɓaɓɓun mambobi 30 kowannensu yana wakiltar ɗayan mazabar jihar. Don kammala tsarin mulkin jihar, akwai bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa a matsayin bangare na uku na gwamnati. == Yankunan Karamar Hukumar == {{Reflist}} Ofishin Kididdiga na Tarayya, a cikin shekara ta 2001, ya rarraba Jihar Jigawa daga cikin wadanda ke da tsananin tsananin talauci a cikin kasar, tare da Gross Per Capita Income na N35, 000 a kowace shekara (US $ 290), wanda ke ƙasa da Matsakaicin Kasa; har zuwa yau Jihar Jigaswa tana cikin jihohin da suka fi talauci a Najeriya. Koyaya, Binciken Bayanan Kula da Lafiya na 2002 (CWIQ) ya nuna cewa sama da kashi biyu cikin biyar na yawan jama'a ba sa ɗaukar kansu matalauta. Yanayin ababen more rayuwa don ci gaban tattalin arziki kamar hanyoyi, wutar lantarki, sadarwa da fasahar bayanai kwanan nan sun ga ci gaba mai girma ta hanyar manyan gyare-gyare da fadada ayyukan. Tare da manyan ayyukan gyaran hanyoyi da aka riga aka gudanar a duk faɗin jihar a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, tare da kokarin da aka yi don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar Cibiyoyin Wutar Lantarki masu zaman kansu, da kuma Shirin Broadband na Intanet, yanayin saka hannun jari a Jihar Jigawa dangane da ababen more rayuwa yana da kyau. a halin yanzu jihar tana da Jami'ar Tarayya wacce ke cikin babban birnin jihar, Dutse da Jami'a mallakar jihar da ke yankin karamar hukumar Kafin Hausa na jihar. Har ila yau akwai Polytechnic na Tarayya a Kazaure, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official List of Courses Offered in Hussaini Adamu Federal polytechnic (HUSSAINIPOLY) - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/hussaini-adamu-federal-polytechnic |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> da kuma polytechnics mallakar jihohi biyu; Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic. Aln kafa shi a cikin 2011. [[Fayil:Federal_University_Dutse.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Tarayya Dutse, Jihar Jigawa]] * [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse|Jami'ar Tarayya Dutse]], Jihar Jigawa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |date=29 April 2022 |title=NUC accredits 19 new courses at Federal University, Dutse |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/526844-nuc-accredits-19-new-courses-at-federal-university-dutse.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogwo |first=Charles |date=13 October 2022 |title=Federal University, Dutse directs non-academic staff to resume duty |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/federal-university-dutse-directs-non-academic-staff-to-resume-duty/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jigawa State Polytechnic Dutse <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abubakar |first=Mohammed |date=26 January 2022 |title=NBTE tasks Jigawa Poly on equipment, qualified staffing |url=https://dailytrust.com/nbte-tasks-jigawa-poly-on-equipment-qualified-staffing/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Jami'ar Sule Lamido]], Kafin Hausa, Jihar Jigawa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Khaleel |date=29 August 2022 |title=Sule Lamido University suspends strike |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/08/29/sule-lamido-university-suspends-strike/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Nigeria states}} [[Fayil:Dutse_Motor_Park.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na Dutse]] * A2 (wani ɓangare na Hanyar Haɗin Kai ta Afirka ko Hanyar Trans-Sahara ko Hanyar Afirka 2: TAH2) arewa daga [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a Galoru na kilomita 29 ta hanyar [[Kazaure|Kazaur]], Sada da Achilafia zuwa [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] kusa da Korare.&nbsp; * A237 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dakar-Ndjamena Trans-Sahelian Highway ko TAH 5) gabas daga [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a Kafin Gana na kilomita 76 a matsayin Kamo-Kari Rd ta hanyar [[Birnin Kudu]] zuwa [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] a Zandan.&nbsp; [[Fayil:A_classroom_of_students_(7138907393).jpg|thumb|Taimako na Burtaniya ya ba da [[Makarantar Unguwar Zoma ta Jihar Jigawa|Makarantar Midwifery ta Jihar Jigawa]] a arewacin Najeriya tare da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci tare da taimaka wa malamai ci gaba da tsarin karatun da samun izini don shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department for International Development |date=4 May 2012 |title=Called to be a midwife in northern Nigeria - Case studies |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/midwives-in-nigeria |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=Dfid.gov.uk}}</ref>]] * Senator [[Bello Maitama Yusuf]] Sardaunan Dutse<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Premium Times, Agency |date=13 October 2023 |title=Former Nigerian minister, senator, Bello Yusuf, dies at 76 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/633344-forme-nigerian-minister-senator-bello-yusuf-dies-at-76.html |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Abubakar Sani Birnin Kudu<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2020 |title=Masu sukar Ibn Taimiyyah ba su fahimce shi ba ne - Dr Abubakar Birnin Kudu |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-55354423 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref> Academician, preacher * [[Sule Lamido]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramalan |first=Ibrahim |date=25 May 2022 |title=Sule Lamido's son emerges Jigawa PDP guber candidate |url=https://dailynigerian.com/sule-lamido-son-emerges/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Daily Nigerian |language=en-GB}}</ref> Former governor * Mohammed Badaru Abubakar Defence Minister of Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |date=23 August 2023 |title=Muhammad Badaru: From governor of Northwest's 'island of peace' to defence minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/617347-muhammad-badaru-from-governor-of-northwests-island-of-peace-to-defence-minister.html |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=20 September 2023 |title=Defence minister hails NAF's efforts in ongoing operations |url=https://guardian.ng/news/defence-minister-hails-nafs-efforts-in-ongoing-operations/ |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Badaru Abubakar Archives |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/mohammed-badaru-abubakar/ |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Hameem Nuhu Sanusi]] emir of [[Masarautar Dutse|Dutse]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |date=5 February 2023 |title=PROFILE: New Emir of Dutse assumes throne |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/580149-profile-new-emir-of-dutse-assumes-throne.html |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == {{Reflist}}{{Nigeria states}} * [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/ Jigawa a Yanar Gizo]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.assemblyonline.info/ Labaran Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912064622/http://assemblyonline.info/ |date=2019-09-12 }}  [[Rukuni:Jihohin Nijeriya]] == Anbaliyar ruwa == Jihar Jigawa na fama da matsalar ambaliyar ruwa da a ko da yaushe ke addabar jihar, inda ta yi barna da rusawa tare da yin lalata filayen noma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AKEWUSHOLA |first=Nurudeen |date=26 June 2023 |title=Flooding: What is Jigawa state doing to mitigate future disaster? |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/flooding-what-is-jigawa-state-doing-to-mitigate-future-disaster/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |date=7 July 2023 |title=What we are doing to mitigate flooding in Jigawa - Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/608564-what-we-are-doing-to-mitigate-flooding-in-jigawa-governor.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadiq |first=Shakirat |date=7 September 2023 |title=Jigawa State Dredges Hadejia River To Prevent Flood |url=https://von.gov.ng/jigawa-state-dredges-hadejia-river-to-prevent-flood/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014193600/https://von.gov.ng/jigawa-state-dredges-hadejia-river-to-prevent-flood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 July 2023 |title=Jigawa flood: Victims lament negligence by govt, seek urgent action |url=https://guardian.ng/news/jigawa-flood-victims-lament-negligence-by-govt-seek-urgent-action/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Siyasa == Jihar Jigawa na fama da matsalar ambaliyar ruwa da a ko da yaushe ke addabar jihar, inda ta yi barna da rusawa tare da yin lalata filayen noma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AKEWUSHOLA |first=Nurudeen |date=26 June 2023 |title=Flooding: What is Jigawa state doing to mitigate future disaster? |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/flooding-what-is-jigawa-state-doing-to-mitigate-future-disaster/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |date=7 July 2023 |title=What we are doing to mitigate flooding in Jigawa - Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/608564-what-we-are-doing-to-mitigate-flooding-in-jigawa-governor.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadiq |first=Shakirat |date=7 September 2023 |title=Jigawa State Dredges Hadejia River To Prevent Flood |url=https://von.gov.ng/jigawa-state-dredges-hadejia-river-to-prevent-flood/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014193600/https://von.gov.ng/jigawa-state-dredges-hadejia-river-to-prevent-flood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 July 2023 |title=Jigawa flood: Victims lament negligence by govt, seek urgent action |url=https://guardian.ng/news/jigawa-flood-victims-lament-negligence-by-govt-seek-urgent-action/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar na karkashin jagorancin zababben gwamnan da ke aiki kafada da kafada da ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin jihar shine Dutse. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oguntola |first=Tunde |date=27 September 2022 |title=2023: Next President, Govs Must Get Two-thirds Spread, Says INEC |url=https://leadership.ng/2023-next-president-govs-must-get-two-thirds-spread-says-inec/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> t046a6dbzw33utuockfftzykqsakpf7 Jihar Ogun 0 9184 859830 835491 2026-06-18T09:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jihar Ogun''' Listen ⓘ ( Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ìk͡pĩ́lɛ̀ ògũ̀|}} ) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]] ce da ke kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] da kuma gabar tekun Benin suna da iyaka da kudu, [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]] a gabas kuma tana da iyaka da jihohin [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] da [[Osun]] a arewa, yayin da iyakar yammacinta ta kasance wani ɓangare na iyakar ƙasa da [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] . Babban birni kuma mafi girma shine [[Abeokuta]], kuma jihar ta rabu zuwa ƙananan hukumomi 20. Daga cikin jihohi 36 da ke ƙasar, Ogun ita ce ta [[Jerin Jihohin Najeriya dangane da faɗin ƙasa|24 mafi girma a yankin]], amma daga cikin [[Jerin Jihohin Najeriya bisa yawan jama'a|manyan birane 15 mafi yawan jama'a]], tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 6.4 a shekarar 2020. A fannin yanayin ƙasa, jihar tana cikin [[Jerin yankuna a Najeriya|yankunan]] [[Kananan Dazuzzukan Najeriya|dazuzzukan ƙasa masu zafi na Najeriya]], kodayake sassan arewacin jihar sun koma cikin [[Ginin daji da savannah na Guinea|dajin Guinea-savanna mosaic]] da wasu daga cikin kudancin bakin teku sun isa [[Jerin yankuna a Najeriya|yankin]] [[Mangroves na Afirka ta Tsakiya|mangrove na Tsakiyar Afirka]] . Kogunan [[Kogin Ogun|Ogun]] da [[Kogin Yewa|Yewa]] sune manyan hanyoyin ruwa na jihar yayin da [[Gandon daji na Omo|Ma'ajiyar Dajin Omo]] da ke yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren kiyayewa a ƙasar - gida ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri tare da wasu daga cikin sauran 'yan Najeriya na ƙarshe [[Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee|- 'yan birai na Kamaru]] da giwayen dajin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olmos |first=Fabio |last2=Turshak |first2=Longtong G. |date=September 2009 |title=A survey of birds in Omo Forest Reserve, south-western Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/309880 |journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=184–196 |doi=10.5962/p.309880 |access-date=16 April 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Programme |url=https://ncfnigeria.org/forest-green-recovery-nigeria/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Nigerian Conservation Foundation}}</ref> A fannin al'umma, [[Yarbawa|kabilar Yarabawa]] su ne mafi girman ƙabila a jihar—musamman ƙabilun Awori, [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], Ijebu, da [[Yewa]], da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar Ketu, Ohori, [[Ilaje]], [[Okitipupa|Ikale]] da Anago. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website for Ogun State :::Iseya |url=https://ogunstate.gov.ng/contact_us |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=ogunstate.gov.ng}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙabilun ƙabilu marasa asali a cikin birane da kuma [[Mutanen Ogu|'yan asalin Egun]] a kan iyakar Benin. Dangane da addini, yawancin al'ummar jihar Kiristoci ne tare da Musulmai marasa rinjaye. A tarihi, sassan Jihar Ogun ta zamani sun kasance cikin masarautu da dama, ciki har da jihohin [[Masarautar Benin|Benin]], Ijebu, da [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] . A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, balaguron Birtaniya sun mamaye yankin kuma Abeokuta ta zama babbar cibiyar ayyukan mishan da ilimi. A farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, yankin yana cikin [[yankin Kudancin Najeriya]], wanda daga baya ya haɗu zuwa [[Mallakar Najeriya|Najeriya ta mulkin mallaka]] . Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, yankin ya kasance ɓangare na [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] har zuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Jihar Ogun a shekarar 1976 daga tsohuwar [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . A fannin tattalin arziki, Jihar Ogun babbar cibiyar masana'antu ce wadda take da ci gaban masana'antu da kamfanoni, musamman a kan hanyar Lagos-Ibadan Expressway . Noma ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a yankunan karkara, inda ake noma muhimman amfanin gona kamar [[rogo]], koko, da masara tare da [[shinkafar Ofada]] ta asali. Jihar kuma sanannu ne saboda al'adunta na gargajiya, sana'o'i, da al'adun yadi tare da fasaha. Ogun tana cikin [[Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a|matsakaicin matsayi]] a cikin Ma'aunin Ci gaban Dan Adam kuma tana da GDP na takwas mafi girma a kasar. == Tarihi == A zamanin mulkin mallaka, yankin yammacin Ogun na yau wanda yanzu mutanen Egba da Yewa ke zaune a ciki mallakar [[masarautar Oyo]] ne, wanda ya faɗa cikin yaƙin basasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1800. Kudancin Ogun, a ƙaramin tsibirin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Turawan Birtaniya suna da sansanin sojojin ruwa kusa da inda garin mai suna iri ɗaya ya girma cikin sauri. Har zuwa [[Taron Berlin|taron Berlin Congo]] a shekarar 1885, Birtaniya ta mayar da hankali kan wasu sansanonin jiragen ruwanta na kasuwanci da na ruwa, kamar Legas da [[Kalaba|Calabar]], kuma ba ta da sha'awar al'ummomin da ke ci gaba a can. Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai suka raba yankunan da suke da sha'awa a shekarar 1885 a Berlin (waɗannan suna aiki ne kawai idan wata ƙasa ba ta riga ta kawo yankin da ake magana a kai a ƙarƙashin ikonta ba), Birtaniya ta faɗaɗa yankinta cikin sauri a yankin Niger da aka keɓe. Ogun ta yau ta zama wani ɓangare na "Kariyar Legas" (sabanin Mulkin mallaka na Legas ; iyakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan biyun iri ɗaya ce da kan iyaka ta zamani tsakanin Jihar Legas da Jihar Ogun - mazaunan wani yanki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda ke da cikakken iko a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, waɗanda ke cikin kariya ba su kasance ba) a cikin 1893 kuma daga baya na "Kariyar ƙasar Yarabawa", a cikin 1906 na "Kariyar Kudancin Najeriya" da kuma a cikin 1914 na duk Najeriya. A cikin 1899 ta sami hanyar haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa Legas, "Jirgin Ruwa" ya ratsa ta Ogun zuwa Apapa kuma don haka ya haɗa yankin da duniya baki ɗaya. A cikin 1899, shekaru da yawa da suka gabata a wannan yanki fiye da sauran yankuna a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da bakin teku. A shekarun 1930, Ogun ta kasance cibiyar [[Tawayen Matan Abeokuta|ƙungiyar mata ta Najeriya]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] (mahaifiyar [[Fela Kuti]] ). Dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriyar da ta yi mulkin mallaka bayan 1922 ta wanzu ne kawai a Legas da Calabar; 'yan Najeriya ba za su iya shiga siyasa a wani wuri ba (duba [[Tarihin Najeriya|a nan]] ). A shekarun 1940, an raba abinci sosai a Najeriya. An hukunta jigilar abinci daga Ogun mai noma zuwa birnin Lagos mai fama da yunwa (Pullen Scheme, duba [[Tarihin Najeriya|nan]] ). A zaɓen farko da aka yi a Ogun, 1954, ƙungiyar "Action Group" (AG) mai ra'ayin gurguzu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Obafemi Awolowo|Babban Awólwọ]] ta zama jam'iyya mafi ƙarfi a Yankin Yamma, wadda Ogun ma ta kasance a ciki. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, yankin [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], musamman Ogun, ya shiga cikin rikici tsakanin sassan ɓangaren [[Obafemi Awolowo|Obáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀]] da [[Samuel Akintola|Samuel Ládòkè Akíntọ́lá]] na jam'iyyar AG ("Operation Wetie", duba [[Tarihin Najeriya|nan]] ). A watan Yulin 1966, an kashe mai mulkin Najeriya na lokacin, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Johnson Agulyi-Ironsi]], a [[Ibadan]] a juyin mulki na biyu na shekarar, wanda shine farkon [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]] . An kafa jihar a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1976 daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar jihar "Yamma". == Yanayin ƙasa == Jihar Ogun tana iyaka da Jamhuriyar [[Benin]] daga Yamma tsawon kimanin shekaru 185.&nbsp;km, [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] da [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] (na 84)&nbsp;km) zuwa Arewa, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] a gabas, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a Kudu na kimanin 283&nbsp;km, kuma yana da 31.6&nbsp;Kilomita na bakin teku a gefen tekun Benin a kudu, bakin tekun Araromi mallakar ƙasar Irokun ne a ƙaramar hukumar Ogun Waterside (lardin Ijebu) amma jihar Ondo ta yi iƙirarin mallakarsa saboda kwararar bakin haure daga al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da Ilaje da kuma saboda rashin kulawa da gwamnatin jihar Ogun ta ba wa wannan yanki. === Manyan koguna === * [[Kogin Ogun]] * [[Kogin Yewa]] * [[Kogin Osun]] === Wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a === Jihar Ogun ta ƙunshi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙananan hukumomi]] ashirin. Sun haɗa da:   === Yanayi === Jihar Ogun tana da yanayi mai zafi da danshi da bushewa ko kuma savanna. Matsakaicin zafin birnin a kowace shekara shine 29.34&nbsp;°C (84.81)&nbsp;°F) kuma ya yi ƙasa da -0.12% idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin Najeriya. Ogun tana samun kimanin milimita 141.58 (inci 5.57) na ruwan sama kuma tana da kwanaki 224.18 na ruwan sama (61.42% na lokacin) a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogun, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/ogun |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Jihar tana da yawan masana'antu (ta biyu mafi yawan masana'antu bayan [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ) kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin yawan waɗanda ke fama da talauci mai tsanani (kusan kashi 5% na yawan jama'a idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 31%) a cewar bayanan Bankin Duniya daga 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps |url=https://pipmaps.worldbank.org/en/data/datatopics/poverty-portal/poverty-interactivemap |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Manyan kamfanoni a Ogun sun haɗa da masana'antar [[Kamfanin Siminti na Dangote Plc|siminti ta Dangote]] da ke Ibese, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibese Cement Plant—Dangote Cement |url=http://dangote.com/cement/ibese.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611065332/http://dangote.com/cement/ibese.html |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=dangote.com}}</ref> [[Nestle Najeriya|Nestle]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nestlé Flowergate Factory, Ogun |url=http://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/projects/nestleflowergatefact/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529203039/http://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/projects/nestleflowergatefact |archive-date=29 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=Food Processing Technology}}</ref> masana'antar siminti ta Lafarge da ke [[Ewekoro]], Memmcol a Orimerunmu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity Meter Manufacturing Company |url=https://www.memmcol.com/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=www.memmcol.com}}</ref> Coleman Cables a [[Sagamu]] da [[Arepo, Najeriya|Arepo]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coleman Wires and Cables |url=http://www.colemancables.com/contact/ |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=www.colemancables.com}}</ref> [[Procter & Gamble]] a [[Ado-Odo/Ota|Agbara]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=P&G in Nigeria |url=https://www.pgcareers.com/location-Nigeria |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=www.pgcareers.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Ogun ta sanar da kafa masana'antar sake amfani da batir ta dala miliyan 5 da wani kamfani na Burtaniya ya samar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ademola |first=Cyrus |date=19 September 2024 |title=Dapo Abiodun announces $5 million UK battery plant investment in Ogun State |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/09/19/dapo-abiodun-announces-5-million-uk-battery-plant-investment-in-ogun-state/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> === Babban fanni === Ma'adinai da noma suna daga cikin muhimman fannoni na tattalin arziki a Ogun. Ana haƙo duwatsun dutse, alli, phosphate da tsakuwa, sannan ana girbe hatsi, shinkafa, masara, [[rogo]], [[doya]], ayaba, koko, goro, roba, [[Manja|man dabino]] da kuma ƙwayoyin dabino . Jihar ita ce mafi girma a fannin samar da kolanut a Najeriya. === Albarkatun Ma'adinai a Jihar Ogun === Ga albarkatun ma'adinai a Jihar Ogun: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria |url=https://nigerianembassythehague.nl/about-nigeria/natural-resources/ |access-date=19 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Yumbu|Laka]] * Dutse da Phosphate * Bitumen * Kaolin * Dutsen dutse mai daraja * Feldspar === Sashen sakandare, sarrafa ƙarfe === Ogún kuma sunan allahn ( Orisha ) ne na aikin ƙarfe a addinin dabi'ar Yarabawa na gida, kamar Hephaestus na Girka ko allahn Romawa Vulcan (tunda duniyar da ta daɗe tana da alaƙar ciniki da Najeriya ta yanzu, wannan ba lallai bane ya zama daidai ba). Jihar ta cika wannan suna ta hanyar zama cibiyar aikin ƙarfe ta Najeriya. Ga misalai biyu: * Kamfanin Proforce yana ƙera motocin sulke a Ode-Remo (25)&nbsp;kilomita daga Lagos), waɗanda kuma ake sayar wa Turai. Tun daga shekarar 2008, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa kewayon kayayyakinsa kuma yana samar da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa don ɓangaren tsaro. * Kamfanin haɗa motocin hawa a [[Kajola]] shine kawai kamfanin da ke kera, kulawa da kuma gyara motocin jirgin ƙasa a Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anagor-Ewuzie |first=Amaka |date=23 May 2023 |title=Nigeria's first wagon assembly plant to produce 500 yearly |url=https://businessday.ng/transport/article/nigerias-first-wagon-assembly-plant-to-produce-500-yearly/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> Ogun kuma tana samar da katako, kayayyakin yumbu, tayoyin kekuna, kafet, manne da sauran kayayyaki. === Cibiyoyin yawon bude ido a jihar Ogun === * Olumo Rock * [[Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library|Laburaren Shugaban Kasa na Olusegun Obasanjo]] * Omu Resort Abeokuta * Wurin ibada na Oronna, Ilaro == Siyasa == Gwamnatin jihar tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamna da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya wanda ke aiki tare da 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin jihar shine Abeokuta. === Tsarin zaɓe === Ana zaɓen gwamnan jihar ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara. Domin a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami kuri'u da yawa da kuma sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙananan hukumomin jihar. Idan babu ɗan takara da ya wuce iyaka, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin babban ɗan takara da kuma ɗan takara na gaba da ya sami ƙuri'u da yawa a mafi yawan ƙananan hukumomin jihar. === Gwamna === Gwamnan da ke kan mulki a yanzu shine [[Dapo Abiodun|Yarima Dapo Abiodun]], memba na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]], wanda ke jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Ogun . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executives |url=http://ogunstate.gov.ng/the-executives/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922103032/http://ogunstate.gov.ng/the-executives/ |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Ogun State Government Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar Laraba 29 ga Mayu 2019, an rantsar da Dapo Abiodun a matsayin Gwamna na biyar na Jihar a filin wasa na MKO Abiola, Kuto, Abeokuta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Abiodun takes oath of office as Ogun. In 2023, he was re-elected for a second term of office. Gov |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-abiodun-takes-oath-of-office-as-ogun-gov/ |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> An sake zabensa a karo na biyu a kan mulki kafin Maris 2023. === Kananan hukumomin === Jihar Ogun ta rabu zuwa gundumomi uku na 'yan majalisar dattawa: # [[Abeokuta ta Arewa]] # [[Abeokuta ta Kudu]] # [[Ado-Odo/Ota]] # [[Ewekoro]] # [[Ifo]] # [[Ijebu ta Gabas]] # [[Ijebu ta Arewa]] # [[Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas|Ijebu Arewa maso Gabas]] # [[Ijebu Ode]] # [[Ikenne]] # [[Imeko Afon]] # [[Ipokia]] # [[Obafemi Owode]] # [[Odogbolu]] # [[Odeda]] # [[Ogun Waterside|Kogin Ruwa na Ogun]] # [[Remo ta Arewa|Remo Arewa]] # [[Yewa ta Arewa|Yewa Arewa]] # [[Yewa ta Kudu|Kudancin Yewa]] # [[Sagamu]] ;* Ogun ta tsakiya: Ogun ta tsakiya ta kunshi galibin Egba da ke da kananan hukumomi shida: Abeokuta North (Akomoje), Abeokuta South (Ake), Ewekoro (Itori), Ifo (Ifo), Obafemi Owode (Owode egba) da Odeda (Odeda). ;* Ogun Gabas: Ogun Gabas ta ƙunshi galibin Ijebu da Remo da ke da ƙananan hukumomi 9: Ijebu East (Ogẹrẹ), Ijebu North (Ijebu Igbo), Ijebu North East (Attan), Ijebu ode (Ijebu ode), Ikenne (Ikenne Remo), Odogbolu (Odogbolu), Ogun waterside (Abigi), Remo (Imo North) ;* Ogun Yamma: Ogun ta Yamma ta kunshi mafi yawan [[Yewa]] da ke da kananan hukumomi 5: Ado odo Ota (Otta), Imeko Afon (Imeko), Ipokia (Ipokia), Yewa ta Arewa (Ayetoro) da Yewa ta Kudu (Ilaro). == Alƙaluma == Manyan kabilu a Jihar Ogun sune [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], Ijebu, Remo, [[Yewa]], Awori da kuma wasu tsirarun kabilun Egun. Akwai kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar Ikale, Ketu, Ohori da Anago. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2017 |title=6 Important Facts about Ogun State You Probably Didn't Know |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/6-important-facts-about-ogun-state-you-probably-didnt-know/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Harsunan Jihar Ogun da LGA ta lissafa: {| class="wikitable" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Harsuna |- | [[Abeokuta ta Arewa]] | [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] ; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], [[Yewa]] |- | [[Abeokuta ta Kudu]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] ) |- | [[Ado-Odo/Ota]] | Awori |- | [[Ewekoro]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] |- | [[Ifo]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] |- | [[Ijebu ta Gabas|Gabas ta Ijebu]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Ijebu ta Arewa]] | Yarbanci; ( Ijebu ) |- | [[Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas|Ijebu Arewa maso Gabas]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Ijebu Ode]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Ikenne]] | Yarbanci; (Remo), Ijebu |- | [[Imeko Afon]] | [[Harshen Gun|Gun/]], Yarbanci; Ketu, Ohori, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Ipokia]] | [[Harshen Gun|Gun]], Yarbawa; Anago, Awori/Eyo, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Obafemi Owode]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] |- | [[Odogbolu]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Odeda]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] |- | [[Ogun Waterside|Kogin Ruwa na Ogun]] | Yarbawa; Ijebu, [[Okitipupa|Ikale]], [[Ilaje]] |- | [[Remo ta Arewa|Remo Arewa]] | Yarbanci; (Remo), Ijebu |- | [[Yewa ta Arewa|Yewa Arewa]] | Yarbanci; Ketu, Ohori, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Yewa ta Kudu|Kudancin Yewa]] | Yarbanci; Ketu, Ohori, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Sagamu]] | Yarbanci; (Remo), Ijebu |} == Addini == [[Fayil:Ogun_shrine_(2).jpg|thumb|Haikalin Orisha (allahn wuta da ƙarfe), Ogun]] Mazauna jihar Ogun galibi Musulmai ne da Kiristoci, wasu kuma suna bin [[Addinin Yarabawa|addinin gargajiya na Yarbawa]] . Lardin Anglican na Legas a cikin Ikilisiyar Najeriya ya haɗa da Dioceses goma na Awori karkashin jagorancin Bishop [[Johnson Akin Atere]] (2009), Egba (1976) karkashin jagorancin Bishopo [[Emmanuel Adekunle]] (2009), Egbe West (2007) karkashin jagorancinishopo Samuel Oludele Ogundeji (2010), Ifo (2007) karkashin jagoranfin Bishop Nathaniel Oladejo Ogundipe (2012), Ijebu karkashin jagorancin bishop Peter Rotimi Oludipe (2020), Ijebu-North karkashin jagorancin Obus Bishop Solomon Kupeheh (2004), tsohon Bishop Odubebebebe South (2004), Shugaba Eundú) karkashin jagorancin Michael Fbybybyby (2014), Shugaba (2014), Shugab Katolika 179,014 (2020) a cikin Dioceses na [http://Diocese%20of%20Abeokuta%7Cof Abeokuta]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (1997) tare da parishes 60 a ƙarƙashin Bishop [[Peter Kayode Odetoyinbo]] (2014) da [http://Diocese%20of%20Ijebu-Ode Ijebu-Ode]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (1969) tare da parishes 40 a ƙarƙashin Bishop [[Francis Obafemi Adesina]] (2019), duka 'yan sufragan na Archdiocese na Legas . === Wuraren addini masu shahara === * [[Sungbo's Eredo|Wurin ibada na Bilikisu Sungbo]], Oke-Eiri, kusa da Ijebu-Ode. An ayyana shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa|gadon ƙasa]] a shekarar 1964, kuma Ijebus sun yi imanin cewa shi ne wurin binne [[Bilkisu|Sarauniyar Sheba]] . Yana aiki a matsayin wurin ibada ga [[Addinin Yarabawa|masu bin al'adun gargajiya na Yarabawa]], Musulmai na Yarabawa da Kiristocin Yarabawa. * Celestial City, (Imeko, Ogun State, Nigeria) * Christ Embassy Camp Ground (Asese, Off Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Obafemi-Owode LGA) * Church of the Lord (Aladura), [[Ogere Remo]] * [[Cocin Deeper Christian Life Ministry|Cibiyar Taro ta Deeper Life (DLCC) da Filin Sansanin]], (Km. 42, Titin Lagos-Ibadan Expressway) * Foursquare Camp, (Ajebo, Ogun State, Nigeria) * [[The Gospel Faith Mission International|Gospel City]], (Lagos-Ibadan Expressway) * Living Faith Church Worldwide, (Canaanland, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria) * Birnin Addu'a na MFM (Titin Babban Titin Ibadan na Legas) * [[NASFAT|NASFAT Annual Lailatul Qadr]], (Lagos-Ibadan Expressway) * Birnin Fansa (Titin Babban Titin Ibadan na Legas) == Ilimi == Jihar Ogun tana da makarantun sakandare guda uku na tarayya; Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sagamu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government Girls College, Sagamu {{!}} School Website |url=https://www.fggcsagamu.org.ng/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234132/https://www.fggcsagamu.org.ng/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=www.fggcsagamu.org.ng}}</ref> da [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College, Odogbolu {{!}} School Website |url=https://fgcodogbolu.com.ng/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=fgcodogbolu.com.ng}}</ref> da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ijebu-Imushin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Science And Technical College, Ijebu Imushin {{!}} School Website |url=https://fstcijebuimusin.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805203548/https://fstcijebuimusin.com/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=fstcijebuimusin.com}}</ref> Jihar Ogun tana da Jami'o'in Tarayya guda biyu; Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, teaching, learning, research |url=https://unaab.edu.ng/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805140056/https://unaab.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [https://tasued.edu.ng/ Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tai Solarin, Ijebu Ode] da kuma Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, FCE Osiele (dukansu a yankin karamar hukumar Odeda), kwalejin ilimi ta gwamnatin jiha guda daya, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan marigayi masanin ilimin Najeriya na duniya Augustus Taiwo Solarin a shekarar 1994 a matsayin Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tai Solarin (TASCE <ref>{{Cite web |title=:::TASCE |url=https://tasce.edu.ng/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=tasce.edu.ng}}</ref> ), (wanda a da aka sani da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ogun, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya guda daya, Ilaro). An sanya wa ɗaya suna bayan marigayi hamshakin ɗan kasuwan Najeriya kuma wanda ya lashe zaɓen 12 ga Yuni 1993, Basorun Moshood Kasimawo Olawale Abiola a matsayin Moshood Abiola Polytechnic (MAPOLY <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moshood Abiola Polytechnic |url=https://mapoly.edu.ng/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806013452/https://mapoly.edu.ng/web/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> ), wacce a da aka fi sani da Ogun State Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta, Wata Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, <ref name="net.nbte.gov.ng">{{Cite web |title=List of NBTE approved State government owned Polytechnics in Nigeria |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320093223/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=NBTE portal}}</ref> Remo (GAPOSA), Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic <ref name="net.nbte.gov.ng" /> Ijebu-Igbo (Aapoly) (wanda a da aka fi sani da 'The Polytechnic Ijebu-Igbo) an sanya mata suna ne bayan [[Ibrahim Adesanya|Chief Abraham Aderibigbe Adesanya]] wanda ɗan siyasa ne, lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Najeriya. Jami’o’in gwamnatin jiha daya: [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo|Jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago Iwoye (wanda aka fi sani da Jami’ar Jihar Ogun). Jihar Ogun tana da jimillar jami'o'i tara da aka yi wa rijista, mafi girma fiye da kowace jiha a Najeriya. Tana da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu guda biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogun State |url=https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012455/https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Ogun Smart City |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga cikinsu akwai Jami'ar Chrisland, Jami'ar Hallmark da ke Ijebu-itele, [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Bells|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Abeokuta Bells]] da ke [[Ota, Ogun|Ota]], [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Covenant]] da [[Jami'ar Babcock]] da ke Ilisan-Remo, wacce ita ce jami'a ta farko mai zaman kanta a kasar. <ref name="ogunsmartcity">{{Cite web |title=Ogun State |url=https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012455/https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Ogun Smart City |language=en-US}}</ref> Jihar tana da manyan asibitoci guda biyu na gwamnati: [[Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya]] da ke Abeokuta, da kuma [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] da ke [[Sagamu]] . Sansanin Kula da Matasa na Zamani [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|na Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Ƙasa]] ( [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]] ) yana yankin ƙaramar hukumar Sagamu a jihar. <ref name="ogunsmartcity"/> Gwamnatin jihar Ogun ta fara aikin titin Itele. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2337031.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin manyan makarantu === [[Fayil:Moshood_Abiola_Polytechnic_entrance_gate,_Abeokuta,_Ogun_state.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar shiga Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, jihar Ogun]] * [[Jami'ar Babcock]], Ilisan Remo * [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Bells]], Ota <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bells University of Technology |url=https://www.bellsuniversity.edu.ng/about-bells-university/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Bells University of Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> * Chrisland University, Abeokuta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home—Chrisland University |url=https://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng/ |website=www.chrislandtuniversity.edu.ng}}</ref> * Christopher University, Lagos Ibadan Express Way Makun, Sagamu * [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Covenant]], Ota <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home—Covenant University |url=https://www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/ |website=www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng}}</ref> * Jami'ar Crawford, Igbesa * [[Jami'ar Crescent]], [[Abeokuta]] * [[Makarantar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ilaro|Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ilaro]] * Jami'ar Noma ta Tarayya, Abeokuta * Hallmark University, Ijebu Itele * Jami'ar McPherson, Seriki-Sotayo <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=McPherson University |url=http://www.mcu-edu.ng/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005117/http://www.mcu-edu.ng/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> * Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere * Jami'ar Mountain Top, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway * [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]], Kobape, [[Abeokuta]] * [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Ogun State College of Health Technology]], Ilese, [[Ijebu Ode]] * [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo|Olabisi Onabanjo University]], Ago Iwoye * Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, [[Ijebu Ode|Ijebu-Ode]] === Tankunan tunani === * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Afirka da Nazarin Dabaru (ACDESS) == Sufuri == Ogun tana amfana daga kusancinta da babban birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da sabuwar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lekki|tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi]] da kuma sabuwar [[Matatar Dangote|matatar mai ta Dangote]] da ke Lekki (tun daga shekarar 2024). Filin jirgin saman da aka tsara zai kasance kusa da kan iyaka da jihar Ogun. === Layin dogo === ==== Kamfanin Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Najeriya ==== Jihar Ogun ta ci gajiyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta zamani daga Legas zuwa [[Abeokuta]] zuwa [[Ibadan]] tun daga shekarar 2021. ''Jirgin'' da aka tsara zai haɗa tsakiyar jihar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas. Abeokuta kuma za ta haɗu da Legas da ƙarfe 77 na yamma&nbsp;kilomita na [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Yamma]] (wanda aka gina a shekarar 1899), wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi don jiragen jigilar kaya. ==== Sufuri na Babban Titin Legas (Lamata) ==== Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta "Jan Layin" ta layin dogo na birnin Legas tana cikin Agbado, wanda wani ɓangare ne na haɗakar jiragen ƙasa ta Legas amma mallakar jihar Ogun ne a fannin gudanarwa. Shi ya sa za a ajiye jiragen ƙasa da ke ɗauke da manyan motoci na jihar Legas, a tsaftace su, a kuma kula da su a Ogun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Redline Metro – First metro infrastructure limited |url=https://first-metro.com/lagos-redline-metro/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Filin Jirgin Sama === Gwamnan Jihar Ogun, [[Dapo Abiodun|Dapo Abiodun,]] a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2025, ya ƙaddamar da jirgin farko na kasuwanci na Filin Jirgin Sama na Gateway International da ke [[Ilishan-Remo]] . Filin jirgin yana shirin jigilar fasinjoji zuwa ƙasashen waje. <ref name="1st-commercial-flight">{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=7 October 2025 |title=Ogun gov flags off historic 1st commercial flight at Gateway International Airport |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/826421-ogun-gov-flags-off-historic-1st-commercial-flight-at-gateway-international-airport.html |website=Premium Times}}</ref> Wani jirgin sama mallakar kamfanin ValueJet, mai lambar rajista 5N-BXS da fasinjoji 90, ya tashi daga filin jirgin da ƙarfe 10:10 na safe zuwa Abuja a matsayin jirgin kasuwanci na farko da ya tashi a hukumance daga filin jirgin. <ref name="1st-commercial-flight" /> === Hanyoyi === Manyan hanyoyin gwamnatin tarayya sune: * A1 arewa daga Legas a matsayin wani ɓangare na Titin African Unity TAH2 Babbar Hanya ta Trans-African 2, * Babban titin E1 na Lagos zuwa Ibadan zuwa jihar Oyo, * A5 arewa daga Legas ta hanyar Abeokuta da gabas zuwa Jihar Oyo a Omin Adio, * A121 gabas daga A1 a [[Sagamu]] a matsayin babbar hanyar Benin-Sagamu ta hanyar Ijebu-Ode zuwa Jihar Ondo a Kajola a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar Trans-African 8 (TAH 8) ta Legas-Mombasa. Hanyoyi uku zuwa Jamhuriyar [[Benin]] : * titin Sango Ota-Idi-Iroko dake Idiroko a wani bangare na babbar hanyar Legas- [[Badagry]] - [[Porto-Novo|Porto Novo]] daga yamma zuwa RNIE 1, * Titin Oja-Odan daga Ilaro a Obelle zuwa RN3 a Pobè , * F102 yamma daga [[Sagamu]] ta Abeokuta zuwa Meko a Idofa zuwa RNIE 4 zuwa Kétou . Sauran manyan hanyoyi sun haɗa da: * titin Epe-Ijebu-Ode kudu daga [[Sagamu]] zuwa jihar Legas a Agboju, * Titin Iken-Sekungba da ke kudu daga titin Awa-Itokin daga Egbe zuwa Jihar Legas a Omu, * Titin Agbara-Atan da ke kudu daga Atan zuwa Jihar Legas a Morogbo, * titin Abeokuta-Igboora-Iseyin arewa daga titin Ayetoro dake Rounda Roundabout zuwa jihar Oyo a matsayin titin Ibara-Orile-Ijeun, * Titin Ibadan-Eruwa yamma daga A5 a Ilugun zuwa Jihar Oyo a Olokemeji, * Titin Ibadan-Ijebu-Ode daga arewa daga Ilaporu zuwa Oyo State a Mamu, * Titin Ibadan-Ijebu-Igbo a arewa maso gabas daga Ilaporu zuwa Jihar Oyo a Olugbuyi. == Mutane masu shahara == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> * [[Abraham Adesanya]] (1922-2008), ɗan siyasa * [[Adebayo Adedeji]] (1930–2018), masanin tattalin arziki * [[Adebayo Ogunlesi]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1953), lauya, ma'aikacin banki na saka hannun jari * [[Adegboyega Dosunmu Amororo II]], film producer, Olowu of Owu Kingdom * [[Adewale Oke Adekola]] * [[Afolabi Olabimtan]] * [[Anthony Joshua]] * [[Aṣa|Asha]], mawaƙiya * [[Babafemi Ogundipe]] * [[Babatunde Osotimehin]] * [[Bisi Onasanya]] * [[Bola Ajibola]] * [[Bola Kuforiji Olubi]] * [[Bosun Tijani]] (b. 1977), Dan kasuwa * [[Cornelius Taiwo]] * [[Dapo Abiodun]] * [[David Alaba]], ɗan George Alaba, basaraken Ogere Remo * [[Dimeji Bankole]] * [[Ebenezer Obey]], [[Jùjú|mawakin jùjú]] * [[Ernest Shonekan]] * [[Fela Kuti]] (1938–1997), mai amfani da kayan kida da yawa, shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa, mawaƙi, mai fafutukar siyasa, ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu * [[Fireboy DML]], mawaƙi * [[Femi Okurounmu]], dan siyasa * [[Fola Adeola]] * Sanata Solomon Olamilekan Adeola, ɗan siyasa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute#Disputed statement|<span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2018)">mai shakku</span>]]&#x20;&#x2013; [[Talk:Ogun State#Fola Adeola|tattauna]]'' &#x5D;</sup>, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa * [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] (1900–1978), malami, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata * [[Funke Akindele]] (b. 1977), Jaruma * [[Gbenga Daniel]] (b. 1956), ɗan siyasa * [[Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo]] (1915–2015), 'yar kasuwa kuma 'yar siyasa * [[Hubert Ogunde]] (1916–1990), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, manajan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙi * [[Ibikunle Amosun]] (b. 1958), ɗan siyasa, Sanata, Gwamnan Jihar Ogun a 2011-2019 * [[Idowu Sofola]] (1934–1982), lauya, Shugaban Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya a 1980–1982 * [[Joseph Adenuga]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1982), wanda aka fi sani da Skepta, mawakin Birtaniya kuma furodusa * Farfesa [[Lateef Akinola Salako]] CON, farfesa a fannin harhada magunguna da kuma therapeutics * [[Jubril Martins-Kuye]] (b. 1942), ɗan siyasa * [[K1 De Ultimate]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1957), mawaƙin Fuji * [[Kehinde Sofola]] (1924-2007), masanin shari'a * [[Kemi Adeosun]] (an haife ta a shekarar 1967), tsohuwar Ministan Kuɗi ta Najeriya * [[Kizz Daniel]], mawaƙi * [[Kunle Soname]], Ɗan Kasuwa, Ɗan Siyasa * [[Laycon]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1993), sunan ƙwararre na Olamilekan Moshood Agbeleshe, fitaccen jarumi a talabijin, mawakin rap, mawaƙi kuma marubuciya * [[Lukmon Atobatele]], ɗan majalisa * [[Mike Adenuga]] * [[Moshood Abiola]] * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]], mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * [[Oba Otudeko]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1943), ɗan kasuwa * [[Obafemi Awolowo]] (1909–1987) * [[Ola Rotimi]] * [[Olabisi Onabanjo]] * [[Oladipo Diya]] * [[Olamide]] * [[Olawunmi Banjo]] * [[Olu Oyesanya]] * [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] * [[Olusegun Osoba]] * [[Paul Adefarasin]] * [[Peter Akinola]] * [[Salawa Abeni]] * [[Sarah Forbes Bonetta]] * [[Tai Solarin]] (1922–1994), malami, marubuci, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a * [[Thomas Adeoye Lambo]] (1923–2004), malami, mai gudanarwa, likitan tabin hankali, Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya * [[Tomi Favored]], mai zane-zanen bishara * [[Tunde Kelani]], dan kasuwa, mai shirya fina-finai * [[Tunde Bakare]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1954), fasto na Annabi-Manzo, ɗan siyasa * [[Tunji Olurin]] (b. 1944), Janar mai ritaya * [[Wizkid]], mawaƙi * [[Wole Soyinka]] (an haife shi a 1934), 1986 Lambar Yabo ta Nobel ga Adabi * [[Yemi Osinbajo]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1957), ɗan siyasa, lauya </div> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.ogunstate.gov.ng/}} * [https://aapoly.edu.ng/ Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic], Ijebu-Igbo * [http://www.mercylandschools-ng.com/ Mercyland International Schools Homepage] * [https://gaposa.edu.ng Gateway Polytechnic, Saapade] * {{Cite web |title=List of NBTE approved State government owned Polytechnics in Nigeria |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320093223/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |archive-date=20 March 2023}} [[Rukuni:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3zrmog042ays10tarbvpkymmn52p5bl Dange Shuni 0 9242 859496 787413 2026-06-17T17:33:08Z Kaddi123 38060 859496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dange Shuni''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Sokoto]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].dange shuni lokal ta Data ke daya daga cikin lokal government kusa ga birni sokoto,ama dange karmar lokal governmentce,mutane wannan lokal government sunfi yin hada Hadar kasuwanci,suna da karanci Yan boko,suna da Yan majalisa daya (state house of representatives) {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Sokoto]] Dange Shuni Local Government Area has its adminstrative center in in Dange town, among other communities of the area council are Wababe Salau,Tsehe,Tuntube,Tsafanaɗe,Rudu amanawa, Rikina, Gajara Gi'ere, Fajaidu, Shuni, Ruggar-Gidado and Dange. 4z8hwwfmvzldq7u6w04tsonrntc35v8 Paris Saint-Germain 0 10322 859539 743533 2026-06-17T18:55:47Z Zahrah0 14848 859539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bus transportant les joueurs du PSG.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Motar bas mallakar kungiyar]] [[File:2019-07-17 SG Dynamo Dresden vs. Paris Saint-Germain by Sandro Halank–225.jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwalon kafa ]] [[Fayil:PSG Ultras in 2019.jpg|thumb|wurin wasa na psg]] [[Fayil:20141015 - PSG-Lyon - 091.jpg|thumb|hoton year kwallo ta psg]] [[Fayil:20130120 - PSG-Toulouse - 148.jpg|thumb|wasan PSG da tolouse]] [[Fayil:20130929 - PSG-Lyon 021.jpg|thumb|kocin Lyon bayan wasan su da psg]] [[Fayil:PSG-Celtic Glasgow Parc des Princes 41.jpg|thumb|wasan psg da celtic]] [[Fayil:PSG-Celtic Glasgow Parc des Princes 25.jpg|thumb|wasn pag a kofin turai]] [[Fayil:PSG-Celtic Glasgow Parc des Princes 32.jpg|thumb|yan kallo a wasan psg]] [[Fayil:Paris Night.jpg|thumb|gatin Paris a dare]] [[Fayil:Neymar PSG.jpg|thumb|neymar a psg]] [[Fayil:PSG-Porto 2022-11-16.jpg|thumb|kungiyar osg ta kwallon kwando]] [[Fayil:20121209 PSG-Juvisy - Team of Paris Saint-Germain FC Ladies.jpg|thumb|kungiyar PSG ta mata]] [[Fayil:Emirates (Paris Saint-Germain Football Club livery), A6-EOT, Airbus A380-861 (24484025200).jpg|thumb|jirgin sarkin wasan '''Paris Saint-Germain Football Club''']] [[Fayil:Paris Saint-Germain BU.jpg|thumb|Abin nuni Na faris]] [[Fayil:Paris Saint-Germain FC trainers.jpg|thumb|allon bangon jerin suna yin yan kwallo Na faris]] [[Fayil:PSG-Celtic Glasgow Parc des Princes 25.jpg|thumb|Filli yan wasan '''Paris Saint-Germain Football Club''']] [[Fayil:Parc des Princes Paris Saint Germain z 30.jpg|thumb|stadium na Paris Saint-Germain]] '''Paris Saint-Germain Football Club,''' {''lafazi-faransanci''|paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃}, Anfi sanin su da '''Paris Saint-Germain''', '''Paris SG''', ko '''PSG''', ta kasan, ce kulub ƙwararrun kwallon kafa ce dake a birnin [[Paris]] na ƙasar Faransa. An kuma kafa kulub ɗin a shekarar alif 1970, kulub ta kasan ce tana sa kaya masu launin ja da shudi, ne.PSG na buga wasan gida a filin ta mai daukan adadin mutane, 47,929 wato [[Parc des Princes]] dake [[16th arrondissement na Paris]] tun daga shekarar alif 1974.<ref name="princes">{{cite news | title = Parc des Princes | url = https://www.psg.fr/theclub/parcdesprinces | work = PSG.fr | accessdate = 19 July 2017 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819055454/https://en.psg.fr/theclub/parcdesprinces | archivedate = 19 August 2017 | df = dmy-all}} </ref><ref name="paris">{{cite news | title = Paris Saint-Germain FC | url = http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2015/clubs/club=52747/profile/index.html | work = UEFA.com | date = 19 June 2013 | accessdate = 18 June 2014 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903025336/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season%3D2015/clubs/club%3D52747/profile/index.html | archivedate = 3 September 2014 | df = dmy-all}} </ref> Kulub din na buga The club plays in the [[French football league system|babban rukuni]] na [[Kwallon kafa a Faransa|kwallon kafar faransa]], [[Lig 1]].<ref name="history">{{cite news | title = Histoire | url = https://www.psg.fr/theclub/history | work = PSG.fr | accessdate = 17 July 2017 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819055454/https://en.psg.fr/theclub/history | archivedate = 19 August 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Fayil:20121209 PSG-Juvisy - Team of Paris Saint-Germain FC Ladies.jpg|thumb|Paris Saint-Germain]] Paris, Saint-Germain ta mayar da kɗaya babbar Kulub a Faransa, kuma daya daga cikin manyan kulub a cikin gasar kwallon kafa a Turai na wannan lokaci. PSG, ta lashe adadin kyautuka guda 38, haka yasa ta zama [[Football records in France#Total titles won (1918–present)|Kulub din data fi samun nasara a kasar faransa]] da adadin yawan data samu.<ref name="history"/><ref name="titles">{{cite news | title = Paris S-G: Histoire du club dans chaque compétition | url = https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/club/histoire/3-paris_sg | work = Footballdatabase.eu | accessdate = 2 March 2017}}</ref> PSG kuma ita kadai ne Kulub a [[Lig 1]] wanda bata taba zuwa riligeshan ba,<ref name="only">{{cite news | title = Which European football clubs have never been relegated? | url = https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2015/jun/02/which-european-football-clubs-have-never-been-relegated | work = The Guardian | date = 2 June 2015 | accessdate = 24 January 2017 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001946/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2015/jun/02/which-european-football-clubs-have-never-been-relegated | archivedate = 2 February 2017 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> kuma kulub din data fi kowace Kulub adadin yawan kakannin wasa ajere a babban mataki tayi wasa a kaka 45 na Lig 1 tun daga shekara ta 1974),<ref name="consecutive">{{cite news | title = PSG, 45 saisons consécutives et nouveau record en Ligue 1 | url = http://www.paris-canalhistorique.com/40620/ | work = Histoire du #PSG | date = 11 August 2018 | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref> tana daya daga cikin kulub din Faransa biyu da suka taba lashe [[UEFA club competition records#List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions|Manyan gasar Turai]],<ref name="euro">{{cite news | title = Paris city guide | url = http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/hosts/france/city=2470/index.html | work = UEFA.com | accessdate = 4 July 2016 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160709044400/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/hosts/france/city%3D2470/index.html | archivedate = 9 July 2016 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> kuma kulub mafi shahara a Faransa, tana daga cikin kulub din dake da yawan mabiya a duniya.<ref name="popular">{{cite news | title = C'est une première : les Français préfèrent le PSG à l'OM | url = http://www.eurosport.fr/football/ligue-1/2015-2016/c-est-une-premiere-les-francais-preferent-le-psg-a-l-om_sto4936862/story.shtml | work = Eurosport | date = 4 October 2015 | accessdate = 17 April 2017 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170418164311/http://www.eurosport.fr/football/ligue-1/2015-2016/c-est-une-premiere-les-francais-preferent-le-psg-a-l-om_sto4936862/story.shtml | archivedate = 18 April 2017 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> A gida (Faransa), PSG ta lashe gasar [[Lig 1]] guda bakwai, da tarihin lashe guda goma sha biyu [[Coupe de France]], da tarihin lashe [[Coupe de la Ligue]] guda takwas, da tarihin da wasu na lashe [[Trophée des Champions]] guda takwas. PSG kuma ta lashe [[Lig 2]] daya. A kwallon kafar nahiyar Turai, ta lashe [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] daya da kuma [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] shima daya.<ref name="titles"/> PSG nada dogon hamayya da [[Olympique de Marseille]]. Wanda wasa tsakaninsu shine babban gasar dake da kalubale, ana masa lakabi da ''[[Le Classique]]''.<ref name="passion">{{cite news | title = France's passion play | url = https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid=1037223/ | work = FIFA.com | accessdate = 25 February 2013 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233016/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid%3D1037223/ | archivedate = 22 April 2014 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Fayil:19970807-auxerre-paris-saint-germain-auswärtssektor-ultras-2.jpg|thumb|Paris Saint-Germain]] [[Qatar Sports Investments]] (QSi) sune masu kulubin din tun daga shekarar 2011 (a wancan lokaci sunan su [[Qatar Investment Authority]]).<ref name="qatar">{{cite news | title = Le Qatar sans limite | url = http://www.leparisien.fr/psg-foot-paris-saint-germain/le-qatar-sans-limite-07-03-2012-1893594.php | work = Le Parisien | date = 7 March 2012 | accessdate = 7 March 2012 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161206095406/http://psgacademybali.com/p/news_detail/paris-saint-germain-multistrada-and-bali-united-team-up-for-indonesian-youth-to-dream-bigger | archivedate = 6 December 2016 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> Suna mallakar kulubin din, sai Paris SG tazama mafi tsadar kulubi a Faransa kuma daya daga cikin mafi tsada a duniya.<ref name="money">{{cite news | title = Paris Saint-Germain, having conquered France, are still working on Qatar | url = http://www.thenational.ae/sport/ligue-1/paris-saint-germain-having-conquered-france-are-still-working-on-qatar | work = The National | date = 30 December 2015 | accessdate = 17 April 2017 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170418165643/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/ligue-1/paris-saint-germain-having-conquered-france-are-still-working-on-qatar | archivedate = 18 April 2017 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> PSG itace na [[Deloitte Football Money League|bakwai cikin kulubi masu yawan kudin shiga a duniya]] da adadin kudin da suke samu a shekara da ya kai €486.2m,<ref name="deloitte">{{cite news | title = Deloitte Football Money League 2018 | url = https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html | work = Deloitte | accessdate = 23 January 2018 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170120033918/https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html | archivedate = 22 May 2018 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> kuma sune [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|na 11 cikin kulubi masu tsada a duniya]], da Kumar kudin da ya kai €825m.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8 |title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018 |last = Ozanian |first = Mike |work = Forbes |access-date = 2018-06-12}}</ref> A watan February a shekara ta 2019, [[Kwallon Kafar Faransa]] suka sanya Paris SG amatsayin na bakwai cikin manyan kulubin dake duniya.<ref name="biggest">{{cite news | title = FF révèle son top 30 des plus grands clubs du monde, avec le Real Madrid en première position | url = https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Ff-revele-son-top-30-des-plus-grands-clubs-du-monde-avec-le-real-madrid-en-premiere-position/987752 | work = France Football | date = 11 February 2019 | accessdate = 11 February 2019}}</ref>. 2024 Paris St Germain ta ajiye Ousmane Dembele a Champions League da za ta kara da Arsenal a Emirates ranar Talata. Ɗan wasan tawagar Faransa ya ci ƙwallo huɗu a wasa shida a Ligue 1 a PSG a bana, ya buga wasan da suka ci Girona 1-0 a Champions League. Wasu rahotannin na cewar ɗan wasan mai shekara 27 ya nuna fushinsa ga koci, Luis Enrigue, bayan da aka sauya shi a wasan da PSG ta doke Rennes 3-1 ranar Juma'a. <nowiki>''Duk wanda ba zai yadda da abinda aka yi ba ko ba zai martaba abinda ake bukata daga wajensa ba, kenan bai shirya buga mana tamaula ba,''</nowiki> in ji Enrigue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}}. {{DEFAULTSORT:Paris Saint-Germain}}. re6t3c0culg1fvuj5ryihoxel8dyrxt Ihiala 0 11043 859333 842944 2026-06-17T12:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ihiala''' gari ne da ke [[Najeriya]], a yankin kudancin Jihar [[Anambra]] kuma yana cikin yankin da ake kira ƙasar Igbo. Garin ya daɗe yana matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukumar]] Ihiala. Ƙaramar hukumar tana da yawan jama’a da ya kai kusan 430,800. Ihiala na ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan Ƙaramar Hukumar Ihiala, wadda kuma ta ƙunshi wasu garuruwa kamar Amorka, Azia, Lilu, Okija, Mbosi, Isseke, Orsumoghu, Ubuluisuzor da Uli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mycyberict.com/nigeria_zip_codes/ihiala/|title=Ihiala L.G.A List of towns and villages {{!}} Nigeria Zip Codes|website=mycyberict.com|access-date=2019-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yankin yana cikin belt ɗin noma na jihar. Ihiala tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Kudu a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Honorable Paschal Agbodike ne ke wakiltar Ihiala a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-27 |title=Reps committee pledge support for HYPPADEC host communities |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/reps-committee-pledge-support-for-hyppadec-host-communities/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Onitsha |first=Emma Elekwa |date=2025-04-25 |title=Lawmaker empowers 2000 in Anambra communities |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/lawmaker-empowers-2000-in-anambra-communities/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Kowane gari da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Ihiala yana da cin gashin kansa tare da sarakunan gargajiya nasu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ihiala LGA - Ihiala Local Governtment Area |url=https://ihiala.an.gov.ng/about-ihiala-lga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625125627/https://ihiala.an.gov.ng/about-ihiala-lga |archive-date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=ihiala.an.gov.ng |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ihiala}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] elr3u8bdboqaqht6bzbgo4r52diazmy Jerin Jaridu a Azerbaijan 0 12248 859733 786166 2026-06-18T04:20:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Akwai kamfanonin jaridu 3500 da ake buga jaridu a ƙasar [[Azerbaijan]]. Mafiya yawansu ana bugasu ne da harshen [[Azerbaijani]]. Saura kuma 130 ana buga su da harsunan [[Rashanci]] 70, [[Turanci]] 50, da sauran harsunan [[Turkanci]], [[Faransanci]], [[Jamusanci]], [[Larabci]], [[Pasha]], Armeniyanci, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kidon.com/media-link/az.php |title=List of newspapers in Azerbaijan |access-date=2019-12-11 |archive-date=2020-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405152225/https://archive.is/Fr06c |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana ganin jarudun na ƙasar Azerbaijan a matsayin ingantattu kuma futattu matuƙa wajen iya kawo labaru masu inganci.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mətbuat Şurası "reket qəzetlər"in yeni siyahısını açıqadı - SİYAHI|url=http://news.milli.az/society/69584.html|website=news.milli.az|accessdate=8 August 2014|language=Azerbaijani}}</ref> Kasa shine Jeri na jaridun da ake wallafawa a kasar ta Azerbaijan ==Jaridu== ===Wanda ake bugawa kullum=== :{| class="sortable wikitable" ! width="10%" | Take ! width="6%" | Wallafawa ! width="15%" | Matsayi ! width="2%" | kirkira ! width="20%" | Mamallaki ! width="5%" | Harshe ! width="23%" | Fuskantarwa ! width="23%" | Jam'iyyar data goyi bayanta a zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 |- |- | ''Crime and Criminal'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 2016 || Aqil Yusifov || Azerbaijani || New Azerbaijan Party || |- | ''Adalat'' || Daily || Broadsheet || 1990 || Agil Abbas || Azerbaijani || Right-center || New Azerbaijan Party |- | ''Azadliq'' || Daily || Broadsheet || 1989 || Ganimat Zahid || Azerbaijani || Left-wing || National Council of Democratic Forces |- | ''Azerbaycan'' || Kullum || Berliner || 1918 || [[Azerbaijan|Gwamnatin Azerbaijan]] || Azerbaijani || Right-wing || New Azerbaijan Party |- | ''Bakinskiy Rabochiy'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1906 || Agabak Asgarov || Rashanci || Right-center || New Azerbaijan Party |- | ''Bizzim Yol'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 2000 || Bahaddin Gaziyev || Azerbaijani || Left-center || |- | ''[[Echo.az|Echo]]'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 2001 || Rauf Talishinsky || Rashanci || Liberal || |- | ''Ekspress]]'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1995 || Mushfig Safiyev || Azerbaijani || Left-center || |- | ''Kaspi'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1999 || Intellekt || Azerbaijani || Right-center || |- | ''Khalg Gazeti'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1919 || Mahal Ismayilogly || Azerbaijani || Right-wing|| New Azerbaijan Party |- | ''Khalg Cebhesi Gazeti'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 2001 || Elchin Mirzabeyli || Azerbaijani || Left-wing || National Council of Democratic Forces |- | ''Respublika'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1990 || GGwamnatin Azerbaijan || Azerbaijani || Right-wing, populist || New Azerbaijan Party |- | ''Sherg'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1996 || Akif Ashirli || Azerbaijani || Right-wing || |- | ''Tezadlar'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1993 || Asif Marzili || Azerbaijani || Right-wing || |- | ''Üç nöqta'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1998 || Khoshgadam Hidayatgizy || Azerbaijani || Right-wing || |- | ''[[Yeni Musavat]]'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1989 || Rauf Arifoglu || Azerbaijani || Left-wing, populist || National Council of Democratic Forces |- | ''Zaman'' || Kullum || Broadsheet || 1991 || Fetullah Gulen || Azerbaijani || Left-center || |- |} ===Maifita sati-sati=== :{| class="sortable wikitable" ! width="10%" | Take ! width="6%" | Wallafawa ! width="15%" | Matsayi ! width="2%" | Kirkira ! width="20%" | Mamallaki ! width="5%" | Harshe ! width="23%" | Fuskantarwa ! width="23%" | Jam'iyyar data goyi bayanta a zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 |- |- | ''Azernews'' || Lahadi|| Berliner || 1997 || Fazil Abbasov || English || Centre-right || New Azerbaijan Party |- | ''Nedelya Jivaya Gazeta'' || Lahadi || Berliner || 1997 || Unknown || Russian || Centre-right || New Azerbaijan Party |- |} ===Masu fita na kasa Azerbaijan=== *Lankaran **''Lankaran'' *Nakhchivan **''Şərq Qapısı'' *Shaki **''Shaki'' **''Shakinin Sasi'' *Sumgayit **''365 Gün'' ===Jaridu na musamman=== ===Wasanni=== *''Futbol+'' – Mai kawo labarun wasanni na yau da gobe ===Jaridun musamman=== *''Ədəbiyyat qəzeti'' – ana bugawa wata-wata *''Qoroskop'' – ana bugawa wata-wata *''Tumurcuq'' – ta yara, ana bugawa wata-wata ==Takardun rabawa kyauta== *''Birja'' – wadda ake rabawa kyauta na sati sati ==Sauran jaridu== *''Akinchi'' (1875–1877) - sati-sati *''Bauer und Arbeiter'' (1924) - sati-sati *''Çeşmə'' (1991–1995)- Kullum *''Dövran'' (1997–2000) - sati-sati *''Gündəlik Azərbaycan'' (2005–2007) - Kullum. *''Istiglal'' (1932–1934) - Kullum *''Komanda'' (2008–2014) - Kullum, jarida mai sharhi kan wasannin [[Kwallon Kafa]] *''Lenins Weg'' (1932–1936) - sati-sati *''Müxalifət'' (1991–2007) - Kullum *''Zerkalo'' (1990–2014) - Kullum ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gidajen jaridu na Azerbaijan| ]] [[Category:Kamfanoni]] 73q069b8gqnuz7r96it7nbjokh6pgo8 Tonga 0 13915 859783 720963 2026-06-18T07:15:10Z Zahrah0 14848 /* 'asalinyaran */ 859783 wikitext text/x-wiki Tonga, [b] bisa hukuma Masarautar Tonga, [c] tsibiri ce a cikin Polynesia, wani yanki na Oceania. Kasar tana da tsibirai 171, daga cikinsu akwai 45 daga cikinsu<ref> "The World Factbook: Tonga: Geography"</ref> Gabaɗayan samansa kusan kilomita 750 (290 sq mi), ya warwatse sama da 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) a kudancin Tekun Pasifik. Tun daga 2021, a cewar Johnson's Tribune, Tonga tana da yawan jama'a 104,494, <ref> "Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> <ref> World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref>World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> 70% waɗanda ke zaune a babban ri, Tongatapu. Kasar ta kai kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi; 430 nmi) arewa-kudu. An kewaye ta da Fiji da Wallis da Futuna (Faransa) su ma <ref>"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> Wayewar Lapita ce ta fara zama a Tonga kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, mazauna Polynesia waɗanda a hankali suka samo asali da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin ƙabila, harshe, da al'adu a matsayin mutanen Tongan. Nan da nan suka kafa kafa mai karfi a fadin Kudancin Pacific, kuma wannan lokaci na fadada Tongan da mulkin mallaka ana kiransa daular Tu'i Tonga. Daga mulkin sarkin Tongan na farko, `Aho`eitu, Tonga ya girma ya zama ikon yanki. Wata thalassocracy ce ta ci da sarrafa ɓangarorin Tekun Fasifik da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, daga sassan tsibirin Sulemanu da dukan New Caledonia da Fiji a yamma zuwa Samoa da Niue har ma da sassan Faransa Polynesia na zamani a gabas. Tu'i Tonga ya shahara saboda tasirin tattalin arzikinta, kabilanci, da al'adu a kan tekun Pacific, wanda ya kasance mai karfi ko da bayan juyin juya halin Samoa na karni na 13 da gano tsibiran da Turawa suka yi a 1616.<ref>see writings of Ata of Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimaleali'ifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, pp. 133–</ref> <ref>, Lee, ed. (2010). Coffee Culture, Destinations and Tourism. Channel View Publications. p. 112. ISBN 9781845411923.</ref> <ref>"Tonga crowns King Tupou VI in lavish public coronation, parties". ABC News. 4 July 2015. Archived from</ref> =='asalinyaran== A cikin yarukan Polynesia da yawa, gami da Tongan, kalmar tonga (Tongan: [ˈtoŋa]), <ref> ". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</ref> <ref> Churchward, C.M. (1985) Tongan grammar, Oxford University Press, ISBN </ref> 13] ta fito ne daga fakatonga, wanda ke nufin 'kudu', kuma ana kiran tsibirin tsibirin sab<reoda ita ce rukuni mafi kudanci tsakanin kungiyoyin tsibiri na yammacin Polynesia.<ref>, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. (2005). "Tonga". The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-558451-6. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</ref> Kalmar tonga tana da alaƙa da kalmar Hawaii ta kona ma'ana 'leeward', wanda shine asalin sunan gundumar Kona a Hawaiʻi.,<ref> | English – Tongan Translator". www.tongantranslator.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref> Tonga ya zama sananne a Yamma a matsayin "tsibirin abokantaka" saboda liyafar da aka yiwa Kyaftin James Cook a ziyararsa ta farko a shekara ta 1773. Ya isa lokacin bikin 'inasi na shekara-shekara, wanda ke ba da gudummawar 'ya'yan itatuwa na farko ga Tu'i Tonga (sarkin tsibiran), don haka ya sami gayyata zuwa bukukuwan. Abin ban mamaki, a cewar marubuci William Mariner, a zahiri shugabannin siyasa sun so kashe Cook a yayin taron, amma ba su bi ta ba saboda sun kasa yarda da shirin aiwatar da shi.<ref>Mariner, William and Martin, John (1817). An account of the natives of the Tonga islands in the south Pacific Ocean: With an original grammar and vocabulary of their language. Compiled and arranged from the extensive communications of Mr. William Mariner, several years' resident in those islands, Volume 2, pp. 64–65 Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</ref> ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Tonga Zuwan Abel Tasman a Tongatapu, 1643; zane ta Isaack Gilsemans<ref>Tonga Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> Bisa ga tatsuniyar Tongan, gunkin Maui ya zana rukuni na tsibirai daga teku, wanda ya fara bayyana Tongatapu, da tsibiran Ha'apai da Vava'u, suka shiga cikin abin da ya zama Tonga ta zaman<ref>Maui's Fish Hook". Tonga Time. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> <ref>, William (1975). The hah Great United States Exploring Expedition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0520025578.</ref> <ref>"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref> Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref>history of the Constitution of Tonga". Australian foreign affairs record. Vol. 51, no. 11. 29 November 1980. pp. 416–419. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – vira National Library of Australia.</ref> Ƙungiya mai magana da harshen Australiya da ke da alaƙa da abin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka kira al'adun Lapita da aka rufe daga tsibirin Melanesia zuwa Samoa, sa'an nan kuma suka zauna Tonga a wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1000 BC.<ref>. Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997) The Lapita Peoples, Wiley, ISBN 1-57718-036-4.</ref> masana har yanzu suna muhawara daidai lokacin da aka fara zama na Tonga, amma thorium dating ya tabbatar da cewa mazauna sun isa garin da aka fi sani da zama, Nukuleka, ta 888 BC, ± 8 shekaru.<ref>"High precision U/Th dating of first Polynesian settlement"</ref> an raba tarihin tuntuɓar na Tonga ta hanyar tarihin baka, wanda aka watsa daga tsara zuwa tsara.<ref>Robert Langdon (ed.) (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p. 234. ISBN 086784471X</ref> <ref> Woodcock, "Tonga: The Last of the Victorians." History Today (1975) 25#1 pp. 31–39</ref> By <ref> women drown in Peru because of Tonga volcano". Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via South China Morning Post</ref> William Mariner matashin jirgin ruwa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda aka ɗauke shi cikin dangin sarauta na Tongan. Mutanen Tongan sun fara haduwa da Turawa ne a shekara ta 1616, lokacin da jirgin ruwan kasar Holland Eendracht, wanda kyaftin din Willem Schouten, ya kai wata gajeriyar ziyara a tsibiran da nufin yin kasuwanci. Daga baya, wasu masu binciken Dutch sun isa, ciki har da Jacob Le Maire (wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin Niuatoputapu na arewacin); da Abel Tasman (wanda ya ziyarci Tongatapu da Haʻapai) a shekara ta 1643. Daga baya manyan maziyartan Turai sun haɗa da James Cook, na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Biritaniya, a 1773, 1774, da 1777; Mai binciken Sojan Ruwa na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa a 1781; Alessandro Malaspina a shekara ta 1793; ’yan mishan na London na farko a 1797; da Ministan Methodist na Wesleyan, Reverend Walter Lawry,<ref>Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</ref> <ref>"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref>: Tsunami waves hit Pacific country after huge underwater volcano eruption". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> <ref>"Prime Minister defends Deputy's 'no sirens' reply as tsunami death toll rises to four"</ref> <ref>Torchinsky, Rina (18 January 2022). "An undersea cable fault could cut Tonga from the rest of the world for weeks". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</ref> ==Alakar kasashen waje== Karin bayani: Alakar kasashen waje ta Tonga Matangi Tonga ya kwatanta manufofin waje na Tonga a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2009 a matsayin "Duba Gabas" - musamman, kamar kulla dangantakar diflomasiya da tattalin arziki da [[Asiya]] (wanda a zahiri ya ta'allaka ne ga arewa maso yammacin masarautar Pacific). Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, kasar Sin ta samu babban tasiri a kasar Tonga, da samar da kudaden gudanar da ayyukan more rayuwa, ciki har da sabon gidan sarauta, da kuma rike kashi biyu bisa uku na bashin kasar waje.<ref>"Six Island Nations Commit to 'Fossil Fuel-Free Pacific,' Demand Global Just Transition". www.commondreams.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> <ref>Climate Guides – Plan Your Ideal Holiday Trip". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</ref> <ref>Climate Summary Archived 17 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine </ref> ,<ref>Tongan Court Case Over Wrongful Imprisonment Recommences". Radio NZ. 31 July 2002. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref> <ref> crowd leaves leaves trail of wreckage in Nuku'alofa". Matangitonga.to. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Ligaiula, Pita (17 March 2023). "Port Vila call for a just transition to a fossil fuel free Pacific | PINA". Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> Tonga na kula da kyakkyawar alaka da Amurka. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da kyautata dangantaka da Burtaniya, amma kasashen biyu ba sa kulla alaka ta kut da kut. Burtaniya ta rufe babbar hukumarta a Tonga a shekara ta 2006, kodayake an sake kafa ta a watan Janairun 2020 bayan shafe shekaru 14 ba ta yi ba. Dangantakar Tonga da ikon yankin Oceania, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, tana da kyau.<ref>Luthi, Susannah (29 August 2021). "Meth, Vanilla and 'Gulags': How China Has Overtaken the South Pacific One Island at a Time". Politico. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.,</ref> ] <ref>Tonga's king to cede key powers". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2008.</ref> <ref>deployment to Tonga, 2006". 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</ref> Tonga tana da alaƙar yanki mai ƙarfi a cikin Pacific. Cikakken memba ne na Dandalin Tsibirin Fasifik, Hukumar Kula da Geoscience ta Kudancin Pacific, Kungiyar Yawon shakatawa ta Kudancin Pacific, Shirin Muhalli na Yanki na Pacific, da Sakatariya na Community Pacific.<ref>蘋果日報 – 20120319 – 患血癌染肺炎 搶救數日無效湯加國王 駕崩瑪麗醫院. Appledaily News HK. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weltrisikobericht.de/weltrisikobericht-2021-e/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901080225/https://weltrisikobericht.de/weltrisikobericht-2021-e/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, gwamnatocin Tonga da sauran tsibiran da ke fama da sauyin yanayi (Fiji, Niue, Tsibiran Solomon, Tuvalu da [[Vanuatu]]) sun ƙaddamar da "Kira ta Port Vila don Adalci Canje-canje zuwa Burbushin Man Fetur Free Pacific", suna kira ga kawar da mai da kuma "mai sauri kuma kawai sauyi" zuwa sabunta makamashi da kuma ƙarfafa dokar namuhalli, ciki har da a ciki ecocide.<ref> diplomatic community grows" Archived 10 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Matangi Tonga, 12 January 2009.</ref> <ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> <ref>, Gilbert S. (1996). "Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes". Bat Conservation International. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> <ref>"About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> ==Siyasa== Babban labarin: Siyasar Tonga Sarki George, na Tsibirin Abokai (1852)11<ref> ]" haCooks bill puts spotlight on Pacific's anti-gay laws". RNZ News. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</ref> <ref>Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>ships that died of shame". smh.com.au. 14 January 2003. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Tongasat". Mendosa.com. 30 December 1996. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Robie, David (November 1996). "The contempt case of the 'Tongan Three'". Pacific Journalism Review. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2006.</ref> <ref>"In Pictures: The World's Most Corrupt Countries". Forbes Magazine. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref> Tonga sarauta ce ta tsarin mulki. Ita ce kawai sarautar 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin tsibiran Pacific (duba kuma Hawai'i). Girmama sarki ya maye gurbin wanda aka yi a ƙarni na farko ga babban sarki mai tsarki, Tu'i Tonga. Ana zargin sarkin ya sabawa al'ada da da'a na Tongan. Tonga tana ba wa 'yan ƙasarta ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi ga kowa, karatun sakandare tare da kuɗaɗen ƙima, da tallafin karatu daga ƙasashen waje don karatun gaba da sakandare. <ref>iSite Interactive Limited. "No Govt Support Blamed for Airline Collapse". Islands Business. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>"Port Vila call to phase out fossil fuels". RNZ. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> <ref>Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011</ref> A yanzu haka kasashen Silaland da Ostireliya na nuna damuwa game da wasu ayyukan gwamnatin Tongan. <ref>Articles:Listing Tonga". Tobacco.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> Bayan bin ƙa'idodin Sarauniya Sālote da shawarwarin masu ba da shawara na duniya da yawa, gwamnatin Tonga a ƙarƙashin Sarki Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV (wanda ya yi sarauta 1965-2006) ya ba da kuɗin tattalin arziki, ya ba da damar tsarin kiwon lafiya da na ilimi, kuma ya ba da damar jama'a don haɓaka nau'ikan arziƙin abin duniya (gidaje, motoci, da dai sauransu), tafiye-tafiye, tafiye-tafiye, ilimi da sauran suha Luwadi namiji haramun ne a Tonga,,,<ref> "Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga"</ref> tare da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari,<ref> Articles:Listing Tonga". Property Tonga. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</ref> anma ba a aiwatar da doka ba[34]. Tongans suna da damar yin amfani da tsarin kula da lafiya na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Kundin tsarin mulkin Tonga ya kare ikon mallakar filaye; Ba za a iya sayar da fili ga baƙi (ko da yake ana iya yin hayar). <ref>Tonga's king tricked by Korean sea water to natural gas scam[usurped]. michaelfield.org (December 1997).</ref> <ref>"Tonga : In Depth : History",</ref> ===Soja=== Babban labarin: Ayyukan Tsaro na Tonga Gwamnatin Tongan ta goyi bayan matakin "haɗin kai na son rai" na Amurka a Iraki tare da tura sojoji fiye da 40 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na sojojin Amurka) a ƙarshen 2004. Tawagar ta koma gida a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2004.<ref> Tongan Marines return safely for Christmas". Matangi Tonga. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> A cikin 2007, tawaga ta biyu ta je Iraki, kuma an aika da wasu biyu a cikin 2008 a matsayin wani bangare na ci gaba da goyon bayan kawancen. An kammala shigar da ƙasar Tongan a ƙarshen 2008 ba tare da rahotonh an asarar rayuka ba. <ref>"Tongan Marines return safely for Christmas". Matangi Tonga. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023</ref> <ref>"Tongan troops to work with UK and other ISAF forces in Afghanistan". Ministry of Defence. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Birgediya Janar Tau`aika `Uta`atu, kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Tonga, ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya a birnin Landan, inda ya sanya akalla dakaru 200 aiki tare da dakarun Biritaniya na Taimakon Tsaro a Afganistan. An kammala aikin a watan Afrilun 2014, kuma Birtaniya ta ba da lambar yabo ta Ayyukan Ayyuka ga kowane sojan da ke da hannu yayin wani fareti da aka gudanar a Tonga.<ref>Population Census 2006: Population size, Trend, Distribution and Structure, Tonga Department of Statistics</ref> <ref>Divisions of Tonga Archived 2 Novemb/ref>er 2013 at the Wayback Machine<, Statoids.com</ref> Tonga ya ba da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda a rikicin Bougainville a Papua New Guinea da kuma rundunar RAMSI karkashin jagorancin Australia a tsibirin Solomon. Bangaren gudanarwa Ƙarin bayani: sassan gudanarwa na Tonga Tonga ya kasu kashi biyar na gudanarwa: `Eua, Ha`apai, Niuas, Tongatapu, da Vava`u.[<ref>Population Census 2006: Population size, Trend, Distribution and Structure, Tonga Department of Statistics</ref> <ref> Divisions of Tonga Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Statoids.com</ref> ===Ilimin halittu=== Tonga ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka masu zafi masu zafi na Tongan.<ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> <ref>Grant, Gilbert S. (1996). "Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes". Bat Conservation International. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> A Tonga, tun daga almara na Tongan, ana ɗaukar jemagu masu tashi da tsarki kuma su ne mallakar masarauta. Don haka, ana kiyaye su kuma ba za a iya cutar da su ko farauta ba. Sakamakon haka, jemagu masu yawo sun bunƙasa a yawancin tsibiran Tonga.[<ref>About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> <ref>About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> Wattled mai cin zuma a Tonga Rayuwar tsuntsu na Tonga sun haɗa da jimlar shekarun 73, waɗanda biyu suke matuƙar kyau, na wonan wnistler da na Tongan. Mutane sun bullo da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar, kuma takwas ba kasafai ba ne ko kuma na bazata. Dabbobi bakwai suna fuskantar barazana a duniya. ==Tattalin Arziki== Babban labarin: Tattalin Arzikin Tonga tsabar kudin Tongan cent daya (seniti taha). <ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.</ref> Nuku Island, Vava'u Tattalin arzikin Tonga yana da babban ɓangaren da ba na kuɗi ba da kuma dogaro mai yawa akan kuɗin da aka tura daga rabin al'ummar ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje (musamman a Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Amurka). Iyalan sarauta da manyan mutane ne suka mamaye kuma galibi sun mallaki sashin kuɗi na tattalin arziƙi - musamman harkokin sadarwa da sabis na tauraron dan adam. Mujallar Forbes ta nada Tonga a matsayin kasa ta shida a cikin cin hanci da rashawa a duniya a shekarar 2008.<ref>: The World's Most Corrupt Countries". Forbes Magazine. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref> Tonga ya kasance wuri na 165th mafi aminci ga saka hannun jari a duniya a cikin Maribgss 2011 Euromoney Country Risk martaba.<ref>Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August </ref> Bangaren masana'antu ya ƙunshi sana'o'in hannu da wasu ƙananan masana'antu, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na GDP.<ref>Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) – Tonga". World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> ==Noma== A Tonga, noma da gandun daji (tare da kamun kifi) suna samar da mafi yawan ayyukan yi, samun kuɗin waje, da abinci.[<ref> Background Note: Tonga Archived 25 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, US Department of State, 31 October 2011.</ref>to] Mutanen Tongan na karkara sun dogara ga aikin noma da noma. Tsire-tsire da ake nomawa don amfanin gonakin kuɗi na kasuwa da amfanin gida sun haɗa da ayaba, kwakwa, wake kofi, wake vanilla, da kuma tushen amfanin gona irin su rogo, dankalin turawa, da Taro. Ya zuwa 2001, kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar noma tana cikin tushen amfanin gona.<ref>Hinz, Earl R. & Howard, Jim (2006). Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8248-3037-3. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</ref> <ref>Paradise Lost, Tonga Mired in Poverty". Jakarta Globe. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.</ref> <ref>Kunzel, W. (1989), Agroforestry in Tonga: A Traditional Source for Development of Sustainable Farming Systems, Occasional Paper 12, Armidale, New South Wales: South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New England</ref> Yin sarrafa kwakwa zuwa cikin kwakwa da busasshiyar (bushe) kwakwa ya taɓa kasancewa babbar masana'anta, kuma kawai fitarwar kasuwanci. Tabarbarewar farashi a kasuwannin duniya da rashin sake dasa shi ya kawo wannan masana'antar da ta taɓa yin ƙwazo, kamar yadda a yawancin ƙasashen tsibiran Kudancin Pacific, suka tsaya cik. ,<ref>, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2015</ref> Alade da kaji sune manyan nau'ikan dabbobi. Ana ajiye dawakai ne don daftarin dalilai, da farko ta manoman da ke aiki ʻapi ʻuta (filin daji); ko da yake naman ma ana sha’awar<ref>Halavatau, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2015</ref> Ana kara kiwon shanu, kuma shigo da naman sa yana raguwa<ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.</ref> <ref>Halavatau, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September</ref> ] .[<ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.,</ref> <ref>Rejects from squash production exceeded 30%. Halavatau, S. M. & Hausia, S. F. (2000), Small Farmer Participation in Export Production: Kingdom of Tonga Case Studies, Apia, Samoa: FAO Regional Workshop on Small Farmer Participation in Export Production in the Pacific Islands</ref> ==Makamashi== Makamashi a Tonga galibi yana fitowa ne daga dizal da ake shigowa da shi.<ref>FP090 Tonga Renewable Energy Project under the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Investment Program". Green Climate Fund. 20 October 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> An yi hasashen amfani da makamashi a Tonga zai kai kusan awanni gigawatt 66 nan da shekarar 2020.<ref> Tonga on track to reach renewable energy target". PCREEE. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> ta yi niyyar kaiwa kashi 50% na makamashin da ake sabuntawa nan da shekarar 2020.<ref> Pacific's naBiggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target". Asian Development Bank. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> A cikin 2019, Tonga ta ba da sanarwar gina wata gonar hasken rana mai ƙarfin megawatt 6 a Tongatapu.<ref> Pacific's Biggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target". Asian Development Bank. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> ==Alkaluma== Babban labarin: Alƙaluman jama'a na Tonga Yawan jama'ar Tonga (1961-2003) cikin dubbai Sama da kashi 70% na mazaunan 106,017<ref> World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref> United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</ref> zaune a babban tsibiri, Tongatapu. Ko da yake yawan mutanen Tongan sun ƙaura zuwa cikin birni da cibiyar kasuwanci ɗaya tilo, Nukuʻalofa, inda al'adun Turai da na 'yan asali suka haɗu, dangantakar ƙauye da dangi na da tasiri a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk da ƙaura, Tonga ta ƙaru daga kusan 32,000 a cikin 1930s zuwa fiye da 90,000 ta 1976.<ref>Tonga: Migration and the Homeland</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Tonga Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun kashi Tongan   97.03% Kashi na Tongan   0.79% Sinanci   0.73% Fijiyan   0.3% Bature   0.25% Indo-Fijian   0.12% Wani dan tsibirin Pacific   0.2% Sauran Asiya   0.19% Sauran   0.37% Ba a bayyana ba   <ref> Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga" Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Herald, 23 November 2001</ref> rikici Nukuʻalofa na shekarar 2006 ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin kasuwanci mallakar kasar Sin, wanda ya kai ga yin hijira na Sinawa daruruwa<ref>Flight chartered to evacuate Chinese in Tonga" Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, 22 November 2006</ref> ta yadda kusan 300 suka ragu.<ref>Yang, Jian (2011). "China's World Wide Web: Overseas Chinese in the South Pacific". The Pacific Islands in China's Grand Strategy. pp. 105–125. doi:10.1057/9780230339750_8. ISBN 978-1-349-29497-8.</ref> ==Harsuna== Tongan shine harshen hukuma, [7] tare da Ingilishi. Tongan yaren Polynesia ne na reshen Tongic don haka yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan reshen Tongic, waɗanda su ne: Niuean da Niuafo'ouan. Tongan yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan Polynesia kamar Hawaiian, Samoan, Māori, da Tahitian, da sauransu.43<ref>"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> ==Ilimi== Babban labarin: Ilimi a Tonga Ilimin firamare tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 wajibi ne kuma kyauta a makarantun jiha. Makarantun manufa suna bayar da kusan kashi 8% na makarantun firamare da kashi 90% na matakin sakandare. Makarantun jaha sun cika sauran. Manyan ilimi sun hada da horar da malamai, aikin jinya, da koyar da aikin likitanci, karamar jami'a mai zaman kanta, kwalejin kasuwanci ta mata, da wasu makarantun aikin gona masu zaman kansu. Yawancin matakan ilimi ana bin su a ,<ref>Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1988)". parliament.gov.to. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing"</ref> ==ƙasashen waje== <ref>Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> Tongans suna jin daɗin ingantaccen matakin ilimi, tare da ƙimar karatun 98.9%, <ref> Tonga". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</ref> da ilimi mafi girma har zuwa kuma gami da digiri na likitanci da digiri na biyu (wanda ake bi galibi a ƙasashen waje). Suna ɗaukar nauyin ilimin ilimi da malamansu suka ƙirƙira da kuma tarin Kukū Kaunaka, wanda ya haɗa da kowane digiri na digiri da digiri na biyu da kowane Tongan ya rubuta a kowace ƙasa Seu'ula Johansson-Fua ne ya adana shi a Cibiyar Ilimi a Tonga.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> <ref>Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). "How mutton flaps are killing Tonga". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> ==Hijira== Tongan na zamani galibi suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƙasashen ketare. Yawancin mutanen Tongan sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, New Zealand, ko Amurka don neman aiki da mafi girman matsayin rayuwa. <ref>Mark Henderson (18 February 2008) Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight . Times Online. <rwww.timesonline.co.uk</ref> A cikin 2018, Tongans 82,389 sun rayu a New Zealand.[<ref>"Tongan ethnic group". 2018 census ethnic group summaries – Tonga. Statis has hstics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</ref> <ref> Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</ref> jaYa zuwa 2000, Tongas 36,840 suna zaune a Amurka.<ref>Helen Morton Lee (2003). Tongans Overseas: Between Two Shores. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2615-4.</ref> Fiye da mutanen h sh sbBsbTonga 8,000 suna zaune a Ostiraliya.<ref> "The ties that bind: stories from the Tongan diaspora". ABC. 2 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</ref> waje na Tongan suna da kusanci da dangi a gida, <ref> Tonga's Proud Diaspora Confronts Daunting Challenge of Disaster Response". The New York Times. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> wani muhimmin kaso na kudin shiga na Tonga yana samuwa daga kudade <ref>Hannah Huidan Lin (January 2011). Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Tonga (PDF) (Report). International Monetary Fund. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Remittances are important to Tonga. Over the past decade, remittances as a share of GDP in Tonga have varied between 30 and 55 percent, with an average of around 45 percent</ref> ] <ref>Remittances for November 2020". reservebank.to. Reserve Bank of Tonga. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Over the year to November 2020, private transfer receipts rose significantly by $33.5 million (10.5%) supporting the higher annual movement of total remittance receipts. Although economies abroad have been heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tongan families abroad continue to provide financial support to their loved ones in Tonga.</ref> ga dangin dangi (sau da yawa shekaru) waɗanda suka fi son ci gaba da zama a Tonga. <ref>Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). "How mutton flaps are killing Tonga". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> <ref>Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonga}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Oseaniya]] pglqho4ya0hm3hjbfide3wd4cjotm6t Yinka Quadri 0 14894 859969 546620 2026-06-18T11:49:19Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358705319|Yinka Quadri]]" 859969 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, [[Law|doka]]-linkid="94" href="./Nigeria" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nigeria">Najeriya, ga iyayen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi.''' == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yinka, zuriyar Igbomina-, [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], an haife ta ne a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji a watan Satumbar 1959 a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . == Ilimi == Ya kammala karatun firamare da makarantar sakandare a [[St. Catholic School, Idumagbo,|Makarantar Katolika ta St.]], Idumagbo, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Lagos respectively.|Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Legas bi da bi.]] == Ayyuka == Yinka (wanda aka fi sani da Fagbamila) ya fara ne a 1976 lokacin da shi da Taiwo Olayinka tare da ƙungiyar abokai suka kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Afopina Theatre Group bayan sun bar makaranta. Ya fito a fina-finai sama da 90 na Yoruba tun lokacin da ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira ''Agbodorogun'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, Yinka ya ƙaddamar da tarihin rayuwarsa Yinka Quadri: Scent of a Legend kuma a lokaci guda ya yi bikin shekaru 36 a [[Nollywood|Masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya]]. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- |2007 |[[3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 3]] |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]]|{{Nom}} |- |2010 |[[2010 Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood ta 2010]] |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali a matsayin jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar (harshe mara Turanci) |{{Nom}} |- |2013 |[[2013 Best of Nollywood Awards|2013 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a fim din Yoruba|{{Nom}} |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/abdisattar-ahmed-is-the-2023-best-supporting-actor-in-a-movie-amvca-9/video |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9}}</ref>|{{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Yoruba == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm2100288|Yinka Quadri}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] ni1shzs8rv8xcrjp5gcqnxmkjxur3b2 859972 859969 2026-06-18T11:52:17Z Maiakwai4u 37986 859972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, [[Law|doka]]-linkid="94" href="./Nigeria" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nigeria">Najeriya, ga iyayen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi.''' == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yinka, zuriyar Igbomina-, [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], an haife ta ne a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji a watan Satumbar 1959 a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . == Ilimi == Ya kammala karatun firamare da makarantar sakandare a [[St. Catholic School, Idumagbo,|Makarantar Katolika ta St.]], Idumagbo, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Lagos respectively.|Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Legas bi da bi.]] == Ayyuka == Yinka (wanda aka fi sani da Fagbamila) ya fara ne a 1976 lokacin da shi da Taiwo Olayinka tare da ƙungiyar abokai suka kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Afopina Theatre Group bayan sun bar makaranta. Ya fito a fina-finai sama da 90 na Yoruba tun lokacin da ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira ''Agbodorogun'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, Yinka ya ƙaddamar da tarihin rayuwarsa Yinka Quadri: Scent of a Legend kuma a lokaci guda ya yi bikin shekaru 36 a [[Nollywood|Masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya]]. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- |2007 |[[3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 3]] |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]]|{{Nom}} |- |2010 |[[2010 Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood ta 2010]] |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali a matsayin jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar (harshe mara Turanci) |{{Nom}} |- |2013 |[[2013 Best of Nollywood Awards|2013 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a fim din Yoruba|{{Nom}} |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/abdisattar-ahmed-is-the-2023-best-supporting-actor-in-a-movie-amvca-9/video |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9}}</ref>|{{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Yoruba == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm2100288|Yinka Quadri}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] n39sj9rcq24zaowye3jvxyesmpbz9tt 859983 859972 2026-06-18T11:57:17Z Maiakwai4u 37986 859983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, Najeriya kuma shi dan a salin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi.''' == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yinka, zuriyar Igbomina-, [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], an haife ta ne a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji a watan Satumbar 1959 a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . == Ilimi == Ya kammala karatun firamare da makarantar sakandare a [[St. Catholic School, Idumagbo,|Makarantar Katolika ta St.]], Idumagbo, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Lagos respectively.|Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Legas bi da bi.]] == Ayyuka == Yinka (wanda aka fi sani da Fagbamila) ya fara ne a 1976 lokacin da shi da Taiwo Olayinka tare da ƙungiyar abokai suka kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Afopina Theatre Group bayan sun bar makaranta. Ya fito a fina-finai sama da 90 na Yoruba tun lokacin da ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira ''Agbodorogun'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, Yinka ya ƙaddamar da tarihin rayuwarsa Yinka Quadri: Scent of a Legend kuma a lokaci guda ya yi bikin shekaru 36 a [[Nollywood|Masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya]]. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- |2007 |[[3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 3]] |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]]|{{Nom}} |- |2010 |[[2010 Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood ta 2010]] |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali a matsayin jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar (harshe mara Turanci) |{{Nom}} |- |2013 |[[2013 Best of Nollywood Awards|2013 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a fim din Yoruba|{{Nom}} |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/abdisattar-ahmed-is-the-2023-best-supporting-actor-in-a-movie-amvca-9/video |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9}}</ref>|{{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Yoruba == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm2100288|Yinka Quadri}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] ovf8m5thuqousdvrbrgxp83otwskrd5 859986 859983 2026-06-18T11:58:29Z Maiakwai4u 37986 859986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, Najeriya kuma shi dan a salin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi.''' == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yinka, zuriyar Igbomina-, [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], an haife ta ne a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji a watan Satumbar 1959 a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . == Ilimi == Ya kammala karatun firamare da makarantar sakandare a [[St. Catholic School, Idumagbo,|Makarantar Katolika ta St.]], Idumagbo, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Lagos respectively.|Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Legas bi da bi.]] == Ayyuka == Yinka (wanda aka fi sani da Fagbamila) ya fara ne a 1976 lokacin da shi da Taiwo Olayinka tare da ƙungiyar abokai suka kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Afopina Theatre Group bayan sun bar makaranta. Ya fito a fina-finai sama da 90 na Yoruba tun lokacin da ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira ''Agbodorogun'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, Yinka ya ƙaddamar da tarihin rayuwarsa Yinka Quadri: Scent of a Legend kuma a lokaci guda ya yi bikin shekaru 36 a [[Nollywood|Masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya]]. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- |2007 |[[3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 3]] |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]]|{{Nom}} |- |2010 |[[2010 Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood ta 2010]] |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali a matsayin jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar (harshe mara Turanci) |{{Nom}} |- |2013 |[[2013 Best of Nollywood Awards|2013 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a fim din Yoruba|{{Nom}} |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}} |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9 |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/abdisattar-ahmed-is-the-2023-best-supporting-actor-in-a-movie-amvca-9/video |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=AMVCA - Abdisattar Ahmed is the 2023 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie – AMVCA 9}}</ref>|{{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Yoruba == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm2100288|Yinka Quadri}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 7ovgypetfktsyu7p3alidwyuqvawo3k Iheoma Obibi 0 15674 859332 431300 2026-06-17T12:31:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iheoma Kennaya Obibi''' ne wani Afirka dandalin mata marubuciya, mata da kuma [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin yan Adam]], da kuma kasuwa. Obibi ta kafa kantin sayar da kusanci a yanar gizo na farko a Najeriya, Mai Dadi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msafropolitan.com/2013/12/interview-iheoma-obibi.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204080740/https://msafropolitan.com/2013/12/interview-iheoma-obibi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == '''Iheoma Kennaya Obibi,''' an haife ta ne a asibitin St Mary, Paddington, London ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 1965 ga iyayen Najeriya, George Chikezie Obibi da Love Celine Abakporo-Obibi. George ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa daga Umuoba, Uratta, [[Imo|jihar Imo]], yayin da matarsa ta fito daga Okwu, Uratta, ta jihar Imo. A shekara ta 2010, Obibi ya kafa kantin yanar gizo na kusanci da intanet a Nijeriya. Ta kuma bayyana a shirye-shiryen rediyo kamar ''Madam Butterfly'' . Obibi ta halarci makarantar sakandaren Clissold Park a Landan, N16 . Daga baya ta yi karatu a Jami'ar East London, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Manufofin Sadarwa daga Jami'ar City, London . Ta yi lacca a North East London Polytechnic tsakanin 1992 da 1993. Obibi shine marubucin " ''Fasto Saul Bottomsup'' " kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga " ''Matan Afirka na Rubuta Juriya: Anthology of Voices Voices Modern'' . " == Kunnawa == Obibi ta kasance mai himma a harkar jinsi da kuma rajin kare hakkin dan adam tun daga 1996, yana aiki a matsayin darekta na Alliances for Africa (AFA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke karkashin jagorancin mata ta Afirka da ke Najeriya. Tana aiki a [[Saliyo]], [[Kenya]], [[Laberiya]], da [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] da nufin 'yantar da matan Afirka, haɓaka jagoranci na mata da kuma gina ƙungiyar mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi na cikin gida da na waje, ciki har da UN Women, British Council, OECD, DfID da Sakatariyar Commonwealth . An zabi Obibi a matsayinta na abokiyar zama Ashoka a 2005 saboda aikinta "tana kalubalantar yanayin sarauta na siyasar Najeriya ta hanyar karfafawa da kuma shirya mata don neman mukamai a dukkan matakan shugabanci da kuma kawo mata a gaban masu yanke shawara". A lokacin [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]], Obibi da danta, Dilim Odinkalu, [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|SSS na Najeriya]] sun tsare su sau biyu dangane da ayyukansu na Kawancen Afirka, da kuma aikin abokin Obibi Chidi Anselm Odinkalu tare da Open Society Justice Initiative . An sake su ne bayan shiga tsakani daga Burtaniya. == Ganewa == A shekarar 2015, Obibi aka jera ta YNaija daga cikin 100 Mafi Inspiring Mata a Nigeria. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] t0cw5c9k2w9oeityhiyfowzdn2d9dj6 Magani 0 19030 859636 689807 2026-06-17T20:56:00Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359242310|Therapy]]" 859636 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox interventions|image=Polio physical therapy.jpg|Caption=Children undergoing physical therapy ([[polio]])|ICD10=|ICD9unlinked=|MeshID=D013812|OPS301=|othercodes=}}'''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T <sub>x</sub>''' . A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako . ''Magani'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . '''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. == Filin ma'ana == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ). Kalmomin ''aceology'' da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=therapy &#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' . == Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali == Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba"). === Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi === ==== Matakan kulawa ==== Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka: * Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole. ** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. * Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. * Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri. * Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}</ref> * Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya. * [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu . * Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan: ** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa. ** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Layukan magani ==== Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu. Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20. Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}</ref> Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) <ref name="Gore et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}</ref> kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. <ref name="Gore et al 2017" /> A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. === Da niyya === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- valign="top" ! scope="col" |Therapy type ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | abortive therapy |A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | bridge therapy |A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | consolidation therapy |A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | curative therapy |A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | definitive therapy |A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | destination therapy |A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | empiric therapy |A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | gold standard therapy |A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | investigational therapy |An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | maintenance therapy |A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | palliative therapy |See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | preventive therapy<br /><br />{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}} |A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | salvage therapy (rescue therapy) |A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | stepdown therapy |Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | supportive therapy |A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}</ref> For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | systemic therapy |A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |- |} === Ta hanyar shiga tsakani === * Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}</ref> * Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025" /> <ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Therapies}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris"] is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nm271bad58dmtvit7jkq7n42am4vtd0 859638 859636 2026-06-17T20:56:52Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 859638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox interventions|image=Polio physical therapy.jpg|Caption=Children undergoing physical therapy ([[polio]])|ICD10=|ICD9unlinked=|MeshID=D013812|OPS301=|othercodes=}}'''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T <sub>x</sub>''' . A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako . ''Magani'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . '''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. == Filin ma'ana == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ). Kalmomin ''aceology'' da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=therapy &#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' . == Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali == Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba"). === Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi === ==== Matakan kulawa ==== Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka: * Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole. ** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. * Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. * Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri. * Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}</ref> * Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya. * [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu . * Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan: ** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa. ** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Layukan magani ==== Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu. Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20. Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}</ref> Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) <ref name="Gore et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}</ref> kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. <ref name="Gore et al 2017" /> A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. === Da niyya === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- valign="top" ! scope="col" |Therapy type ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | abortive therapy |A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | bridge therapy |A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | consolidation therapy |A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | curative therapy |A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | definitive therapy |A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | destination therapy |A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | empiric therapy |A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | gold standard therapy |A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | investigational therapy |An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | maintenance therapy |A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | palliative therapy |See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | preventive therapy<br /><br />{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}} |A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | salvage therapy (rescue therapy) |A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | stepdown therapy |Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | supportive therapy |A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}</ref> For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | systemic therapy |A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |- |} === Ta hanyar shiga tsakani === * Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}</ref> * Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025" /> <ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Therapies}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris"] is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08yxynk1bjpuj80qonwo07fi6fm9tbr Aminu Shariff 0 19494 859468 270431 2026-06-17T16:45:55Z ~2026-35464-22 46080 859468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Aminu Aliyu Shariff''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Aminu Momoh''' (an haife shi a ranar goma sha bakwai (17) ga watan Fabarairun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai "1977") ɗan fim ne na [[Najeriya]], mai bada umarni, marubucin labaran finafinai kuma mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin ne. Haka kazalika kuma Shariff editan mujalla ne. == Fina-Finai == Daga cikin fina-finai da Aminu Shariff ya kasance a ciki sun hada da: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau'i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2009 | ''Duniyar Sama'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Guguwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Tulu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Kasa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2011 | ''Kishiya ko 'Yar Uwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Abu Naka'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Ukuba'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2013 | ''Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2013 | ''A Cuci Maza'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AlRahus Film Production |- | 2015 | ''Ana Wata Ga Wata'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | GG Production |- | 2015 | ''Gidan Farko'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Nishaɗin IAI |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2017 | ''Rumana'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Hikima Multimedia kano |} == Nasarori == Kasancewar shi jajircecce a kan duk abunda yake yi, Aminu Shariff ya samu lambobin yabo mabambanta a wurare da dama. Daga cikin lambobin yabo da ya samu akwai: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- | scope="row" | 2001 | Arewa Film Award | Mafi Gwanin | ''Ukuba'' | {{nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2005 | Lambobin Gamji | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi na Shekara | ''Kauna'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2009 | Kyautar Afro-Hollywood | Fitaccen Jarumi (Nau'in Hausa) | ''Duniyar Sama'' |{{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2010 | Kyautar Sanatan Jihar Kano | Mafi Gwanin | ''Makamashi'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar City City Entertainment | Mafi Gwanin | ''Yanayin Kannywood'' | {{Nasara}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan fim a Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rwloua0r459z3g0egg3zr5q0ocp2678 859470 859468 2026-06-17T16:46:50Z ~2026-35464-22 46080 859470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Aminu Aliyu Shariff''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Aminu Momoh''' (an haife shi a ranar goma sha bakwai (17) ga watan Fabarairun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai "1977") ɗan fim ne na [[Najeriya]], mai bada umarni, marubucin labaran finafinai kuma mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin ne. Haka zalika kuma Shariff editan mujalla ne. == Fina-Finai == Daga cikin fina-finai da Aminu Shariff ya kasance a ciki sun hada da: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau'i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2009 | ''Duniyar Sama'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Guguwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Tulu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Kasa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2011 | ''Kishiya ko 'Yar Uwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Abu Naka'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Ukuba'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2013 | ''Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2013 | ''A Cuci Maza'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AlRahus Film Production |- | 2015 | ''Ana Wata Ga Wata'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | GG Production |- | 2015 | ''Gidan Farko'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Nishaɗin IAI |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2017 | ''Rumana'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Hikima Multimedia kano |} == Nasarori == Kasancewar shi jajircecce a kan duk abunda yake yi, Aminu Shariff ya samu lambobin yabo mabambanta a wurare da dama. Daga cikin lambobin yabo da ya samu akwai: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- | scope="row" | 2001 | Arewa Film Award | Mafi Gwanin | ''Ukuba'' | {{nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2005 | Lambobin Gamji | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi na Shekara | ''Kauna'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2009 | Kyautar Afro-Hollywood | Fitaccen Jarumi (Nau'in Hausa) | ''Duniyar Sama'' |{{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2010 | Kyautar Sanatan Jihar Kano | Mafi Gwanin | ''Makamashi'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar City City Entertainment | Mafi Gwanin | ''Yanayin Kannywood'' | {{Nasara}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan fim a Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lgv294j1mze34bkqecfp0g8g464qsqj 859472 859470 2026-06-17T16:48:51Z ~2026-35464-22 46080 859472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Aminu Aliyu Shariff''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Aminu Momoh''' (an haife shi a ranar goma sha bakwai (17) ga watan Fabarairun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai "1977") ɗan fim ne na [[Najeriya]], mai bada umarni, marubucin labaran finafinai kuma mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin ne. Haka zalika kuma Aminu Shariff Momoh editan mujalla ne. == Fina-Finai == Daga cikin fina-finai da Aminu Shariff ya kasance a ciki sun hada da: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau'i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2009 | ''Duniyar Sama'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Guguwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Tulu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Kasa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2011 | ''Kishiya ko 'Yar Uwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Abu Naka'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Ukuba'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2013 | ''Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2013 | ''A Cuci Maza'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AlRahus Film Production |- | 2015 | ''Ana Wata Ga Wata'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | GG Production |- | 2015 | ''Gidan Farko'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Nishaɗin IAI |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2017 | ''Rumana'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Hikima Multimedia kano |} == Nasarori == Kasancewar shi jajircecce a kan duk abunda yake yi, Aminu Shariff ya samu lambobin yabo mabambanta a wurare da dama. Daga cikin lambobin yabo da ya samu akwai: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- | scope="row" | 2001 | Arewa Film Award | Mafi Gwanin | ''Ukuba'' | {{nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2005 | Lambobin Gamji | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi na Shekara | ''Kauna'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2009 | Kyautar Afro-Hollywood | Fitaccen Jarumi (Nau'in Hausa) | ''Duniyar Sama'' |{{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2010 | Kyautar Sanatan Jihar Kano | Mafi Gwanin | ''Makamashi'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar City City Entertainment | Mafi Gwanin | ''Yanayin Kannywood'' | {{Nasara}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan fim a Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k70j0bx7rqnrn64gd9sy506krqtztrc 859474 859472 2026-06-17T16:51:16Z ~2026-35464-22 46080 859474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Aminu Aliyu Shariff''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Momoh''' (an haife shi a ranar goma sha bakwai (17) ga watan Fabarairun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai "1977") ɗan fim ne na [[Najeriya]], mai bada umarni, marubucin labaran finafinai kuma mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin ne. Haka zalika kuma Aminu Shariff Momoh editan mujalla ne. == Fina-Finai == Daga cikin fina-finai da Aminu Shariff ya kasance a ciki sun hada da: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau'i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2009 | ''Duniyar Sama'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Guguwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Tulu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Kasa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2011 | ''Kishiya ko 'Yar Uwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Abu Naka'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Ukuba'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2013 | ''Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2013 | ''A Cuci Maza'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AlRahus Film Production |- | 2015 | ''Ana Wata Ga Wata'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | GG Production |- | 2015 | ''Gidan Farko'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Nishaɗin IAI |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2017 | ''Rumana'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Hikima Multimedia kano |} == Nasarori == Kasancewar shi jajircecce a kan duk abunda yake yi, Aminu Shariff ya samu lambobin yabo mabambanta a wurare da dama. Daga cikin lambobin yabo da ya samu akwai: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- | scope="row" | 2001 | Arewa Film Award | Mafi Gwanin | ''Ukuba'' | {{nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2005 | Lambobin Gamji | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi na Shekara | ''Kauna'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2009 | Kyautar Afro-Hollywood | Fitaccen Jarumi (Nau'in Hausa) | ''Duniyar Sama'' |{{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2010 | Kyautar Sanatan Jihar Kano | Mafi Gwanin | ''Makamashi'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar City City Entertainment | Mafi Gwanin | ''Yanayin Kannywood'' | {{Nasara}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan fim a Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gaiqj1k45xjpeorbivq5dynbv2i3ysb 859475 859474 2026-06-17T16:52:14Z ~2026-35464-22 46080 859475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Aminu Aliyu Shariff''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Momoh''' (an haife shi a ranar goma sha bakwai (17) ga watan Fabarairun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai "1977") ɗan fim ne na [[Najeriya]], mai bada umarni, marubucin labaran finafinai kuma mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin ne. Haka zalika kuma Aminu Shariff Momoh editan mujalla ne. == Fina-Finai == Daga cikin fina-finai da Aminu Shariff Momoh ya kasance a ciki sun hada da: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau'i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2009 | ''Duniyar Sama'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Guguwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Tulu'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2010 | ''Tuwon Kasa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2011 | ''Kishiya ko 'Yar Uwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Abu Naka'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Ukuba'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finan |- | 2013 | ''Kauna'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2013 | ''A Cuci Maza'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | AlRahus Film Production |- | 2015 | ''Ana Wata Ga Wata'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | GG Production |- | 2015 | ''Gidan Farko'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Nishaɗin IAI |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2017 | ''Rumana'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Hikima Multimedia kano |} == Nasarori == Kasancewar shi jajircecce a kan duk abunda yake yi, Aminu Shariff ya samu lambobin yabo mabambanta a wurare da dama. Daga cikin lambobin yabo da ya samu akwai: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- | scope="row" | 2001 | Arewa Film Award | Mafi Gwanin | ''Ukuba'' | {{nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2005 | Lambobin Gamji | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi na Shekara | ''Kauna'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2009 | Kyautar Afro-Hollywood | Fitaccen Jarumi (Nau'in Hausa) | ''Duniyar Sama'' |{{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2010 | Kyautar Sanatan Jihar Kano | Mafi Gwanin | ''Makamashi'' | {{Nasara}} |- | scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar City City Entertainment | Mafi Gwanin | ''Yanayin Kannywood'' | {{Nasara}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan fim a Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jzq65mjuidnd9dzhfd0po09ksf7mmte Abdullahi Bala Lau 0 20164 859710 743528 2026-06-17T22:49:03Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Manazarta */ 859710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abdullahi Bala Lau.ogg|thumb|right]] '''Abdullahi Bala Lau''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Sheikh Bala Lau''', Malamin Addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[dan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] Malami, mai tafsiri, kuma mai wa’azi. Shi ne Shugaban [[Izala|Ƙungiyar Jama'atu Izalatul Bidi'ah wa Ikamatus Sunnah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201112161345.html|title=Nigeria: Sheikh Bala Lau Now Izala National Chair|date=16 December 2011|website=allafrica.com|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sultanfoundationig.org/sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau/|title=Sheikh Abdullahi Bala Lau – Sultan Foundation for Peace and Development|access-date=2021-05-20|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512075011/https://sultanfoundationig.org/sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Babbar Ƙungiyar [[Salafiyya]] a [[Najeriya]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/episode/clottey-interview-sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau-national-chairman-muslim-group-jibwis-3434106|title=Clottey interview with Sheikh Abdullahi Bala Lau, national chairman of Muslim Group JIBWIS &#124; Voice of America - English|website=www.voanews.com}}</ref> tun Disamba, shekara ta 2011.<ref>[https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/day-izala-regrouped-in-kaduna.html Day Izala regrouped in Kaduna]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Daily Trust'', December 31, 2011.</ref><ref>name="africascountry">{{cite news|last1=Ochunu|first1=Moses E.|title=Two Salafi Clerics Visit London|url=https://africasacountry.com/2018/01/why-salafi-clerics-london-visit-sparked-a-debate-on-modernity-and-morality-in-northern-nigeria|accessdate=20 April 2020|work=africasacountry.com|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Life == Sheikh Bala Lau haifaffen [[Taraba|jihar Taraba ne]]. A shekara ta 2020 daya daga cikin mujallar [[Najeriya]] ta bayyana cewa shugaban Izala ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allnews.ng/news/is-renowned-islamic-scholar-shaykh-bala-lau-dead-find-out-here|title=Is Renowned Islamic Scholar, Shaykh Bala Lau Dead?...|website=allnews.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomradionig.com/sheikh-balalau-yana-nan-a-raye-pantami/|title=Sheikh Balalau yana nan a raye –Pantami|first=Basheer|last=Sharfadi|date=May 10, 2020}}</ref> An haifi Balalau kuma ya girma a Jihar Lau Taraba . == Ayyuka == Sheikh Abdullahi Bala Lau memba ne na kwamitin amintattu da kuma kwamitin aiki na tsakiya. Bala Lau shine Shugaban kungiyar Jama'atul Izalatul Bid'ah Wa Iqamatul Sunnah (JIBWIS) ta Kasa a Najeriya. Ya kuma zama Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a (PRO) na kungiyar, yana da shekara Sha tara (19), a jiharsa ta Taraba. An naɗa shi babban limamin masallacin Juma'a na Daubeli Juma'a na Yola ta arewa. Bayan wannan, ya zama memba na JIBWIS Kwamitin Zartarwa na ƙasa, ajin Wa’azi na ƙasa da kwamitin ƙaddamar da Shugaban. Sheykh Bala Lau ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar na ƙasa bayan rasuwar Sheikh Abubakar Ikara. Sheikh Abdullahi shugaba ne abin koyi Wanda ya shahara wajen taimakon addini da neman hadin kan Musulman Najeriya da ma Afrika baki daya. Sheikh Bala Lau Malami ne kuma hamshakin dan kasuwa wanda wannan ne ya bashi damar taimakon marayu, gajiyayyu da sauran harkokin Addini. '''Shugaban ƙungiyar Izala a Najeriya Shiekh Abdullahi Bala Lau ya ƙaryata labarin mutuwarsa da kafar yaɗa labarai ta Sahara Reporters ta wallafa a shafinta na intanet da kuma Twitter a ranar Lahadi.''' Shiekh Bala Lau ya shaida wa BBC cewa "Ina nan lafiya lau." A labarin da ta rubuta da ya tayar da hankalin ƙungiyar Jama'atul Izalatul bid'ah wa Iqamatus Sunnah, Sahara Reporters ta ce shugaban ƙungiyar ya rasu a ranar Asabar. Ta kuma wallafa hotonan jana'iza a shafinta na Twitter tare da hoton gawar da ta ce ta Shiekh Bala Lau ce da aka yi jana'izarsa da safiyar Lahadi. A hirarsa da BBC, Shiekh Bala Lau ya ce "ba mu san dalilin rubuta wannan labarin ba. Ya kamata a tuntubi iyalinmu ko ƙungiyarmu ta Izala. "Rayuwa tana da farko kuma tana da karshe kamar yadda Allah ya karbi rayuwar Annabi SAW. Amma bai kamata ace jarida ta dauki labarin da ba ya da tushe ba. Wannan wata kiyayya ce." A nata bangaren ƙungiyar Izala bayan karyata labarin mutuwar shugabanta, ta bukaci Sahara Reporters ta fito ta gaggauta ƙaryata labarin da ta yaɗa. Shiekh Isa Ali Pantami, ya ce hotunan da Sahara Reporters ta wallafa na jana'izar Shiekh Adam Muhammad Gashua ne, tare da shawartar kafar ta fito ta gyara. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == __LEAD_SECTION__ == '''Abdullahi Bala Lau''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Sheikh Balalau''', masanin addinin Musulunci ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]],kuma malamin addini, [[Tafsiri|Muffassir]], sannan mai wa'azi. Shi ne Shugaban kasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2011 |title=Nigeria: Sheikh Bala Lau Now Izala National Chair |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201112161345.html |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> na ,[[Izala|Jama'atu Izalatul Bidi'ah wa Ikamatus Sunnah]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheikh Abdullahi Bala Lau – Sultan Foundation for Peace and Development |url=https://sultanfoundationig.org/sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512075011/https://sultanfoundationig.org/sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau/ |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref> babbar ƙungiyar [[Salafiyya|Salafi]] a [[Najeriya]], <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Clottey interview with Sheikh Abdullahi Bala Lau, national chairman of Muslim Group JIBWIS |url=https://www.voanews.com/episode/clottey-interview-sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau-national-chairman-muslim-group-jibwis-3434106 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520033947/https://www.voanews.com/episode/clottey-interview-sheikh-abdullahi-bala-lau-national-chairman-muslim-group-jibwis-3434106 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> tun watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. g14e5yh8ys8ezzyqakscq7o3w9tnvta Buhari Bala 0 20534 859708 488654 2026-06-17T22:48:30Z M Bash Ne 12403 859708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Buhari Bala.jpg|thumb|Buhari Bala]] '''Buhari Bala''' (an haife shi 2 ga watan Yulin a shekara ta 1958) shi ne Akawun Nijeriya kuma dan siyasa wanda ya riƙe muƙamin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Nijeriya daga shekara 1997 har zuwa lokacin da aka koma mulkin farar hula a shekara ta,1999. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/199712160063.html</ref> Bala ne ya karɓa daga cikin Nijeriya National Honour- Order ta tarayyar (OFR) ni'imtar da tsohon shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]], da kuma na biyu mafi girma na kasa karrama sãka na Libya- mindar na Jajircewa, a fitarwa da yawa gudunmawar a fagen kasa da kasa Siyasa da Dangantaka da kuma ciyar da Najeriya da Libya gaba. Kafin ya yi aiki da Gwamnatin Nijeriya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta, Kudi da samar da kayayyaki a Ma’aikatar Lafiya da ke [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sakkwato ta]] Najeriya. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201102110691.html</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Buhari Bala a [[Birnin Kebbi|Birnin Kebbi, Jihar Kebbi]] a matsayin ɗa na goma da ke da 24a 24a 24. Ya halarci Tsakiya Primary School B/Kebbi da kuma samu cikin kasashen yammacin Afrika School Certificate daga kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya da ke garin Ilorin a shekara ta 1977, sa'an nan kuma ya ci gaba da [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello University]], [[Zariya|Zaria]] inda ya samu digiri na farko Degree a Business Administration, a shekara ta 1981, sa'an nan kuma wani Masters a cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA) a cikin shekarar 1984 daga wannan ma'aikatar. Bala kuma yana da difloma a kan ilimin hada- hadar kuɗi a Jami’ar Luton da ke Ingila. == Ayyuka == Bala ya fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi a tsohuwar [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jahar Sakkwato]], inda ya zama mai kula da Kula da Kudi na Ma'aikatar wanda ke da cikakkiyar nauyin aiwatar da kashe kasafin kudi. Ya kasance a lokuta daban-daban Darakta, Kuɗi da Kaya a Daraktan Abinci, Hanyoyi da Abubuwan Gaban Karkara sannan kuma a Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Daga nan ya koma [[Peugeot|kamfanin Peugeot]] Automobile Nigeria a matsayin Manajan Odita na Cikin Gida, Manajan Baitulmalin sannan daga baya ya koma matsayin Mataimakin Janar Manaja (Kudi) mai kula da Baitulmali da Ayyuka na Duniya da kuma Shugaban Ayyuka [[Lagos (birni)|na Legas.]] Aikinsa a bangaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya ya kusan kusan shekaru 30, A shekara ta 1997, Shugaban mulkin soja na Nijeriya na wancan lokacin, Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya naɗa shi a matsayin karamin Ministan Harkokin Waje har zuwa lokacin da ya koma mulkin farar hula a shekara ta 1999. Shi ne Babban Abokin Hulɗa, Buhari Bala da Kamfanin babban kamfani na Chawararrun Akantoci. Yana zaune a hukumar wasu kamfanoni da suka hada da Aso Water International, Simtex International Nig Ltd da kuma Buhari Bala Foundation don karfafawa matasa. Ya kasance a baya a cikin Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya da Bankin Kasuwanci na Metropolitan. == Ministan Harkokin Wajen == A matsayinsa na karamin Ministan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Bala ya kasance yana da alhakin tafiyar da harkokin gaba daya na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen, tare da Ministan na Harkokin Wajen. Ya kasance mai alhakin tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin kasashen waje na Najeriya a wani mawuyacin lokaci na ci gaban kasar da alakar ƙasashen waje. Ya lura da alakar kasashen waje ta Najeriya ga Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Turai da Asiya. Ya kasance mai kula da Kula da Jiki, Hukumomi da Kwamitocin Hadin gwiwar Ma'aikatar. == Siyasa == Buhari Bala memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] kuma memba ne na kwamitin amintattu na kungiyar Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] Support Center. Shi ne kuma Sakataren Kungiyar Taro na Siyasar Arewa (G-20) sannan kuma Sakataren Babban Taron Tattalin Arzikin Arewa. Ya taba zama Ma'ajin Kasa na jam'iyyar adawa ta [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] . <ref>https://dailytrust.com/breaking-pdp-ex-national-treasurer-buhari-bala-4-lg-chairmen-join-apc-in-kebbi</ref> <ref>https://dailytrust.com/breaking-pdp-ex-national-treasurer-buhari-bala-4-lg-chairmen-join-apc-in-kebbi</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/122977/buhari-bala-former-minister-under-fire-over-pdp-convention.html|title=Buhari Bala, former Minister, Under Fire over PDP Convention|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Kyauta da sake sani == * Jami'in Umurnin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar (OFR) * Kyauta ta 2 mafi Girma ta girmamawa ta Libya- Gwarzon Jarumi * Jami'ar Turai-Amurka Jami'ar Digiri na Digiri na Darakta - Doctor na Kimiyya A cikin ingididdiga da Jagorar Gudanar da Kuɗi * Gwarzon Shugabancin 2012 Kwame Nkrumah * Ambasada don lambar yabo ta Peace ta Byungiyar Addini da Andasashen Duniya Don Amincin Duniya == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kebbi]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Ma'aikatun gwamnati na Kasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1958]] d092per9upxgvdci0pyjy0fpykr4c8z Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 859677 859116 2026-06-17T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 859677 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:LHORD'S Kreatives|LHORD'S Kreatives]] |[[Special:Contributions/LHORD'S Kreatives|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 14 ga Yuni 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Alixcpp|Alixcpp]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alixcpp|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Amaheeru|Amaheeru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amaheeru|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Traumamedic55|Traumamedic55]] |[[Special:Contributions/Traumamedic55|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |5 |[[User:KeywanTonekaboni|KeywanTonekaboni]] |[[Special:Contributions/KeywanTonekaboni|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Aakubau|Aakubau]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aakubau|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Ssw407|Ssw407]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ssw407|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |8 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Domínguez Agüero|Jorge A. Domínguez Agüero]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jorge A. Domínguez Agüero|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 17 ga Yuni 2026 |- |} cyjcx4anmti239nigv6h9z6r5cvkzrg Jihadin Yara 0 22347 859827 619393 2026-06-18T09:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Gustave_doré_crusades_the_childrens_crusade.jpg|thumb| ''Yakin Jihadin Yara'', na Gustave Doré]] Yaƙin '''Jihadin Yara''' ya kasance sanannen yaƙine da [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] a Turai sukayi don kafa Masarautar ƙudus ta Latin ta biyu a cikin [[Ƙasa mai Tsarki|Holyasa Mai Tsarki]], wanda aka ce ya faru a shekarar 1212. 'Yan yaƙin basasar sun bar yankunan Arewacin [[Faransa]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin Stephen na Cloyes, da [[Jamus]], karkashin jagorancin Nicholas. Tarihin gargajiyar na iya haɗuwa daga wasu abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya da na almara waɗanda suka haɗa da wahayin da wani ɗan [[Faransa]] da wani Bajamushe, da niyyar [[Musulmi|musulmai]] a cikin ƙasa Mai Tsarki zuwa cikin Kiristanci [[Italiya|cikin lumana, ƙungiyar yara da ke tafiya zuwa Italiya]], da yara da ake sayarwa cikin bautar a Tunis. == Lissafi == === Asusun gargajiya === Abubuwan bambance-bambancen tarihin daɗaɗɗen labarin Yaƙin Jihadin Yara yana da jigogi iri ɗaya. Yaro ya fara wa’azi a cikin Faransa ko Jamus; yayi ikirarin cewa Yesu ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya bashi umarnin jagorantar yakin Jihadi domin musuluntar da kirista cikin lumana. Ta hanyar jerin abubuwan al'ajabi da mu'ujizai, ya sami biyan yara har zuwa yara 30,000. Yana jagorantar mabiyansa kudu zuwa tekun Bahar Rum, tare da imanin cewa tekun zai rabu kan isowarsu, wanda zai bashi damar shi da mabiyansa suyi tafiya zuwa Kudus . Wannan baya faruwa. Ana sayar da yaran ga wasu 'yan kasuwa biyu, waɗanda ke ba yara da yawa izinin tafiya a kwale-kwale kamar yadda suke so. Daga nan sai a dauke mahajjatan zuwa [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], inda 'yan kasuwa ke siyar da su a matsayin bayi ko kuma su mutu a cikin wani jirgin ruwan da ya kife a Tsibirin San Pietro da ke kusa da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]] a lokacin da ake yin haya. === Lissafin zamani === [[File:Läsande pojke.jpg|thumb|Tatsuniya]] A cewar masu bincike na kwanan nan, da alama akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mutane (na kowane zamani) a cikin shekarar 1212 a Jamus da Faransa. Abubuwan kamanceceniya guda biyu sun bawa marubutan tarihin daga baya damar haɗawa da ƙawata tatsuniyoyin. ==== Nicholas na Cologne a Jamus ==== [[File:Khost children in 2010.jpg|thumb|Yara]] A motsi na farko, Nicholas, makiyayi daga Rhineland a Jamus, yi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci rukuni a ƙetaren Alps da [[Italiya]] zuwa a farkon bazarar 1212. Nicholas ya ce teku za ta bushe a gabansu kuma ta bar mabiyansa su tsallaka zuwa ƙasa Mai Tsarki. Maimakon ya yi niyyar yakar Sarakan, sai ya ce za a ci masarautun Musulmai baya yayin da ‘yan kasarsu suka koma Katolika. Almajiransa sun tafi yin wa'azin kira don "Yaƙin Jihadi" a ƙasan ƙasashen Jamusawa, kuma sun hallara a [[Köln|Cologne]] bayan weeksan makonni. Jama'ar sun kasu kashi biyu, jama'a sun bi hanyoyi daban-daban ta [[Switzerland]]. Biyu daga cikin kowane mutum uku da ke cikin tafiya sun mutu, yayin da wasu da yawa suka koma gidajensu. Kimanin 7,000 suka isa [[Genoa]] a ƙarshen Agusta. Nan da nan suka yi tattaki zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, suna tsammanin teku za ta raba a gabansu; lokacin da mutane da yawa basuyi baƙin ciki ba. Wasu kalilan sun zargi Nicholas da cin amanarsu, yayin da wasu suka zauna don jiran Allah ya canza shawara, tun da sun yi imanin cewa abin da ba za a taɓa tsammani ba daga ƙarshe ba zai yi hakan ba. Bandananan rukunin sun burge hukumomin Genoese, kuma sun ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga waɗanda suke so su zauna a garinsu. Mafi yawa daga cikin 'Yan Salibiyyar sun yi amfani da wannan damar. Nicholas ya ƙi ya ce an ci shi kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Pisa, motsin sa na ci gaba da ɓarkewa a kan hanya. A cikin Pisa jiragen ruwa biyu da aka tura zuwa [[Falasdinu]] sun amince su hau da yawa daga cikin yaran waɗanda, wataƙila, suka sami nasarar isa Holyasa Mai Tsarki. Nicholas da wasu followersan mabiya masu aminci, a maimakon haka, sun ci gaba zuwa Papal States, inda suka haɗu da Paparoma Innocent III . Ragowar sun tashi zuwa Jamus bayan Pontiff ya gargaɗe su su kasance masu kyau kuma su koma gida ga danginsu. Nicholas bai tsira daga yunƙuri na biyu ba a ƙetaren tsaunukan Alps; bayan gida an kama mahaifinsa kuma an rataye shi a matsin lamba daga dangin da suka fusata wadanda danginsu suka halaka yayin bin yaran. Wasu daga cikin mafi sadaukarwa membobin wannan Jihadi daga baya an ba da rahoton cewa sun yi yawo zuwa Ancona da Brindisi ; babu wanda aka sani ya isa Kasa mai tsarki. ==== Stephen na Cloyes a Faransa ==== Tafiya ta biyu ta kasance karkashin jagorancin wani mai suna Stephen (Étienne) na Cloyes, wanda ya ce a cikin Yuni cewa ya ɗauki wasiƙa zuwa ga sarkin Faransa daga wurin Yesu. Manyan gungun matasa da ke kusa da shekarunsa sun kusanci shi, mafi yawansu suna da'awar suna da baiwar Allah ta musamman kuma suna ganin kansu masu ban al'ajabi. Da jan hankalin mabiya sama da 30,000 manya da yara, ya tafi Saint-Denis, inda aka ba da rahoton ya haifar da mu'ujizai. Bisa umarnin Philip II, wanda Jami'ar Paris ta ba da shawara, an nemi mutanen da su koma gida. Filibus kansa bai bayyana da burgewa ba, musamman ma tunda baƙinsa ya jagoranci ɗan ƙaramin yaro, kuma ya ƙi ɗaukansu da gaske. Amma, Stephen bai firgita ba kuma ya fara wa'azi a wani abbey da ke kusa. Daga Saint-Denis, Istifanus ya zagaya Faransa, yana yaɗa saƙonninsa yayin da yake tafiya, yana mai alkawarin kai ƙararrakin Kristi zuwa Urushalima. Kodayake Cocin na da shakku, koyarwarsa ya burge manya da yawa. Kadan daga cikin wadanda suka fara haduwa dashi sun mallaki aikinsa; an kiyasta cewa akwai kasa da rabin farkon 30,000 da suka rage, adadi da yake raguwa cikin sauri, maimakon ya bunkasa kamar yadda watakila ake tsammani. A ƙarshen Yunin 1212, Istifanas ya jagoranci manyan Can cibiyyar daga Vendôme zuwa [[Marseille|Marseilles]] . Sun rayu ne ta hanyar rokon abinci, yayin da akasarin suke ganin kamar sun gaji da wahalar wannan tafiya kuma sun koma ga danginsu. == Tarihin tarihi == === Majiya === A cewar Peter Raedts, farfesa a Tarihin Zamani a Jami'ar Radboud Nijmegen, akwai kusan 50&nbsp;tushe daga lokacin da ke magana game da jihadi, jere daga 'yan jimloli zuwa rabin shafi. Raedts ya kasafta tushen zuwa gida uku dangane da lokacin da aka rubuta su: # Tushen zamani da 1220 ya rubuta cewa; # Bayanai da aka rubuta tsakanin 1220 da 1250 (marubutan suna iya rayuwa a lokacin yaƙin jihadi amma sun rubuta abubuwan da suka tuna daga baya); # Bayanan da aka rubuta bayan 1250 ta marubutan da suka karɓi bayanansu hannu na biyu ko na uku. Raedts baya ɗaukar tushen bayan 1250 a matsayin mai iko, kuma waɗanda suke kafin 1250, yana ɗaukar kusan 20 kawai masu iko ne. Sai a cikin labaran da ba na izini ba daga baya ne ake nuna “yaƙin yara” kamar yadda marubutan irin su Vincent na Beauvais, Roger Bacon, Thomas na Cantimpré, Matthew Paris da sauransu suka nuna. === Nazarin tarihi === Kafin karatun da Raedts yayi na 1977, ba a da ɗan littattafan tarihi kaɗan da ke binciken Yaƙin Childrenananan Yara. Na farko sun kasance daga Bafaranshen nan G. de Janssens (1891) da Reinhold Rinhricht na Jamus (1876). Sun bincika kafofin amma basuyi nazarin labarin ba. Ba'amurken zamanin Dana Carleton Munro (1913-14), a cewar Raedts, ya ba da mafi kyawun binciken hanyoyin har zuwa yau kuma shi ne farkon wanda ya bayar da cikakken bayani mai ma'ana game da Jihadi da aka cire labarin almara. Daga baya, JE Hansbery (1938–99) ya buga gyaran aikin Munro, amma tun daga nan ba a yarda da shi ba bisa tushen tushe. Wani masanin ilimin hauka na Bajamushe Justus Hecker (1865) ya ba da fassarar asali game da yaƙin, amma ya zama takaddama game da "halin rashin lafiyar da ke damun addini" wanda tun daga nan aka ƙi yarda da shi. P. Alphandery (1916) ya fara wallafa ra'ayinsa game da yakin jihadi a cikin 1916 a wata kasida wacce daga baya aka buga ta cikin sigar littafi a 1959. Ya dauki labarin yakin jihadi a matsayin nuna al'adun zamanin da na Innocents, a matsayin wani nau'in sadaukarwa wanda Innocents suka ba da kansu don amfanin Kiristendam ; duk da haka, ya dogara da ra'ayoyinsa akan wasu tushe mara tushe. <ref>Alphandery, P. (1954). ''La Chrétienté et l'idée de croisade''. 2 vols.</ref> Adolf Waas (1956) ya ga 'Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara a matsayin bayyanar tsoron Allah da kuma nuna adawa da ɗaukaka yaƙin mai tsarki. <ref>Waas, A. (1956). ''Geschichte der Kreuzzüge''</ref> HE Mayer (1960) ya ƙara haɓaka ra'ayoyin Alphandery na Masu laifi, yana cewa yara zaɓaɓɓun mutanen Allah ne saboda sune mafi talauci; da yake fahimtar tsafin talauci, ya ce "Yunkurin Yaran ya nuna nasarar da kuma gazawar ra'ayin talauci." <ref>Mayer, H.E. (1972). ''The Crusades''</ref> Giovanni Miccoli (1961) shine farkon wanda ya lura cewa majiyar zamani ba ta nuna mahalarta matsayin yara ba. Wannan fitowar ce ta lalata duk sauran fassarar, <ref>Miccoli, G. (1961). "La crociata dei fancifulli". ''Studi medievali''. Third Series, 2:407–43</ref> sai dai watakila na Norman Cohn (1957) wanda ya gan shi a matsayin motsi na chiliastic wanda talakawa ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga baƙin cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun. A cikin littafinsa ''Yara na Jihadi: Tarihin Zamani, Tarihin Zamani'' (2008), Gary Dickson yayi magana game da karuwar yawan "rashin yuwuwar" motsi a fadin Yammacin Turai a lokacin. Wadanda suka shahara saboda kauracewa duk wani nau'I na dukiya da kin shiga gidan sufi, zasuyi tafiya cikin rukuni-rukuni kuma su dogara da kananan gudummawa ko abinci daga wadanda suka saurari wa'azinsu don su rayu. Paparoman ya fitar da su daga waje, ya tilasta musu yin yawo kuma wataƙila sun ƙunshi babban ɓangare na abin da ake kira "Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara". Bayan yakin basasa bai yi nasara ba, Paparoma ya bayyana cewa masu bautar Nicholas da Stephen sun kunyata shugabannin kirista duka. Masana tarihi sun sanya murƙushe cikin mahallin rawar da samari maza ke takawa a yakin basasa. <ref>Kelly DeVries, "Teenagers at War During the Middle Ages" in ''The Premodern Teenager: Youth in Society, 1150–1650'' (2002) ed by Konrad Eisenbichler pp 207–223.</ref> Malaman adabi sun binciko rawar da take takawa a cigaban tatsuniyar Pied Piper . <ref>Bernard Queenan, "The Evolution of the Pied Piper," ''Children's Literature'' (1978) 7#1 pp: 104–114.</ref> === Shahararrun asusun === Bayan karatun kimiyya akwai shahararrun juzu'i da ra'ayoyi game da Jihadin Yara. Norman Zacour a cikin binciken ''A Tarihin'' yaƙe-yaƙe (1962) gabaɗaya yana bin shawarar Munro, kuma ya ƙara da cewa akwai rashin kwanciyar hankali na zamani, yana kammala Yarjejeniyar Yara "har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin fashewar zamantakewar jama'a, ta inda maza da mata na da. —Da yara ma - an sami saki ”. Steven Runciman ya ba da labarin Yaƙin Jihadin Childrenananan yara a cikin littafinsa na ''Tarihin yaƙe-yaƙe'' . <ref>Runciman, Steven (1951). [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/children.html "The Children's Crusade"], from ''A History of the Crusades''.</ref> Raedts ya lura da cewa "Duk da cewa ya faɗi labarin Munro a cikin bayanan nasa, amma labarin nasa yana da ban tsoro ta yadda hatta mai karancin karatu zai yi mamaki ko da gaske ne ya fahimce shi." Donald Spoto, a cikin wani littafin 2002 game da Saint Francis na Assisi, ya ce sufaye suna da kwarin gwiwa ya kira su yara, kuma ba yawo da talakawa ba, saboda ana daukar kasancewar talakawa masu tsoron Allah kuma Cocin tana jin kunyar dukiyarta sabanin talakawa. Wannan, a cewar Spoto, ya fara al'adun adabi ne wanda shahararren labarin yara ya samo asali. Wannan ra'ayin yana bin HE Mayer a hankali. === Gyarawa === Masanin tarihin Holland din Peter Raedts, a cikin wani binciken da aka buga a 1977, shine farkon wanda ya sanya shakku kan labarin gargajiya na waɗannan abubuwan. Yawancin masana tarihi sun gaskata cewa su ba (ko ba da farko ba) yara ne, amma ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na "matalauta masu yawo" a cikin Jamus da Faransa. Wannan ya zo da yawa daga kalmomin "parvuli" ko "jarirai" da aka samo a cikin asusun biyu na taron daga William na Andres da Alberic na Troisfontaines . Babu wasu asusun daga lokaci wanda yake ba da shawarar shekaru ko kaɗan, amma ma'anar kalmomin biyu suna ba da ma'anar gaba ɗaya. Marubutan Zamani suna raba rayuwa zuwa manyan sassa huɗu tare da bambancin shekarun da ke tattare da su. Cocin daga baya ta zaɓi wannan rabe-raben zuwa lambar hada-hadar al'umma, tare da maganar tana nufin ma'aikatan albashi ko leburori wada5nda suka kasance matasa kuma basu da gado. ''Chronica regia Coloniensis'', wanda aka rubuta a 1213 (shekara guda bayan da aka ce yakin jihadi ya faru), yana nufin masu murƙushe 'yan tawaye wadanda suka "bar garmaho ko keken da suke tukawa, da garken da suke kiwo", suna ƙarawa ra'ayin ba shine "puerti" zamanin ba, amma "puerti" ne mai mulkin al'umma. Wata ma'ana, ''pueri'', ana fassara ta daidai cikin yara, amma a kaikaice na nufin "marasa ƙarfi". Da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi ƙoƙari su isa Holyasa Mai Tsarki amma wasu ba su yi niyyar zuwa ba. Rahotannin farko na abubuwan da suka faru, wanda akwai bambancin ra'ayi da yawa da aka fada tsawon ƙarnuka, bisa ga wannan ka'idar, galibi apocryphal ne .  Raedts "matalauta masu yawo" ba tare da asusun yara ba an sake duba su a cikin 2008 ta Gary Dickson wanda ya ci gaba da cewa yayin da ba ta kasance ta ainihin yara ba, sun wanzu kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. == A cikin zane-zane == Yawancin ayyukan fasaha suna nuni ne ga Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara; wannan jeri an mai da hankali ne kan ayyukan da aka saita a Zamani kuma an fi mai da hankali kan sake ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru. ''Jihadin Yara (disambiguation)'' . === Littattafai === * ''La Croisade des enfants'' ("Yunkurin Yaran Yara", 1896) na Marcel Schwob . * "Makarantar Chalet da Barbara" Elinor Brent-Dyer (1954), wasan [[Kirsimeti]] ya ambaci batun yaƙin yara. * ''Yakin Jihadin Yara'' (1958), littafin tarihin yara na Henry Treece, ya haɗa da labarin ban mamaki na Stephen na Cloyes da ke ƙoƙarin raba teku a Marseille. * ''Gates na Aljanna'' (1960), littafin da Jerzy Andrzejewski ya rubuta game da yakin basasa, tare da labarin da ke amfani da fasaha ''na hankali.'' * ''Tekun Rana da Faduwar rana'' (1965), wani ɗan gajeren labari daga Yukio Mishima (wani ɓangare na tarin mai taken ''Ayyukan Ibada'' ), ya nuna wani tsohon Bafaranshe wanda ya shiga cikin Jihadin Yara a lokacin yaro kuma, ta hanyar yanayi mai rikitarwa, ya sami rauni a [[Japan]]. * ''Jihadi a Jeans'' (Yaren mutanen Holland: ''Kruistocht a spijkerbroek'' ), labari ne na 1973 da marubucin Dutch Thea Beckman ya shirya kuma fim ɗin 2006 ya daidaita game da Yaƙin Childrenan Yara ta idanun matafiyi ɗan lokaci. * ''An Army of Children'' (1978), wani labari na Evan Rhodes wanda ke ba da labarin yara maza biyu, Katolika da Bayahude, suna cikin yaƙin Jihadin Yara. * ''Angeline'' ''(2004),'' wani labari da Karleen Bradford tayi game da rayuwar yarinya, Angeline, firist, da kuma Stephen na Cloyes bayan an siyar dasu zuwa bautar a Alkahira. * ''The Crusade of Innocents'' (2006), wani labari na David George, ya nuna cewa yaƙin Jihadin Childrenan yara wataƙila ɓarnar da aka yi game da Cathars a Kudancin Faransa ta shafa, da kuma yadda biyun suka hadu. * ''The Scarlet Cross'' (2006), wani labari ne na samartaka daga Karleen Bradford . * ''1212: Shekarar Tafiya'' (2006), littafin da Kathleen McDonnell ta rubuta . Matashin ɗan littafin tarihin manya. * ''Sylvia'' (2006), wani labari daga Bryce Courtney . Yana bin wata yarinya yayin yaƙin Jihadi. * ''Crusade'' (2011), littafin tarihin yara wanda Linda Press Wulf ta wallafa. * ''Tarihin'' Gaske na Yunkurin Yara (2013), wani littafi mai hoto wanda Privo di Casato, ya ruwaito daga hangen nesa na Stephen na Cloyes. * ''1212'' (1985), wani rukuni na litattafan tarihi wanda yara da samari dan [[Denmark]] kuma dan jarida Carsten Overskov ya rubuta kan yara da matasa. === Comics === * ''Yunkurin Yaran yara (masu'' ban dariya), babban taken da ke rufe fitowar abubuwa bakwai masu ban dariya wanda aka buga don Vertigo (DC Comics) wanda da alama ya danganta taron da sauran abubuwan da suka faru kamar abin da ya faru na gaskiya wanda ya ba da labarin Pied Piper. An buga shi a cikin 2015 ta Vertigo Comics azaman Freeasar Kyauta: Tatsuniya game da Yaƙin Yara. * ''Innocent shōnen jūjigun'' (イ ン ノ サ ン 少年 十字 軍, The Crusade of the Innocent Boys), manga da Usamaru Furuya ya rubuta (Manga F Erotics, 2005 ~ 2011, juzu'i 3). === Wasanni === * ''Cruciadă mai girma'' (en. Yaƙin Jihadin Yara) (1930), wasan Lucian Blaga wanda ya danganci Yakin. * ''Yunkurin Yaran yara'' (1973), wasan kwaikwayon da Paul Thompson ya fara gabatarwa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cockpit (Marylebone), London ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasa na Kasa . * ''Doguwar Maris Zuwa Urushalima'' (1978), wasan kwaikwayon da Don Taylor yayi game da labarin Bautar Jihadin Yara. * ''The Fire of Roses'' (2003), wani labari na Gregory Rinaldi * ''Jihadi na Hawaye'' (2004), littafin labari daga ''silsilar Tafiyar Rayuka'' ta CD Baker.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} === Masu kiɗa === * ''Crusade'' (1998), kiɗan Craig Christie da Wayne Hosking . === Waƙa === * ''La Croisade des Enfants'' (1902), wanda ba kasafai ake gabatar da shi ba daga Gabriel Pierné, wanda ke dauke da kungiyar ''mawaka ta yara, dangane da La croisade des enfants'' ("Yunkurin Yaran") na Marcel Schwob . * "Yarjejeniyar Yara", wani wasan kwaikwayo na zamani da R. Murray Schafer, wanda aka fara yi a shekarar 2009. * "Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara", waƙa ce ta Sting daga kundin waƙarsa ta shekara ta1985 ''The Dream of the Blue Turtles'' . Ba game da taron kamar haka ba, amma amfani da sunan azaman misalin. * "Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara", waƙa ce ta Tonio K daga kundin waƙarsa ta shekara ta 1988 ''Bayanan kula daga Civilarshen wayewa'' . * "Untitled Track", waƙa ce ta The Moon Lay Hidden Beneath Cloud, wanda aka samo asali akan 10 "EP ''Yndalongg'' (1996), sannan aka sake fito da shi azaman waƙar" XII "akan CD ''Sauran akan Makamanku Ya Sauya'' (1999), wanda ke ba da labarin labarin Yaƙin Jihadin Yara kuma yana nuna cewa wahayin ya samo asali ne daga Iblis . * Ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Australiya mai ci gaba mai suna Cinema Prague ta sanyaya rangadinsu na shekara ta 1991 "Yunkurin ƙananan Yara" a matsayin isharar tunani game da shekarun mambobin ƙungiyar, don a lokacin, yawancin ƙungiyar har yanzu matasa ne. === Fina-finai === * ''Gates zuwa Aljanna'' (1968), fim ɗin Andrzej Wajda na littafin Jerzy Andrzejewski . * ''Lionheart'' (1987), fim mai cike da tarihi / tsinkaye, wanda yake sakakke bisa labarin Bautar Jihadin Yara. * ''Yara don Sayarwa'', wani ɓangaren Gumby wanda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin 1995 ''Gumby: Fim ɗin'' .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}, aka ''Wata Maris Cikin Lokaci'' (2006), hoton motsi wanda aka tsara akan balaguron bazata da wani ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa daga ƙasar Netherlands ta zamani zuwa almara na Childrenan Yammacin Jamusanci wanda Nicholas ya jagoranta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Kayan aiki, Kelly. "Matasa a Yakin a lokacin ''Tsararru na Tsakiya" a cikin The Premodern Teenager: Matasa a cikin Al'umma, 1150-1650'' (2002) wanda Konrad Eisenbichler ya shirya, shafi na 207-223. * Dickson, Gary. "Stephen na Cloyes, Philip Augustus, da Yakin Jihadin Yara na 1212." a cikin ''tafiye-tafiye zuwa ga Allah: Hajji da Yaƙin Jihadi,'' ed. Barbara N. Sargent-Baur (Kalamazoo, Mich .: Wallafe-wallafe na zamanin da, 1992): 83-105. * Dickson, Gary. ''Yaƙin Yaran: Tarihin Zamani, Tarihin Tarihi na Zamani'', 2008, Palgrave Macmillan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9989-4|978-1-4039-9989-4]] *   * Sarauniya, Bernard. "Juyin Halittar Pied Piper." ''Littattafan Yara'' (1978) 7: 104–114. (DOI: 10.1353 / chl.0.0173) * Raedts, Bitrus. "Yunkurin Yaran yara na 1212", ''Journal of Medieval History'', 3 (1977), taƙaitaccen bayani game da tushe, batutuwa da adabi. * Russell, Frederick. "Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara", ''Dictionary na Zamani na Tsakiya'', 1989,  *   * [http://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/childrens-crusade-thousands-children-march-holy-land-never-return-003044 Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara: Dubun-dubatar Yara suna Tattaki zuwa Holyasa Mai Tsarki amma Basu dawo ba] * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1212pueri.html ''Chronica Regiae Coloniensis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007011704/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1212pueri.html |date=2011-10-07 }}, tushen (wanda ake tsammani) asalin zamani. Daga Littafin Adireshi na daɗaɗɗen Zamani . * [http://www.medievalarchives.com/childrenscrusade1212 Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara] a [http://www.medievalarchives.com/PodcastList Taskar Tarihi Na Zamani Podcast] * [http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/childrens_crusade/ Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217201225/http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/childrens_crusade/ |date=2024-12-17 }}, daga Gidan Tarihi * Cardini Franco, Del Nero Domenico, ''La crociata dei fanciulli,'' Giunti Editore, 1999,  * New York Times. 1987 "Cikin Sawayen Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara" https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/25/archives/in-the-footsteps-of-a-childrens-crusade-lost-20-pounds.html * [https://www.medievalchronicles.com/the-crusades/childrens-crusade/ Yaran Jihadi | Tarihi na Zamani] [[Category:Yaƙi]] [[Category:Yara]] [[Category:Addini]] [[Category:Rikici]] iv1q83m9fgtpaqzwhe8bv6oeveuozi6 Jane Long 0 22439 859724 584452 2026-06-18T01:44:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane CS Long ƙwararriyar''' masaniyar Amurka ce mai ilimin makamashi da yanayi . Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Darakta a Labarin Kasa na Lawrence Livermore kuma memba ce a Kungiyar (asar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Long selected as LLNL's Associate Director for Energy and Environment {{!}} Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/jane-long-selected-llnls-associate-director-energy-and-environment|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.llnl.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Long|url=https://thebreakthrough.org/people/jane-long|access-date=2020-12-03|website=The Breakthrough Institute|language=en}}</ref> Long itace Babban Masanin Kimiyyar bada Gudummawa na Kravis, da kuma Asusun Tsaron Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EDF's contributing scientists|url=https://www.edf.org/about/edfs-contributing-scientists|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Environmental Defense Fund|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Long ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin kimiyyavdaga Makarantar Injiniya ta Jami'ar Brown da masanan da digirgir daga jami'ar [[California]], Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-06|title=Jane C.S. Long|url=https://www.ce-conference.org/person/jane-cs-long|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Climate Engineering in Context 2021|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116182132/https://ce-conference.org/person/jane-cs-long|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohan|first=Ellen|date=2015-04-20|title=Jane Long|url=https://www.climateone.org/people/jane-long|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Climate One|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane C.S. Long|url=https://ccst.us/people/uncategorized/jane-c-s-long-ccst-council-member/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=California Council on Science & Technology (CCST)|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507140239/https://ccst.us/people/uncategorized/jane-c-s-long-ccst-council-member/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2003 Long tayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Mackay na Kimiyyar Duniya da Injiniya a Jami'ar [[Nevada]], Reno . A halin yanzu tana aiki azaman mai tsara yanayi a Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta California . == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yanayi]] 14nb9etz4w3fbki4x3oqpkjp6usvuq3 James Kwesi Appiah 0 24592 859643 810129 2026-06-17T21:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Kwesi Appiah''' (an haife shi 30 ga Yuni na shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da sittin 1960),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheEntraineur3379.html|title=Profile|publisher=[[L'Equipe]]|access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Akwasi Appiah''',<ref name="Soccernet">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-fa-reaches-agreement-with-kwesi-appiah-set-to-be-unveiled-on-april-17/|title=Ghana FA reaches agreement with Kwesi Appiah, set to be unveiled on April 17|date=10 April 2012|author=Patrick Akoto|publisher=Ghana Soccernet|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152915/http://ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-fa-reaches-agreement-with-kwesi-appiah-set-to-be-unveiled-on-april-17/|url-status=dead}}</ref> shi ne kocin kwallon kafa na kasar Ghana kuma tsohon dan wasan da ya taka leda a shekarun baya. A yanzu shi ne babban kocin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Kenpong.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kwesi Appiah appointed as head coach of Kenpong Football Academy - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kwesi-appiah-appointed-as-head-coach-of-kenpong-football-academy/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Appiah a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1960 a Kumasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana - K. Appiah - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://gh.soccerway.com/coaches/james-kwasi-appiah/237892/|access-date=10 March 2021|website=gh.soccerway.com|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022174446/https://gh.soccerway.com/coaches/james-kwasi-appiah/237892/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar Opoku Ware (OWASS) don karatun sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2017|title=Opoku Ware SHS honours Kwesi Appiah|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Opoku-Ware-SHS-honours-Kwesi-Appiah-606587|access-date=10 March 2021|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 January 2016|title=Ex-Ghana coach Kwesi Appiah visits former school Opoku Ware ahead of famous Sprite Basketball Championship|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ex-ghana-coach-kwesi-appiah-visits-former-school-opoku-ware-ahead-of-famous-sprite-basketball-championship|access-date=10 March 2021|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Appiah, dan baya, ya buga wa Prestea Mine Stars kwallon kafa<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2020|title=James Kwesi Appiah : Asante Kotoko Technical Director very soon|url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2020/06/19/james-kwesi-appiah-asante-kotoko-technical-director-very-soon/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 July 2021|website=Africa Top Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722211401/https://en.africatopsports.com/2020/06/19/james-kwesi-appiah-asante-kotoko-technical-director-very-soon/}}</ref> tsakanin 1982 zuwa 1983, kafin ya shiga Asante Kotoko,<ref name="Soccernet" /> ya yi musu wasa tsakanin 1983 zuwa 1993.<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=36092|accessdate=}}</ref> == Aikin kasa da kasa == Appiah ya bugawa tawagar ƙasar Ghana wasa tsakanin 1982 zuwa 1992,<ref name="NFT" /> inda ya fito a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta [[FIFA]] guda biyu;<ref>{{FIFA player|45720}}</ref> ya kuma jagoranci kungiyar.<ref name="Soccernet" /> Appiah na cikin tawagar 1982 da ta lashe Kofin Afirka na 1982.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2013|title=African coaches treated with less respect says Ghana's Kwesi Appiah at Cup of Nations|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20130205-semi-final-preview-ghana-v-burkina-faso|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2021|website=RFI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2020|title=“All we got from Rawlings after winning 1982 AFCON was a Presidential salute” – kwesi Appiah|url=https://theindependentghana.com/2020/02/all-we-got-from-rawlings-after-winning-1982-afcon-was-a-presidential-salute-kwesi-appiah/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 July 2021|website=The Independent Ghana|language=en-GB|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722183642/https://theindependentghana.com/2020/02/all-we-got-from-rawlings-after-winning-1982-afcon-was-a-presidential-salute-kwesi-appiah/}}</ref> == Aikin koyawa == Tsakanin 1992 da 1995 Appiah ya zama mataimakin kocin tsohon kulob dinsa Asante Kotoko gami da wakilci a karkashin Malik Jabir. Daga baya aka kara masa girma don yin aiki a matsayin babban koci daga 1995 zuwa 1996.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2013|title=Ten Things About Ghana Coach Kwesi Appiah You Do Not Know|url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/496627/ten-things-about-ghana-coach-kwesi-appiah-you-do.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 July 2021|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Appiah|first=Samuel Ekow Amoasi|date=23 January 2020|title=Coaching Kotoko Is Difficult Than Black Stars, Says Former Ghana Coach|url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/980906/coaching-kotoko-is-difficult-than-black-stars.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 July 2021|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin koci a matsayin tawagar fasaha ta Fred Osam-Duodu lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kocin tawagar Ghana daga 2000 zuwa 2001.<ref name=":2" /> Ya samu horo na fasaha daga kungiyoyin Ingila [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22280057|title=Ghana coach Appiah back to share skills with Man City|date=24 April 2013|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26684696|title=Ghana coach to get Liverpool tips|date=21 March 2014|access-date=21 March 2014|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> James Kwesi Appiah ya kasance mataimakin kocin Ghana tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2012.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Kwasi Appiah signs contract with FA|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/kwasi-appiah-signs-contract-with-fa|url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2021|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> Appiah ya kasance kocin Ghana U23 yayin da suka lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2011.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/24336/ghana-beat-south-africa-for-2011-all-africa-games-gold-medal.php|title=Ghana beat South Africa for Gold|date=18 September 2011|publisher=Kickoff.com|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222556/http://www.kickoff.com/news/24336/ghana-beat-south-africa-for-2011-all-africa-games-gold-medal.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> An nada shi a matsayin Babban mai horas da 'yan wasan na Ghana a watan Afrilun 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17666276|title=Ghana appoint James Kwesi Appiah as new head coach|date=10 April 2012|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Kwesi Appiah named as Ghana coach|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/kwesi-appiah-named-as-ghana-coach|url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2021|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> inda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mara karfi" a cikin aikin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17748876|title=New Ghana coach Kwesi Appiah keen to silence doubters|date=18 April 2012|author=Michael Oti Adjei|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tawagar sa ta Ghana ta samu cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a [[Brazil]] a shekarar 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24987039|title=World Cup 2014: Ghana make it through to Brazil|date=19 November 2013|access-date=25 November 2013|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> wanda hakan ya sa ya zama bakar fata na farko da ya jagoranci kasar zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25052473|title=Africa needs more local coaches, says Caf coach|date=22 November 2013|access-date=25 November 2013|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27356436|title=World Cup 2014: Appiah prepares to name Ghana squad|date=10 May 2014|access-date=12 May 2014|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> An ba shi sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu a watan Mayun 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27544623|title=Ghana coach Kwesi Appiah given new contract|date=23 May 2014|access-date=25 May 2014|author=Michael Oti Adjei|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Bayan kasar ta fice daga gasar cin kofin duniya a matakin rukuni, Appiah ya kare tawagarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28056833|title=World Cup 2014: Appiah happy with Ghana performances|date=27 June 2014|access-date=28 June 2014|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya bar mukaminsa na manajan Ghana ta hanyar yarda da juna a watan Satumbar 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29173147|title=Kwesi Appiah leaves his post as Ghana coach by mutual consent|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zama manajan kulob din Al Khartoum na Sudan a watan Disamba 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30521763|title=Former Ghana coach Kwesi Appiah takes over at SC Khartoum|date=17 December 2014|access-date=18 December 2014|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2017 aka sake nada shi a matsayin kocin 'yan wasan Ghana, inda ya maye gurbin tsohon manajan Chelsea Avram Grant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39490984|title=Ghana re-appoint Kwesi Appiah as coach|date=4 April 2017|access-date=4 April 2017|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> An kore shi a cikin Janairu 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50980215|title=Ghana's FA ousts national team coaches at all levels|date=3 January 2020|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> A watan Yuli 2021, an nada shi a matsayin babban kocin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Kenpong.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2021|title=Kwesi Appiah to handle ambitious Kenpong Football Academy|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Kwesi-Appiah-to-handle-ambitious-Kenpong-Football-Academy-1312183|access-date=21 July 2021|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721165927/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Kwesi-Appiah-to-handle-ambitious-Kenpong-Football-Academy-1312183|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Daraja == === Mai kunnawa === '''Asante Kotoko'''<ref>{{NFT player|pid=36092|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> * Ghana Premier League: 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93 * Ghanaian FA Cup: 1984, 1989–90 * African Cup of Champions Clubs: 1983<ref>{{Cite web|title=Today in history: Opoku Nti wins CAF Champions League for Kotoko|url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/661158/today-in-history-opoku-nti-wins-caf-champions.html|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> '''Ghana''' * African Cup of Nations: 1982<ref name=":4" /> === Manaja === '''Ghana U23''' * All-Africa Games: 2011<ref name=":0" /> Na ɗaya * Millennium Excellence Awards - Sports Category: 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millennium Excellence Award - The icing on Kojo Antwi’s career?|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/millennium-excellence-award-the-icing-on-kojo-antwi-s-career.html|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == g1r04ed7hpw1jb8xykjod1dl4vll2ws Italian International School "Enrico Mattei" 0 25686 859874 501942 2026-06-18T10:33:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Italian International school in Tehran.jpg|thumb|Babban makarantar Kasar italiyanci]] [[Fayil:ITIS "Enrico Mattei".jpg|thumb|babban makarantar '''Enrico Mattei''' ]] '''Makarantar Ƙasa ta Italiyawa " Enrico Mattei "''' ( '''IIS''' ) ko '''Makarantar Italiya ta Legas''' makaranta ce ta ƙasashen Italiyanci a Lekki Phase I, [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]].<ref>"[http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/?page_id=119 Dove siamo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528054809/http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/?page_id=119 |date=2016-05-28 }}" (). Italian International School "Enrico Mattei". Retrieved on 19 October 2015. "Italian International School “E.MATTEI” Sikiru Alade Oloko Crescent Off Adebayo Doherty (Road 14) Admiralty Way Lekki Phase 1 Lagos"</ref> Yana hidimar makarantar gaba da firamare, makarantar firamare, ƙaramar sakandare, da ''liceo'' (makarantar sakandare).<ref>[http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/ Home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303083253/https://www.italian-school-lagos.org/ |date=2021-03-03 }}. Italian International School "Enrico Mattei". Retrieved on 19 October 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin ilimin Italiyanci a Legos ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960. Kungiyar makarantar ta sami shafin don harabarta a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1988. Ajin da sararin ofis, wanda kamfanonin Italiya suka gina, an kammala su a watan Janairun 1991. An buɗe wuraren wasannin motsa jiki a watan Mayu 1992. <ref>"[http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/?page_id=49 Storia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528055521/http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/?page_id=49 |date=2016-05-28 }}" (). Italian International School "Enrico Mattei". Retrieved on 19 October 2015.</ref> Harabar tana da jimlar {{Convert|1.7|ha|acre}} na fili. Ginin aji mai hawa uku yana da ajujuwa masu sanyaya iska, ɗakin karatu, ofisoshi, dakin binciken kimiyya, ɗakin kwamfuta, da ɗakin kiɗa. Har ila yau harabar harabar ta haɗa da {{Convert|700|sqm|sqft}} dakin motsa jiki na kwandishan, filin ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa), filin wasa, wurin iyo, da kotunan wasan tennis biyu. <ref>"[http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/?page_id=2 Stuttura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135838/http://www.italian-school-lagos.org/?page_id=2 |date=2015-10-19 }}" (). Italian International School "Enrico Mattei". Retrieved on 19 October 2015.</ref> tana kusa da sanannen wurin haɗin gwiwa na 3invest == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9ujz33wkrnt0gdyu5onwvfkc4wj563i Ola Balogun 0 25845 859964 858120 2026-06-18T11:44:38Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357083223|Ola Balogun]]" 859964 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ola Balogun''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1945) ɗan fim ne kuma [[marubin wasannin kwaykwayo|Marubucin rubutun]] Najeriya. Ya kuma shiga [[Music industry|Masana'antar kiɗa]] ta Najeriya a shekara ta 2001. Balogun, wanda ke yin fina-finai sama da shekaru talatin, yana daga cikin ƙarni na farko na masu shirya fina-fukkuna [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1968, ya shiga ma'aikatan Sashin Fim na Najeriya, wanda ke karkashin gwamnatin [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai]], sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]]. Fim din farko na Balogun sun kasance gajerun takardun shaida: One Nigeria da aka fitar a 1969, Les Ponts de Paris (1971), Fire In the Afternoon (1971), ''Thundergod'' (1971), Nupe Masquerade (1972), In the Beginning (1972), da Owuama, A New Yam Festival (1973). {{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Fim dinsa ''A farkon'' shi ne ''Alfa'', fim din da ba shi da kuɗi sosai wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1972 lokacin da yake a Ife.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa kamfaninsa na fim mai zaman kansa, Afrocult Foundation, wanda ya fitar da fina-finai na gaba. Wanda ya biyo baya ga Alpha shine Vivre, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 1974, sannan kuma ''Nigersteel'', aikin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. A shekara ta 1975, ya fitar da ''Amadi'', fim din [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]].{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Ayyukansa na gaba shine jagorantar da samar da ''Ajani Ogun'', fim na yaren Yoruba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Duro Ladipo kuma yana da Ade Love . Fim din ya kasance babban ofishin jakadancin kuma shahararren ''Ajani Ogun'' ya tada bayanan Balogun a cikin fim din fim da shugabanci a cikin kasar. Kodayake fim dinsa na gaba Musik Man bai sami karbuwa sosai daga masu sauraro ba, aikin da ya biyo baya, Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'', ya sami shahara.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun ya bi ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra (1978), samar da Portuguese-Nijeriya, sannan ''Aiye'' (1980), tare da [[Hubert Ogunde]], da ''[[Orun Mooru]]'' (1982) tare da Moses Olaiya . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, [[Law|doka]]-linkid="94" href="./Nigeria" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nigeria">Najeriya, ga iyayen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi. == Farkon aiki == Balogun ya koma Najeriya a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] kuma a wani lokaci Najeriya ba ta da masana'antar fina-finai ta asali. A shekara ta 1969, ya kasance marubuci tare da sashin fim na Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Tarayyar Najeriya kafin a tura shi zuwa [[Faris|Paris]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a can, kuma a Paris, ya buga wasan game da [[Shango]]. Ya koma Najeriya kuma yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] . Shirin farko na Balogun shine One Nigeria (1969), wani shirin fim game da ra'ayinsa game da yakin basasar Najeriya . A tsakiyar yakin, Balogun ya bi ƙungiyar masu lura da Faransa zuwa fagen yaƙi, inda ya ga lalacewar da yaƙin ya haifar. Takardun shaida na One Nigeria da Eastern Nigeria Revisited sun rinjayi ra'ayinsa game da yakin. Wani majagaba na yin fim na Najeriya, Balogun ya samar da fina-finai na farko a farkon shekarun 1970. Fim dinsa na 1981 For Freedom! an shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 12 na Moscow . <ref name="Moscow1981">{{Cite web |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa Gidauniyar Afrocult, kamfani mai zaman kansa. == Ayyukan fim == Bayan samar da shirye-shirye, Balogun ya samar da ''Alfa'', fim mai matsakaici game da wani ɗan gudun hijirar Afirka a Paris. Sakamakon sa shine Vivre, labarin da ba na almara ba ne game da abokinsa wanda ya zama nakasassu sakamakon hatsari. Bayan Vivre, gwamnati ta ba da izini ga Balogun don samar da ''Nigersteel'', fim game da matakin masana'antu na Najeriya. Ayyukan fim dinsa na gaba sun shafi batun rungumar da kuma watsi da al'adun Afirka da al'adarsu a cikin neman burin nan gaba. Wannan fim din, ''Amadi'', wanda aka fitar a shekara ta 1975, fim ne na harshen Igbo game da wani mutum da ke komawa ƙauyen bayan ya sami iyakantaccen nasara da ɗan gamsuwa a birnin Legas. A cikin ƙauyen, ya yi amfani da ilimin da ƙwarewar da aka koya don inganta amfani da fasahar noma ta zamani. Fim din ya bunƙasa sabon wuri a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya a matsayin fim na farko mai tsawo a cikin harshen Igbo.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Fim din ya sami nasara a [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Gabashin Najeriya]] amma ya iyakance nasara a wasu wurare. ''Ajani Ogun'', fim na farko na yaren Yoruba na Balogun wani kiɗa ne da aka saki a cikin nau'in celluloid a 1975. Fim din yana da Ade Love a matsayin jagora, yayin da yawancin ma'aikatan suka fito ne daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Duro Ladipo. Balogun ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa tare da ''Ajani Ogun'' kuma nasarar fim din ta haifar da karuwa a cikin karɓar wasan kwaikwayo na mataki da Yoruba ke yi a cikin fina-finai masu tsawo. Bayan nasarar ''Ajani Ogun'', aikinsa na gaba shine Musik Man, fim din da aka samar a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da Ingilishi don isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Koyaya, fim ɗin bai sami nasarar kuɗi ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun ya dawo tare da ''''Ija Ominira'''', wanda aka daidaita da littafin [[Adebayo Faleti]], ''Omo Olokun Esin'', wanda ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ke yi a kan mataki. An samar da fim din ne tare da hadin gwiwar Ade Love, babban dan wasan kwaikwayo a Ajani Ogun; Ade Love shi ne kuma babban dan wasan a ''Ija Ominira'' . Akwai matsalolin yin fim tsakanin Balogun da Ade Love a kan saitin ''Ija Ominira'', maza biyu suna da ƙananan rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. Balogun ya bi Ade Love's Ija Ominira tare da A Deusa Negra, wanda aka fi sani da ''[[Black Goddess]]'', wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni; aikin haɗin gwiwar Najeriya ne da Brazil wanda Embrafilm na Brazil ya rarraba. Wani furodusa na Brazil ya ga wasu ayyukan da Balogun ya yi a baya kuma ya nemi ya harbe sabon fim a Brazil. Duk da wasu tashin hankali da ƙalubalen kuɗi, ya kammala fim din a shekarar 1978. A cikin ''Aiye'' (1979), Balogun ya fadada wasan kwaikwayo na daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan [[Hubert Ogunde]] a cikin fim mai tsawo. Taken fim din labari ne na gargajiya game da gwagwarmaya tsakanin nagarta da mugunta. Mai kyau shine firist na gargajiya ko [[Babalawo]] kuma mugayen haruffa sune mayu a ƙauyen.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} ''Aiye'', wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba da yawa da wasu ma'aikatan fasaha daga ''Black Goddess'', nasara ce ta kudi, kodayake kamar yadda yake tare da ''Ija Ominira'', Balogun da Hubert Ogunde, babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa, suna da wasu rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. A cikin 1980, Balogun ya samar da Cry Freedom (wanda ake kira ''Haraka'' a baya), tare da Prunella Gee da Albert Hall a cikin manyan matsayi. An harbe fim din a [[Ghana]], kuma Balogun ya yi amfani da wasu masu fasaha, kamar Jose Medeiros, wanda a baya ya yi aiki tare da shi a kan A Deusa Negra . Cry Freedom, wanda [[Meja Mwangi]]'s Carcase for Hounds ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, game da tashin hankali ne wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa a wata ƙasa ta Afirka. Fim din ya sami magoya baya tsakanin masu ilimi na Najeriya, amma bai yi kira ga masu sauraro ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Haɗin gwiwar Balogun tare da Musa Olaiya, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Sala, babban kasafin kuɗi ne Orun Mooru (Heaven is Hot). Bayan haka, Balogun ya daina aiki tare da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yoruba. A shekara ta 1982, ya saki Money Power . == Rayuwar siyasa == Balogun has been a regular attendee at [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] (the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! style="width:33px;" |Shekara ! width="145" |Fim din ! width="65" |Daraktan ! width="65" |Mai gabatarwa ! width="65" |Marubuci |- |1972 | style="text-align:left" |''Alfa''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Ajani Ogun''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Amadi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1976 | style="text-align:left" |''Mutumin Musik''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''Ija Ominira''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Black Goddess]]''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- |1979 | style="text-align:left" |''Aiye''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1981 | style="text-align:left" |''<nowiki/>'Yanci na kuka''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''Ikon Kuɗi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Orun Mooru]]''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1988 | style="text-align:left" |''Kogin Neja, Black Mother''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1993 | style="text-align:left" |''Magic na Najeriya''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1994 | style="text-align:left" |''Inda ake nufi Barbados''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1998 | style="text-align:left" |''Alloli na Afirka a Brazil''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Tushen == * == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0051059|Ola Balogun}} * [[MUBI]].com/cast/ola-balogun" id="mwAak" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ola Balogun a MUBI * [https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/arsenal-cinema/past-programs/single/article/6390/2804/archive/2017/january.html "Ola Balogun, majagaba na fina-finai na Najeriya"], Arsenal Cinema, Janairu 2017. {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iglb2uzghnsthv007ovhw96zieaopjc Oxford Gardens 0 27383 859439 807616 2026-06-17T15:01:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347144892|Oxford Gardens]]" 859439 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Oxford Gardens |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Story by | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />company</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18&nbsp;December&nbsp;2015<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)</span>&#x20;(Nigeria) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |} '''''Oxford Gardens''''' is a 2015 film produced and directed by [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]]. == Background and synopsis == Shot in [[Landan|London]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] and premiered in [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] on 18 December 2015, ''Oxford Gardens'' was released as a collaborative work between Obi Emelonye and M-Net through Africa Magic Original Films. It is a boxing-themed film centred on luck, love and redemption. == Cast == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani as PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green as Michael Frost * Princess Abiye as Mrs. Onohia == References == {{Reflist}} 4o023h3qmh8ojegs4e8k8scri0rmlg2 859440 859439 2026-06-17T15:04:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Oxford Gardens |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Story by | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />company</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18&nbsp;December&nbsp;2015<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)</span>&#x20;(Nigeria) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |} ''' Oxford Gardens''' fim ne da Obi Emelonye ya shirya kuma ya bada umarni a shekarar 2015. == Background and synopsis == Shot in [[Landan|London]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] and premiered in [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] on 18 December 2015, ''Oxford Gardens'' was released as a collaborative work between Obi Emelonye and M-Net through Africa Magic Original Films. It is a boxing-themed film centred on luck, love and redemption. == Cast == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani as PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green as Michael Frost * Princess Abiye as Mrs. Onohia == References == {{Reflist}} 2u9otspmfv7chqg784snx9rdy9efszk 859441 859440 2026-06-17T15:05:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Oxford Gardens |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Story by | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />company</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18&nbsp;December&nbsp;2015<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)</span>&#x20;(Nigeria) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |} ''' Oxford Gardens''' fim ne da Obi Emelonye ya shirya kuma ya bada umarni a shekarar 2015. == Bayani da Takaitaccen Bayani == An ɗauki fim ɗin Oxford Gardens a Landan, Amurka kuma an fara nuna shi a Najeriya a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015, kuma an fitar da shi a matsayin aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Obi Emelonye da M-Net ta hanyar Africa Magic Original Films. Fim ne mai taken dambe wanda ya mayar da hankali kan sa'a, soyayya da fansa. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani as PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green as Michael Frost * Princess Abiye as Mrs. Onohia == References == {{Reflist}} kf7gy8of7r2rz4uiged35kqyibes9vy 859442 859441 2026-06-17T15:06:13Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Oxford Gardens |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Story by | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />company</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18&nbsp;December&nbsp;2015<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)</span>&#x20;(Nigeria) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |} ''' Oxford Gardens''' fim ne da Obi Emelonye ya shirya kuma ya bada umarni a shekarar 2015. == Bayani da Takaitaccen Bayani == An ɗauki fim ɗin Oxford Gardens a Landan, Amurka kuma an fara nuna shi a Najeriya a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015, kuma an fitar da shi a matsayin aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Obi Emelonye da M-Net ta hanyar Africa Magic Original Films. Fim ne mai taken dambe wanda ya mayar da hankali kan sa'a, soyayya da fansa. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani as PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green as Michael Frost * Princess Abiye as Mrs. Onohia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g94kjla2tyccr4ljpsfa0cl7rt9gt00 859443 859442 2026-06-17T15:08:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Oxford Gardens |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Story by | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />company</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18&nbsp;December&nbsp;2015<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)</span>&#x20;(Nigeria) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |} ''' Oxford Gardens'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347144892</ref> fim ne da Obi Emelonye ya shirya kuma ya bada umarni a shekarar 2015. == Bayani da Takaitaccen Bayani == An ɗauki fim ɗin Oxford Gardens a Landan, Amurka kuma an fara nuna shi a Najeriya a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015, kuma an fitar da shi a matsayin aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Obi Emelonye da M-Net ta hanyar Africa Magic Original Films. Fim ne mai taken dambe wanda ya mayar da hankali kan sa'a, soyayya da fansa. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani as PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green as Michael Frost * Princess Abiye as Mrs. Onohia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0k70qa50a69okqr14m6pf61z0hi83of 859444 859443 2026-06-17T15:08:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Oxford Gardens |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Story by | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />company</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18&nbsp;December&nbsp;2015<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)</span>&#x20;(Nigeria) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |} ''' Oxford Gardens'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347144892</ref> fim ne da Obi Emelonye ya shirya kuma ya bada umarni a shekarar 2015. == Bayani da Takaitaccen Bayani == An ɗauki fim ɗin Oxford Gardens a Landan, Amurka kuma an fara nuna shi a Najeriya a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015, kuma an fitar da shi a matsayin aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Obi Emelonye da M-Net ta hanyar Africa Magic Original Films. Fim ne mai taken dambe wanda ya mayar da hankali kan sa'a, soyayya da fansa.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=em2IqQmkK-A</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani as PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green as Michael Frost * Princess Abiye as Mrs. Onohia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oek7omhqsu5accrrpr7ovgqigkwy5ic Ilan Mizrahi 0 28645 859343 216541 2026-06-17T13:01:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilan Mizrahi''' ( {{Lang-he|אילן מזרחי}} , haihuwa c. 1947 ) tsohon jami'in Mossad ne kuma mai ba Firayim Ministan Isra'ila shawara kan harkokin tsaro . Mizrahi ya halarci Jami'ar Tel Aviv a matsayin dalibi, kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Haifa . <ref name="NSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsc.gov.il/NSCWeb/TemplatesEnglish/NSCHeadsEN.aspx|title=National Security Council - Council Chairman|publisher=National Security Council of Israel|accessdate=11 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064631/http://www.nsc.gov.il/NSCWeb/TemplatesEnglish/NSCHeadsEN.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mizrahi ya shiga kungiyar Mossad a shekarar 1972. Ya zama shugaban sashen basirar ɗan adam . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darakta na hukumar daga 2001 zuwa 2003. <ref name="NSC" /> Firayim Minista Ehud Olmert ne ya nada shi matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na Isra'ila a watan Mayun 2006. Ya sauka a watan Nuwamba 2007. .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/ilan-mizrahi-head-of-the-national-security-council-steps-down-1.229199|title=Ilan Mizrahi, head of the National Security Council, steps down|author=Barak Ravid|date=10 September 2007|work=Haaretz|accessdate=11 February 2014|archive-date=6 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606214656/http://www.haaretz.com/news/ilan-mizrahi-head-of-the-national-security-council-steps-down-1.229199|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Mizrahi ɗan Gabas ne kuma yana jin [[Larabci|Larabci sosai]] . == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Rayyayun Mutane]] 52zbopnbage1asvq6imohuup2e5fc2m Hervé Lybohy 0 31881 859409 502045 2026-06-17T14:37:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358375166|Hervé Lybohy]]" 859409 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hervé Lybohy''' (born 24 July 1983) is a former professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who played as a [[Mai buga baya|centre-back]]. Born in the Ivory Coast, he represented Niger at international level. == Club career == In May 2018, it was announced Lybohy would join Nîmes, newly promoted to [[Ligue 1]], from Ligue 2 side Paris FC on a free transfer for the 2018–19 season. He signed a one-year contract. In July 2019, after one season in Ligue 1, Lybohy joined Nancy in Ligue 2. In August 2020, Lybohy moved to Championnat National side Orléans. He signed a one-year contract with the option of a second. In June 2023, after two seasons with Championnat National 2 club Thonon Evian, he retired from playing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghalaza-Boudra |first=Youcef |date=4 June 2023 |title=Thonon-Evian : Lybohy prend sa retraite, Bourgeois quitte le club (off) |trans-title=Thonon-Evian: Lybohy retires, Bourgeois leaves the club (off) |url=https://www.foot-national.com/national-2/thonon-evian--lybohy-prend-sa-retraite--bourgeois-quitte-le-club-off-825428 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Foot National |language=French}}</ref> == International career == Lybohy was born in the Ivory Coast and is of Nigerien descent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hervé Lybohy, défenseur de l'ASNL, va découvrir la sélection nigérienne |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/emissions/100-asnl-la-minute/sud-lorraine/herve-lybohy-defenseur-de-l-asnl-va-decouvrir-la-selection-nigerienne |website=France Bleu}}</ref> He holds Ivorian, Nigerien and French nationalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hervé LYBOHY - |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/herve-lybohy-17105/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=unfp.org}}</ref> He made his debut for the Niger national team in October 2019.<ref>{{NFT player|75915}}</ref> == Honours == '''Thonon Evian''' * Championnat National 3: 2021–22<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghalaza-Boudra |first=Youcef |date=21 May 2022 |title=Thonon Evian file en National 2 ! (Off) |trans-title=Thonon Evian is heading to the National 2! (Off) |url=https://www.foot-national.com/national-3/thonon-evian-file-en-national-2--off-777814 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Foot National |language=fr}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Soccerway|87538}} * Hervé Lybohy at L'Équipe Football (in French) * [http://www.sofoot.com/herve-libohy.html Player Profile] at SO Foot [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] c1qqzkpbtf625hplw2wgdpq9fb1sokz 859410 859409 2026-06-17T14:37:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Hervé Lybohy''' (born 24 July 1983) is a former professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who played as a [[Mai buga baya|centre-back]]. Born in the Ivory Coast, he represented Niger at international level. == Club career == In May 2018, it was announced Lybohy would join Nîmes, newly promoted to [[Ligue 1]], from Ligue 2 side Paris FC on a free transfer for the 2018–19 season. He signed a one-year contract. In July 2019, after one season in Ligue 1, Lybohy joined Nancy in Ligue 2. In August 2020, Lybohy moved to Championnat National side Orléans. He signed a one-year contract with the option of a second. In June 2023, after two seasons with Championnat National 2 club Thonon Evian, he retired from playing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghalaza-Boudra |first=Youcef |date=4 June 2023 |title=Thonon-Evian : Lybohy prend sa retraite, Bourgeois quitte le club (off) |trans-title=Thonon-Evian: Lybohy retires, Bourgeois leaves the club (off) |url=https://www.foot-national.com/national-2/thonon-evian--lybohy-prend-sa-retraite--bourgeois-quitte-le-club-off-825428 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Foot National |language=French}}</ref> == International career == Lybohy was born in the Ivory Coast and is of Nigerien descent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hervé Lybohy, défenseur de l'ASNL, va découvrir la sélection nigérienne |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/emissions/100-asnl-la-minute/sud-lorraine/herve-lybohy-defenseur-de-l-asnl-va-decouvrir-la-selection-nigerienne |website=France Bleu}}</ref> He holds Ivorian, Nigerien and French nationalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hervé LYBOHY - |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/herve-lybohy-17105/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=unfp.org}}</ref> He made his debut for the Niger national team in October 2019.<ref>{{NFT player|75915}}</ref> == Honours == '''Thonon Evian''' * Championnat National 3: 2021–22<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghalaza-Boudra |first=Youcef |date=21 May 2022 |title=Thonon Evian file en National 2 ! (Off) |trans-title=Thonon Evian is heading to the National 2! (Off) |url=https://www.foot-national.com/national-3/thonon-evian-file-en-national-2--off-777814 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Foot National |language=fr}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Soccerway|87538}} * Hervé Lybohy at L'Équipe Football (in French) * [http://www.sofoot.com/herve-libohy.html Player Profile] at SO Foot [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] er7p9anpaacszmc0z9xwkozvrmyfhi9 Tarihin Fasaha 0 40623 859339 859267 2026-06-17T12:56:33Z Final coat001 30807 859339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''tarihin fasaha''' yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da mutane suka yi don kowane nau'i na ruhaniya, labari, falsafa, alama, ra'ayi, takardu, kayan ado, har ma da aiki da sauran dalilai, amma tare da jaddadawa ta farko akan siffar gani. Ana iya rarraba [[Painting|zane]]-zane a [[Art|hanyoyi daban-daban]], kamar raba zane-zane masu kyau daga zane-zane; har da mayar da hankali kan kirkirar ɗan adam; ko mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban kamar [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], zane-zane, zane, [[fim]], [[Photography|daukar hoto]], da zane-zane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da fasahar bidiyo, fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, [[talabijin]], da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. [[Fayil:Michelangelo, Creation of Adam 01.jpg|thumb|zanen mutane ]] Sau da yawa ana ba da tarihin fasaha a matsayin jerin abubuwan da aka kirkira a kowane [[wayewa]]. Don haka ana iya tsara shi azaman labarin babban al'ada, wanda Wonders of the World ya kwatanta. A gefe guda, ana iya haɗa maganganun fasaha na al'ada a cikin labaran tarihi na fasaha, wanda ake kira zane-zane ko sana'a. Mafi kusanci da masanin tarihin fasaha ya shiga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ƙananan al'adu, mai yiwuwa ne cewa za su gano ayyukansu kamar nazarin al'adun gani ko al'adun kayan aiki, ko kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga fannoni da suka shafi tarihin fasaha, kamar [[ilimin ɗan adam]] ko ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. A cikin lokuta na ƙarshe, ana iya kiran abubuwa na fasaha a matsayin kayan tarihi na archaeological. == Tarihi na farko == Fasahar Prehistoric ta haɗa da zane-zane masu yawa da masu zane-zane suka yi daga al'adun da ba su da ilimi, gami da wasu kayan tarihi na farko. Daga cikin abubuwan fasaha na farko akwai kayan ado daga tsakiyar dutse na Afirka. <ref name="Henshilwood 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5558 |pages=1278–1280 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1278H |doi=10.1126/science.1067575 |pmid=11786608 |s2cid=31169551}}</ref> <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Watts |first3=Ian |year=2009 |title=Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...27H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 |pmid=19487016}}</ref><ref name="Texier">{{Cite journal |last=Texier |first=P. J. |last2=Porraz |first2=G. |last3=Parkington |first3=J. |last4=Rigaud |first4=J. P. |last5=Poggenpoel |first5=C. |last6=Miller |first6=C. |last7=Tribolo |first7=C. |last8=Cartwright |first8=C. |last9=Coudenneau |first9=A. |last10=Klein |first10=R. |last11=Steele |first11=T. |last12=Verna |first12=C. |year=2010 |title=A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=14 |pages=6180–6185 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.6180T |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913047107 |pmc=2851956 |pmid=20194764 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano kwantena daga wannan lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu wanda watakila an yi amfani da shi don riƙe fenti tun shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. Wani nau'i na fasahar prehistoric da aka samu a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a Turai, an yi kananan siffofi na prehistorical da aka sani da siffofin Venus tare da ƙirji da ciki masu yawa, wadanda suka fi shahara sune Venus na Hohle Fels da Venus na Willendorf, waɗanda aka samu a [[Jamus]] da Austria. Yawancin suna da ƙananan kawuna, manyan cinya, da kafafu waɗanda ke raguwa zuwa wani batu. Hannun hannu da ƙafafun sau da yawa ba su nan, kuma kai yawanci karami ne kuma ba shi da fuska. Venus na Hohle Fels yana daya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da aka samo a cikin Caves da Ice Age Art a cikin Swabian Jura [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, inda aka gano tsofaffin ayyukan da ba su tsaya ba na fasahar ɗan adam da aka gano, a cikin nau'ikan siffofin dabbobi da na ɗan adam, ban da tsofaffin kayan kida da aka gano har zuwa yanzu, tare da kayan tarihi da suka kasance tsakanin 43,000 da 35,000 BC.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/}}</ref>[8] Mafi sanannun zane-zane na prehistoric sune manyan zane-zanen kogo na Paleolithic waɗanda ke nuna dabbobi a nahiyar Turai, musamman waɗanda ke Lascaux a yankin Dordogne na [[Faransa]]. An san ɗaruruwan koguna masu ado, waɗanda suka haɗa da lokacin [[Upper Paleolithic]] ({{Circa}} 38,000-12,000 BC). Akwai misalai a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Italiya]] da Biritaniya, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin Faransa da [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi da yawa game da manufar fasaha, wanda aka fi yarda da shi shine cewa wani ɓangare ne na al'adun addini, watakila don haifar da nasarar farauta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|22em}} r9tlt30cpdkxga4opjgtr46et8o61zz 859342 859339 2026-06-17T13:00:41Z Final coat001 30807 859342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Zemplín Museum in Michalovce - Art history permanent exhibition - The iconostasis of an eastern-rite Christian church 02.jpg|thumb|Hoton gidan tarihin zemplin a michalovce]] '''tarihin fasaha''' yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da mutane suka yi don kowane nau'i na ruhaniya, labari, falsafa, alama, ra'ayi, takardu, kayan ado, har ma da aiki da sauran dalilai, amma tare da jaddadawa ta farko akan siffar gani. Ana iya rarraba [[Painting|zane]]-zane a [[Art|hanyoyi daban-daban]], kamar raba zane-zane masu kyau daga zane-zane; har da mayar da hankali kan kirkirar ɗan adam; ko mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban kamar [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], zane-zane, zane, [[fim]], [[Photography|daukar hoto]], da zane-zane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da fasahar bidiyo, fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, [[talabijin]], da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. [[Fayil:Michelangelo, Creation of Adam 01.jpg|thumb|zanen mutane ]] Sau da yawa ana ba da tarihin fasaha a matsayin jerin abubuwan da aka kirkira a kowane [[wayewa]]. Don haka ana iya tsara shi azaman labarin babban al'ada, wanda Wonders of the World ya kwatanta. A gefe guda, ana iya haɗa maganganun fasaha na al'ada a cikin labaran tarihi na fasaha, wanda ake kira zane-zane ko sana'a. Mafi kusanci da masanin tarihin fasaha ya shiga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ƙananan al'adu, mai yiwuwa ne cewa za su gano ayyukansu kamar nazarin al'adun gani ko al'adun kayan aiki, ko kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga fannoni da suka shafi tarihin fasaha, kamar [[ilimin ɗan adam]] ko ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. A cikin lokuta na ƙarshe, ana iya kiran abubuwa na fasaha a matsayin kayan tarihi na archaeological. == Tarihi na farko == Fasahar Prehistoric ta haɗa da zane-zane masu yawa da masu zane-zane suka yi daga al'adun da ba su da ilimi, gami da wasu kayan tarihi na farko. Daga cikin abubuwan fasaha na farko akwai kayan ado daga tsakiyar dutse na Afirka. <ref name="Henshilwood 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5558 |pages=1278–1280 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1278H |doi=10.1126/science.1067575 |pmid=11786608 |s2cid=31169551}}</ref> <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Watts |first3=Ian |year=2009 |title=Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...27H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 |pmid=19487016}}</ref><ref name="Texier">{{Cite journal |last=Texier |first=P. J. |last2=Porraz |first2=G. |last3=Parkington |first3=J. |last4=Rigaud |first4=J. P. |last5=Poggenpoel |first5=C. |last6=Miller |first6=C. |last7=Tribolo |first7=C. |last8=Cartwright |first8=C. |last9=Coudenneau |first9=A. |last10=Klein |first10=R. |last11=Steele |first11=T. |last12=Verna |first12=C. |year=2010 |title=A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=14 |pages=6180–6185 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.6180T |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913047107 |pmc=2851956 |pmid=20194764 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano kwantena daga wannan lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu wanda watakila an yi amfani da shi don riƙe fenti tun shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. Wani nau'i na fasahar prehistoric da aka samu a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a Turai, an yi kananan siffofi na prehistorical da aka sani da siffofin Venus tare da ƙirji da ciki masu yawa, wadanda suka fi shahara sune Venus na Hohle Fels da Venus na Willendorf, waɗanda aka samu a [[Jamus]] da Austria. Yawancin suna da ƙananan kawuna, manyan cinya, da kafafu waɗanda ke raguwa zuwa wani batu. Hannun hannu da ƙafafun sau da yawa ba su nan, kuma kai yawanci karami ne kuma ba shi da fuska. Venus na Hohle Fels yana daya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da aka samo a cikin Caves da Ice Age Art a cikin Swabian Jura [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, inda aka gano tsofaffin ayyukan da ba su tsaya ba na fasahar ɗan adam da aka gano, a cikin nau'ikan siffofin dabbobi da na ɗan adam, ban da tsofaffin kayan kida da aka gano har zuwa yanzu, tare da kayan tarihi da suka kasance tsakanin 43,000 da 35,000 BC.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/}}</ref>[8] Mafi sanannun zane-zane na prehistoric sune manyan zane-zanen kogo na Paleolithic waɗanda ke nuna dabbobi a nahiyar Turai, musamman waɗanda ke Lascaux a yankin Dordogne na [[Faransa]]. An san ɗaruruwan koguna masu ado, waɗanda suka haɗa da lokacin [[Upper Paleolithic]] ({{Circa}} 38,000-12,000 BC). Akwai misalai a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Italiya]] da Biritaniya, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin Faransa da [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi da yawa game da manufar fasaha, wanda aka fi yarda da shi shine cewa wani ɓangare ne na al'adun addini, watakila don haifar da nasarar farauta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|22em}} m026j4mcklnwxfpnk6k4wq575jto3d7 Jubair Muhammad 0 41442 859875 835593 2026-06-18T10:34:03Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 859875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jubair Muhammed Music Director.jpg|thumb|Mawaki Jubair Muhammad ]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:The Great Umayyed Mosque of Damascus, Syria - 8.jpg|thumb|Jubair Muhammad]] '''Jubair Muhammed''' mawakin Indiya ne kuma mawakin sake kunnawa wanda ke aiki a sinimar Malayalam .<ref>{{cite news |title='Oru Adaar Love' fame Jubair's new song makes waves. |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/05/07/oru-adaar-love-fame-jubair-new-song-makes-waves.html |work=Manorama Online English |date=10 May 2018 }}</ref> Jubair ya yi aiki a fina-finan Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, [[Talgu|Telugu]] da [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], bidiyoyi kiɗa da gajeren fina-finai. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jubair Muhammed ga Abdul Shukkoor da Haseena Beevi a cikin garin Attingal, wanda ke cikin gundumar Thiruvananthapuram na [[Kerala]], Indiya. Ya yi karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Navaikulam, Kallambalam, kuma ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin adabin Larabci daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Thiruvananthapuram. Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko, ya kafa kamfanin kera kayan cikin gida a garinsu. == Sana'a == Jubair ya shiga harkar waka ne ta hanyar yin ayyukan gajeren fina-finai da tallace-tallacen talabijin a Malayalam. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin daraktan waka fim ne da ba a fito da shi ba a Tamil.<ref>{{cite news |title='Jubair Muhammed |url=https://www.lyricsmall.com/jubair-muhammed-biography/ |work=Lyricsmall |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135818/https://www.lyricsmall.com/jubair-muhammed-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukansa na gaba, wanda ya nuna alamar shiga Malayalam sinema, na fim din Malayalam ''Chunkzz'', wanda Omar Lulu ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chunkzz's promo video song is here! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/chunkzzs-promo-video-song-is-here/articleshow/58701721.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2017 }}</ref> Fitowar baƙon sa a cikin ''Oru Adaar Love'' a matsayin mawaƙi ya ƙara shahararsa.<ref>{{cite news |title='Priya Prakash Verrier is scared to step out the house' says 'Oru Adaar Love' co-star Jubair Muhammed |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priya-prakash-verrier-is-scared-to-step-out-the-house-says-oru-adaar-love-co-star-jubair-muhammed-2584222 |work=DNA India |date=16 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Very Difficult to Cope All Attention Priya Prakash Varrier's Family |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/very-difficult-cope-all-attention-priya-prakash-varriers-family-76376 |work=The News Minute |date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> == Hotuna == === Ƙididdigar Ayyuka === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi |- | 2018 | Oru Adaar Love | Mai yin Mataki |} === Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Shekara ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Fim ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Harshe ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Jawabi |- | 2017 | Chunkzz<ref>{{cite news |title=Sweet music to their ears |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/280517/sweet-music-to-their-ears.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 May 2017 }}</ref> | Malayalam | Daraktan kiɗa - Promo Song |- | rowspan="4" | 2019 | ''Netaji'' | Irula | Daraktan kiɗa<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Gopalan makes acting debut in Nethaji |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/01/gokulam-gopalan-makes-acting-debut-in-nethaji-1918969.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503105414/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/01/gokulam-gopalan-makes-acting-debut-in-nethaji-1918969.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | Thamara | Thulu | Makin Baya |- | Jeem Boom Ba | rowspan="2" | Malayalam | rowspan="2" | Daraktan kiɗa |- | ''Tsoho Ne Zinariya''<ref>{{cite news |title=Grabbing one gold pie |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/100118/grabbing-one-gold-pie.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remya strikes gold |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100518/remya-strikes-gold.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 May 2018 }}</ref> |- | 2020 | Sautin Ciwo | Turanci | rowspan="2" | Daraktan kiɗa |- | | Aminci | rowspan="3" | Malayalam |- | 2021 | Ente Maavum Pookkum | Makin Baya |- | 2022 | Vichithram | Daraktan kiɗa |} === Albom === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Shekara ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Album ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Harshe ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Jawabi |- | 2016 | Uyire Neeye En Kadhal | Tamil | rowspan="8" | Daraktan kiɗa |- | 2017 | Tamanin | Malayalam |- | 2018 | Rawa | Malayalam |- | 2020 | Gani na Karshe | Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] |- | rowspan="4" | 2021 | Tu Hi Hai Meri Zindagi<ref>{{cite news|date=28 January 2021|title=Tu hi hai meri zindagi|work=News 18 Malayalam|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/here-is-the-first-look-for-omar-lulu-directed-music-album-tu-hi-hai-meri-zindagi-mm-342035.html}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | Hindi |- | Jaana Mere Jaana<ref>{{cite news |title= Omar Lulu: Didn't expect such a great response for 'Jaana Mere Jaana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/omar-lulu-didnt-expect-such-a-great-response-for-jaana-mere-jaana/articleshow/82653207.cms |work=Timesofindia |date=15 May 2021 }}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Malayalam |- | Manasinte Ullil Ninnoliyunna<ref>{{Cite web|title=പ്രണയപ്പാട്ടുമായി വീണ്ടും ഒമർ ലുലു; 'മനസ്സിന്റെ ഉള്ളിൽ' ഹിറ്റ്, വിഡിയോ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/07/26/manasinte-ullil-ninnoliyunna-musical-album.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> |- | Neyam Nizhalil<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam Gana New Video Songs Geet 2021: Latest Malayalam Song 'Varshith Radhakrishnan' Sung by Varshith Radhakrishnan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/malayalam-gana-new-video-songs-geet-2021-latest-malayalam-song-varshith-radhakrishnan-sung-by-varshith-radhakrishnan/videoshow/84724973.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> |} === Gajerun fina-finai === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Shekara ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Short Film ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Harshe ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Jawabi |- | 2016 | Orupad Thamasikum Orupad | rowspan="9" | Malayalam | rowspan="8" | Daraktan kiɗa |- | rowspan="7" | 2018 | Ah Sai Ji |- | Sunan mahaifi Padam |- | Gada |- | Kidaya |- | Jeevanum Nidhiyum |- | Ka'idar Hargitsi |- | Na'ahe |- | rowspan="3" | 2020 | Aika Rana | Makin Baya |- | 420 Fare's Fair | Malayalam | rowspan="2" | Daraktan kiɗa |- | Vyakhyana | Kannada |} == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Jubair Muhammed ya shiga cikin kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness don fim ɗin Netaji a matsayin Daraktan kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news//news.php?id=86006&u=gokulam-gopalans-film-netaji-wins-guinness-award |title=ഗിന്നസ് റെക്കാഡുമായി നേതാജി|language=Malayalam|trans-title=Netaji with a Guinness record|publisher=keralakoumadi}}</ref> ; Guinness World Records * ''Littafin Guinness na Records'' - Daraktan kiɗa na fim ɗin Netaji === Wasu === * Waƙar Jigo na Jami'ar Kerala 2018 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|nm9195809}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] == Early life == Bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, ya fara kamfanin ƙira na ciki a garinsu. 6tw6v76u2kymmlob1a66ax0jy6jbii3 Käthe Kollwitz 0 43333 859375 687329 2026-06-17T13:48:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: ==Manazarta== nesb2i0kqv7sv06ms3gqpavogorsa4y 859377 859375 2026-06-17T13:49:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." ==Manazarta== p6a2fn353kt2qx9a3ldg3d1zwv6mbn8 859379 859377 2026-06-17T13:50:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === ==Manazarta== 521wvj67yo99gupwlv0fthewtghg2mq 859381 859379 2026-06-17T13:50:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). ==Manazarta== iv1dm832ibnrnywk4qkex3ze5z8345x 859382 859381 2026-06-17T13:51:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == ==Manazarta== irieo7bqohp9klstq70rjspfrc5i4va 859386 859382 2026-06-17T13:53:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. ==Manazarta== tg0i9db5whx1k790rvfuz4x2sm0ybrp 859388 859386 2026-06-17T13:54:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. ==Manazarta== oga1w4j1c44g1omvxdjwnu709i7rqp7 859389 859388 2026-06-17T13:55:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. ==Manazarta== 2jdpq08spkjlmoh847vo5prh1ejslfp 859390 859389 2026-06-17T13:59:09Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. ==Manazarta== obvm1k78zxn8qds2oti4fh6f0sejh5f 859391 859390 2026-06-17T14:00:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === ==Manazarta== j6a8wfm0fc3anoythf7tulvi9guwhcj 859392 859391 2026-06-17T14:00:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. ==Manazarta== nu1rg12pc632w0ol7ienuofits23mrf 859393 859392 2026-06-17T14:02:02Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. ==Manazarta== ieccfv9kycrvc1ax521hy6q8qj0zoqh 859394 859393 2026-06-17T14:03:24Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." ==Manazarta== 0xfystc2g56ukcr1q62ip1ggqxa4h4d 859395 859394 2026-06-17T14:04:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ==Manazarta== 4ajx87rrimtp2xmse2xyuxjxrfozl6s 859396 859395 2026-06-17T14:06:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. ==Manazarta== 0ignocykip4y0264my1khd05j8zw1uy 859397 859396 2026-06-17T14:07:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === ==Manazarta== 6k1bea6r1axdp77h6jug5y0amm6ihb8 859408 859397 2026-06-17T14:35:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). ==Manazarta== 607w9qm2tiaevbtyc4u9bampdq1o61h 859413 859408 2026-06-17T14:41:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. ==Manazarta== 751voodmghcd0exh37mlpy1cii0x6vz 859414 859413 2026-06-17T14:42:46Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. ==Manazarta== o6vc99c2dx60figh1pa4wfjn03417k2 859416 859414 2026-06-17T14:43:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ==Manazarta== 07yzlojade3hbe5js0dm5v78jl8p3dc 859418 859416 2026-06-17T14:45:03Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' ==Manazarta== dptki5bdhl6znblgdib7jq8804lcvdp 859420 859418 2026-06-17T14:46:29Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." ==Manazarta== b0b43oh34soineselnjunfqpdmm9vfi 859423 859420 2026-06-17T14:47:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. ==Manazarta== gf0cb6s17vn8lb0k9xy4dqwpw1tgx32 859424 859423 2026-06-17T14:48:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == ==Manazarta== ae4024ulxt2rabbci1n6f9hlqitc018 859425 859424 2026-06-17T14:49:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ==Manazarta== 67jh3gmw8maqzbne7sodhqkdjzgtvug 859426 859425 2026-06-17T14:50:07Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ''Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.'' ==Manazarta== c0cxi5qik5s3fx3k4wl5k2epo5ayecy 859427 859426 2026-06-17T14:51:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ''Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.'' Dore Hoyer da kuma makarantar rawa ta Mary Wigman sun ƙirƙiri Rawa don Käthe Kollwitz. An yi rawa a Dresden a shekarar 1946. Käthe Kollwitz wani batu ne a cikin littafin William T. Vollmann's Europe Central, wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa a shekarar 2005 don almara. A cikin littafin, Vollmann ta bayyana rayuwar waɗanda yaƙin da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet suka shafa. Babinta mai taken "Mace Mai Ɗan Da Ya Mutu", bayan sassaken da aka sassaka ta mai suna iri ɗaya. ==Manazarta== 9phl4071xmbrptpy00xburhpnjo3o7o 859430 859427 2026-06-17T14:53:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ''Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.'' Dore Hoyer da kuma makarantar rawa ta Mary Wigman sun ƙirƙiri Rawa don Käthe Kollwitz. An yi rawa a Dresden a shekarar 1946. Käthe Kollwitz wani batu ne a cikin littafin William T. Vollmann's Europe Central, wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa a shekarar 2005 don almara. A cikin littafin, Vollmann ta bayyana rayuwar waɗanda yaƙin da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet suka shafa. Babinta mai taken "Mace Mai Ɗan Da Ya Mutu", bayan sassaken da aka sassaka ta mai suna iri ɗaya. An sanya wani babban sigar sassaka irin wannan na Kollwitz, Uwa tare da Ɗanta da ya Mutu, a shekarar 1993 a tsakiyar Neue Wache da ke Berlin, wanda ke zama abin tunawa ga "Wadanda Yaƙi da Zalunci suka shafa". An sanya wa makarantu sama da 40 na Jamus suna bayan Kollwitz. An kafa mutum-mutumin Kollwitz na Gustav Seitz a Kollwitz, Berlin a shekarar 1960 inda har yanzu yake har yanzu. Gidajen tarihi guda huɗu, a Berlin, Cologne da Moritzburg, da Gidan Tarihi na Käthe Kollwitz da ke Koekelare, an keɓe su ne kawai ga aikinta. An sanya wa Kyautar Käthe Kollwitz, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1960, suna bayanta. A shekarar 1986, an yi wani fim na DEFA mai suna Käthe Kollwitz, game da mai zane, tare da Jutta Wachowiak a matsayin Kollwitz. A shekarar 2012, an shirya wani baje kolin ayyukanta don Gidan Tarihi na Weisman Art a Jami'ar Minnesota ta masanin tarihin fasaha Corinna Kirsch. Kollwitz tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai 14 a cikin jerin 14 - Diary of the Great War a 2014. Ita ce jaruma Christina Große. A shekarar 2014, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas ya nuna, Käthe Kollwitz: Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A shekarar 2017, Google Doodle ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da haihuwar Kollwitz. An gudanar da wani baje koli, Hoton Mai Zane: Käthe Kollwitz a Gidan Tarihi na Ikon da ke Birmingham, Ingila, daga 13 ga Satumba zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017, kuma an yi niyyar nuna shi daga baya a Salisbury, Swansea, Hull da London. An gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York a 2024. ==Manazarta== p9ktpocibmgdjsvqxleebgpxncqyrb9 859435 859430 2026-06-17T14:55:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz''' ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru. A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ''Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.'' Dore Hoyer da kuma makarantar rawa ta Mary Wigman sun ƙirƙiri Rawa don Käthe Kollwitz. An yi rawa a Dresden a shekarar 1946. Käthe Kollwitz wani batu ne a cikin littafin William T. Vollmann's Europe Central, wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa a shekarar 2005 don almara. A cikin littafin, Vollmann ta bayyana rayuwar waɗanda yaƙin da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet suka shafa. Babinta mai taken "Mace Mai Ɗan Da Ya Mutu", bayan sassaken da aka sassaka ta mai suna iri ɗaya. An sanya wani babban sigar sassaka irin wannan na Kollwitz, Uwa tare da Ɗanta da ya Mutu, a shekarar 1993 a tsakiyar Neue Wache da ke Berlin, wanda ke zama abin tunawa ga "Wadanda Yaƙi da Zalunci suka shafa". An sanya wa makarantu sama da 40 na Jamus suna bayan Kollwitz. An kafa mutum-mutumin Kollwitz na Gustav Seitz a Kollwitz, Berlin a shekarar 1960 inda har yanzu yake har yanzu. Gidajen tarihi guda huɗu, a Berlin, Cologne da Moritzburg, da Gidan Tarihi na Käthe Kollwitz da ke Koekelare, an keɓe su ne kawai ga aikinta. An sanya wa Kyautar Käthe Kollwitz, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1960, suna bayanta. A shekarar 1986, an yi wani fim na DEFA mai suna Käthe Kollwitz, game da mai zane, tare da Jutta Wachowiak a matsayin Kollwitz. A shekarar 2012, an shirya wani baje kolin ayyukanta don Gidan Tarihi na Weisman Art a Jami'ar Minnesota ta masanin tarihin fasaha Corinna Kirsch. Kollwitz tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai 14 a cikin jerin 14 - Diary of the Great War a 2014. Ita ce jaruma Christina Große. A shekarar 2014, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas ya nuna, Käthe Kollwitz: Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A shekarar 2017, Google Doodle ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da haihuwar Kollwitz. An gudanar da wani baje koli, Hoton Mai Zane: Käthe Kollwitz a Gidan Tarihi na Ikon da ke Birmingham, Ingila, daga 13 ga Satumba zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017, kuma an yi niyyar nuna shi daga baya a Salisbury, Swansea, Hull da London. An gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York a 2024. == Adabi == ==Manazarta== he05b8h51lvqozdnrr6sfzwvb9536la 859437 859435 2026-06-17T14:56:30Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz</ref> ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru.<ref>http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/k%C3%A4the-kollwitz</ref> A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau." === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines). == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka. An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ''Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.'' Dore Hoyer da kuma makarantar rawa ta Mary Wigman sun ƙirƙiri Rawa don Käthe Kollwitz. An yi rawa a Dresden a shekarar 1946. Käthe Kollwitz wani batu ne a cikin littafin William T. Vollmann's Europe Central, wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa a shekarar 2005 don almara. A cikin littafin, Vollmann ta bayyana rayuwar waɗanda yaƙin da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet suka shafa. Babinta mai taken "Mace Mai Ɗan Da Ya Mutu", bayan sassaken da aka sassaka ta mai suna iri ɗaya. An sanya wani babban sigar sassaka irin wannan na Kollwitz, Uwa tare da Ɗanta da ya Mutu, a shekarar 1993 a tsakiyar Neue Wache da ke Berlin, wanda ke zama abin tunawa ga "Wadanda Yaƙi da Zalunci suka shafa". An sanya wa makarantu sama da 40 na Jamus suna bayan Kollwitz. An kafa mutum-mutumin Kollwitz na Gustav Seitz a Kollwitz, Berlin a shekarar 1960 inda har yanzu yake har yanzu. Gidajen tarihi guda huɗu, a Berlin, Cologne da Moritzburg, da Gidan Tarihi na Käthe Kollwitz da ke Koekelare, an keɓe su ne kawai ga aikinta. An sanya wa Kyautar Käthe Kollwitz, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1960, suna bayanta. A shekarar 1986, an yi wani fim na DEFA mai suna Käthe Kollwitz, game da mai zane, tare da Jutta Wachowiak a matsayin Kollwitz. A shekarar 2012, an shirya wani baje kolin ayyukanta don Gidan Tarihi na Weisman Art a Jami'ar Minnesota ta masanin tarihin fasaha Corinna Kirsch. Kollwitz tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai 14 a cikin jerin 14 - Diary of the Great War a 2014. Ita ce jaruma Christina Große. A shekarar 2014, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas ya nuna, Käthe Kollwitz: Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A shekarar 2017, Google Doodle ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da haihuwar Kollwitz. An gudanar da wani baje koli, Hoton Mai Zane: Käthe Kollwitz a Gidan Tarihi na Ikon da ke Birmingham, Ingila, daga 13 ga Satumba zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017, kuma an yi niyyar nuna shi daga baya a Salisbury, Swansea, Hull da London. An gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York a 2024. == Adabi == ==Manazarta== pupydrsu0lh92dxl6dp58k8m7ejvgm8 859438 859437 2026-06-17T14:58:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Käthe Kollwitz Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] '''Käthe Kollwitz'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz</ref> ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin [[Painting|zane-zane]], bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da ''The Weavers'' da ''The Peasant War'', suna nuna tasirin [[talauci]], yunwa da [[yaƙi]] akan ma'aikata. <ref>Bittner, Herbert, ''Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings'', p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref> <ref>Fritsch, Martin (ed.), ''Homage to Käthe Kollwitz''. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.</ref> Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. <ref>"The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: ''Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz'', page XIII. Dover, 1969.</ref> Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=29–34}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == === Tasowarta === An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD. [[File:Bronzeplastik Käthe Kollwitz von Rolf Winkler 1971-003.jpg|thumb|Käthe Kollwitz]] Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. <ref>Bittner, p. 2.</ref> A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. <ref>Kurth, Willy: ''Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste,'' 1951.</ref> [[Category:Haifaffun 1867]] A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru.<ref>http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/k%C3%A4the-kollwitz</ref> A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari: "Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau."<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz#:~:text=K%C3%A4the%20Kollwitz%20at%20the%20Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica</ref> === Lafiyar mutum === An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines).<ref>https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/kathe-kollwitz?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI8pmq9vvi5wIVmZ0zCH0bQQUuEAAYASAAEgIqvvD_BwE</ref> == Sana'a == === Masu Saƙa === Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090629211947/http://jmb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/rsmjmb;17/2/106?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=50&resourcetype=HWCIT</ref> An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa. === Yaƙin Makiyaya === Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka. Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence. === Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka. Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan. "Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci." A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi. Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga: ''Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!'' Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki. === Yaƙi === A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg"). === Zagayen Mutuwa === Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa. === Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942) === Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su. === Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda. ''"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."'' A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba. A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta. Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta [[Jamus]]." An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin. == Gado == Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam" ''Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.'' Dore Hoyer da kuma makarantar rawa ta Mary Wigman sun ƙirƙiri Rawa don Käthe Kollwitz. An yi rawa a Dresden a shekarar 1946. Käthe Kollwitz wani batu ne a cikin littafin William T. Vollmann's Europe Central, wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa a shekarar 2005 don almara. A cikin littafin, Vollmann ta bayyana rayuwar waɗanda yaƙin da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet suka shafa. Babinta mai taken "Mace Mai Ɗan Da Ya Mutu", bayan sassaken da aka sassaka ta mai suna iri ɗaya. An sanya wani babban sigar sassaka irin wannan na Kollwitz, Uwa tare da Ɗanta da ya Mutu, a shekarar 1993 a tsakiyar Neue Wache da ke Berlin, wanda ke zama abin tunawa ga "Wadanda Yaƙi da Zalunci suka shafa". An sanya wa makarantu sama da 40 na Jamus suna bayan Kollwitz. An kafa mutum-mutumin Kollwitz na Gustav Seitz a Kollwitz, Berlin a shekarar 1960 inda har yanzu yake har yanzu. Gidajen tarihi guda huɗu, a Berlin, Cologne da Moritzburg, da Gidan Tarihi na Käthe Kollwitz da ke Koekelare, an keɓe su ne kawai ga aikinta. An sanya wa Kyautar Käthe Kollwitz, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1960, suna bayanta. A shekarar 1986, an yi wani fim na DEFA mai suna Käthe Kollwitz, game da mai zane, tare da Jutta Wachowiak a matsayin Kollwitz. A shekarar 2012, an shirya wani baje kolin ayyukanta don Gidan Tarihi na Weisman Art a Jami'ar Minnesota ta masanin tarihin fasaha Corinna Kirsch. Kollwitz tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai 14 a cikin jerin 14 - Diary of the Great War a 2014. Ita ce jaruma Christina Große. A shekarar 2014, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas ya nuna, Käthe Kollwitz: Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A shekarar 2017, Google Doodle ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da haihuwar Kollwitz. An gudanar da wani baje koli, Hoton Mai Zane: Käthe Kollwitz a Gidan Tarihi na Ikon da ke Birmingham, Ingila, daga 13 ga Satumba zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017, kuma an yi niyyar nuna shi daga baya a Salisbury, Swansea, Hull da London. An gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York a 2024. == Adabi == ==Manazarta== kg8i4n8vd8fhg8s73aggwsz46dt0zuw Benjaloud Youssouf 0 44818 859320 472323 2026-06-17T12:20:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357998282|Benjaloud Youssouf]]" 859320 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Benjaloud Youssouf''' (born 11 February 1994) is a professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a [[Mai buga tsakiya|midfielder]] for Ligue 2 club Sochaux. Born in France, he plays for the Comoros national tea == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a [[Marseille]], Youssouf ya kasance daga cikin kungiyar FC Nantes U19 wacce ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na Coupe Gambardella . Ya shiga Orléans a 2013 kuma ya zama ƙwararre tare da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2015 |title=FC Nantes: Que sont devenus les demi-finalistes de la Gambardella 2012? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/nantes/1699599-20151001-fc-nantes-devenus-demi-finalistes-gambardella-2012 |publisher=20minutes.fr |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2017, ya koma AJ Auxerre, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Mercato: Benjaloud signe à L'AJA (off) |url=http://actu-aja.fr/2017/06/25/9238/mercato-benjaloud-signe-a-laja-off/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110055304/http://actu-aja.fr/2017/06/25/9238/mercato-benjaloud-signe-a-laja-off/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=actu-aja.fr |language=fr}}</ref> A ƙarshen kwangilarsa ta Auxerre, bayan da bai fito a tawagar farko ba a duk kakar 2019-20, Youssouf ya sanya hannu a Le Mans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=Mercato : Bendjaloud Youssouf est la première recrue du Mans FC |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/football/mercato-benjaloud-youssouf-est-la-premiere-recrue-du-mans-fc-1591630465 |publisher=France Bleu |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2021, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Châteauroux . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2021 |title=BENDJALOUD YOUSSOUF EST " BLEU ET ROUGE " ! |url=https://www.berrichonne.net/actualites/saison-2021-2022/actu/2740/bendjaloud-youssouf-est-%C2%AB-bleu-et-rouge-%C2%BB-# |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=[[LB Châteauroux|Châteauroux]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2023, Youssouf ya koma Dunkerque kan kwangilar shekara guda, tare da shekara ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=#MERCATO BENDJALOUD YOUSSOUF REJOINT L'USL DUNKERQUE ! |trans-title=#MERCATO BENDJALOUD YOUSSOUF JOINS USL DUNKIRK! |url=https://www.usldunkerque.com/mercato-bendjaloud-youssouf-rejoint-lusl-dunkerque/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |publisher=Dunkerque |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2025, Youssouf ya shiga Sochaux kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Bendjaloud Youssof, première recrue sochalienne ! |trans-title=Benjaloud Youssof, first Sochalian recruit! |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19BJkSfWYg/?mibextid=WC7FNe |access-date=10 June 2025 |publisher=FC Sochaux-Monbéliard |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bendjaloud Youssouf ya girmama zabinsa na farko tare da Comoros a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2015, a wasan da ya yi da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lesotho|Lesotho]] ya dawo a matsayin wani ɓangare na cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 (wasan 0-0).<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60722|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> An kira Youssouf zuwa tawagar Comoros don gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2021. Ya buga dukkan wasannin hudu na tawagarsa. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Youssouf zuwa tawagar Comoros don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Comoros name final 26-man squad for AFCON with first-time call-ups for Amir and Kari |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/comoros-name-final-26-man-squad-for-afcon-with-first-time-call-ups-for-amir-and-kari/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Comoros na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Youssouf.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Benjaloud Youssouf ya zira <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60722|access-date=1 February 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60722.html "Benjaloud Youssouf"]. ''National Football Teams''. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |24 Maris 2017 |Filin wasa Said Mohamed Cheikh, Mitsamiouli, Comoros |{{Fb|MRI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2019 |- | align="center" |2 |3 Yuni 2022 |Filin wasa na Malouzini, [[Moroni]], Comoros |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |Classification na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2023 |- | align="center" |3 |9 ga Satumba 2023 |Filin wasa na Malouzini, Moroni, Comoros |{{Fb|ZAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |- | align="center" |4 |17 ga Nuwamba 2023 |Filin wasa na Moroni, Moroni, Comoros |{{Fb|CTA}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |4–2 |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway}} * {{NFT player}} {{FC Sochaux-Montbéliard squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Comoros squads|bg=#009639|fg=white|bordercolor=#EF3340|list1={{Comoros squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}} {{Comoros squad 2025 Africa Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] oc4ko658kgjnhoj8nc0dd42mmtyles3 859322 859320 2026-06-17T12:20:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Benjaloud Youssouf''' (born 11 February 1994) is a professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a [[Mai buga tsakiya|midfielder]] for Ligue 2 club Sochaux. Born in France, he plays for the Comoros national tea == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a [[Marseille]], Youssouf ya kasance daga cikin kungiyar FC Nantes U19 wacce ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na Coupe Gambardella . Ya shiga Orléans a 2013 kuma ya zama ƙwararre tare da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2015 |title=FC Nantes: Que sont devenus les demi-finalistes de la Gambardella 2012? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/nantes/1699599-20151001-fc-nantes-devenus-demi-finalistes-gambardella-2012 |publisher=20minutes.fr |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2017, ya koma AJ Auxerre, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Mercato: Benjaloud signe à L'AJA (off) |url=http://actu-aja.fr/2017/06/25/9238/mercato-benjaloud-signe-a-laja-off/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110055304/http://actu-aja.fr/2017/06/25/9238/mercato-benjaloud-signe-a-laja-off/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=actu-aja.fr |language=fr}}</ref> A ƙarshen kwangilarsa ta Auxerre, bayan da bai fito a tawagar farko ba a duk kakar 2019-20, Youssouf ya sanya hannu a Le Mans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=Mercato : Bendjaloud Youssouf est la première recrue du Mans FC |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/football/mercato-benjaloud-youssouf-est-la-premiere-recrue-du-mans-fc-1591630465 |publisher=France Bleu |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2021, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Châteauroux . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2021 |title=BENDJALOUD YOUSSOUF EST " BLEU ET ROUGE " ! |url=https://www.berrichonne.net/actualites/saison-2021-2022/actu/2740/bendjaloud-youssouf-est-%C2%AB-bleu-et-rouge-%C2%BB-# |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=[[LB Châteauroux|Châteauroux]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2023, Youssouf ya koma Dunkerque kan kwangilar shekara guda, tare da shekara ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=#MERCATO BENDJALOUD YOUSSOUF REJOINT L'USL DUNKERQUE ! |trans-title=#MERCATO BENDJALOUD YOUSSOUF JOINS USL DUNKIRK! |url=https://www.usldunkerque.com/mercato-bendjaloud-youssouf-rejoint-lusl-dunkerque/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |publisher=Dunkerque |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2025, Youssouf ya shiga Sochaux kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Bendjaloud Youssof, première recrue sochalienne ! |trans-title=Benjaloud Youssof, first Sochalian recruit! |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19BJkSfWYg/?mibextid=WC7FNe |access-date=10 June 2025 |publisher=FC Sochaux-Monbéliard |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bendjaloud Youssouf ya girmama zabinsa na farko tare da Comoros a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2015, a wasan da ya yi da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lesotho|Lesotho]] ya dawo a matsayin wani ɓangare na cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 (wasan 0-0).<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60722|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> An kira Youssouf zuwa tawagar Comoros don gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2021. Ya buga dukkan wasannin hudu na tawagarsa. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Youssouf zuwa tawagar Comoros don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Comoros name final 26-man squad for AFCON with first-time call-ups for Amir and Kari |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/comoros-name-final-26-man-squad-for-afcon-with-first-time-call-ups-for-amir-and-kari/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Comoros na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Youssouf.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Benjaloud Youssouf ya zira <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60722|access-date=1 February 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60722.html "Benjaloud Youssouf"]. ''National Football Teams''. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |24 Maris 2017 |Filin wasa Said Mohamed Cheikh, Mitsamiouli, Comoros |{{Fb|MRI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2019 |- | align="center" |2 |3 Yuni 2022 |Filin wasa na Malouzini, [[Moroni]], Comoros |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |Classification na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2023 |- | align="center" |3 |9 ga Satumba 2023 |Filin wasa na Malouzini, Moroni, Comoros |{{Fb|ZAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |- | align="center" |4 |17 ga Nuwamba 2023 |Filin wasa na Moroni, Moroni, Comoros |{{Fb|CTA}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |4–2 |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway}} * {{NFT player}} {{FC Sochaux-Montbéliard squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Comoros squads|bg=#009639|fg=white|bordercolor=#EF3340|list1={{Comoros squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}} {{Comoros squad 2025 Africa Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] daqxz3v218j57loux0ixghjqcozeqo9 Nurdin Bakari 0 45246 859363 466112 2026-06-17T13:34:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258330285|Nurdin Bakari]]" 859363 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nurdin Bakari''' (born 6 July 1988) is a Tanzanian former [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who played for the Tanzania national football team. He was a squad member for the 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 CECAFA Cups.<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}</ref> == International career == === International goals === : ''Scores and results list Tanzania's goal tally first.''<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html "Nurdin Bakari"]. ''National-Football-Teams.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" !No !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1. |4 December 2005 |Amahoro Stadium, [[Kigali]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |{{Fb|ERI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2005 CECAFA Cup |- |2. |30 November 2010 |National Stadium, [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |{{Fb|SOM}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2010 CECAFA Cup |- |3. | rowspan="2" |4 December 2010 | rowspan="2" |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|BDI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2010 CECAFA Cup |- |4. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |5. |15 November 2011 |Stade Nacional, [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]], [[Cadi|Chad]] |{{Fb|CHA}} | align="center" |'''2'''–1 | align="center" |2–1 |2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |6. |6 December 2011 |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |{{Fb|MAW|2010}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2011 CECAFA Cup |} == References == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] fbvizqh7q32f018lyr1xhttrze3ye0y 859364 859363 2026-06-17T13:35:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nurdin Bakari''' (born 6 July 1988) is a Tanzanian former [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who played for the Tanzania national football team. He was a squad member for the 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 CECAFA Cups.<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}</ref> == International career == === International goals === : ''Scores and results list Tanzania's goal tally first.''<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html "Nurdin Bakari"]. ''National-Football-Teams.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" !No !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1. |4 December 2005 |Amahoro Stadium, [[Kigali]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |{{Fb|ERI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2005 CECAFA Cup |- |2. |30 November 2010 |National Stadium, [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |{{Fb|SOM}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2010 CECAFA Cup |- |3. | rowspan="2" |4 December 2010 | rowspan="2" |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|BDI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2010 CECAFA Cup |- |4. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |5. |15 November 2011 |Stade Nacional, [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]], [[Cadi|Chad]] |{{Fb|CHA}} | align="center" |'''2'''–1 | align="center" |2–1 |2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |6. |6 December 2011 |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |{{Fb|MAW|2010}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2011 CECAFA Cup |} == References == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] h2yma8eg5szvxxlwdszedsj7jopvbwo 859365 859364 2026-06-17T13:36:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nurdin Bakari'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurdin_Bakari</ref> (born 6 July 1988) is a Tanzanian former [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who played for the Tanzania national football team. He was a squad member for the 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 CECAFA Cups.<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}</ref> == International career == === International goals === : ''Scores and results list Tanzania's goal tally first.''<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html "Nurdin Bakari"]. ''National-Football-Teams.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" !No !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1. |4 December 2005 |Amahoro Stadium, [[Kigali]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |{{Fb|ERI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2005 CECAFA Cup |- |2. |30 November 2010 |National Stadium, [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |{{Fb|SOM}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2010 CECAFA Cup |- |3. | rowspan="2" |4 December 2010 | rowspan="2" |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|BDI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2010 CECAFA Cup |- |4. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |5. |15 November 2011 |Stade Nacional, [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]], [[Cadi|Chad]] |{{Fb|CHA}} | align="center" |'''2'''–1 | align="center" |2–1 |2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |6. |6 December 2011 |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |{{Fb|MAW|2010}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2011 CECAFA Cup |} == References == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] brq80h51idqwdupi4uwr9g39czcrxf2 Joan Root 0 48061 859883 524649 2026-06-18T10:42:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joan Root''' (18 Janairu 1936 - 13 Janairu 2006) ƴar [[Kenya|ƙasar Kenya]] ce mai kiyayewa, mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma ƴar shirin fim ɗin Oscar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2565142.ece |title="Wild life and brutal death" |access-date=2007-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000013/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2565142.ece |archive-date=2007-10-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da mijinta mai shirya fina-finai, Alan Root ta yi jerin fina-finan namun daji waɗanda suka yi fice. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a cikin shekarar 1981 kuma Alan Root ya zauna a [[Nairobi]] daga baya. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a [[Nairobi]] a shekarar 1936 a matsayin Joan Wells-Thorpe, Root ɗiyar Edmund Thorpe ce, wani ma'aikacin banki na ƙasar Burtaniya wanda ya yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Kenya don fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma ya zama mai shuka kofi mai nasara. <ref>[http://www.australianwomenonline.com/book-review-wildflower-by-mark-seal Australian Women on Line website, 2009 book review]</ref> Mahaifiyarta ita ce Lilian (Johnnie) Thorpe, née Walker. == Aiki == Shekaru goma kafin fina-finan namun daji irin su ''Maris na Penguins'', Joan da Alan Root sunka fara yin fim ɗin ƙaura na dabba ba tare da tsangwama daga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan Adam ba. Fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Orson Welles, David Niven, James Mason da Ian Holm ne suka ba da labarin fina-finansu. Takardun labarin ''Tsira'' na cikin shekarar 1979, " Mysterious Castles of Clay ", an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Takardun shaida. Tushen ta gabatar da Dian Fossey ga gorillas daga baya ta mutu tana ƙoƙarin ceto, ta ɗauki Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis a kan ƙasar [[Kenya]] a cikin ballolin su, kuma ta rufe yawancin [[Afirka]] a cikin shahararren injinsu guda ɗaya Cessna, motar su mai ƙarfi, da balloon su, a lokaci ɗaya sanye take tare da rafi don saukar ruwa. ''<ref name="vanityfair.com">[http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/08/joanroot200608 "A Flowering Evil", ''Vanity Fair'' article on Joan Root's life]</ref>'' Bayan rabuwar Tushen, ta sami gonar Lake Naivasha, tare da jirginsu da kuma kuɗin fina-finan da suka yi tare. Bayan kisan aurenta Joan Root ta shiga cikin ayyukan kariya da kewayen tafkin Naivasha, wanda ya haɗa da tallafawa masana kimiyya da masu sa kai daga Cibiyar Earthwatch waɗanda ke lura da yanayin muhalli. Ta kuma jagoranci da kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga wata ƙungiyar masu yaƙi da farauta ta "Task Force" a yankin. Rundunar Task Force ta tsaurara dokar hana kamun kifi a kewayen tafkin Naivasha, tare da kame masunta tare da ƙwace da ƙona tarun, a wani yunƙuri na dakatar da kifayen fiye da kifaye, musamman kama kifi marasa girma. Duk da haka wannan ya jawo cece-kuce tare da mazauna yankin da suka ga tafkin Naivasha a matsayin abin da ya dace kuma na gama gari. == Kisa == A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2006, kwanaki biyar kafin cikarta shekaru 70, an kashe Joan Root a gidanta da ke tafkin Naivasha da wasu mutane huɗu da suka zo ƙofarta ɗauke da [[AK-47]] . Akwai mutane da yawa da ake zargi kamar tsofaffin ma’aikata da ba su ji daɗi ba, gungun masu aikata laifuka, ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta’adda, mafarauta, waɗanda fafutukan ta ke barazana ga tattalin arziƙinsu da ma ƴan Task Force. Mutanen huɗu da aka kama aka kuma tuhume su da kisan ta, sun ƙi amsa laifinsu kuma an sallame su a cikin watan Agustan 2007. <ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-28924720070810 "Kenya acquits four in British film maker killing."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924125818/https://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-28924720070810 |date=2020-09-24 }}, Reuters. 10 August 2007</ref> Wasu da ke da hannu a cikin lamarin sun yi imanin cewa [[Kisan kwangila|kwangila ce ta kashe]], amma har yanzu ba a amsa tambayar wanda ya biya shi ba. <ref name="vanityfair.com"/> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Tarihin Mark Seal na Joan Root, ''Wildflower: Rayuwa mai ban mamaki da Mutuwa a Afirka'' an buga ta Random House a cikin shekarar 2009. Littafin ya samo asali ne daga binciken wata ƙasida don ''Vanity Fair'' a cikin shekarar 2006 lokacin da Seal ya sha'awar wani rahoto game da mutuwar jagora na namun daji. Fina-finan Taken Aiki sun zaɓi haƙƙin fim don labarin Tushen kafin a rubuta littafin. <ref>[http://www.australianwomenonline.com/book-review-wildflower-by-mark-seal Australian Women on Line website, 2009 book review, ibid.]</ref> == Filmography == * ''[[Mizma: Portrait of a Spring|Mizma: Hoton bazara]]'' (1972) * ''[[Baobab: Portrait of a Tree|Baobab: Hoton Bishiya]]'' (1973) * ''[[Balloon Safari Over Kilimanjaro|Balloon Safari Sama da Kilimanjaro]]'' (1975) * ''[[Year of the Wildebeest|Shekarar daji]]'' (1976) * ''Abubuwa na ban mamaki na Clay'' (1978) * ''[[Lights, Camera, Africa (film)|Haske, Kamara, Afirka]]'' (1980) * ''[[The Blood of the Rose|Jinin Rose]]'' (2009) Sheffield Green Award == Duba kuma == * Jerin Fararen fatar Afirka * Fararen fata a Kenya == Manazarta == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|1036828|Joan Root}} * {{IMDb name|0740497|Alan Root}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000013/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2565142.ece ''The Independent'' profile of Joan Root] * [http://sheffdocfest.com/films/show/4871 The Blood of The Rose] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102211615/http://sheffdocfest.com/films/show/4871 |date=2009-11-02 }} Archived 2009-11-02 at the Wayback Machine [[Category:Mutuwan 2006]] syaaeky9h57ha063g6vlklqkn2y70yy Shelley Deeks 0 49069 859876 258909 2026-06-18T10:34:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dr. '''Shelley Deeks''', MD, MHSc, FRCPC, FFAFPM, kwararre ne kan ilimin lafiyar jama'a na Kanada wanda shine shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa kan rigakafin cututtuka . Abubuwan data kware sun hada da " sarrafa cututtuka masu yaduwa, binciken barkewar cuta, kare lafiyar alurar riga kafi, cututtuka da kuma kimanta shirin." Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Royal College of Physicians of Canada and the [[Australian Faculty of Public Health Medicine]] . Deeks ita ce jagorar zartarwa a cikin masu bada taimakon gaggawar COVID-19 na Ontario a cikin 2020 a cikin rawar da ta taka a Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario. == Sana'a == === SARS === A lokacin [[2002-2004 barkewar cutar SARS|barkewar SARS]] na 2003, Deeks yana aiki a [[Lafiya Kanada]] sannan ya koma [[Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada]] [[Cututtuka masu yaduwa|masu kamuwa da cuta]] . <ref>Deeks memba ne na [[Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan rigakafi|Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Ayyukan rigakafi]] a matsayin wakilin haɗin gwiwa a madadin NACI. </ref> ==== Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario (2009-2021) ==== A cikin 2009, Deeks ya shiga [[Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario|Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario]], inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cututtuka masu Yaduwa, Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa da Amsa. <ref name="jyts">{{cite news|last1=Yang|first1=Jennifer|title=Shelley Deeks, the Public Health Ontario whistleblower on colour-coded COVID restrictions, is leaving for a job in Nova Scotia|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/12/09/shelley-deeks-the-public-health-ontario-whistleblower-on-colour-coded-covid-restrictions-is-leaving-for-a-job-in-nova-scotia.html|publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd|date=9 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="crcbc">{{cite news|last1=Ray|first1=Carolyn|title=N.S. recruits top Ontario Public Health physician for new role|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ontario-nova-scotia-public-health-shelley-deeks-recruited-1.5836170|publisher=CBC|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":0">"Meeting with Dr. Shelley Deeks" (PDF). ''Ontario's Long-Term Care COVID-19 Commission''. 8 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref> Ta shiga a matsayin memba na Rukunin Ayyukan Kula da Kare Lafiyar Alurar rigakafi na Ontario. <ref>Yang, Jennifer (9 December 2020). "Shelley Deeks, the Public Health Ontario whistleblower on colour-coded COVID restrictions, is leaving for a job in Nova Scotia". Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.</ref> Har ila yau, ta ba da gudummawa ga gabatarwa game da karuwar yawan rigakafi na manya wanda [[Immunize Canada]] ya gabatar a cikin 2015. <ref>Ray, Carolyn (10 December 2020). "N.S. recruits top Ontario Public Health physician for new role"</ref> A wani lokaci kafin 2020, an nada Deeks babban jami'in kare lafiya na [[Ontario]] . <ref name="gpe">{{cite news|title=Public health chief who made waves in Ontario moving to Nova Scotia|url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/canada/public-health-chief-who-made-waves-in-ontario-moving-to-nova-scotia-529817/|agency=The Guardian|publisher=SaltWire Network|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> <ref>"Not a shot in the dark: Restoring confidence in vaccine safety" (PDF). ''CANVax''. 9 October 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref> A cikin 2009, Deeks ya shiga [[Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario|Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario]], inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cututtuka masu Yaduwa, Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa da Amsa. <ref name="jyts2">{{cite news|last1=Yang|first1=Jennifer|title=Shelley Deeks, the Public Health Ontario whistleblower on colour-coded COVID restrictions, is leaving for a job in Nova Scotia|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/12/09/shelley-deeks-the-public-health-ontario-whistleblower-on-colour-coded-covid-restrictions-is-leaving-for-a-job-in-nova-scotia.html|publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd|date=9 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="crcbc2">{{cite news|last1=Ray|first1=Carolyn|title=N.S. recruits top Ontario Public Health physician for new role|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ontario-nova-scotia-public-health-shelley-deeks-recruited-1.5836170|publisher=CBC|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":02">"CIC 2018 Final Program" (PDF). ''Canadian Immunization Conference''. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> Ta shiga a matsayin memba na Rukunin Ayyukan Kula da Kare Lafiyar Alurar rigakafi na Ontario. <ref>"Shelley Deeks". CANVax. Retrieved 4 February 2021</ref> Har ila yau, ta ba da gudummawa ga gabatarwa game da karuwar yawan rigakafi na manya wanda [[Immunize Canada]] ya gabatar a cikin 2015. <ref>NCCID • CCNMI (30 December 2020). "Recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) on the use of the Moderna". ''YouTube''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref> A wani lokaci kafin 2020, an nada Deeks babban jami'in kare lafiya na [[Ontario]] . <ref name="gpe2">{{cite news|title=Public health chief who made waves in Ontario moving to Nova Scotia|url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/canada/public-health-chief-who-made-waves-in-ontario-moving-to-nova-scotia-529817/|agency=The Guardian|publisher=SaltWire Network|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> <ref>Gillies, Rob (29 March 2021). "Canada pauses AstraZeneca vaccine for under 55". Chicago Daily Herald. Associated Press</ref> Ta yi aiki a wasu kwamitocin kasa da kasa da suka shafi shirye-shiryen rigakafi. Daga Oktoba 2018 har zuwa Oktoba 2020, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa Innovation Innovation Strategy (VIPS) karkashin [[Gavi, Ƙungiyar Alurar riga kafi|Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance]] . <ref name=":2">"NACI Recommendations on COVID-19 Vaccine Interchangeability". ''CANVax''. 21 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref> <ref name="canvax">{{cite news|title=Shelley Deeks|url=https://canvax.ca/shelley-deeks|access-date=4 February 2021|publisher=CANVax}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da yin aiki a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Dabarun|Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name="canvax" /> === COVID-19 annoba (2020-present) === A cikin 2020, Deeks ta bar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ontario wata guda bayan ta "bayyana cewa gwamnati ta yi watsi da shawarwarin [[Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ontario|Lafiyar Jama'a]] kan COVID-19." <ref name="gpe3">{{cite news|title=Public health chief who made waves in Ontario moving to Nova Scotia|url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/canada/public-health-chief-who-made-waves-in-ontario-moving-to-nova-scotia-529817/|agency=The Guardian|publisher=SaltWire Network|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> A zahiri, ba a tuntube ta ba a cikin Nuwamba 2020 kan "hani COVID-launi", kuma kwanaki biyu bayan wahayin [[Shugaban Doug Ford|gwamnatin Ford]] ta motsa don kawo lambobin launi daidai da shawarwarin PHO. <ref name="jyts3">{{cite news|last1=Yang|first1=Jennifer|title=Shelley Deeks, the Public Health Ontario whistleblower on colour-coded COVID restrictions, is leaving for a job in Nova Scotia|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/12/09/shelley-deeks-the-public-health-ontario-whistleblower-on-colour-coded-covid-restrictions-is-leaving-for-a-job-in-nova-scotia.html|publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd|date=9 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="crcbc3">{{cite news|last1=Ray|first1=Carolyn|title=N.S. recruits top Ontario Public Health physician for new role|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ontario-nova-scotia-public-health-shelley-deeks-recruited-1.5836170|publisher=CBC|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> Daga baya a waccan watan, ta ba da gabatarwa mai kama-da-wane ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya kan aminci da ingancin sabuwar [[Moderna COVID-19 rigakafin|rigakafin Moderna COVID-19 da]] aka ba da izini. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2021, an nada Deeks a matsayin babban jami'in kula da lafiyar jama'a na [[Nova Scotia]] . <ref name="gpe4">{{cite news|title=Public health chief who made waves in Ontario moving to Nova Scotia|url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/canada/public-health-chief-who-made-waves-in-ontario-moving-to-nova-scotia-529817/|agency=The Guardian|publisher=SaltWire Network|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> Sanarwar da aka fitar ta ce za ta "jagoranci sa ido kan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, tallafawa masu fama da cutar da kuma tallafawa shirin rigakafin da Nova Scotia ke bayarwa a bainar jama'a". <ref name="crcbc4">{{cite news|last1=Ray|first1=Carolyn|title=N.S. recruits top Ontario Public Health physician for new role|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ontario-nova-scotia-public-health-shelley-deeks-recruited-1.5836170|publisher=CBC|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Maris 2021, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban NACI, Deeks ya ce "Akwai matukar rashin tabbas game da fa'idar samar da rigakafin [[AstraZeneca]] [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ga manya 'yan kasa da shekaru 55 idan aka yi la'akari da hadarin." Ta ce hadarin da ke tattare da [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis|jijiyar jini na sinus thrombosis]] na jini ya kai "mai yiwuwa ya kai daya cikin 100,000, wanda ya zarce wanda aka yi imani da shi a cikin hadarin miliyan daya a baya. . . Yawancin marasa lafiya a Turai waɗanda suka sami ƙwanƙwasa jini da ba kasafai ba bayan alurar riga kafi tare da AstraZeneca mata ne 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 55, kuma adadin masu mutuwa a cikin waɗanda ke haɓaka jini ya kai kashi 40%." <ref name="rgcdh">{{cite news|last1=Gillies|first1=Rob|title=Canada pauses AstraZeneca vaccine for under 55|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20210329/news/303299894|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Chicago Daily Herald|date=29 March 2021}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2021, Deeks ya ba da gabatarwa ga CANVax yana bayyana shawarwarin NACI game da "haɗuwa da daidaitawa" na [[Rigakafin Covid-19|rigakafin COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ta taimaka wa [[Gwamnatin Nova Scotia|Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Lafiya ta Nova Scotia]] a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe don shirin rigakafin, gami da ƙarfafa allurai na biyu don karewa daga sabbin bambance-bambancen [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da kuma tabbatar wa masu kallo cewa [[Mummunan Al'amuran Bayan Yin rigakafi|illolin da]] ba su da yawa kuma suna jurewa sosai. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Daga baya ta shiga cikin bidiyon salon Q&A da ke amsa tambayoyin gama gari game da allurar COVID-19 na shekaru 5-11. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2021, Deeks da Babban Jami'in Lafiya na Nova Scotia Dr. [[Robert Strang (likita)|Robert Strang]] sun soki zargin da kafofin watsa labarai ke yi cewa masu ba da kiwon lafiya sun kasa ganowa da bayar da rahoton munanan halayen ga [[Rigakafin Covid-19|allurar COVID-19]], suna mai da'awar cewa haɗarin wani mummunan lamari shine "game da bakwai ga kowane 100,000". <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Deeks na daga cikin kwararrun masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka gayyata zuwa wata muhawarar jama'a a lokacin da ake kira [[Convoy Freedom|Freedom Convoy]] ta wata kungiya da suka hada da likitocin da ke adawa da [[Paul E. Alexander]], Roger Hodkinson da Byram Bridle. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Deeks memba ne na [[Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan rigakafi|Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Ayyukan rigakafi]] a matsayin wakilin haɗin gwiwa a madadin NACI. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] hmlwnwaz7kjhwdp1dqsrgq35itkv9a3 Ladi Ladebo 0 54167 859324 836067 2026-06-17T12:22:16Z Muktee1494 26992 An kirkira ta fassara "Death" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354339126|Ladi Ladebo]]" 859324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Raymond Oladipupo Ladebo''' wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Ladi Ladebo (7 ga Mayu 1942 - 16 ga Afrilu 2021) [1] ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na Golden Age na fina-finai na Najeriya na baya, musamman a lokacin kyakkyawan fata na shekarun 1970s.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladi_Ladebo#cite_note-2</ref> Ya taba aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan kafofin watsa labarai da mai lissafi kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai. An kuma san shi da laƙabi na Uncle Ladi . [3] == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a [[Najeriya]], Ladi ya tafi Amurka don neman ilimi mafi girma. Ya sami digiri na [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]] da kasuwanci daga jami'o'i a Amurka. Ya fara zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] kuma ya sami B.S. a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekarar 1968. A watan Agustan 1969, ya sami digiri na MBA a cikin Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar New York . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Odumosu mourns veteran filmmaker, Ladi Ladebo |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/odumosu-mourns-veteran-filmmaker-ladi-ladebo/ |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=Tribune Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV5MONDE : Les cinémas d'Afrique - page 8 |url=http://www.tv5.org/cms/cinema/p-779-Ladebo.htm?ficheId=2346&position=113&search=realisateur&recherche=&pays=0&categorie=0&genre=0&annee=&page=8&action=ok&lettre=&cfid=779 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=TV5MONDE |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar talla. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai ba da lissafi ga kamfanin talla na duniya na Ogilvy da Mather na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 1969 da 1972. Kwarewarsa ta aiki ga wata hukumar talla ta duniya ta ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin samarwa a fina-finai na Amurka da kuma a matsayin mai samar da layi don shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raymond Ladebo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Raymond-Ladebo/e/B007BMVHAC?ref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=www.amazon.com}}</ref> Ya fara aiki tare da tsohon dan wasan Afirka na Amurka Ossie Davis a fina-finai. Ya rubuta rubutun kuma shi ne furodusa na fim din Amurka na 1976 Countdown a mintuna, wanda Ossie Davis ya jagoranta. Countdown a mintuna an dauke shi fim na farko da baƙar fata na Amurkawa suka yi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na farko tsakanin Ossie Davis da Ladi Ladebo a fina-finai. Ya kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai kaɗan ciki har da Bisi, Daughter of the River (1977) da Silent Sufferer, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da [[UNESCO]] da UNPFA. Ya fara yin fina-finai na bayar da shawarwari bayan 1977 sau da yawa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu ba da kuɗi kamar UNESCO da UNPFA . <ref name=":0" /> Ladebo ya kuma samar da fina-finai da sanannen fim dinsa a matsayin mai gabatarwa Vendor, wanda aka saki a 1992 ya sami kyaututtuka huɗu ciki har da Darakta mafi kyau da Fim mafi kyau a lokacin bikin bikin fina-falla na Najeriya a shekarar 1992. An saki fim dinsa na karshe na Heritage a shekara ta 2003, kuma an fara gabatar da shi a Burtaniya a shekara ta 2004 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Khalili na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka. <ref name=":0"/> Ya kuma samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma shirye-shirye na talabijin mai suna Thrift Collector na ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryenta uku da Gidan Tarihi na Rotterdam ya zaba a matsayin Mafi kyawun Soaps na TV akan Jama'a da Ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrift Collector |url=https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011041036/https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> == Career == Ya fara yin fina-finai na bayar da shawarwari bayan shekara ta 1977 sau da yawa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu ba da kuɗi kamar UNESCO da UNPFA . <ref name=":02" /> . <ref name=":0" /> == Mutuwa == Ladebo ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Ladebo ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Ladi LadeboaIMDb {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] h9xb0d00wkpawk1mgp5cwzcvee9rvhz Imoh Umoren 0 54189 859407 855874 2026-06-17T14:35:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imoh Umoren''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie . Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi Mai shirya fim-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta [[Nollywood]].<ref name="kweli">{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus "Lagos: Sex, Lies & Traffic" |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}</ref> Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station . Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . <ref name=":0"/> Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}</ref> Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). <ref name="kweli"/> Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.<ref name="kweli" /> Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies & Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2004 |''Lokaci Mai wuya'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2007 |''Tashar'' |Junior mai gabatarwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2007 |''Kashe Bankin'' |Mai gabatarwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2007 |''Kada ku manta da kalmomin'' |Junior mai gabatarwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2008 |''Shahararren aikin'' |Junior mai gabatarwa |Shirin talabijin | |- |2008 |''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show'' |Junior mai gabatarwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2008 |''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV'' |Junior mai gabatarwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2009 |''Lemon Green'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din |<ref>{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}</ref> |- |2009 |''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' |Junior mai gabatarwa |Shirin talabijin | |- |2010 |''Dukkanin Matsala'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2013 |''Yi Rana Mai Kyau'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2015 |''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya & Hanyar Hanyar Hoto'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2016 |''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2017 |''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]'' |Darakta, furodusa, marubuci |Fim din | |- |2018 |Kungiyar | | | |- |2019 |''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]'' |Darakta, furodusa |Fim din | |- |2020 |''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]'' |Darakta, marubuci |Fim din | |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm9540176}} * [http://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ Sabon gajeren fim din 'Mama Na Boy'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615162104/https://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ |date=2024-06-15 }} [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mnrdiobor8ncbx7s3m51mx0wnl0b7na Kogin Akwa 0 58939 859855 488853 2026-06-18T09:33:36Z Sirjat 20447 859855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Achwa''' wani kogi ne a kasar Uganda. Yana ratsawa ta tsakiyar yankin arewacin kasar, inda yake kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tudun arewacin Uganda da kuma tsaunukan arewa maso gabas, kafin ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa kasar Sudan ta Kudu inda yake haduwa da Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile). A kasar Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa da '''Kogin Aswa'''. Kogin ya kasance hanyar dogaro da kai ga al'ummomin da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Kogin ya kasance tushen rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi duk da cewa yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> Wuri ne da ake kariya a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kogin Achwa babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Uganda wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan ta Kudu inda ake kiransa Kogin Aswa kuma yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari. Kogin yana farawa ne daga tuddai a yankin arewa maso yamma na Lardin Katakwi kuma yana ratsawa ta Lardin Lira, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Pader da Gulu inda Kogin Agago sannan kuma Kogin Pager ke kwarara a cikinsa. Kogin Achwa ya kafa mafi yawancin iyaka tsakanin lardunan Atiak da Kitgum kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Sudan a gabashin garin Nimule dake kan iyaka kuma ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil goma a arewa maso yamma da Nimule. Wancan yanki na musamman na Nilu Mai Fari an kaddamar da shi da sunan Bahr el Jebel ko "Kogin Tsauni", ko kuma Nilun Tsauni. Achwa yana kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun arewacin Uganda. Kamar mafi yawancin koguna a yankin, kwararar ruwan Achwa tana samun tasiri sosai daga yanayi da sauye-sauyen lokuta. Yana da saurin yin ambaliya a wasu lokutan. A shekarar 2000, ya nutsar da gadar da ta hada biranen Gulu da Kitgum. Nisa daga madogaran ruwan Achwa zuwa inda yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil 185 ne. Kogin yana ratsawa ne ta yankin savannar Gabashin Sudan wanda ya mamaye mafi yawancin arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wannan busasshiyar savanna mai zafi da bishiyoyi wacce ta kunshi mafi yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da kuraye na Combretum da Terminalia da kuma dogon ciyawar giwa (elephant grass) ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri daga ayyukan noma, gobara, sare bishiyoyi don katako da gawayi, amma manyan sassa na muhallin dake da kariya sun rage har ma a wajen yankunan da ake kariya. Adadin wasu manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ragu saboda farauta, amma wasu masu yawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Kamun ruwa da tsarin ruwa == Yankin kamun ruwa na Aswa (Achwa) wani tafki ne dake kan iyakar kasashe tsakanin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye fadin sama da murabba'in kilomita 31,000. Hukumar Wetlands International ta ruwaito cewa Tafkin Kogin Aswa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda yana kwashe kusan murabba'in kilomita 27,677 kuma yana dauke da faffadan tsarin dausayi (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2,045), tare da raba yankin zuwa rassa takwas ko kananan tafkuna.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Aswa an kiyasta shi kusan kilomita cubic 3.0 a kowace shekara (1940–1977). == Ilimin Muhalli == Manyan sassa na tafkin Achwa suna cikin shimfidar wurare na savannar arewacin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu. Tsarin dausayi a cikin tafkin yana tallafawa tsarin daidaita ruwa da hanyoyin rayuwa na gida, gami da kamun kifi da kananan ayyukan noma, sannan yana samar da mazauni ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban dake dogaro da dausayi. == Amfanin Dan Adam == === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Achwa yana tallafawa bunkasar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a arewacin Uganda. Aikin Achwa II wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 42 dake kan Kogin Achwa a gundumomin Pader, Kitgum da Gulu. Tsarin aikin ya kunshi hanyoyin shiga da ayyuka da kuma wuraren hada layukan wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Hanyoyin Rayuwa === Al'ummomin da ke cikin tafkin sun dogara ne ga albarkatun kogi da na dausayi don amfanin ruwa na gida, kananan ayyukan noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, musamman a lokutan rani lokacin da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa suka yi karanci. == Kariya da Barazana == Sassa na tafkin Aswa sun fuskanci matsin lamba na lalacewa sakamakon mamaye wuraren dausayi, canza amfanin kasa, da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin tsarin halittun ruwan sha. Rahotanni a Uganda sun danganta lalacewar tafkin da raguwar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ayyukan maido da yanayi a cikin tafkin sun hada da ayyukan sarrafa kamun ruwa da suka mayar da hankali kan dausayi da farfadowar shimfidar kasa, kamar yadda aka tattara a cikin shirin "Rise of Okom" na hukumar Wetlands International.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Yankunan da ke da kariya == Hukumar Protected Planet ta lissafa "Kogin Achwa" a matsayin rukunin yanki dake da kariya a Uganda (murabba'in kilomita 85.68), wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Okot * Kogin Semliki * Kogin Sezibwa * Kogin Rutshuru * Kogin Rwizi * Kogin Semliki * Kogin Sezibwa * Kogin Turkwel * Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile) == Bayanan Riga-kafi == {{Reflist}} rot34w8fq9ogq73fdddxhtsm02l7qzs 859856 859855 2026-06-18T09:33:54Z Sirjat 20447 859856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Achwa''' wani kogi ne a kasar Uganda. Yana ratsawa ta tsakiyar yankin arewacin kasar, inda yake kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tudun arewacin Uganda da kuma tsaunukan arewa maso gabas, kafin ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa kasar Sudan ta Kudu inda yake haduwa da Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile). A kasar Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa da '''Kogin Aswa'''. Kogin ya kasance hanyar dogaro da kai ga al'ummomin da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Kogin ya kasance tushen rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi duk da cewa yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> Wuri ne da ake kariya a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kogin Achwa babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Uganda wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan ta Kudu inda ake kiransa Kogin Aswa kuma yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari. Kogin yana farawa ne daga tuddai a yankin arewa maso yamma na Lardin Katakwi kuma yana ratsawa ta Lardin Lira, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Pader da Gulu inda Kogin Agago sannan kuma Kogin Pager ke kwarara a cikinsa. Kogin Achwa ya kafa mafi yawancin iyaka tsakanin lardunan Atiak da Kitgum kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Sudan a gabashin garin Nimule dake kan iyaka kuma ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil goma a arewa maso yamma da Nimule. Wancan yanki na musamman na Nilu Mai Fari an kaddamar da shi da sunan Bahr el Jebel ko "Kogin Tsauni", ko kuma Nilun Tsauni. Achwa yana kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun arewacin Uganda. Kamar mafi yawancin koguna a yankin, kwararar ruwan Achwa tana samun tasiri sosai daga yanayi da sauye-sauyen lokuta. Yana da saurin yin ambaliya a wasu lokutan. A shekarar 2000, ya nutsar da gadar da ta hada biranen Gulu da Kitgum. Nisa daga madogaran ruwan Achwa zuwa inda yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil 185 ne. Kogin yana ratsawa ne ta yankin savannar Gabashin Sudan wanda ya mamaye mafi yawancin arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wannan busasshiyar savanna mai zafi da bishiyoyi wacce ta kunshi mafi yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da kuraye na Combretum da Terminalia da kuma dogon ciyawar giwa (elephant grass) ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri daga ayyukan noma, gobara, sare bishiyoyi don katako da gawayi, amma manyan sassa na muhallin dake da kariya sun rage har ma a wajen yankunan da ake kariya. Adadin wasu manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ragu saboda farauta, amma wasu masu yawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Kamun ruwa da tsarin ruwa == Yankin kamun ruwa na Aswa (Achwa) wani tafki ne dake kan iyakar kasashe tsakanin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye fadin sama da murabba'in kilomita 31,000. Hukumar Wetlands International ta ruwaito cewa Tafkin Kogin Aswa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda yana kwashe kusan murabba'in kilomita 27,677 kuma yana dauke da faffadan tsarin dausayi (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2,045), tare da raba yankin zuwa rassa takwas ko kananan tafkuna.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Aswa an kiyasta shi kusan kilomita cubic 3.0 a kowace shekara (1940–1977). == Ilimin Muhalli == Manyan sassa na tafkin Achwa suna cikin shimfidar wurare na savannar arewacin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu. Tsarin dausayi a cikin tafkin yana tallafawa tsarin daidaita ruwa da hanyoyin rayuwa na gida, gami da kamun kifi da kananan ayyukan noma, sannan yana samar da mazauni ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban dake dogaro da dausayi. == Amfanin Dan Adam == === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Achwa yana tallafawa bunkasar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a arewacin Uganda. Aikin Achwa II wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 42 dake kan Kogin Achwa a gundumomin Pader, Kitgum da Gulu. Tsarin aikin ya kunshi hanyoyin shiga da ayyuka da kuma wuraren hada layukan wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Hanyoyin Rayuwa === Al'ummomin da ke cikin tafkin sun dogara ne ga albarkatun kogi da na dausayi don amfanin ruwa na gida, kananan ayyukan noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, musamman a lokutan rani lokacin da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa suka yi karanci. == Kariya da Barazana == Sassa na tafkin Aswa sun fuskanci matsin lamba na lalacewa sakamakon mamaye wuraren dausayi, canza amfanin kasa, da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin tsarin halittun ruwan sha. Rahotanni a Uganda sun danganta lalacewar tafkin da raguwar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ayyukan maido da yanayi a cikin tafkin sun hada da ayyukan sarrafa kamun ruwa da suka mayar da hankali kan dausayi da farfadowar shimfidar kasa, kamar yadda aka tattara a cikin shirin "Rise of Okom" na hukumar Wetlands International.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Yankunan da ke da kariya == Hukumar Protected Planet ta lissafa "Kogin Achwa" a matsayin rukunin yanki dake da kariya a Uganda (murabba'in kilomita 85.68), wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Okot * Kogin Semliki * Kogin Sezibwa * Kogin Rutshuru * Kogin Rwizi * Kogin Semliki * Kogin Sezibwa * Kogin Turkwel * Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile) == Bayanan Riga-kafi == {{Reflist}} rtihhvg5zl5drc0bufgcsqtz0dlc24c 859857 859856 2026-06-18T09:34:21Z Sirjat 20447 /* Duba kuma */ 859857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Achwa''' wani kogi ne a kasar Uganda. Yana ratsawa ta tsakiyar yankin arewacin kasar, inda yake kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tudun arewacin Uganda da kuma tsaunukan arewa maso gabas, kafin ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa kasar Sudan ta Kudu inda yake haduwa da Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile). A kasar Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa da '''Kogin Aswa'''. Kogin ya kasance hanyar dogaro da kai ga al'ummomin da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Kogin ya kasance tushen rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi duk da cewa yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> Wuri ne da ake kariya a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kogin Achwa babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Uganda wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan ta Kudu inda ake kiransa Kogin Aswa kuma yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari. Kogin yana farawa ne daga tuddai a yankin arewa maso yamma na Lardin Katakwi kuma yana ratsawa ta Lardin Lira, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Pader da Gulu inda Kogin Agago sannan kuma Kogin Pager ke kwarara a cikinsa. Kogin Achwa ya kafa mafi yawancin iyaka tsakanin lardunan Atiak da Kitgum kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Sudan a gabashin garin Nimule dake kan iyaka kuma ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil goma a arewa maso yamma da Nimule. Wancan yanki na musamman na Nilu Mai Fari an kaddamar da shi da sunan Bahr el Jebel ko "Kogin Tsauni", ko kuma Nilun Tsauni. Achwa yana kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun arewacin Uganda. Kamar mafi yawancin koguna a yankin, kwararar ruwan Achwa tana samun tasiri sosai daga yanayi da sauye-sauyen lokuta. Yana da saurin yin ambaliya a wasu lokutan. A shekarar 2000, ya nutsar da gadar da ta hada biranen Gulu da Kitgum. Nisa daga madogaran ruwan Achwa zuwa inda yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil 185 ne. Kogin yana ratsawa ne ta yankin savannar Gabashin Sudan wanda ya mamaye mafi yawancin arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wannan busasshiyar savanna mai zafi da bishiyoyi wacce ta kunshi mafi yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da kuraye na Combretum da Terminalia da kuma dogon ciyawar giwa (elephant grass) ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri daga ayyukan noma, gobara, sare bishiyoyi don katako da gawayi, amma manyan sassa na muhallin dake da kariya sun rage har ma a wajen yankunan da ake kariya. Adadin wasu manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ragu saboda farauta, amma wasu masu yawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Kamun ruwa da tsarin ruwa == Yankin kamun ruwa na Aswa (Achwa) wani tafki ne dake kan iyakar kasashe tsakanin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye fadin sama da murabba'in kilomita 31,000. Hukumar Wetlands International ta ruwaito cewa Tafkin Kogin Aswa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda yana kwashe kusan murabba'in kilomita 27,677 kuma yana dauke da faffadan tsarin dausayi (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2,045), tare da raba yankin zuwa rassa takwas ko kananan tafkuna.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Aswa an kiyasta shi kusan kilomita cubic 3.0 a kowace shekara (1940–1977). == Ilimin Muhalli == Manyan sassa na tafkin Achwa suna cikin shimfidar wurare na savannar arewacin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu. Tsarin dausayi a cikin tafkin yana tallafawa tsarin daidaita ruwa da hanyoyin rayuwa na gida, gami da kamun kifi da kananan ayyukan noma, sannan yana samar da mazauni ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban dake dogaro da dausayi. == Amfanin Dan Adam == === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Achwa yana tallafawa bunkasar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a arewacin Uganda. Aikin Achwa II wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 42 dake kan Kogin Achwa a gundumomin Pader, Kitgum da Gulu. Tsarin aikin ya kunshi hanyoyin shiga da ayyuka da kuma wuraren hada layukan wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Hanyoyin Rayuwa === Al'ummomin da ke cikin tafkin sun dogara ne ga albarkatun kogi da na dausayi don amfanin ruwa na gida, kananan ayyukan noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, musamman a lokutan rani lokacin da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa suka yi karanci. == Kariya da Barazana == Sassa na tafkin Aswa sun fuskanci matsin lamba na lalacewa sakamakon mamaye wuraren dausayi, canza amfanin kasa, da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin tsarin halittun ruwan sha. Rahotanni a Uganda sun danganta lalacewar tafkin da raguwar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ayyukan maido da yanayi a cikin tafkin sun hada da ayyukan sarrafa kamun ruwa da suka mayar da hankali kan dausayi da farfadowar shimfidar kasa, kamar yadda aka tattara a cikin shirin "Rise of Okom" na hukumar Wetlands International.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Yankunan da ke da kariya == Hukumar Protected Planet ta lissafa "Kogin Achwa" a matsayin rukunin yanki dake da kariya a Uganda (murabba'in kilomita 85.68), wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Okot * Kogin Semliki * Kogin Sezibwa * Kogin Rutshuru * Kogin Rwizi * Kogin Semliki * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Turkwel]] * [[Kogin Nilu]] Mai Fari (White Nile) == Bayanan Riga-kafi == {{Reflist}} 2nkv5nn4eoms2axamtvlbzf7sbhk04h 859858 859857 2026-06-18T09:34:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Duba kuma */ 859858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Achwa''' wani kogi ne a kasar Uganda. Yana ratsawa ta tsakiyar yankin arewacin kasar, inda yake kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tudun arewacin Uganda da kuma tsaunukan arewa maso gabas, kafin ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa kasar Sudan ta Kudu inda yake haduwa da Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile). A kasar Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa da '''Kogin Aswa'''. Kogin ya kasance hanyar dogaro da kai ga al'ummomin da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Kogin ya kasance tushen rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi duk da cewa yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> Wuri ne da ake kariya a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kogin Achwa babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Uganda wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan ta Kudu inda ake kiransa Kogin Aswa kuma yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari. Kogin yana farawa ne daga tuddai a yankin arewa maso yamma na Lardin Katakwi kuma yana ratsawa ta Lardin Lira, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Pader da Gulu inda Kogin Agago sannan kuma Kogin Pager ke kwarara a cikinsa. Kogin Achwa ya kafa mafi yawancin iyaka tsakanin lardunan Atiak da Kitgum kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Sudan a gabashin garin Nimule dake kan iyaka kuma ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil goma a arewa maso yamma da Nimule. Wancan yanki na musamman na Nilu Mai Fari an kaddamar da shi da sunan Bahr el Jebel ko "Kogin Tsauni", ko kuma Nilun Tsauni. Achwa yana kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun arewacin Uganda. Kamar mafi yawancin koguna a yankin, kwararar ruwan Achwa tana samun tasiri sosai daga yanayi da sauye-sauyen lokuta. Yana da saurin yin ambaliya a wasu lokutan. A shekarar 2000, ya nutsar da gadar da ta hada biranen Gulu da Kitgum. Nisa daga madogaran ruwan Achwa zuwa inda yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil 185 ne. Kogin yana ratsawa ne ta yankin savannar Gabashin Sudan wanda ya mamaye mafi yawancin arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wannan busasshiyar savanna mai zafi da bishiyoyi wacce ta kunshi mafi yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da kuraye na Combretum da Terminalia da kuma dogon ciyawar giwa (elephant grass) ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri daga ayyukan noma, gobara, sare bishiyoyi don katako da gawayi, amma manyan sassa na muhallin dake da kariya sun rage har ma a wajen yankunan da ake kariya. Adadin wasu manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ragu saboda farauta, amma wasu masu yawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Kamun ruwa da tsarin ruwa == Yankin kamun ruwa na Aswa (Achwa) wani tafki ne dake kan iyakar kasashe tsakanin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye fadin sama da murabba'in kilomita 31,000. Hukumar Wetlands International ta ruwaito cewa Tafkin Kogin Aswa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda yana kwashe kusan murabba'in kilomita 27,677 kuma yana dauke da faffadan tsarin dausayi (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2,045), tare da raba yankin zuwa rassa takwas ko kananan tafkuna.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Aswa an kiyasta shi kusan kilomita cubic 3.0 a kowace shekara (1940–1977). == Ilimin Muhalli == Manyan sassa na tafkin Achwa suna cikin shimfidar wurare na savannar arewacin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu. Tsarin dausayi a cikin tafkin yana tallafawa tsarin daidaita ruwa da hanyoyin rayuwa na gida, gami da kamun kifi da kananan ayyukan noma, sannan yana samar da mazauni ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban dake dogaro da dausayi. == Amfanin Dan Adam == === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Achwa yana tallafawa bunkasar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a arewacin Uganda. Aikin Achwa II wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 42 dake kan Kogin Achwa a gundumomin Pader, Kitgum da Gulu. Tsarin aikin ya kunshi hanyoyin shiga da ayyuka da kuma wuraren hada layukan wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Hanyoyin Rayuwa === Al'ummomin da ke cikin tafkin sun dogara ne ga albarkatun kogi da na dausayi don amfanin ruwa na gida, kananan ayyukan noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, musamman a lokutan rani lokacin da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa suka yi karanci. == Kariya da Barazana == Sassa na tafkin Aswa sun fuskanci matsin lamba na lalacewa sakamakon mamaye wuraren dausayi, canza amfanin kasa, da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin tsarin halittun ruwan sha. Rahotanni a Uganda sun danganta lalacewar tafkin da raguwar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ayyukan maido da yanayi a cikin tafkin sun hada da ayyukan sarrafa kamun ruwa da suka mayar da hankali kan dausayi da farfadowar shimfidar kasa, kamar yadda aka tattara a cikin shirin "Rise of Okom" na hukumar Wetlands International.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Yankunan da ke da kariya == Hukumar Protected Planet ta lissafa "Kogin Achwa" a matsayin rukunin yanki dake da kariya a Uganda (murabba'in kilomita 85.68), wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kogin Okot]] * [[Kogin Semliki]] * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Rutshuru]] * [[Kogin Rwizi]] * [[Kogin Semliki]] * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Turkwel]] * [[Kogin Nilu]] Mai Fari (White Nile) == Bayanan Riga-kafi == {{Reflist}} 7ccvfxobv6ujfmggwmp6pgtpldk2lvs 859862 859858 2026-06-18T09:35:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Duba kuma */ 859862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Achwa''' wani kogi ne a kasar Uganda. Yana ratsawa ta tsakiyar yankin arewacin kasar, inda yake kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tudun arewacin Uganda da kuma tsaunukan arewa maso gabas, kafin ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa kasar Sudan ta Kudu inda yake haduwa da Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile). A kasar Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa da '''Kogin Aswa'''. Kogin ya kasance hanyar dogaro da kai ga al'ummomin da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Kogin ya kasance tushen rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi duk da cewa yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> Wuri ne da ake kariya a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kogin Achwa babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Uganda wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan ta Kudu inda ake kiransa Kogin Aswa kuma yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari. Kogin yana farawa ne daga tuddai a yankin arewa maso yamma na Lardin Katakwi kuma yana ratsawa ta Lardin Lira, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Pader da Gulu inda Kogin Agago sannan kuma Kogin Pager ke kwarara a cikinsa. Kogin Achwa ya kafa mafi yawancin iyaka tsakanin lardunan Atiak da Kitgum kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Sudan a gabashin garin Nimule dake kan iyaka kuma ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil goma a arewa maso yamma da Nimule. Wancan yanki na musamman na Nilu Mai Fari an kaddamar da shi da sunan Bahr el Jebel ko "Kogin Tsauni", ko kuma Nilun Tsauni. Achwa yana kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun arewacin Uganda. Kamar mafi yawancin koguna a yankin, kwararar ruwan Achwa tana samun tasiri sosai daga yanayi da sauye-sauyen lokuta. Yana da saurin yin ambaliya a wasu lokutan. A shekarar 2000, ya nutsar da gadar da ta hada biranen Gulu da Kitgum. Nisa daga madogaran ruwan Achwa zuwa inda yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil 185 ne. Kogin yana ratsawa ne ta yankin savannar Gabashin Sudan wanda ya mamaye mafi yawancin arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wannan busasshiyar savanna mai zafi da bishiyoyi wacce ta kunshi mafi yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da kuraye na Combretum da Terminalia da kuma dogon ciyawar giwa (elephant grass) ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri daga ayyukan noma, gobara, sare bishiyoyi don katako da gawayi, amma manyan sassa na muhallin dake da kariya sun rage har ma a wajen yankunan da ake kariya. Adadin wasu manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ragu saboda farauta, amma wasu masu yawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Kamun ruwa da tsarin ruwa == Yankin kamun ruwa na Aswa (Achwa) wani tafki ne dake kan iyakar kasashe tsakanin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye fadin sama da murabba'in kilomita 31,000. Hukumar Wetlands International ta ruwaito cewa Tafkin Kogin Aswa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda yana kwashe kusan murabba'in kilomita 27,677 kuma yana dauke da faffadan tsarin dausayi (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2,045), tare da raba yankin zuwa rassa takwas ko kananan tafkuna.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Aswa an kiyasta shi kusan kilomita cubic 3.0 a kowace shekara (1940–1977). == Ilimin Muhalli == Manyan sassa na tafkin Achwa suna cikin shimfidar wurare na savannar arewacin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu. Tsarin dausayi a cikin tafkin yana tallafawa tsarin daidaita ruwa da hanyoyin rayuwa na gida, gami da kamun kifi da kananan ayyukan noma, sannan yana samar da mazauni ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban dake dogaro da dausayi. == Amfanin Dan Adam == === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Achwa yana tallafawa bunkasar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a arewacin Uganda. Aikin Achwa II wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 42 dake kan Kogin Achwa a gundumomin Pader, Kitgum da Gulu. Tsarin aikin ya kunshi hanyoyin shiga da ayyuka da kuma wuraren hada layukan wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Hanyoyin Rayuwa === Al'ummomin da ke cikin tafkin sun dogara ne ga albarkatun kogi da na dausayi don amfanin ruwa na gida, kananan ayyukan noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, musamman a lokutan rani lokacin da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa suka yi karanci. == Kariya da Barazana == Sassa na tafkin Aswa sun fuskanci matsin lamba na lalacewa sakamakon mamaye wuraren dausayi, canza amfanin kasa, da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin tsarin halittun ruwan sha. Rahotanni a Uganda sun danganta lalacewar tafkin da raguwar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ayyukan maido da yanayi a cikin tafkin sun hada da ayyukan sarrafa kamun ruwa da suka mayar da hankali kan dausayi da farfadowar shimfidar kasa, kamar yadda aka tattara a cikin shirin "Rise of Okom" na hukumar Wetlands International.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Yankunan da ke da kariya == Hukumar Protected Planet ta lissafa "Kogin Achwa" a matsayin rukunin yanki dake da kariya a Uganda (murabba'in kilomita 85.68), wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kogin Okot]] * [[Kogin Semliki]] * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Rutshuru]] * [[Kogin Rwizi]] * [[Kogin Semliki]] * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Turkwel]] * [[White Nilu]] Mai Fari (White Nile) == Bayanan Riga-kafi == {{Reflist}} mzs9cusp8h3lripwlfqkuwwvlacrahd 859863 859862 2026-06-18T09:35:59Z Sirjat 20447 /* Duba kuma */ 859863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Achwa''' wani kogi ne a kasar Uganda. Yana ratsawa ta tsakiyar yankin arewacin kasar, inda yake kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tudun arewacin Uganda da kuma tsaunukan arewa maso gabas, kafin ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa kasar Sudan ta Kudu inda yake haduwa da Kogin Nilu Mai Fari (White Nile). A kasar Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa da '''Kogin Aswa'''. Kogin ya kasance hanyar dogaro da kai ga al'ummomin da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Kogin ya kasance tushen rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi duk da cewa yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> Wuri ne da ake kariya a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kogin Achwa babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Uganda wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Sudan ta Kudu inda ake kiransa Kogin Aswa kuma yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari. Kogin yana farawa ne daga tuddai a yankin arewa maso yamma na Lardin Katakwi kuma yana ratsawa ta Lardin Lira, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Pader da Gulu inda Kogin Agago sannan kuma Kogin Pager ke kwarara a cikinsa. Kogin Achwa ya kafa mafi yawancin iyaka tsakanin lardunan Atiak da Kitgum kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Sudan a gabashin garin Nimule dake kan iyaka kuma ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil goma a arewa maso yamma da Nimule. Wancan yanki na musamman na Nilu Mai Fari an kaddamar da shi da sunan Bahr el Jebel ko "Kogin Tsauni", ko kuma Nilun Tsauni. Achwa yana kwashe ruwan mafi yawancin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma tudun arewacin Uganda. Kamar mafi yawancin koguna a yankin, kwararar ruwan Achwa tana samun tasiri sosai daga yanayi da sauye-sauyen lokuta. Yana da saurin yin ambaliya a wasu lokutan. A shekarar 2000, ya nutsar da gadar da ta hada biranen Gulu da Kitgum. Nisa daga madogaran ruwan Achwa zuwa inda yake haduwa da Nilu Mai Fari kusan mil 185 ne. Kogin yana ratsawa ne ta yankin savannar Gabashin Sudan wanda ya mamaye mafi yawancin arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Wannan busasshiyar savanna mai zafi da bishiyoyi wacce ta kunshi mafi yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da kuraye na Combretum da Terminalia da kuma dogon ciyawar giwa (elephant grass) ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri daga ayyukan noma, gobara, sare bishiyoyi don katako da gawayi, amma manyan sassa na muhallin dake da kariya sun rage har ma a wajen yankunan da ake kariya. Adadin wasu manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ragu saboda farauta, amma wasu masu yawa har yanzu suna nan.<ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Kamun ruwa da tsarin ruwa == Yankin kamun ruwa na Aswa (Achwa) wani tafki ne dake kan iyakar kasashe tsakanin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye fadin sama da murabba'in kilomita 31,000. Hukumar Wetlands International ta ruwaito cewa Tafkin Kogin Aswa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda yana kwashe kusan murabba'in kilomita 27,677 kuma yana dauke da faffadan tsarin dausayi (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2,045), tare da raba yankin zuwa rassa takwas ko kananan tafkuna.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Aswa an kiyasta shi kusan kilomita cubic 3.0 a kowace shekara (1940–1977). == Ilimin Muhalli == Manyan sassa na tafkin Achwa suna cikin shimfidar wurare na savannar arewacin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu. Tsarin dausayi a cikin tafkin yana tallafawa tsarin daidaita ruwa da hanyoyin rayuwa na gida, gami da kamun kifi da kananan ayyukan noma, sannan yana samar da mazauni ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban dake dogaro da dausayi. == Amfanin Dan Adam == === Wutar lantarki === Kogin Achwa yana tallafawa bunkasar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a arewacin Uganda. Aikin Achwa II wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 42 dake kan Kogin Achwa a gundumomin Pader, Kitgum da Gulu. Tsarin aikin ya kunshi hanyoyin shiga da ayyuka da kuma wuraren hada layukan wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Hanyoyin Rayuwa === Al'ummomin da ke cikin tafkin sun dogara ne ga albarkatun kogi da na dausayi don amfanin ruwa na gida, kananan ayyukan noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, musamman a lokutan rani lokacin da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa suka yi karanci. == Kariya da Barazana == Sassa na tafkin Aswa sun fuskanci matsin lamba na lalacewa sakamakon mamaye wuraren dausayi, canza amfanin kasa, da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin tsarin halittun ruwan sha. Rahotanni a Uganda sun danganta lalacewar tafkin da raguwar samun tsaftataccen ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ayyukan maido da yanayi a cikin tafkin sun hada da ayyukan sarrafa kamun ruwa da suka mayar da hankali kan dausayi da farfadowar shimfidar kasa, kamar yadda aka tattara a cikin shirin "Rise of Okom" na hukumar Wetlands International.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Yankunan da ke da kariya == Hukumar Protected Planet ta lissafa "Kogin Achwa" a matsayin rukunin yanki dake da kariya a Uganda (murabba'in kilomita 85.68), wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kogin Okot]] * [[Kogin Semliki]] * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Rutshuru]] * [[Kogin Rwizi]] * [[Kogin Semliki]] * [[Kogin Sezibwa]] * [[Kogin Turkwel]] * [[White Nile]] Mai Fari (White Nile) == Bayanan Riga-kafi == {{Reflist}} ik4xsj3nwsmsf5egbnqvdcfprbsimm4 Akin Alabi 0 61539 859720 858951 2026-06-17T23:52:24Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344786153|Akin Alabi]]" 859720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}Akin Alabi, Akin_Alabi.waviborn a Jihar Legas, Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne Na Najeriya, marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. [1] Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, Tope Alabi, Onyeka Onwenu, Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. [2][3] == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa. Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai fasaha, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne ya kirkiri jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hsbp9j1s2foymjl0a6tw7t5ci9uf37g 859721 859720 2026-06-17T23:54:17Z Hamza DK 12444 859721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox,}} {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}Akin Alabi, Akin_Alabi.waviborn a Jihar Legas, Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne Na Najeriya, marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. [1] Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, Tope Alabi, Onyeka Onwenu, Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. [2][3] == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa. Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai fasaha, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne ya kirkiri jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6cvets4o7tt2otnc1acvtq7xvu9vn0t João Pedro 0 62805 859351 721180 2026-06-17T13:20:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] kvrqnepe4xkrjr2jk012swimu28zjkt 859352 859351 2026-06-17T13:21:38Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] dc2bak6vcawe86b7c8f4od0oa3ihcei 859353 859352 2026-06-17T13:21:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 36hgk0movo4xix5ybcy3burfuboggzl 859354 859353 2026-06-17T13:23:13Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. === Watford === A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, an sanar da cewa ya sami izinin aiki a Burtaniya kuma zai sanya hannu kan Watford a watan Janairun 2020. Da farko an jinkirta shi saboda dakatarwar da aka yi wa Covid a duniya, Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Watford ta doke Luton Town da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, ranar haihuwarsa ta 19. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nisa a wasan da suka doke Derby County. Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021. Ya sadaukar da kwallon ga mahaifinsa marigayi, Carlos Junior. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallon da ta yi daidai da Newcastle United a minti na 88. Wasan ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] jh9n4sikoo2tudjaq483zo2ia4xi7n6 859357 859354 2026-06-17T13:28:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. === Watford === A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, an sanar da cewa ya sami izinin aiki a Burtaniya kuma zai sanya hannu kan Watford a watan Janairun 2020. Da farko an jinkirta shi saboda dakatarwar da aka yi wa Covid a duniya, Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Watford ta doke Luton Town da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, ranar haihuwarsa ta 19. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nisa a wasan da suka doke Derby County. Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021. Ya sadaukar da kwallon ga mahaifinsa marigayi, Carlos Junior. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallon da ta yi daidai da Newcastle United a minti na 88. Wasan ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. === Brighton da Hove Albion === A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta Premier League ta tabbatar da siyan Pedro daga Watford, inda ba a bayyana kuɗin canja wurin ba, amma an ruwaito cewa yana cikin yankin da aka biya fam miliyan 30 na tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya fara buga wasan farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya fara wasan sannan ya ci kwallo daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka doke sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier Luton Town da ci 4-1 a gida. Pedro ya zura kwallaye na farko da Brighton ta ci a Turai a ranar 21 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar Europa League AEK Athens a gida da ci 3-2. Pedro ya kammala matakin rukuni na gasar Europa League a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye shida a wasanni shida, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a wasan ƙarshe, yayin da Brighton ta jagoranci rukuninsu don cancanta zuwa zagaye na biyu na 16. A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2024, Pedro ya zura ƙwallon da ta yi nasara a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan da suka yi da Manchester United da ci 2-1. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2025, an kore shi daga fili saboda ya saka hannunsa a fuskar mai tsaron baya na Brentford Nathan Collins a lokacin da suka sha kashi 4-2, kuma an dakatar da shi na wasanni uku saboda rashin da'a. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2025, kungiyar ta sanar da cewa an cire Pedro daga cikin tawagarta a wasan da za ta yi da Tottenham Hotspur, kuma bai buga wasannin da suka gabata da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Liverpool ba saboda wani lamari da ya faru a filin atisaye. == Chelsea == A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2025, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta Ingila ta saye Pedro a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa 2033 kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 55 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. An haɗa shi cikin tawagar Chelsea ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025 a lokacin rajista na biyu na gasar a wannan ranar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a zagayen kwata-kwata kwana biyu bayan haka, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Palmeiras da ci 2-1. A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da ƙungiyarsa ta Fluminense. A wasan ƙarshe, ya zura ƙwallon ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3-0. A ranar 22 ga Agustan 2025, Pedro ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ga Chelsea da ci 3-0 a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 5-1 a filin wasa na London. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA Champions League a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2026, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Napoli a waje da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayin kulob dinsa a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Pedro ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko ga Chelsea a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1 a hannun Aston Villa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ppnin0wh4x45g24blqzouj645q75oaj 859358 859357 2026-06-17T13:29:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. === Watford === A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, an sanar da cewa ya sami izinin aiki a Burtaniya kuma zai sanya hannu kan Watford a watan Janairun 2020. Da farko an jinkirta shi saboda dakatarwar da aka yi wa Covid a duniya, Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Watford ta doke Luton Town da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, ranar haihuwarsa ta 19. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nisa a wasan da suka doke Derby County. Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021. Ya sadaukar da kwallon ga mahaifinsa marigayi, Carlos Junior. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallon da ta yi daidai da Newcastle United a minti na 88. Wasan ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. === Brighton da Hove Albion === A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta Premier League ta tabbatar da siyan Pedro daga Watford, inda ba a bayyana kuɗin canja wurin ba, amma an ruwaito cewa yana cikin yankin da aka biya fam miliyan 30 na tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya fara buga wasan farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya fara wasan sannan ya ci kwallo daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka doke sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier Luton Town da ci 4-1 a gida. Pedro ya zura kwallaye na farko da Brighton ta ci a Turai a ranar 21 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar Europa League AEK Athens a gida da ci 3-2. Pedro ya kammala matakin rukuni na gasar Europa League a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye shida a wasanni shida, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a wasan ƙarshe, yayin da Brighton ta jagoranci rukuninsu don cancanta zuwa zagaye na biyu na 16. A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2024, Pedro ya zura ƙwallon da ta yi nasara a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan da suka yi da Manchester United da ci 2-1. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2025, an kore shi daga fili saboda ya saka hannunsa a fuskar mai tsaron baya na Brentford Nathan Collins a lokacin da suka sha kashi 4-2, kuma an dakatar da shi na wasanni uku saboda rashin da'a. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2025, kungiyar ta sanar da cewa an cire Pedro daga cikin tawagarta a wasan da za ta yi da Tottenham Hotspur, kuma bai buga wasannin da suka gabata da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Liverpool ba saboda wani lamari da ya faru a filin atisaye. == Chelsea == A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2025, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta Ingila ta saye Pedro a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa 2033 kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 55 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. An haɗa shi cikin tawagar Chelsea ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025 a lokacin rajista na biyu na gasar a wannan ranar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a zagayen kwata-kwata kwana biyu bayan haka, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Palmeiras da ci 2-1. A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da ƙungiyarsa ta Fluminense. A wasan ƙarshe, ya zura ƙwallon ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3-0. A ranar 22 ga Agustan 2025, Pedro ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ga Chelsea da ci 3-0 a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 5-1 a filin wasa na London. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA Champions League a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2026, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Napoli a waje da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayin kulob dinsa a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Pedro ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko ga Chelsea a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1 a hannun Aston Villa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 0ctkiac59cy1grod6sj57ceskiafgg4 859359 859358 2026-06-17T13:30:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. === Watford === A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, an sanar da cewa ya sami izinin aiki a Burtaniya kuma zai sanya hannu kan Watford a watan Janairun 2020. Da farko an jinkirta shi saboda dakatarwar da aka yi wa Covid a duniya, Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Watford ta doke Luton Town da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, ranar haihuwarsa ta 19. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nisa a wasan da suka doke Derby County. Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021. Ya sadaukar da kwallon ga mahaifinsa marigayi, Carlos Junior. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallon da ta yi daidai da Newcastle United a minti na 88. Wasan ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. === Brighton da Hove Albion === A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta Premier League ta tabbatar da siyan Pedro daga Watford, inda ba a bayyana kuɗin canja wurin ba, amma an ruwaito cewa yana cikin yankin da aka biya fam miliyan 30 na tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya fara buga wasan farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya fara wasan sannan ya ci kwallo daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka doke sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier Luton Town da ci 4-1 a gida. Pedro ya zura kwallaye na farko da Brighton ta ci a Turai a ranar 21 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar Europa League AEK Athens a gida da ci 3-2. Pedro ya kammala matakin rukuni na gasar Europa League a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye shida a wasanni shida, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a wasan ƙarshe, yayin da Brighton ta jagoranci rukuninsu don cancanta zuwa zagaye na biyu na 16. A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2024, Pedro ya zura ƙwallon da ta yi nasara a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan da suka yi da Manchester United da ci 2-1. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2025, an kore shi daga fili saboda ya saka hannunsa a fuskar mai tsaron baya na Brentford Nathan Collins a lokacin da suka sha kashi 4-2, kuma an dakatar da shi na wasanni uku saboda rashin da'a. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2025, kungiyar ta sanar da cewa an cire Pedro daga cikin tawagarta a wasan da za ta yi da Tottenham Hotspur, kuma bai buga wasannin da suka gabata da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Liverpool ba saboda wani lamari da ya faru a filin atisaye. == Chelsea == A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2025, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta Ingila ta saye Pedro a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa 2033 kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 55 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. An haɗa shi cikin tawagar Chelsea ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025 a lokacin rajista na biyu na gasar a wannan ranar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a zagayen kwata-kwata kwana biyu bayan haka, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Palmeiras da ci 2-1. A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da ƙungiyarsa ta Fluminense. A wasan ƙarshe, ya zura ƙwallon ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3-0. A ranar 22 ga Agustan 2025, Pedro ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ga Chelsea da ci 3-0 a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 5-1 a filin wasa na London. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA Champions League a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2026, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Napoli a waje da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayin kulob dinsa a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Pedro ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko ga Chelsea a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1 a hannun Aston Villa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2023, an kira Pedro don buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Brazil gasar Olympics. Pedro zai fara buga wa Brazil wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na minti 84 a wasan da Morocco ta sha kashi da ci 1-0. Watanni uku bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2023, an kira Pedro zuwa babbar kungiyar Brazil a karon farko. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Pedro zai fara buga wa Seleção wasa bayan ya maye gurbin Vinícius Júnior da ya ji rauni a minti na 27 a wasan da Colombia ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 1ztjqs7t90pqut40r7r46z3rq87xqv9 859361 859359 2026-06-17T13:31:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. === Watford === A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, an sanar da cewa ya sami izinin aiki a Burtaniya kuma zai sanya hannu kan Watford a watan Janairun 2020. Da farko an jinkirta shi saboda dakatarwar da aka yi wa Covid a duniya, Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Watford ta doke Luton Town da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, ranar haihuwarsa ta 19. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nisa a wasan da suka doke Derby County. Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021. Ya sadaukar da kwallon ga mahaifinsa marigayi, Carlos Junior. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallon da ta yi daidai da Newcastle United a minti na 88. Wasan ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. === Brighton da Hove Albion === A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta Premier League ta tabbatar da siyan Pedro daga Watford, inda ba a bayyana kuɗin canja wurin ba, amma an ruwaito cewa yana cikin yankin da aka biya fam miliyan 30 na tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya fara buga wasan farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya fara wasan sannan ya ci kwallo daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka doke sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier Luton Town da ci 4-1 a gida. Pedro ya zura kwallaye na farko da Brighton ta ci a Turai a ranar 21 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar Europa League AEK Athens a gida da ci 3-2. Pedro ya kammala matakin rukuni na gasar Europa League a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye shida a wasanni shida, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a wasan ƙarshe, yayin da Brighton ta jagoranci rukuninsu don cancanta zuwa zagaye na biyu na 16. A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2024, Pedro ya zura ƙwallon da ta yi nasara a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan da suka yi da Manchester United da ci 2-1. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2025, an kore shi daga fili saboda ya saka hannunsa a fuskar mai tsaron baya na Brentford Nathan Collins a lokacin da suka sha kashi 4-2, kuma an dakatar da shi na wasanni uku saboda rashin da'a. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2025, kungiyar ta sanar da cewa an cire Pedro daga cikin tawagarta a wasan da za ta yi da Tottenham Hotspur, kuma bai buga wasannin da suka gabata da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Liverpool ba saboda wani lamari da ya faru a filin atisaye. == Chelsea == A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2025, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta Ingila ta saye Pedro a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa 2033 kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 55 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. An haɗa shi cikin tawagar Chelsea ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025 a lokacin rajista na biyu na gasar a wannan ranar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a zagayen kwata-kwata kwana biyu bayan haka, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Palmeiras da ci 2-1. A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da ƙungiyarsa ta Fluminense. A wasan ƙarshe, ya zura ƙwallon ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3-0. A ranar 22 ga Agustan 2025, Pedro ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ga Chelsea da ci 3-0 a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 5-1 a filin wasa na London. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA Champions League a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2026, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Napoli a waje da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayin kulob dinsa a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Pedro ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko ga Chelsea a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1 a hannun Aston Villa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2023, an kira Pedro don buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Brazil gasar Olympics. Pedro zai fara buga wa Brazil wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na minti 84 a wasan da Morocco ta sha kashi da ci 1-0. Watanni uku bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2023, an kira Pedro zuwa babbar kungiyar Brazil a karon farko. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Pedro zai fara buga wa Seleção wasa bayan ya maye gurbin Vinícius Júnior da ya ji rauni a minti na 27 a wasan da Colombia ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. == Girmamawa == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] s6v3biyplx1c242hu4ys3oqnyqf265w 859362 859361 2026-06-17T13:33:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:João Pedro da Silva Pereira.jpg|thumb|Jao pedro]] [[Fayil:Lukas Podolski - João Pedro da Silva Pereira 20120609.jpg|thumb|Jaoo pedro]] '''João Pedro Junqueira'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_(footballer,_born_2001)</ref> ( An haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001)<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/joao-pedro/profil/spieler/626724</ref> ya kasance ƙwararren Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar [[brazil]] ne wanda ke taka ledarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta premier league wato [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar tasa ta [[Brazil]].<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/373525/Show/Jo%C3%A3o-Pedro</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi João Pedro a Ribeirão Preto ga iyayensa Flavia Junqueira da José João de Jesus, wanda aka fi sani da Chicão, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na sannan an daure Chicão na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda yayi takwas, saboda kasancewarsa kayan haɗin kai ga kisan kai.<ref>https://ng.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/29/brazil/serie-a/fluminense-football-club/goias-esporte-clube/2988922/</ref><ref>https://fbref.com/en/players/e8832875/Joao-Pedro</ref> A lokacin da aka ɗaure Chicão, shi da Junqueira sun rabu.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/player/jo%C3%A3o-pedro/eaqqezw2ed1u0tt3zc128mr1m</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Fluminense === João Pedro ya shiga tsarin matasa na Fluminense, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koma tare da shi zuwa Rio de Janeiro. Yayin da yake ƙaura daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ya sauya daga matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya zuwa ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, sannan kuma ɗan wasan gaba. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2018, kafin ma ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Watford Championship ta EFL Championship ta cimma yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyar siyan João Pedro a watan Janairun 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2019, João Pedro ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Fluminense a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a lokacin da aka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo da ci 2-1 a Campeonato Carioca. Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan a ƙarshen wasan da Goiás ta sha kashi a hannun Goiás da ci 1-0. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni huɗu da ya buga, ciki har da hat-trick a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Atlético Nacional da ci 4-1 a Copa Sudamericana. === Watford === A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, an sanar da cewa ya sami izinin aiki a Burtaniya kuma zai sanya hannu kan Watford a watan Janairun 2020. Da farko an jinkirta shi saboda dakatarwar da aka yi wa Covid a duniya, Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Watford ta doke Luton Town da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, ranar haihuwarsa ta 19. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nisa a wasan da suka doke Derby County. Pedro ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021. Ya sadaukar da kwallon ga mahaifinsa marigayi, Carlos Junior. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallon da ta yi daidai da Newcastle United a minti na 88. Wasan ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. === Brighton da Hove Albion === A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta Premier League ta tabbatar da siyan Pedro daga Watford, inda ba a bayyana kuɗin canja wurin ba, amma an ruwaito cewa yana cikin yankin da aka biya fam miliyan 30 na tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya fara buga wasan farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya fara wasan sannan ya ci kwallo daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka doke sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier Luton Town da ci 4-1 a gida. Pedro ya zura kwallaye na farko da Brighton ta ci a Turai a ranar 21 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu daga bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar Europa League AEK Athens a gida da ci 3-2. Pedro ya kammala matakin rukuni na gasar Europa League a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye shida a wasanni shida, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a wasan ƙarshe, yayin da Brighton ta jagoranci rukuninsu don cancanta zuwa zagaye na biyu na 16. A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2024, Pedro ya zura ƙwallon da ta yi nasara a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan da suka yi da Manchester United da ci 2-1. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2025, an kore shi daga fili saboda ya saka hannunsa a fuskar mai tsaron baya na Brentford Nathan Collins a lokacin da suka sha kashi 4-2, kuma an dakatar da shi na wasanni uku saboda rashin da'a. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2025, kungiyar ta sanar da cewa an cire Pedro daga cikin tawagarta a wasan da za ta yi da Tottenham Hotspur, kuma bai buga wasannin da suka gabata da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Liverpool ba saboda wani lamari da ya faru a filin atisaye. == Chelsea == A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2025, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta Ingila ta saye Pedro a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa 2033 kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 55 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. An haɗa shi cikin tawagar Chelsea ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025 a lokacin rajista na biyu na gasar a wannan ranar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a zagayen kwata-kwata kwana biyu bayan haka, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Palmeiras da ci 2-1. A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da ƙungiyarsa ta Fluminense. A wasan ƙarshe, ya zura ƙwallon ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3-0. A ranar 22 ga Agustan 2025, Pedro ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ga Chelsea da ci 3-0 a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 5-1 a filin wasa na London. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA Champions League a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2026, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Napoli a waje da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayin kulob dinsa a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Pedro ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko ga Chelsea a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1 a hannun Aston Villa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2023, an kira Pedro don buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Brazil gasar Olympics. Pedro zai fara buga wa Brazil wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na minti 84 a wasan da Morocco ta sha kashi da ci 1-0. Watanni uku bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2023, an kira Pedro zuwa babbar kungiyar Brazil a karon farko. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Pedro zai fara buga wa Seleção wasa bayan ya maye gurbin Vinícius Júnior da ya ji rauni a minti na 27 a wasan da Colombia ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. == Girmamawa == === Chelsea === > FIFA Club World Cup: 2025 > </sup>FA Cup runner-up: 2025–26 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 6srq8hhmsgieo7k5ivukz1ytlaz3tst Jerin hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya 0 63122 859742 827710 2026-06-18T06:08:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siyasar Najeriya}}{{databox}} Ga jerin sunayen '''hukumomi''' a cikin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin '''Najeriya''']] . == Noma == * [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Cocoa ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Najeriya]] (CRIN) [https://crin.gov.ng/] * [[National Agricultural Extension, Research and Liaison Services|Tsawaita Aikin Noma na Ƙasa, Bincike da Sabis na Sadarwa]] (NAERLS) [http://www.naerls.gov.ng/site2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114202753/http://www.naerls.gov.ng/site2/ |date=2017-01-14 }} * Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Ƙasa (NVRI) [http://www.nvri.gov.ng/] * [[Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation|Kamfanin Inshorar Noma ta Najeriya]] (NAIC) [http://www.naic.org] * [[Cibiyar Binciken Tushen Amfanin Gona ta ƙasa|Cibiyar Nazarin Tushen amfanin gona ta ƙasa]] (NCRI) [http://www.nrcri.gov.ng/] * [[Majalisar Binciken Aikin Noma ta Najeriya|Majalisar Binciken Noma ta Najeriya]] [https://iart.gov.ng/IT/agricultural-research-council-of-nigeria/] * [[Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research|Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Nazarin Ruwa ta Najeriya]] * Cibiyar Binciken Dabino ta Najeriya (NIFOR) [http://nifor.gov.ng] * [[Nigeria Agricultural Quarantine Service|Sabis na keɓe masu aikin gona na Najeriya]] (NAQS) [http://www.naqs.gov.ng] * [[National Horticultural Research Institute|Cibiyar Nazarin Horticultural Research]] (NIHORT) [http://www.nihort.gov.ng/] == Jirgin sama == * [[Hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya]] (FAAN) [http://www.faannigeria.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324090947/http://www.faannigeria.org/ |date=2022-03-24 }} * [[Nigerian Airspace Management Agency|Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya]] (NAMA) [https://www.nama.gov.ng] * [[Hukumar kula da sufurin jiragen sama ta Najeriya|Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya]] (NCAA) [https://www.ncaa.gov.ng] * [[Ofishin Binciken Tsaron Najeriya]] (NSIB) [https://www.aib.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806124513/https://aib.gov.ng/ |date=2023-08-06 }} * [[Nigerian Meteorological Agency|Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Najeriya]] (NIMET) [http://nimet.gov.ng/] * [[Kwalejin Fasahar Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya]] (NCAT) [http://www.ncat.gov.ng/] == Sadarwa == * Hukumar Bunkasa Fasahar Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA) [http://www.nitda.gov.ng/] * Nigeria Communications Satellite Limited (NIGCOMSAT) [http://www.nigcomsat.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya (NBC) [http://www.nbc.gov.ng/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709134733/https://www.nbc.gov.ng/home |date=2020-07-09 }} * [[Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya]] (NCC) [http://www.ncc.gov.ng/] * [[Ofishin Gidan Waya na Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Wasikun Najeriya]] (NIPOST) [http://www.nipost.gov.ng/] * [[National Frequency Management Council|Majalisar Gudanar da Mitoci ta Kasa]] * [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] (NTA) [https://nta.ng/] * [[Galaxy Backbone|Kashin baya na Galaxy]] (GBB) == Tattalin Arziki == * Kamfanin Kula da Kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON) [http://www.amcon.com.ng/] * [[Social Security Administration of Nigeria]] (SSA) [http://www.ssa.org.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817110045/http://ssa.org.ng/ |date=2019-08-17 }} * [[Budget Office of the Federation|Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya]] (BOF) [http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202204854/https://budgetoffice.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-02 }} * Ofishin Kamfanonin Gwamnati (BPE) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100831180817/http://www.bpeng.org/] * [[Bureau of Public Procurement|Ofishin Kasuwancin Jama'a]] (BPP) [http://www.bpp.gov.ng] * [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) [http://www.cbn.gov.ng] * Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) [http://new.cac.gov.ng/]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ofishin Kula da Bashi (DMO) [http://www.dmo.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar tara kuɗaɗen shiga ta ƙasa (FIRS)|Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya]] (FIRS) [http://www.firs.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210134451/https://www.firs.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-10 }} * Bankin jinginar gidaje na Najeriya (FMBN) [http://www.fmbn.gov.ng] * [[Fiscal Responsibility Commission|Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi]] (FRC) - '''ta ƙare''' * Hukumar Kula da Rarraba Kayan Aiki (ICRC) [http://www.icrc.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513194843/http://www.icrc.gov.ng/ |date=2018-05-13 }} * Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa (NBS) [http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128024151/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/ |date=2020-11-28 }} * Majalisar kan harkokin kasuwanci ta kasa (NCP) * [[National Insurance Commission (Nigeria)|Hukumar inshora ta kasa]] (NAICOM) [http://naicom.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Fansho ta kasa (PenCom) [http://www.pencom.gov.ng/] * [[Ma'aikatar Kasafin Kuɗi da Tsare-Tsare ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa]] (NPC) [http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127200810/https://nationalplanning.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-27 }} * Hukumar Bunkasa Ciwon sukari ta kasa (NSDC) [http://www.nsdc.gov.ng]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Hukumar Raya Neja Delta]] (NDDC) [http://www.nddc.gov.ng/] * [[Nigerian Customs Service|Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya]] (NCS) [http://www.customs.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110032825/https://customs.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-10 }} * [[Kamfanin Inshora na Najeriya|Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation]] (NDIC) [http://www.ndic.org.ng] * Hukumar Bunkasa Zuba Jari ta Nijeriya (NIPC) [http://www.nipc.gov.ng/] * [[Nigerian Export - Import Bank|Fitar da Najeriya - Bankin shigo da kaya]] (NEXIM Bank) [http://www.neximbank.com.ng/]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Hukumar inganta fitar da kayayyaki ta Najeriya (NEPC) [http://www.nepc.gov.ng/] * [[Oil and Gas Free Zones Authority|Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Mai da Gas]] (OGFZA) [http://www.ogfza.gov.ng/] * [[Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority|Hukumar Kula da Shigo da Fitarwa ta Najeriya]] (NEPZA) [http://www.nepza.gov.ng] * Rarraba Tattaunawar Haraji da Hukumar Kuɗi (RMAFC) [http://www.nepza.gov.ng] * Hukumar Tsaro da Musanya (SEC) [http://sec.gov.ng/] * Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Najeriya (SON) [http://son.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Bunkasa Kanana da Matsakaici ta Najeriya (SMEDAN) [http://www.smedan.gov.ng/] == Ilimi == * [[National Board for Arabic And Islamic Studies|National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies]] (NBAIS) * Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da Matriculation (JAMB) [http://www.jamb.gov.ng/home.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105153/https://www.jamb.gov.ng/home.aspx |date=2020-04-26 }} * [[Hukumar Jarabawa ta Kasa (Nijeriya)|Majalisar Jarabawa ta Kasa]] (NECO) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140322123124/http://www.neconigeria.org/] * [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|National Budaddiyar Jami'ar Najeriya]] (NOUN) [http://www.noun.edu.ng] * Cibiyar Malamai ta Kasa (NTI) [http://www.nti-nigeria.org/] * [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa]] (NUC) [http://nuc.edu.ng/] * [[Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi|Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Ilimi]] (TETFUND) [http://www.tetfund.gov.ng] * [[Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria|Hukumar Rajistar Malamai ta Najeriya]] (TRCN) [http://www.trcn.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410215058/http://www.trcn.gov.ng/ |date=2012-04-10 }} * Hukumar Jarrabawar Kasuwanci da Fasaha (NABTEB) [http://www.nabtebnigeria.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083621/https://nabtebnigeria.org/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * [[Hukumar Ilimi ta bai ɗaya (Najeriya)|Hukumar Ilimi ta Duniya]] (UBEC) [https://ubeconline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083619/https://ubeconline.com/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * Hukumar Jarrabawar Afirka ta Yamma (WAEC) [https://www.waecdirect.org]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Hukumar Kwalejojin Ilimi ta Kasa (NCCE) [http://www.ncce.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113073907/http://www.ncce.edu.ng/ |date=2006-11-13 }} * [[Laburari na kasa, Najeriya|National Library of Nigeria]] (NLN) [https://www.nln.gov.ng/] == Makamashi == * [[Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority|Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Regulatory Authority]] (NMDPRA) [http://www.nmdpra.gov.ng/] * [[Sashen Albarkatun man Fetur|Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya]] (NUPRC) [http://www.nuprc.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113094702/https://www.nuprc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-13 }} * [[Electricity Management Services Limited]] (EMSL) [http://www.emsl.com.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083619/http://www.emsl.com.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * [[Energy Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya]] (ECN) [http://www.energy.gov.ng/] * [[National Power Training Institute of Nigeria|Cibiyar Koyar da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya]] (NAPTIN) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160707190409/http://www.naptin.org.ng/] * Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya (NERC) [http://www.nercng.org/]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Nigerian Content Monitoring and Development Board|Hukumar Kula da Abubuwan Cikin Gida ta Najeriya]] (NCMDB) [https://www.ncdmb.gov.ng/] * [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya]] (NNPC) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204508/http://nnpcgroup.com/] * Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Najeriya (NNRA) [http://www.nnra.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Kula da Farashin Man Fetur (PPPRA) [http://pppra.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127170935/https://pppra.gov.ng/ |date=2021-11-27 }} * Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Najeriya (PHCN) - '''ya lalace''' * [[Rural Electrification Agency|Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Karkara]] (REA) [http://www.rea.gov.ng/] * Kamfanin Sadarwa na Najeriya (TCN) [http://www.tcnorg.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083619/http://www.tcnorg.com/ |date=2023-11-29 }} == Muhalli == * [[Federal Environmental Protection Agency|Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Tarayya]] (FEPA) - '''ta ƙare''' * Cibiyar Binciken Gandun Daji ta Najeriya (FRIN) [http://www.frin.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Halittu ta Kasa (NBMA) [http://www.nbma.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ƙa'idoji ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa]] (NESREA) [http://www.nesrea.gov.ng] * Hukumar gano zubewar mai ta kasa (NOSDRA) [http://nosdra.gov.ng/] * [[Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria|Hukumar Rijistar Ma'aikatan Lafiya ta Najeriya]] (EHORECON) [http://www.ehorecon.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426110527/https://www.ehorecon.gov.ng/ |date=2023-04-26 }} == Lafiya == * Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHIS) [http://www.nhis.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203151856/https://www.nhis.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-03 }} * Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Magunguna ta Ƙasa (NIPRD) [http://www.niprd.net/] * [[National Agency for the Control of AIDS|Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Kasa]] (NACA) [http://www.naca.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa (NAFDAC) [http://www.nafdac.gov.ng/] * [[National Primary Health Care Development Agency|Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a matakin farko ta kasa]] (NPHCDA) [http://www.nphcda.gov.ng/] * Cibiyar Nazarin Likita ta Najeriya (NIMR) [http://nimr.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129092338/https://nimr.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * [[Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya]] (NCDC) [https://www.ncdc.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127152226/https://ncdc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-27 }} * [[Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta ƙasa (NDLEA)|Hukumar Yaki da Sha da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Kasa]] (NDLEA) [https://ndlea.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503190642/https://ndlea.gov.ng/ |date=2022-05-03 }} == Hankali == * Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro (DIA) [http://www.dia.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161413/http://www.dia.gov.ng/ |date=2023-08-06 }} * [[State Security Service (Nijeriya)|Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha]] (SSS) [http://www.dss.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) * Sashen Leken Asirin Kuɗi na Najeriya (NFIU) [http://www.nfiu.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207161749/https://nfiu.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-07 }} == Ma'aikatar shari'a == * [[Majalisar Shari'a ta Ƙasa (Najeriya)|Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa (NJC)]] * [[Hukumar Shari'a ta Tarayya|Hukumar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Tarayya]] (FJSC) * [[Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa (Nigeria)|Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa]] (NJI) * == Harkar sufuri ta ruwa == * [[Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya|Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya]] (NIMASA) [http://www.nimasa.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya|Hukumar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya]] (NPA) [http://www.nigerianports.org/] * Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (NSC) [http://shipperscouncil.gov.ng/] == Ɓangaren Jarida == * Kungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya (BON) [http://bonorg.net/home.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824162126/http://bonorg.net/home.php |date=2017-08-24 }} * [[Hukumar Labarai ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Najeriya]] (NAN) [http://nannewsnigeria.com/] * Majalisar Jarida ta Najeriya (NPC) [http://www.presscouncil.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] (NTA) [http://www.nta.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Kimiyya da Fasaha == * Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa (NASENI) [http://naseni.org] * Hukumar Bunkasa Fasaha ta Kasa (NABDA) [http://www.nabda.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210093131/https://nabda.gov.ng/ |date=2023-02-10 }} * [[National Centre for Remote Sensing|Cibiyar Hannun nesa ta ƙasa]] (NCRS) * Sheda Kimiyya da Fasaha Complex (SHESTCO) [http://www.shesctco.gov.ng]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion|Ofishin Kasa don Samun Fasaha da haɓakawa]] (NOTAP) [http://www.notap.gov.ng] * [[Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa|Hukumar Bincike da Ci gaban Sararin Samaniya]] (NASRDA) [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Najeriya (NNRA) [http://www.nnra.gov.ng/] * Majalisar Bincike da Ci Gaban Raw Materials (RMRDC) [http://rmrdc.gov.ng/] * [http://www.nigcomsat.gov.ng/ Nigerian Communications Satellite Ltd] (NIGCOMSAT) * [[National Centre for Technology Management|Cibiyar Kula da Fasaha ta Kasa]] (NACETEM) == Albarkatun Ruwa == * Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIHSA) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160302170350/http://www.nihydro.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Najeriya * Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa (NWRI) [http://www.niwrmc.gov.ng/] * Hukumomin Raya Basin Raba (RBDA) == Saura == * [[Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization|Cibiyar Baƙi da Fasaha da Wayewa ta Afirka]] (CBAAC) [https://cbaac.org/] * [[National Automotive Design and Development Council|Majalisar Kera Motoci ta Kasa]] (NADDC) [https://naddc.gov.ng/] * [[Code of Conduct Bureau]] (CCB) [http://www.ccb.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707004015/https://ccb.gov.ng/ |date=2023-07-07 }} * [[Computer Professionals Registration Council of Nigeria|Majalisar Rijistar Kwamfuta ta Najeriya]] (CPN) [http://www.cpn.gov.ng/metro/#sthash.Z3KID7hl.dpbs] * [[Consumer Protection Council|Majalisar Kare Masu Amfani]] (CPC) [http://www.cpc.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327043246/http://cpc.gov.ng/ |date=2019-03-27 }} * [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati]] (EFCC) [https://efccnigeria.org/efcc/] * [[Federal Character Commission|Hukumar Halayen Tarayya]] (FCC) [http://www.federalcharacter.gov.ng/] * [[Federal Housing Authority (Nigeria)|Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Tarayya]] (FHA) [http://www.fha.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Yaki da Laifuka Mai Zaman Kanta (ICPC) [http://icpc.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta]] (INEC) [http://www.inecnigeria.org/] * [[Industrial Training Fund|Asusun Horar da Masana'antu]] (ITF) [http://itf.gov.ng/] * [[Legal Aid Council of Nigeria]] (LACoN) [http://www.legalaidcouncil.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182311/https://legalaidcouncil.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar hana fataucin mutane ta kasa]] (NAPTIP) [http://www.naptip.gov.ng/] * [[National Boundary Commission|Hukumar kan iyakoki ta kasa]] * [[National Council of Arts and Culture|Majalisar Fasaha da Al'adu ta ƙasa]] (NCAC) [http://www.ncac.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827225839/http://www.ncac.gov.ng/ |date=2008-08-27 }} * Asusun Sake Gina Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa (NERFUND) [http://www.nerfund.com.ng/NERFUND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310021431/http://nerfund.com.ng/NERFUND |date=2018-03-10 }} * [[Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa (Najeriya)|Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa]] (NEMA) [http://nema.gov.ng/] * [[National Hajj Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya]] (NaHCON) [http://Nigeriahajjcom.gov.ng] * [[Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam|Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa]] (NHRC) [http://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa]] (NIMC) [http://www.nimc.gov.ng]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[National Institute for Hospitality Tourism|Cibiyar Yawon shakatawa ta ƙasa]] (NIHOTOUR) [http://www.nihotour.gov.ng/] * Hukumar Kula da Lottery ta Kasa * Hukumar Wayar da Kai ta Ƙasa (NOA) [http://www.noa.gov.ng/] * Hukumar kidaya ta kasa * Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Ƙasa (NAPEP) - '''ya ƙare''' * [[National Salaries, Incomes and Wages Commission|Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Kasa]] (NSIWC) [http://nsiwc.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083625/https://nsiwc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * Hukumar wasanni ta kasa (NSC) * [[Nigeria Extractive Industries Transprency Initiative|Najeriya Extractive Industries Transprency Initiative]] (NEITI) [http://www.neiti.org.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723081305/http://www.neiti.org.ng/ |date=2019-07-23 }} * [[Hukumar shige da fice ta Nijeriya|Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Najeriya]] (NIS) [http://www.immigration.gov.ng/] * [[Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-Gine da Hanya ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine da Hanya ta Najeriya]] (NBRRI) [http://www.nbrri.gov.ng/sites/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717180753/http://www.nbrri.gov.ng/sites/index.php |date=2018-07-17 }} * [[Nigeria Institute of Building|Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya]] (NIOB) [http://niobnat.org.ng/Portal/FrontEnd/] * [[Nigerian Christian Pilgrim Commission|Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya]] (NCPC) [http://www.ncpc.gov.ng] * Hukumar kare hakkin mallaka ta Najeriya (NCC) [http://www.copyright.gov.ng/] * [[Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Buɗe Ido Ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Raya Bugawa na Najeriya]] (NTDC) * Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a, Najeriya * [[Surveyors Council Of Nigeria|Majalisar Safiyo ta Najeriya]] * [[National Lottery Trust Fund]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] 00jos42q3t03xer1z5aorqrq65vuss3 Jerin malaman falsafar musulmi 0 63129 859757 609808 2026-06-18T06:50:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masana falsafar musulmi''' duka suna da'awar [[Musulunci]] kuma suna shiga cikin salon falsafar dake cikin tsarin harshen Larabci da [[Musulunci]], ko da yake ba lallai ba ne ya damu da batutuwan addini. Maganganun [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabbai]] [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] sun ƙunshi ɗan tattaunawa na falsafa. {{Efn|Only [[Ali]]'s [[Nahj al-Balagha]], is traditionally considered to contain both religious and philosophical thought.<ref name="Corbin 2001">{{cite book|last1=Corbin|first1=Henry|title=The History of Islamic Philosophy|date=2001|publisher=Kegan Paul International|translator=Liadain Sherrard with the assistance of Philip Sherrard|location=London and New York|pages=33–36}}</ref><ref name="Tabatabai"/>}}<ref name="Tabatabai">{{Cite book|last3=Allameh Tabatabaei}}</ref> A cikin karni na takwas, cudanya mai yawa da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta haifar da yunƙurin fassara ayyukan [[falsafa]] na Falsafar Girka ta Tsohuwar (musamman matani na Aristotle) zuwa Larabci.<ref name="Tabatabai" /> Al-Kindi na ƙarni na tara ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya assasa falsafar Islama (800-1200). Masanin falsafa na karni na goma al-Farabi ya bada gudummawa sosai wajen shigar da ayyukan falsafar [[Girka]] da na Romawa cikin bahasin falsafar musulmi kuma ya kafa da yawa daga cikin jigogin da zasu mamaye falsafar Musulunci na tsawon karni masu zuwa; a cikin faffadan aikinsa, aikinsa kan dabaru ya fito fili musamman.<ref name="Rout" /> A karni na sha daya, [[Ibn Sina]], daya daga cikin manyan malaman falsafar musulmi,<ref name="Rout" /> ya kirkiro nasa makarantar falsafa ta musamman da aka sani da Avicennism wacce ke da tushen Aristotelian da Neoplatonist. [[Al-Ghazali]], sanannen malamin falsafa kuma masanin ilimin tauhidi, ya dauki hanyar magance sabani a fili tsakanin hankali da wahayi. Ya fahimci mahimmancin falsafa kuma ya samar da amsa mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙi wasu daga cikin koyarwar ta kuma yayi Allah wadai da shi, yayin da kuma ya ba shi damar yarda da aiki da wasu.<ref name="Griffel 2020" /> Karɓar da al-Ghazali ya yi na zanga-zanga (''apodeixis'') ne ya haifar da ingantaccen magana mai tsafta akan ilimin ilmin halitta da furen dabaru na Aristotelian da metaphysics a cikin da'irar tauhidin musulmi.<ref name="Griffel 2020" /> [[Ibn Rushd|Averroes]], fitaccen masanin falsafa na ƙarshe na musulmi, ya kare amfani da falsafar Aristotel akan wannan zargi; Ayyukansa masu yawa sun haɗa da sharhi masu mahimmanci akan [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Tabatabai"/> A cikin karni na goma sha biyu, Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ya kafa falsafar haskakawa. Ko da yake falsafar a cikin tsarinta na Aristotelian na al'ada ya ɓace a yawancin ƙasashen Larabawa bayan karni na goma sha biyu, nau'ikan falsafar sufanci sun zama mafi shahara. Bayan [[Ibn Rushd|Averroes]], wata fitacciyar makarantar falsafa ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a gabashin duniyar musulmi a lokacin daular Safawiya wadda malamai suka kira Makarantar Isfahan. Masanin falsafar [[Shi'a]] Mir Damad ne ya assasa shi kuma Mulla Sadra da sauran su suka inganta shi. == Jerin == == Duba kuma == {{Gyara Fassara}} {| class="wikitable" !Suna !Hoto !Asali !Zamani !Mazhaba !Falsafa |- |[[:en:Al-Kindi|Al-Kindi]] |[[File:Al-kindi.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-kindi.jpeg|110x110px]] |Iraqi |801–873 | |Shine musulmi [[:en:Peripatetic_school|peripatetic]] kuma masanin Falsafa na farko, kuma ana danganta shi da "uban falsafr larabawa".<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2006|pp=137–138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abboud|first=Tony|title=Al-Kindi : the father of Arab philosophy|year=2006|publisher=Rosen Pub. Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0511-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Yudit Kornberg|title=Encyclopedia of love in world religions|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-980-1|volume=1|page=405}}</ref> Yayi suna sosai a bunƙasa [[:en:Greek_philosophy|Girkamci]] da [[:en:Hellenistic_philosophy|Falsafar Hellenistic]] a [[:en:Muslim_world|Duniyar Musulunci]].<ref name="Nasr & Leaman">{{cite book|author=Nasr|author2=Leaman|name-list-style=amp|title=The History of Islamic Philosophy|date=February 1, 1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415056670|pages=1–3,165|edition=1st}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damunsa shine ya nuna dacewa da falsafar da [[:en:Kalam|Hasashen speculative]]. Duk da haka, zai fi son wahayin ya yi tunani, domin ya yi imani ya ba da tabbacin al'amuran bangaskiya waɗanda hankali ba zai iya buɗewa ba.<ref name="Nasr & Leaman" /> |- |[[:en:Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi|Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]] |[[File:Zakariya_Razi_001.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zakariya_Razi_001.JPG|111x111px]] |Persia (Iran) |{{circa|865–925}} | |Akwai ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna game da imaninsa. Wasu irin su ibn Abi Osayba sun san shi a matsayin mumini, amma wasu kamar Abu Hatam da Biruni sun san shi a matsayin kafiri. Wani masanin falsafa wanda ka'idar ruhi, ta bayyana a cikin The Metaphysics, ya samo asali ne daga Musulunci inda ya bayyana yadda ruhi ke samun hanyar tsira da 'yanci.<ref name="Fakhri">{{cite book|last1=Fakhri|first1=Majid|title=A History of Islamic Philosophy|date=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa ''Philosophical Biography'', al-Razi ya kare salon rayuwarsa na falsafa, yana mai jaddada cewa, maimakon zama mai son kai, mutum ya kamata ya yi amfani da hankalinsa, kuma ya yi amfani da adalci a rayuwarsa. Kare shi da masu sukarsa kuma littafi ne mai suna ''Al Syrat al Falsafiah'' (The Philosophical Approach).<ref name="Fakhri" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Iqbal|first1=Mohammad|title=The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, a Contribution to the History of Muslim Philosophy|date=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing}}</ref> Kuma yana daga masana magunguna na Farko farko.<ref>History of civilizations of Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., {{ISBN|81-208-1596-3}}, vol. IV, part two, p. 228.</ref> |- |[[:en:Al-Farabi|Al-Farabi]] |[[File:Al-Farabi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Farabi.jpg|84x84px]] |Fārāb |872–951 |Peripatetic |Al-Farabi tare da [[:en:Ibn_Sina|Ibn Sina]] da [[:en:Averroes|Averroes]] an san su da [[:en:Peripatetics|Peripatetics]] or [[:en:Rationalism|rationalists]] a tsakanin Musulmai.<ref>Motahhari, Morteza, Becoming familiar with Islamic knowledge, V1, p.166</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/pd/d-22.htm|title=Dictionary of Islamic Philosophical Terms|publisher=Muslimphilosophy.com|access-date=2012-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H002|title=Aristotelianism in Islamic philosophy|publisher=Muslimphilosophy.com|access-date=2012-09-19}}</ref> He tried to gather the ideas of [[:en:Plato|Plato]] and [[:en:Aristotle|Aristotle]] in his book "The gathering of the ideas of the two philosophers".<ref>Motahhari, Mortaza, Becoming familiar with Islamic knowledge, V1, p.167</ref> He was known as "the second master" of philosophy (Aristotle being the first), and his work was dedicated to both reviving and reinventing the Alexandrian philosophical thought, to which his teacher, Yuhanna bin Haylan belonged.<ref>Reisman, D. ''Al-Farabi and the Philosophical Curriculum'' In Adamson, P & Taylor, R. (2005). ''The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p55</ref> |- |[[:en:Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani|Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani]] | |Persia |?–971 | |Inspired by [[:en:Neoplatonism|neoplatonism]], "his [[:en:Cosmology|cosmology]] and metaphysics develop a concept of God as the one beyond both being and non-being."<ref name="Walker1">{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Paul E.|title=Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani (fl. 971)|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/sijistan/|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=The Institute of Ismaili Studies}}</ref> Intellect which is the first being created by God, he believes, does not disintegrate, and the purpose of the religion is to "reorient the soul toward its true higher self and ultimately to return to its original state."<ref name="Walker1" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Corbin|first1=Henry|title=Kashf al-mahjub (Revealing the Concealed)|date=1949|location=Tehran and Paris}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=P.|title=The Wellsprings of Wisdom: A study of Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani's Kitab al-yanabi'|date=1994|location=Salt Lake City}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Paul E.|title=Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani (fl. 971)|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/sijistan/|website=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=The Institute of Ismaili Studies}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri|Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri]] | |Persia |?–992 | |While opposing the kind of philosophy which is regarded as independent of revelation, he sought to find areas of agreement between different Islamic sects.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaskell|title=Al-'Amiri, Abu'l Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H041|year=2009|access-date=2014-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606174417/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H041|archive-date=2011-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Hossein|title=The History of Islamic Philosophy (Routledge History of World Philosophies)|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York}}</ref> Chapter 1 and 7 of his book ''al-I'lam bi manaqib al-Islam'' (An Exposition on the Merits of Islam) has been translated into English under the titles ''The Quiddity of Knowledge and the Appurtenances of its Species''<ref>Rosenthal, F., ''The Classical Heritage of Islam'', Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973, Pp. 63–70</ref> and ''The Excellences of Islam in Relation to Royal Authority''.<ref>Rosenthal, F., ''State and Religion According to Abu l-Hasan al-'Amiri'', Islamic Quarterly 3, pp. 42–52</ref> His other book ''Kitab al-amad 'ala'l-abad'' (On the Afterlife)<ref>Rowson, E.K., ''A Muslim Philosopher on the Soul and Its Fate: Al-'Amiri's Kitab al Amad 'ala l-abad'', New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society, 1988</ref> also has an English translation. |- |[[:en:Ebn_Meskavayh|Ebn Meskavayh]] | |Persia |932–1030 | |A [[:en:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] who wrote the first major [[:en:Islamic|Islamic]] work on philosophical ethics, entitled ''Tahdhib al-akhlaq'' (Refinement of Morals), he distinguished between personal ethics and the public realm, and contrasted the redemptive nature of reason with the luring trait of nature.<ref name="c. edmund">C. Edmund Bosworth, "Meskavayh, Abu ʿAli Ahmad" in Encyclopædia Iranica</ref> |- |[[:en:Al-Maʿarri|Al-Maʿarri]] | |Syria |973–1058 |Pessimist |A [[:en:Pessimism|pessimistic]] [[:en:Freethought|freethinker]], he attacked dogmas of religion.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6FklfLSxpIkC&dq=al+ma%27arri&pg=PA147 By Philip Khuri Hitti ''Islam, a way of life'' p. 147]</ref> His ''Unnecessary Necessity'' (Luzūm mā lam yalzam) shows how he saw the business of living. His other work ''The Epistle of Forgiveness'' (Risālat al-ghufrān) depicts his visiting with the [[:en:Arabic_poetry|Arab poets]] of the [[:en:Jahiliyyah|pagan period]], in [[:en:Jannah|paradise]] and because of the aspect of [[:en:Bangsian_fantasy|conversing with the deceased]] in paradise, the ''Resalat Al-Ghufran'' has been compared to the ''[[:en:Divine_Comedy|Divine Comedy]]'' of Dante<ref>William Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, ''A History of Islamic Spain'', 2nd edition, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, pp. 125–126, {{ISBN|0-7486-0847-8}}.</ref> which came hundreds of years after. |- |[[:en:Avicenna|Avicenna]] |[[File:Avicenna_TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999_(cropped).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avicenna_TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999_(cropped).png|97x97px]] |Khorāsān |980–1037 |Peripatetic |Regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the [[:en:Islamic_Golden_Age|Islamic Golden Age]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna|title=Avicenna (Persian philosopher and scientist) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica.com|access-date=2012-01-07}}</ref> his distinction between [[:en:Existence|existence]] and [[:en:Essence|essence]] his theory of the nature of the soul in particular, influenced the [[:en:Medieval_Europe|medieval Europe]]. His [[:en:Psychology|psychology]] and theory of knowledge influenced [[:en:William_of_Auvergne,_Bishop_of_Paris|William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris]] and [[:en:Albertus_Magnus|Albertus Magnus]], while his metaphysics was influential on the philosophy of [[:en:Thomas_Aquinas|Thomas Aquinas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm#H5|title=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980–1037)|publisher=Iep.utm.edu|date=2006-01-06|access-date=2010-01-19}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani|Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani]] | |Persia (Iran) |996–1021 | |His major work the ''Rahat al-aql'' (Peace of Mind) explains how to attain the eternal life of the mind and reason, in a changing world. ''Al-Aqwal al-dhahabiya'', (refuting [[:en:Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi|al-Razi]]'s argument against the necessity of [[:en:Revelation|revelation]]) and ''Kitab al-riyad'' (about the early Isma'ili cosmology) are among his other works.<ref name="daftary">{{cite book|last1=Daftary|first1=Farhad|title=Intellectual Traditions in Islam|year=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1860644351|page=97}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Nasir_Khusraw|Nasir Khusraw]] | |Persia (Iran) |1004–1088 | |His ''Knowledge and Liberation'' consist of a series of 30 questions and answers about main issues of his time, from the creation of the world to the human free will and culpability after death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nasir Khusraw|title=Knowledge and Liberation: A Treatise on Philosophical Theology|translator=F.M. Hunzai|date=July 2, 1999|publisher=I. B. Tauris in Association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies; Reprint edition}}</ref> ''Rawshana-i-nama'' (Book of Enlightenment), and the ''Sa'datnama'' (Book of Felicity) are also among his works. |- |[[:en:Ibn_Zafar_al-Siqilli|Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli]] |[[File:Ibn_Zafar_al_Siquilli.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Zafar_al_Siquilli.jpg|80x80px]] |Sicily (Italy) |1104–1170 | |'''Hujjat al-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Zafar al-Siqilli''' ({{lang-ar|حجة الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن أبي محمد بن محمد بن ظفر الصقلي|Ḥujjat al-Dīn Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī}}), commonly known simply as '''Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli''', was a [[:en:Philosopher|philosopher]], [[:en:Polymath|polymath]] and Arab-Sicilian politician of the [[:en:Normans|Norman]] period (1104 - 1170), and has come to be known in the West as "[[:en:Niccolò_Machiavelli|Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s Arab Precursor". Ibn Zafar was said to have authored 32 books.<ref>Arié, Miniatures pp. 1–4</ref>, especially the ''Sulwān al-Muṭā fī Udwān al-Atbā'' ({{lang-ar|سلوان المطاع في عدوان الأتباع||Consolation for the Ruler During the Hostility of his Subjects}}) is his [[:en:Magnum_opus|magnum opus]]. <ref>Richard Hrair Dekmejian and Adel Fathy Thabit: ''Machiavelli's Arab Precursor: Ibn Zafar al-Siquilli''; British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (2000), 27, 125-137.</ref> <ref>Rachel Arié, ''Miniatures hispano-musulmanes'', Leyden (E. J. Brill) 1969.</ref> <ref>Umberto Rizzitano, ''Ibn Ẓafar, Abū ‘Abd Allāh'' in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IV, p.&nbsp;970.</ref> <ref>Emeri J. van Donzel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHxsWspxGIIC&dq=Ali%20ibn%20Jafar%20Ibn%20al-Qatta&pg=PA162 Islamic Desk Reference]</ref> |- |[[:en:Al-Ghazali|Al-Ghazali]] | |Persia (Iran) |1058–1111 |Sufi/Ashari |His main work [[:en:The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers|The Incoherence of the Philosophers]] made a turn in Islamic [[:en:Epistemology|epistemology]]. His encounter with [[:en:Skepticism|skepticism]] made him believe that all causative events are not product of material conjunctions but are due to the Will of God. Later on, in the next century, [[:en:Averroes|Averroes]]'s rebuttal of al-Ghazali's ''Incoherence'' became known as [[:en:The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence|The Incoherence of the Incoherence]].<ref name="Watt1953">{{cite book|last=Watt|first=W. Montgomery|title=The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali|year=1953|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd.|location=London|url=http://www.ghazali.org/works/watt3.htm}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Avempace|Avempace]] | |Andalusia (Spain) |1095–1138 | |His main philosophical idea is that the human soul could become one with the Divine through a hierarchy starting with sensing of the forms (containing less and less matter) to the impression of Active Intellect. His most important philosophical work is ''Tadbīr al-mutawaḥḥid'' (The Regime of the Solitary).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fakhry|first1=Majid|title=Islamic philosophy, theology and mysticism: a short introduction|date=2003|publisher=Oneworld|location=Oxford, England}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Ibn_Tufail|Ibn Tufail]] | |Andalusia (Spain) |1105–1185 | |His work [[:en:Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan|Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]], is known as ''The Improvement of Human Reason'' in English and is a philosophical and allegorical novel which tells the story of a [[:en:Feral_child|feral child]] named Hayy who is raised by a [[:en:Gazelle|gazelle]] and is living alone without contact with other human beings. This work is continuing Avicenna's version of the story and is considered as a response to [[:en:Al-Ghazali|al-Ghazali]]'s ''[[:en:The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers|The Incoherence of the Philosophers]]'', which had criticized Avicenna's philosophy.<ref name="Fancy">Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)", pp. 95–102, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]]. {{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/ |archive-date=2015-04-04 |access-date=2023-11-29}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Averroes|Averroes]] |[[File:Statue_of_Averroes_(Córdoba)_-_BAE09705.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Averroes_(C%C3%B3rdoba)_-_BAE09705.jpg|114x114px]] |Spain (Andalusia) |1126–1198 |Peripatetic |Being described as "founding father of secular thought in Western Europe",<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web|title=John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions – Islamic encounters|url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/islam/pages/exchange.html|access-date=October 30, 2012|archive-date=July 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701174308/http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/islam/pages/exchange.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dspace.ucalgary.ca">{{cite web|title=Ahmed, K. S. "Arabic Medicine: Contributions and Influence". The Proceedings of the 17th Annual History of Medicine Days, March 7th and 8th, 2008 Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB.|url=http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47472/1/2008_HMD_Ahmed.pdf|access-date=October 30, 2012|archive-date=June 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606022334/http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47472/1/2008_HMD_Ahmed.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was known by the nickname ''the Commentator'' for his precious commentaries on Aristotle's works. His main work was ''[[:en:The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence|The Incoherence of the Incoherence]]'' in which he defended philosophy against [[:en:Al-Ghazali|al-Ghazali]]'s claims in ''[[:en:The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers|The Incoherence of the Philosophers]]''. His other works were the ''Fasl al-Maqal'' and the ''Kitab al-Kashf''.<ref name="brown.edu" /><ref name="dspace.ucalgary.ca" /> |- |[[:en:Afdal_al-Din_Kashani|Afdal al-Din Kashani]] | |Persia (Iran) |?–1213 | |He was involved in explaining the salvific power of self-awareness.<ref name="Iranica">[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], ''[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-al-din-ameli-shaikh-mohammad-b BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿĀMELĪ, SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD B. ḤOSAYN BAHĀʾĪ]'' by E. Kohlberg.</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2019)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> That is: "To know oneself is to know the everlasting reality that is consciousness, and to know it is to be it."<ref name="Iranica" />{{failed verification|date=May 2019}} His ontology is interconnected with his [[:en:Epistemology|epistemology]], as he believes a full actualization of the potentialities of the world is only possible through self-knowledge.<ref name="Iranica" />{{failed verification|date=May 2019}} |- |[[:en:Najmuddin_Kubra|Najmuddin Kubra]] | |Persia |1145–1220 |Sufism |As the founder of the [[:en:Kubrawiyya|Kubrawiyya]] Sufi order,<ref name="Henry Corbin">[[Henry Corbin]], "''History of Islamic Philosophy''" and "''En Islam Iranien''".</ref> he is regarded as a pioneer of the [[:en:Sufi|Sufism]]. His books are discussing dreams and visionary experience, among which is a Sufi commentary on the [[:en:Quran|Quran]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition">{{cite book|last=Algar|first=Hamid|title=Kubra, Shaykh Abu 'l-Djannab Ahmad b. 'Umar Nadjm al-Din|year=2011|publisher=Brill Online|url=http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-4470}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi|Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] | |Persia (Iran) |1149–1209 |[[:en:Ash'ari|Ashari]] |His major work [[:en:Tafsir_al-Kabir_(al-Razi)|Tafsir-e Kabir]] included many philosophical thoughts, among which was the [[:en:Self-sufficiency|self-sufficiency]] of the intellect. He believed that proofs based on tradition [[:en:Hadith|hadith]] could never lead to certainty but only to [[:en:Presumption|presumption]]. Al-Razi's [[:en:Rationalism|rationalism]] "holds an important place in the debate in the Islamic tradition on the harmonization of reason and revelation."<ref name="Cooper">{{citation|title=al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149–1209)|encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|author=John Cooper|year=1998|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H044.htm|access-date=2010-03-07}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi|Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi]] | |Persia (Iran) |1155–1191 |[[:en:Sufism|Sufi]] |As the founder of [[:en:Illuminationism|Illuminationism]], an important school in [[:en:Islam|Islamic]] [[:en:Mysticism|mysticism]], The "light" in his "Philosophy of Illumination" is a divine source of knowledge which has significantly affected Islamic philosophy and [[:en:Esoteric|esoteric]] knowledge.<ref name="Ziai, H. 1997">{{cite book|last1=Ziai|first1=H|title=Al-Suhrawardi, vol. 9|date=1997|publisher=Encyclopaedia of Islam|pages=782–784}}</ref><ref name="Seyyed Hossein Nasr 1993. Pg 158">{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Hossein|title=The need for a sacred science|date=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|page=158}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Ibn_Arabi|Ibn Arabi]] |[[File:Ibn_Arabi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Arabi.jpg|103x103px]] |Spain (Andalusia) |1165–1240 |Sufi |He was an [[:en:Arab|Arab]] [[:en:Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] [[:en:Sufism|Sufi]] [[:en:Mysticism|mystic]] whose work ''Fusus al-Hikam'' (The Ringstones of Wisdom) can be described as a summary of his mystical beliefs concerning the role of different prophets in divine revelation.<ref>Naqvi, S. Ali Raza, THE BEZELS OF WISDOM (Ibn al-'Arabī's Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam) by R.W.J. Austin (rev.), Islamic Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer 1984), pp. 146–150</ref><ref>Chittick, William C. "The Disclosure of the Intervening Image: Ibn 'Arabî on Death", Discourse 24.1 (2002), pp. 51–62</ref><ref>Almond, Ian. "The Honesty of the Perplexed: Derrida and Ibn 'Arabi on 'Bewilderment'", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 515–537</ref> |- |[[:en:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi|Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] | |Persia (Iran) |1201–1274 | |As a supporter of [[:en:Avicennian_logic|Avicennian logic]] he was described by [[:en:Ibn_Khaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] as the greatest of the later [[:en:Persian_people|Persian]] scholars.<ref name="Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid. ''Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times''. Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I.</ref> Corresponding with [[:en:Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi|Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi]], the son-in-law of [[:en:Ibn_Arabi|Ibn al-'Arabi]], he thought mysticism, as disseminated by [[:en:Sufi|Sufi]] principles of his time, was not appealing to his mind so he wrote his own book of philosophical Sufism entitled ''Awsaf al-Ashraf'' (The Attributes of the Illustrious). |- |[[:en:Rumi|Rumi]] | |Persia |1207–1273 |Sufi |Described as the "most popular poet in America",<ref name="BBC-Haviland">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7016090.stm|title=The roar of Rumi — 800 years on|author=Charles Haviland|work=BBC News|date=2007-09-30|access-date=2007-09-30}}</ref> he was an evolutionary thinker, in that he believed that all matter after devolution from the divine [[:en:Ego_(spirituality)|Ego]] experience an evolutionary cycle by which it return to the same divine Ego,<ref>M.M. Sharif, ''A History of Muslim Philosophy'', Vol II, p. 827.</ref> which is due to an innate motive which he calls ''love''. Rumi's major work is the ''Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī'' (Spiritual Couplets) regarded by some [[:en:Sufi|Sufis]] as the Persian-language [[:en:Qur'an|Qur'an]].<ref>{{cite book|author=J.T.P. de Bruijn|title=Comparative Notes on Sanai and 'Attar|publisher=L. Lewisohn|page=361}}</ref> His other work, [[:en:Fihi_ma_fihi|''Fihi Ma Fihi'']] (In It What's in It), includes seventy-one talks given on various occasions to his disciples.<ref>Franklin Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West&nbsp;— The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', Oneworld Publications, 2000, Chapter 7.</ref> |- |[[:en:Ibn_al-Nafis|Ibn al-Nafis]] |[[File:Ibn_al-Nafis.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_al-Nafis.jpg|95x95px]] |Damascus (Syria) |1213–1288 | |His ''Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah'' or''[[:en:Theologus_Autodidactus|Theologus Autodidactus]]'' is said to be the first [[:en:Philosophical_novel|theological novel]] in which he attempted to prove that the human mind is able to deduce the truths of the world through reasoning.<ref name="roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), ''Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher'', ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=2008-02-06}}, ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'' )</ref> He described this book as a defense of "the system of Islam and the Muslims' doctrines on the missions of prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world".<ref name="fancy">{{Cite thesis|last=Fancy|first=Nahyan A. G.|year=2006|title=Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)|journal=Electronic Theses and Dissertations|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615|access-date=2014-10-07|archive-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Qotb_al-Din_Shirazi|Qotb al-Din Shirazi]] |[[File:Ghotb2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghotb2.jpg|109x109px]] |Persia (Iran) |1217–1311 | |He was a [[:en:Sufi|Sufi]] from [[:en:Shiraz|Shiraz]] who was famous for his commentary on [[:en:School_of_Illumination|Hikmat al-ishraq]] of [[:en:Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi|Suhrawardi]]. His major work is the ''Durrat al-taj li-ghurratt al-Dubaj'' (Pearly Crown) which is an Encyclopedic work on philosophy including philosophical views on natural sciences, theology, logic, public affairs, ethnics, mysticism, astronomy, mathematics, arithmetic and music.<ref>Sayyed ʿAbd-Allāh Anwār, Encyclopædia Iranica, "QOṬB-AL-DIN ŠIRĀZI, Maḥmud b. Żiāʾ-al-Din Masʿud b. Moṣleḥ",</ref> |- |[[:en:Ibn_Sabin|Ibn Sabin]] | |Andalusia (Spain) |1236–1269 | |He was a [[:en:Sufi|Sufi]] philosopher, the last [[:en:Philosophy|philosopher]] of the [[:en:Al-Andalus|Andalus]], and was known for his replies to questions from [[:en:Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor|Frederick II]], the ruler of [[:en:Sicily|Sicily]]. His [[:en:School|school]] is a mixture of philosophical and [[:en:Gnostic|Gnostic]] thoughts.<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2006|pp=156–157}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli|Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] | |Persia |1319–1385 | |As the main commentator of the [[:en:Ibn_Arabi|Ibn Arabi]]'s mystic philosophy and the representative of Persian [[:en:Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)|Imamah]] theosophy, he believes that the [[:en:Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)|Imams]] who were gifted with [[:en:Mysticism|mystical]] knowledge were not just guides to the Shia [[:en:Sufi|Sufis]]. He was both a critic of Shia whose religion was confined to legalistic system and Sufis who denied certain regulations issued from the Imams.<ref name="Kohlberg">{{cite web|last=Kohlberg|first=Etan|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|work=Amoli, Sayyed Baha-Al-Din}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Taftazani|Taftazani]] | |Persia |1322–1390 | |Al-Taftazani's treatises, even the commentaries, are "standard books" for students of Islamic theology. His papers have been called a "compendium of the various views regarding the great doctrines of Islam".<ref name="Al-Taftazani 1950 p. XX">Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah (1950). ''A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi'' (Earl Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. XX.</ref> |- |[[:en:Ibn_Khaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] | |Tunisia |1332–1406 |Ashari |He is known for his [[:en:The_Muqaddimah|The Muqaddimah]] which [[:en:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold J. Toynbee]] called it "a [[:en:Philosophy_of_history|philosophy of history]] which is undoubtedly the greatest work of its kind."<ref name="Britannica">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 15th ed., vol. 9, p. 148.</ref> [[:en:Ernest_Gellner|Ernest Gellner]] considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of [[:en:Government|government]], "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself", the best in the history of [[:en:Political_theory|political theory]].<ref>Ernest Gellner, ''Plough, Sword and Book'' (1988), p. 239</ref> His theory of [[:en:Social_conflict|social conflict]] contrasts the sedentary life of city dwellers with the migratory life of nomadic people, which would result in conquering the cities by the desert warriors.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=3590803|title=Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist|last1=Hannoum|first1=Abdelmajid|journal=History and Theory|year=2003|volume=42|issue=1|pages=61–81|doi=10.1111/1468-2303.00230}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Abdul_Karim_Jili|Abdul Karim Jili]] | |Iraq |1366–1424 |Sufi |Jili was the primary systematizer and commentator of [[:en:Ibn_Arabi|Ibn Arabi]]'s works. His ''Universal Man'' explains Ibn Arabi's teachings on reality and human perfection, which is among the masterpieces of [[:en:Sufi|Sufi]] [[:en:Literature|literature]].<ref>Peters, F.E. (1990) ''Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume III: The Works of the Spirit'' Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, p.254-257;</ref><ref>[http://www.sunnirazvi.org/qadiri/ego/carnal.htm ''The Qadiriya Sufi Way'' Sunni Razvi Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231192011/http://www.sunnirazvi.org/qadiri/ego/carnal.htm|date=2006-12-31}}</ref> Jili thought of the Absolute Being as a Self, which later on influenced [[:en:Muhammad_Iqbal|Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref>Allama Muhammad Iqbal in his letter dated 24 January 1921 to R.A. Nicholson (''Letters of Iqbal'' Iqbal Academy, Lahore (1978), pp. 141–42)</ref> |- |[[:en:Jami|Jami]] |[[File:Jami_poet.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jami_poet.jpg|122x122px]] |Persia (Iran) |1414–1492 |Sufi |His [[:en:Haft_Awrang|Haft Awrang]] (Seven Thrones) includes seven stories, among which ''Salaman and Absal'' tells the story of a sensual attraction of a prince for his wet-nurse,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lingwood|first=Chad|title=Jami's Salaman va Absal: Political Statements and Mystical Advice Addressed to the Aq Qoyunlu Court of Sultan Ya'qub (d. 896/1490)|journal=Iranian Studies|date=March 2011|volume=44|issue=2|pages=174–191|doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.541687|s2cid=154384698}}</ref> through which Jami uses figurative symbols to depict the key stages of the [[:en:Sufi|Sufi]] path such as repentance.<ref name="huart1">{{cite journal|last=Huart|first=Cl.|author2=Masse, H.|title=Djami, Mawlana Nur al-Din 'Abd ah-Rahman|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam}}</ref><ref name="lingwood175">{{cite journal|last=Lingwood|first=Chad|title=Jami's Salaman va Absal: Political Statements and Mystical Advice Addressed to the Aq Qoyunlu Court of Sultan Ya'qub (d. 896/1490)|journal=Iranian Studies|date=March 2011|volume=44|issue=2|pages=175–191|doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.541687|s2cid=154384698}}</ref> The mystical and philosophical explanations of the nature of divine mercy, is also among his works.<ref name="rizvi1">{{cite journal|last=Rizvi|first=Sajjad|title=The Existential Breath of al-rahman and the Munificent Grace of al-rahim: The Tafsir Surat al-Fatiha of Jami and the School of Ibn Arabi|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Bahāʾ_al-dīn_al-ʿĀmilī|Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī]] |[[File:Sheik_bahayi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheik_bahayi.jpg|80x80px]] |Levant, Jabal Amel |1547–1621 | |Regarded as a leading scholar and [[:en:Mujaddid|mujaddid]] of the seventeenth century,<ref name="Iranica" /> he worked on [[:en:Tafsir|tafsir]], [[:en:Hadith|hadith]], [[:en:Grammar|grammar]] and [[:en:Fiqh|fiqh]] (jurisprudence).<ref name="Iranica" /> In his work ''Resāla fi’l-waḥda al-wojūdīya'' (Exposition of the concept of "Unity of Existences"), he states that the [[:en:Sufi|Sufis]] are the true believers, "calls for an unbiased assessment of their utterances, and refers to his own mystical experiences."<ref name="Iranica" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kohlberg|first1=E.|title=BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿĀMELĪ|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-al-din-ameli-shaikh-mohammad-b|website=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mir_Damad|Mir Damad]] | |Persia (Iran) |?–1631 | |Professing in the Neoplatonizing Islamic Peripatetic traditions of [[:en:Avicenna|Avicenna]] and [[:en:Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi|Suhrawardi]], he was the main figure (together with his student [[:en:Mulla_Sadra|Mulla Sadra]]), of the cultural revival of [[:en:Iran|Iran]]. He was also the central founder of the [[:en:School_of_Isfahan|School of Isfahan]], and is regarded as the Third Teacher (mu'alim al-thalith) after [[:en:Aristotle|Aristotle]] and [[:en:Al-Farabi|al-Farabi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2006|p=214}}</ref> ''Taqwim al-Iman'' (Calendars of Faith), ''Kitab Qabasat al-Ilahiyah'' (Book of the Divine Embers of Fiery Kindling), ''Kitab al-Jadhawat'' (Book of Spiritual Attractions) and [[:en:Sirat_al-Mustaqim|Sirat al-Mustaqim]] (The Straight Path) are among his 134 works.<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2006}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mir_Fendereski|Mir Fendereski]] | |Persia (Iran) |1562–1640 | |He was trained in the works of [[:en:Avicenna|Avicenna]], and [[:en:Mulla_Sadra|Mulla Sadra]] studied under him.<ref>Fazlur Rahman, ''The Philosophy of Mullā Ṣadrā (Ṣadr Al-Dīn Al-Shirāzī)'', SUNY Press, 1975</ref> His main work''al-Resāla al-ṣenāʿiya'', is an examination of the arts and professions in perfect society, and combines a number of genres and subject areas such as political and ethical thought and metaphysics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mir-fendereski-sayyed-amir-abul-qasem|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mulla_Sadra|Mulla Sadra]] | |Persia (Iran) |1571–1641 |Shia |According to [[:en:Oliver_Leaman|Oliver Leaman]], Mulla Sadra is the most important influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years.<ref>Leaman (2007), p.146</ref><ref>[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H027.htm Mulla Sadra (Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-Shirazi) (1571/2-1640)] by John Cooper</ref> He is regarded as the master of [[:en:Ishraqi|Ishraqi]] school of Philosophy who combined the many areas of the [[:en:Islamic_Golden_Age|Islamic Golden Age]] philosophies into what he called the [[:en:Transcendent_Theosophy|Transcendent Theosophy]]. He brought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of [[:en:Reality|reality]]" and created "a major transition from [[:en:Essentialism|essentialism]] to [[:en:Existentialism|existentialism]]" in Islamic philosophy.<ref name="Kamal">{{citation|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9 & 39}}</ref> He also created for the first time a "distinctly Muslim school of [[:en:Hikmah|Hikmah]] based especially upon the inspired doctrines which form the very basis of Shiism," especially what contained in the [[:en:Nahj_al-Balagha|Nahj al-Balagha]].<ref name="Mian Sharif">{{cite book|last1=Sharif|first1=Mian Mohammad|title=History of Muslim Philosophy, Vol 2|date=1966|publisher=Allgauer Heimatverlag GmbH|location=Germany|pages=938, 920 & 907|author-link=Muhammad Sharif}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Qazi_Sa’id_Qumi|Qazi Sa’id Qumi]] | |Persia (Iran) |1633–1692 | |He was the pupil of [[:en:Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi|Rajab Ali Tabrizi]], [[:en:Muhsen_Feyz|Muhsen Feyz]] and [[:en:Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji|Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji]], and wrote comments on the Theology attributed to Aristotle, a work which Muslim philosophers have always continued to read. His commentaries on [[:en:Al-Tawhid|al-Tawhid]] by [[:en:Al-Shaykh_al-Saduq|al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] is also famous.<ref>Corbin (1993), pp.346–347</ref> |- |[[:en:Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] | |India |1703–1762 | |He attempted to reexamine Islamic theology in the view of modern changes. His main work ''The Conclusive Argument of God'' is about Muslim theology and is still frequently referred to by new Islamic circles. ''Al-Budur al-bazighah'' (The Full Moons Rising in Splendor) is another work of him in which he explains the basis of faith in view of rational and traditional arguments.<ref name="Jalbani2006">{{cite book|last=Jalbani|first=G.N.|title=Life of Shah Wali Allah|year=2006|publisher=Kitab Bhavan|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788171513703|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3qbYgEACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="ikram64">{{cite book|title=Muslim civilization in India|year=1964|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231025805|author=S. M. Ikram|author-link=S. M. Ikram|editor=Ainslie T. Embree|editor-link=Ainslie T. Embree|access-date=April 12, 2013|chapter=XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707–1803|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Syed_Ameer_Ali|Syed Ameer Ali]] |[[File:SyedAmeerAli.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SyedAmeerAli.jpg|104x104px]] |India |1849–1928 |Modernist |Sir Syed Ameer Ali was a British-Indian scholar achieving [[:en:Order_of_the_Star_of_India|''order of the star of India'']]. He was one of the leading Islamic scholars India who tried to bring modernity in Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ali, Syed Ameer – Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ali,_Syed_Ameer|access-date=2020-12-08|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> Instead of revolting against British Empire, he tried to popularize modern education such as learning English language. Two of his most famous books are – ''The Spirit of Islam'' and ''Short History Of The Saracens''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-24|title=Syed Ameer Ali {{!}} Former Judge in the Calcutta High Court.|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/syed-ameer-ali/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Story Of Pakistan|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Muhammad_Iqbal|Muhammad Iqbal]] |[[File:Allama_Iqbal.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbal.jpg|center|132x132px]] |(British India) Pakistan |1877–1938 |Modernist/ Sufi |Other than being an eminent poet, he is recognized as the "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times".<ref name="aml.org.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, Poet, and Political leader|publisher=Aml.Org.pk|access-date=2012-03-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000639/http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|archive-date=2012-03-05}}</ref> He wrote two books on the topic of ''[[:en:The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia|The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]'' and ''[[:en:The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam|The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]''<ref name="bio-iqbalsworks">{{cite web|title=Allama Iqbal – biography – Iqbal's works|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html|publisher=Iqbal Academy|date=May 26, 2006|format=PHP|access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref> In which he revealed his thoughts regarding Islamic Sufism explaining that it trigger the searching soul to a superior understanding of life.<ref name="bio-iqbalsworks" /> God, the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture are among the other issues discussed in his works.<ref name="bio-iqbalsworks" /> |- |[[:en:Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabaei|Seyed Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei]] |[[File:Allame-Tabatabai-youth.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allame-Tabatabai-youth.jpg|120x120px]] |Persia (Iran) |1892–1981 |Shia |He is famous for ''[[:en:Tafsir_al-Mizan|Tafsir al-Mizan]]'', the [[:en:Quran|Quranic]] [[:en:Exegesis|exegesis]]. His philosophy is centered on the sociological treatment of human problems.<ref name="Algar">{{cite book|last1=Algar|first1=Hamid|title=Biography of Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref> In his later years he would often hold study meetings with [[:en:Henry_Corbin|Henry Corbin]] and [[:en:Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr|Seyyed Hossein Nasr]], in which the classical texts of divine knowledge and gnosis along with what Nasr calls comparative gnosis were discussed. [[:en:Shi'a_Islam_(Book)|Shi'a Islam]], ''The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism'' ({{lang-fa|Usul-i-falsafeh va ravesh-i-ri'alism}}) and ''Dialogues with Professor Corbin'' ({{lang-fa|Mushabat ba Ustad Kurban}}) are among his works.<ref name="Algar" /> |- |[[:en:Ghulam_Ahmed_Perwez|Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]] | |Pakistan |1903–1985 |Modernist/ [[:en:Quranism|Quranist]] |He was a famous theologian from Pakistan inspired by [[:en:Muhammad_Iqbal|Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-09-21|title=The rise and fall of a spiritual rebel|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1132974|access-date=2020-12-05|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Being a protege of Allama Muhammad Iqbal his main focus was to separate between ''"Deen"'' and ''"Madhab"''. According to him Islam was revelated as Deen which's main purpose was to create a successful and happy society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction: Islam – A Challenge to Religion by Allama Ghulam Ahmad Parwez {{!}} Allama Ghulam Ahmad Parwez|url=https://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/allama-ghulam-ahmad-parwez/introduction--islam--a-challenge-to-religion-by-allama-ghulam-ahmad-parwez/d/1555|access-date=2020-12-05|website=www.newageislam.com|language=en}}</ref> He rejected the idea of a state being ruled by Islamic scholars, although he also criticized western secularism.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2015-08-13|title=Shaping histories: The most influential books in Pakistan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1200253|access-date=2020-12-05|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> He firmly believed that Islam isn't based on blind faith but rational thinking. His most famous book is ''"Islam: A Challenge to Religion".'' |- |[[:en:Abul_A'la_Maududi|Abul A'la Maududi]] | |Pakistan |1903–1979 | |His major work is [[:en:The_Meaning_of_the_Qur'an|The Meaning of the Qur'an]] in which he explains that The Quran is not a book of abstract ideas, but a Book which contains a message which causes a movement.<ref>1979, Tafhimul Qur'an, Vol. I, Lahore, pp. 334</ref> Islam, he believes, is not a 'religion' in the sense this word is usually comprehended, but a system encompassing all areas of living.<ref>{{cite web|title=A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'|url=http://www.geocities.com/alummah2000/MeaningOfIslam.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024074605/http://geocities.com/alummah2000/MeaningOfIslam.html|archive-date=2009-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> In his book ''[[:en:Islamic_Way_of_Life|Islamic Way of Life]]'', he largely expanded on this view. |- |[[:en:Henry_Corbin|Henry Corbin]] | |France |1903–1978 | |He was a [[:en:Philosopher|philosopher]], [[:en:Theologian|theologian]] and professor of [[:en:Islamic_studies|Islamic Studies]] at the [[:en:University_of_Paris|Sorbonne]] in [[:en:Paris|Paris]] where he encountered [[:en:Louis_Massignon|Louis Massignon]], and it was he who introduced Corbin to the writings of [[:en:Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi|Suhrawardi]] whose work affected the course of Corbin's life.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Religion">[http://www.bookrags.com/research/corbin-henry-eorl-03/ Corbin, Henry] an article by Encyclopedia of Religion</ref> In his History of Islamic Philosophy, he refuted the view that philosophy among the Muslims came to an end after Averroes, showed rather that a vivid philosophical activity persisted in the eastern Muslim world – especially Iran.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Religion" /> |- |[[:en:Abdel_Rahman_Badawi|Abdel Rahman Badawi]] | |Egypt |1917–2002 | |He adopted existentialism since he wrote his ''Existentialist Time'' in 1943. His version of existentialism, according to his own description, differs from Heidegger's and other existentialists in that it gives preference to action rather than thought. in his later work,''Humanism And Existentialism In Arab Thought'', however, he tried to root his ideas in his own culture.<ref>Mona Mikhail (1992), ''Studies in the Short Fiction of Mahfouz and Idris'', [[NYU Press]], p. 28</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Abdul-Rahman Badawi|url=http://www.arabphilosophers.com/English/philosophers/modern/modern-names/eAbdul_Rahman_Badawi.htm|website=Philosophers of the Arabs}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Morteza_Motahhari|Morteza Motahhari]] |[[File:مرتضی_مطهری_در_جوانی.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg|106x106px]] |Persia (Iran) |1919–1979 |Shia |Considered among the important influences on the ideologies of the [[:en:Islamic_Republic|Islamic Republic]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Manouchehr Ganji|title=Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&pg=PA109|access-date=8 August 2013|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97187-8|pages=109}}</ref> he started from the [[:en:Hawza|Hawza]] of [[:en:Qom|Qom]]. Then he taught philosophy in the [[:en:University_of_Tehran|University of Tehran]] for 22 years. Between 1965 and 1973, however, he gave regular lectures at [[:en:Hosseiniye_Ershad|the Hosseiniye Ershad]] in Northern Tehran, most of which have been turned into books on Islam, Iran, and historical topics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kasra|first=Nilofar|title=Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari|url=http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1627&doc_cat=16|work=IICHS|access-date=July 27, 2013|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042954/http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1627&doc_cat=16|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mohammad-Taqi_Ja'fari|Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari]] |[[File:Məhəmməd_Təği_Cəfəri.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_T%C9%99%C4%9Fi_C%C9%99f%C9%99ri.jpg|111x111px]] |Persia (Iran) |1923–1998 |Shia |He wrote many books on variety of fields, the most prominent of which are his 15-volume Interpretation and Criticism of [[:en:Rumi|Rumi]]'s [[:en:Masnavi|Masnavi]], and his unfinished, 27-volume Translation and Interpretation of the [[:en:Nahj_al-Balagha|Nahj al-Balagha]]. These works shows his ideas in fields like anthropology, sociology, moral ethics, philosophy and mysticism. |- |[[:en:Mohammed_Arkoun|Mohammed Arkoun]] | |Algeria |1928–2010 |Modernist |He wrote on Islam and modernity trying to rethink the role of Islam in the contemporary world.<ref name="Arkoun">{{cite web|title=In Memory of Professor Mohammed Arkoun|url=http://iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=111895|website=The Institute of Ismaili Studies|access-date=October 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020042420/http://iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=111895|archive-date=October 20, 2014}}</ref> In his book ''Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers'' he offers his responses to several questions for those who are concerned about the identity crisis which left many Muslims estranged from both modernity and tradition. ''The Unthought In Contemporary Islamic Thought'' is also among his works.<ref name="Arkoun" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Arkoun|first1=Mohammed|title=Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers|translator=Robert D. Lee|date=July 4, 1994|publisher=Westview Press}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Israr_Ahmed|Israr Ahmed]] | |Pakistan |1932–2010 | |He is the author of ''Islamic Renaissance: The Real Task Ahead'' in which he explains the theoretical idea of the [[:en:Caliphate|Caliphate]] system, arguing that it would only be possible by reviving [[:en:Iman_(concept)|Iman]] and faith among the Muslims in general and intelligentsia in particular. This would, he argues, fill the existing gap between new sciences, and Islamic divine knowledge.<ref>Mumtaz Ahmad, "Media-Based Preachers and the Creation of New Muslim Publics in Pakistan," NBR Special Report 22, February 2010</ref> |- |[[:en:Ali_Shariati|Ali Shariati]] |[[File:Dr_Ali_Shariati.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_Ali_Shariati.jpg|105x105px]] |Persia (Iran) |1933–1977 |Modernist/ Shia |Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century[3] and has been called the "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", although his ideas ended up not forming the basis of the Islamic Republic |- |[[:en:Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli|Abdollah Javadi-Amoli]] | |Persia (Iran) |1933– |Shia |His works are dedicated to Islamic philosophy and especially [[:en:Mulla_Sadra|Mulla Sadra]]'s transcendent philosophy.<ref name="Kamal" /> [[:en:Tasnim|Tafsir Tasnim]] is his exegesis of the [[:en:Quran|Quran]] in which he follows [[:en:Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba'i|Tabatabaei]]'s [[:en:Tafsir_al-Mizan|Tafsir al-Mizan]], in that he tries to interpret a verse based on other verses.<ref>{{cite book|author=Javadi Amoli|title=Tasnim: Tafsir of Quran|date=2013|publisher=Asra|location=Tehran}}</ref> His other work ''As-Saareh-e-Khelqat'' is a discussion about the philosophy of faith and evidence of the existence of God. |- |[[:en:Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr|Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] |[[File:Hossein_nasr.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hossein_nasr.jpg|99x99px]] |Persia (Iran) |1933– |Sufi/Shia |He is a major [[:en:Perennial_philosophy|perennialist thinker]]. His works defend Islamic and perennialist doctrines and principles while challenging the theoretical underpinnings of modern science. He argues that [[:en:Desacralization_of_knowledge|knowledge has been desacralized]] in the [[:en:Human_history#Modern_history|modern period]], that is, separated from its divine source—God—and calls for its [[:en:Resacralization_of_knowledge|resacralization]] through [[:en:Tradition_(perennialism)|sacred traditions]] and [[:en:Scientia_sacra|sacred science]]. His [[:en:Environmental_philosophy|environmental philosophy]] is expressed in terms of [[:en:Islamic_environmentalism|Islamic environmentalism]] and the [[:en:Resacralization_of_nature|resacralization of nature]]. |- |[[:en:Sadiq_Jalal_al-Azm|Sadiq Jalal al-Azm]] |[[File:Sadiq_Jalal_al-Azm_at_UCLA_5-10-06.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadiq_Jalal_al-Azm_at_UCLA_5-10-06.jpg|80x80px]] |Turkey |1934–2016 | |He was working on [[:en:Immanuel_Kant|Immanuel Kant]], though, later in his life, he put greater emphasis on the [[:en:Islam|Islamic]] world and its relationship to the West. He was also a supporter of [[:en:Human_rights|human rights]], intellectual freedom and free speech.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050609/2005060901.html|title=Syrian intellectuals call on the Baath congress to revive 'Damascus spring'|date=2005-09-06|publisher=ArabicNews.com|access-date=2009-01-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319115555/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050609/2005060901.html|archive-date=2006-03-19}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mohammad-Taqi_Mesbah-Yazdi|Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi]] | |Persia (Iran) |1934–2021 |Shia |He is an Islamic [[:en:Faqih|Faqih]] who has also studied works of [[:en:Avicenna|Avicenna]] and [[:en:Mulla_Sadra|Mulla Sadra]]. He supports [[:en:Islamic_philosophy|Islamic philosophy]] and in particular [[:en:Mulla_Sadra|Mulla Sadra]]'s transcendent philosophy. His book ''Philosophical Instructions: An Introduction to Contemporary Islamic Philosophy'' is translated into English.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miṣbāḥ Yazdī|first1=Muḥammad Taqī|title=Philosophical Instructions: An Introduction to Contemporary Islamic Philosophy|date=1999|translator=Aẓīm Sarvdalīr|translator2=Hajj Dr Muḥammad Legenhausen|publisher=Binghamton University and Brigham Young University}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mohammad_Baqir_al-Sadr|Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr]] | |Iraq |1935–1980 |Shia |He was an [[:en:Iraq|Iraqi]] [[:en:Shia_Islam|Shia]] philosopher and founder of the [[:en:Islamic_Dawa_Party|Islamic Dawa Party]]. His ''Falsafatuna'' (Our Philosophy) is a collection of basic ideas concerning the world, and his way of considering it. These concepts are divided into two researches: The theory of knowledge, and the philosophical notion of the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ayatullah Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr|title=Our Philosophy- Falsafatuna|url=http://www.al-islam.org/our-philosophy-falsafatuna-ayatullah-muhammad-baqir-sadr|publisher=Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|access-date=2014-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014111141/http://www.al-islam.org/our-philosophy-falsafatuna-ayatullah-muhammad-baqir-sadr|archive-date=2014-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri|Mohammed Abed al-Jabri]] | |Morocco |1935–2010 |Modernist |His work ''Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought'' while shows the distinctive nationality of the Arabs, reject the philosophical discussion which have tried to ignore its democratic deficits. Working in the tradition of [[:en:Avincenna|Avincenna]] and [[:en:Averroes|Averroes]], he emphasizes that concepts such as democracy and law cannot rely on old traditions, nor could be import, but should be created by today's Arabs themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Al Jabri|first1=Mohammed Abed|title=Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought|date=December 9, 2008|publisher=I. B. Tauris}}</ref> ''The Formation of Arab Reason: Text, Tradition and the Construction of Modernity in the Arab World'' is also among his works. |- |[[:en:Abdolkarim_Soroush|Abdolkarim Soroush]] |[[File:Abdolkarim_Soroush_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdolkarim_Soroush_02.jpg|80x80px]] |Persia (Iran) |1945– |Shia/ Neoplatonist |Being interested in the philosophy of religion and the philosophical system of [[:en:Rumi|Rumi]], his book ''the evolution and devolution of religious knowledge'' argues that "a religion (such as Islam) may be divine and unchanging, but our understanding of religion remains in a continuous flux and a totally human endeavor."<ref name="vahid">{{cite book|last1=Vahid|first1=Hamid|title=Islamic Humanism: From Silence to Extinction a Brief Analysis of Abdulkarim Soroush's Thesis of Evolution and Devolution of Religious Knowledge|date=2005|publisher=Center of Islam and Science|location=Tehran, Iran|page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jahanbakhsh|first1=Forough|title=Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953–2000: From Bazargan to Soroush|url=https://archive.org/details/islamdemocracyre00jaha|url-access=limited|date=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamdemocracyre00jaha/page/n153 145]|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004119826}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi|Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]] |[[File:Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi.jpg|101x101px]] |Pakistan |1951– |Modernist |Javed Ahmed Ghamidi is a Pakistani theologian. He is regarded as one of the contemporary modernists of Islamic world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-07|title=Javed Ahmad Ghamidi: A Modernist Reformist – OpEd|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/07042020-javed-ahmad-ghamidi-a-modernist-reformist-oped/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Eurasia Review|language=en-US}}</ref> Like [[:en:Ghulam_Ahmed_Perwez|''Parwez'']] he also promotes rationalism and secular thought with deen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2014-12-30|title=10 Unique viewpoints of scholar Javed Ghamidi|url=http://www.convergencestride.com/2014/12/10-unique-viewpoints-scholar-javed-ghamidi/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Convergence Stride|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821214914/http://www.convergencestride.com/2014/12/10-unique-viewpoints-scholar-javed-ghamidi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ghamidi is also popular for his moderate [[:en:Fatwa|fatwas]]. Ghamidi also holds the view of [[:en:Democracy|democracy]] being compatible with Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monthly Renaissance – Content|url=http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=1158|access-date=2020-12-08|website=www.monthly-renaissance.com}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Gary_Legenhausen|Gary Legenhausen]] | |US |1953– | |''Islam and Religious Pluralism'' is among his works in which he advocates "non-reductive religious pluralism".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legenhausen|first1=Gary|title=Islam and Religious Pluralism|url=http://www.uibk.ac.at/theol/leseraum/texte/626.html}}</ref> In his paper "The Relationship between Philosophy and Theology in the Postmodern Age" he is trying to examine whether philosophy can agree with theology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Legenhausen|first1=Muhammad|title=The Relationship between Philosophy and Theology in the Postmodern Age|date=12 March 2013|url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol14-n1/relationship-between-philosophy-and-theology-postmodern-age}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Mostafa_Malekian|Mostafa Malekian]] | |Persia (Iran) |1956– |Shia |He is working on ''Rationality and Spirituality'' in which he is trying to make Islam and reasoning compatible. His major work ''A Way to Freedom'' is about spirituality and wisdom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mansour Nejad|first1=Mohammad|title=Naqdi bar Ostadan be Bahane Tajlil|date=1389|publisher=Javan Pooya Publication|location=Tehran|language=fa}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Insha-Allah_Rahmati|Insha-Allah Rahmati]] | |Persia (Iran) |1966– | |His fields of can be summarized as follows: [[:en:Ethics|Ethics]] and [[:en:Philosophy_of_religion|Philosophy of Religion]] and [[:en:Islamic_philosophy|Islamic Philosophy]]. Most of his work in these three areas. |- |[[:en:Shabbir_Akhtar|Shabbir Akhtar]] | |England |1960– |Neo-orthodox Analytical philosophy |This Cambridge-trained thinker is trying to revive the tradition of Sunni Islamic philosophy, defunct since Ibn Khaldun, against the background of western analytical philosophical method. His major treatise is ''The Quran and the Secular Mind'' (2007). |- |[[:en:Tariq_Ramadan|Tariq Ramadan]] |[[File:Tariq_Ramadan_Profile_Image.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tariq_Ramadan_Profile_Image.png|80x80px]] |Switzerland/ France |1962– |Modernist |Working mainly on Islamic theology and the place of Muslims in the West,<ref>[http://www.tariqramadan.com/Reading-the-Koran.html Reading the Koran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609003736/http://www.tariqramadan.com/Reading-the-Koran.html|date=2011-06-09}}. Tariq RAMADAN (2008-01-07). Retrieved on 2011-01-30.</ref> he believes that western Muslims must think up a "Western Islam" in accordance to their own social circumstances.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Livingstone|first1=David|title=Black Terror White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism & the New Age|page=594|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYy7TTmQoD4C|isbn=9781481226509|date=2013-06-16|publisher=David Livingstone}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Yusuf_Morales|Yusuf Morales]] | |Philippines | |Sunni-Sufi |Counter-Terrorism Developmental Security Practitioner, Cultural and Religious Educator and Cultural worker. Lead Convenor of Consortium for Peacebuilders, Governance Development and Security Studies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ateneo de Davao University|title=Advisory Board|url=http://alqalam.addu.edu.ph/about-us/advisory-board/|website=Ateneo de Davao University|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Morales|first1=Yusuf|title=Yusuf Morales|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/yusuf-morales-405a1933/?originalSubdomain=ph|website=linkedin|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref> |} * Jerin masana falsafa * Falsafar Musulunci * Farkon Falsafar Musulunci * Falsafar Musulunci ta zamani * [[Ulama'u|Malaman Musulunci]] * Jerin malaman falsafa na Iran == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ Falsafar Musulunci Online] * [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/journal/index.html Jaridar Falsafar Musulunci] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Manazarta == plewyhef7vsqq5xnnu2x4hyrywb2sqb Nnorom Azuonye 0 64498 859453 659331 2026-06-17T16:02:33Z Merjoor 14653 859453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nnorom Azuonye (born 12 July 1967, in Biafra) is a publisher, theater director, playwright, poet and advertising professional. He is also an accredited Methodist Local Preacher with the Methodist Church in Britain and serves as Principal Networker, Global Calvary Network. He wrote Letter To God & Other Poems in 2003, The Bridge Selection: Poems for the Road (2005 & 2012) and Funeral of the Minstrel in 2015). The Founding Publishing Director & Chief Executive Officer, SPM Publications Ltd, Azuonye is the founder and administrator of Sentinel Poetry Movement and the founder and publisher of the magazines Nollywood Focus, Sentinel Literary Quarterly, Sentinel Nigeria and Sentinel Champions. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Nnorom Azuonye dan asalin [[Isuikwuato]] ne, [[Abiya|jihar Abia]] ta [[Najeriya]], amma an haife shi a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], yanzu a jihar Enugu ta Najeriya, a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 1967. Shi ne auta ga Stephen Onyemaechi Azuonye MON, MBE, da Hannah Egwuime Azuonye. Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia, Kwalejin Capital, [[Landan|London]], da [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]], inda ya karanta Dramatic Arts.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}</link> . == Ayyukan adabi == A cikin 2002, Azuonye ya kafa ƙungiyar Sentinel Poetry Movement - ƙungiyar marubuta da masu fasaha ta duniya waɗanda ke ba da hulɗa da buɗaɗɗen albarkatun wakoki, almara, wasan kwaikwayo, kasidu, tambayoyi da bita na Arts. Shi ne Manajan Editan na ''Sentinel Literary Quarterly'' - mujallar adabin duniya wanda Sentinel Poetry Movement ya buga. Har ila yau, shi ne mawallafin mujallar ''Sentinel Nigeria'' - mujallar yanar gizo ta zamani ta rubuta rubutun Sentinel guda biyu da suka gabata, ''Sentinel Poetry (Online)'' da ''Sentinel Poetry Quarterly'', an hade su cikin bugu ɗaya na ''Sentinel Literary Quarterly'' == Rubutu == An buga Azuonye da yawa a duniya a cikin mujallu, jaridu da tarihin tarihi da suka hada da Agenda, DrumVoices Revue, Eclectica, Orbis, World Haiku Review, Nigerians Talk, African Writing, African Writers, Sketchbook, Poetry Monthly, Opon Ifa, Dandalin wasan kwaikwayo, muryoyin adawa da wariyar launin fata: Wakoki 100 akan Wariyar launin fata, da Waƙoƙi don Tsawon Zamani (Mandy Pannett ed.) '''Littattafai''' * ''Wasika Zuwa ga Allah & Sauran Waqoqin'' (2003), * ''Zaɓin Gadar: Waƙoƙi don Hanya'' (2005 & 2012). * ''Blue Hyacinths'' (2010; ed. tare da Geoff Stevens), * ''Sentinel Annual Literature Anthology'' (2011; ed tare da [[Unoma Azuah]] da Amanda Sington-Williams), * ''Jana'izar Minstrel'' * ''Farawa na Falcon'' (ed.) (wasan kwaikwayo, 2015).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Iyali == Nnorom ya auri Thelma Amaka Azuonye (née Mbomi) a shekara ta 2006. Suna zaune a birnin Landan na kasar Ingila tare da ‘ya’yansu Arinzechukwu, Nwachiamanda, Obinna da Ugochukwu. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nnorom.blogspot.com/ Shafin Nnorom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625160021/http://nnorom.blogspot.com/ |date=2007-06-25 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Category:Kwalejin ilimi]] [[Category:Marubucin Najeriya]] 8a0z8isae2ezm5q1s880ftws14g9xrv Jamal Aghmani 0 64581 859624 489069 2026-06-17T20:35:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jamal Aghmani.jpg|thumb|Jamal Aghmani]] '''Jamal Aghmani''' ko '''Rhmani''' ({{Lang-ar|جمال أغماني}}&#x2013; an haife shi a shekara ta 1958, [[Rabat]] ) ɗan siyasan Moroko ne na jam'iyyar Socialist Union of Popular Forces. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 zuwa 2012, ya riƙe muƙamin ministan ayyuka da koyar da sana'o'i a majalisar ministocin Abbas El Fassi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview : Jamal Aghmani|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/77415|accessdate=16 August 2012|newspaper=Le Matin|date=2007-12-17|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072511/https://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/77415|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nabila Fathi|title=Jamal Aghmani, ministre de l'Emploi : "Les syndicats ont toujours été subventionnés"|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/challenge/401|accessdate=16 August 2012|newspaper=Challenge Hebdo|date=8 December 2007|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071935/https://www.maghress.com/fr/challenge/401|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=3 Questions à Jamal Aghmani, ministre de l'Emploi|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lagazette/17376|accessdate=16 August 2012|newspaper=La Gazette du Maroc|date=2008-06-27|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072250/https://www.maghress.com/fr/lagazette/17376|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Imane Azmi|title=Emploi : Les défis posés par les nouveaux métiers|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/challenge/3086|accessdate=16 August 2012|newspaper=Challenge Hebdo|date=2008-06-28|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072655/https://www.maghress.com/fr/challenge/3086|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|fannin ilimin zamantakewa]] daga Jami'ar Mohammed V kuma Farfesa ne a wannan jami'a kafin ya zama minista. == Duba kuma == * Majalisar Morocco == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 8s3w6kep244ox6ac2f6ngr75ubdsmea Keane Lewis-Potter 0 64657 859872 510009 2026-06-18T10:27:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357407158|Keane Lewis-Potter]]" 859872 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Keane William Lewis-Potter''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda da farko a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]], hagu ko hagu na hagu na kulob din [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] na Premier League . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Birnin Hull === [[Fayil:Keane_Lewis-Potter_2022_(2)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|245x245px|Lewis-Potter yana wasa a Hull City a 2022]] Lewis-Potter ya fara buga wasan farko a Hull City a watan Janairun 2019 lokacin da ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a wasan FA Cup da Millwall . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keane Lewis-Potter |url=https://www.wearehullcity.co.uk/teams/first-team/forward/keane-lewis-potter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509192344/https://www.wearehullcity.co.uk/teams/first-team/forward/keane-lewis-potter/ |archive-date=9 May 2022 |publisher=Hull City A.F.C.}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lewis-Potter ya tafi aro zuwa Bradford (Park Avenue) don sauran kakar 2018-19. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2019, Lewis-Potter ya fara buga wasan farko a Hull City lokacin da ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Leonardo Lopes a minti na 89 a cikin asarar gida 1-0 ga West Bromwich Albion . A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2019, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Callum Elder kuma ya zira kwallaye guda daya na Hull da kuma kwallaye na farko a cikin nasarar 3-1 ga [[Barnsley FC|Barnsley]]. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2021, Lewis-Potter ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Hull City har zuwa lokacin rani na 2023. A ranar 3 ga Mayu 2022, Lewis-Potter an ba shi lambar yabo ta 'yan wasa uku na kakar wasa ta Hull City; 'yan wasan kakar, 'yan wasan magoya bayan kakar da kuma dan wasan kakar da manajan Hull City [[Shota Arveladze]] ya zaba. === Brentford === [[Fayil:Keane_Lewis-Potter_02082025_(6).jpg|thumb|Lewis-Potter ya sanya hannu bayan wasan a watan Agusta 2025]] A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin 2022, kulob din Premier League [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] ya ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Lewis-Potter kan kwangilar shekaru shida, don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keane Lewis-Potter joins Brentford |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2022/july/keane-lewis-potter-joins-brentford/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.brentfordfc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2022 |title=Lewis-Potter moves to Brentford |url=https://www.wearehullcity.co.uk/news/2022/july/lewis-potter-moves-to-brentford/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=wearehullcity.co.uk}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a gida zuwa [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2023. Saboda raunin da aka samu ga mafi yawan 'yan wasan Brentford, Lewis-Potter ya taka leda a matsayin hagu na hagu don mafi yawan kakar 2024-25. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == In March 2022, Lewis-Potter received a first international call-up to the England under-21 squad for the upcoming 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification fixtures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=England MU21 squad for qualifiers with Andorra and Albania |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2022/Mar/18/england-mu21s-squad-named-for-andorra-and-albania-games-20221803 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.englandfootball.com}}</ref> He made his debut when coming on as an 82nd-minute substitute for [[Noni Madueke]] against Albania. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lewis-Potter ya halarci Kwalejin St Mary, Hull . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keane Lewis-Potter: The 1% Club |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-keane-lewis-potter-interview-brentford-hull-city |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=www.brentfordfc.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 24 May 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |title=K. Lewis-Potter: Summary |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/keane-lewis-potter-/530007|access-date=10 January 2026|website=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin FA ! colspan="2" |Kofin EFL ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Birnin Hull |2018–19 |Gasar cin kofin |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2019–20 |Gasar cin kofin |21 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- |2020–21 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |43 |13 |2 |0 |3 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |2 |51 |15 |- |2021–22 |Gasar cin kofin |46 |12 |1 |0 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |48 |13 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !110 !27 !5 !0 !4 !1 !3 !2 !122 !30 |- |Bradford (Park Avenue) (rashin kuɗi) |2018–19 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Arewa |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- | rowspan="5" |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |2022–23 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |10 |0 |1 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2023–24 |Gasar Firimiya |30 |3 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |34 |3 |- |2024–25 |Gasar Firimiya |38 |1 |1 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - |43 |2 |- |2025–26 |Gasar Firimiya |36 |3 |3 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |41 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !114 !7 !7 !1 !10 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !131 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !229 !34 !12 !1 !14 !4 !3 !2 !258 !41 |} {{Notelist}}'''Birnin Hull''' * EFL League One: 2020-21 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * EFL Matashi Mai kunnawa na Watan: Satumba 2020 * Hull City Player of the Year: 2021-22 * Hull City 'Yan wasa na Shekara: 2021-22 <ref name="Awards" /> * Hull City magoya bayan 'Yan wasa na Shekara: 2021-22 <ref name="Awards" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] i96nwlwhbbceimh8y5zn56drb146xf6 859873 859872 2026-06-18T10:29:02Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Keane William Lewis-Potter''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda da farko a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]], hagu ko hagu na hagu na kulob din [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] na Premier League . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Birnin Hull === [[Fayil:Keane_Lewis-Potter_2022_(2)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|245x245px|Lewis-Potter yana wasa a Hull City a 2022]] Lewis-Potter ya fara buga wasan farko a Hull City a watan Janairun 2019 lokacin da ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a wasan FA Cup da Millwall . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keane Lewis-Potter |url=https://www.wearehullcity.co.uk/teams/first-team/forward/keane-lewis-potter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509192344/https://www.wearehullcity.co.uk/teams/first-team/forward/keane-lewis-potter/ |archive-date=9 May 2022 |publisher=Hull City A.F.C.}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Lewis-Potter ya tafi aro zuwa Bradford (Park Avenue) don sauran kakar 2018-19. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2019, Lewis-Potter ya fara buga wasan farko a Hull City lokacin da ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Leonardo Lopes a minti na 89 a cikin asarar gida 1-0 ga West Bromwich Albion . A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2019, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Callum Elder kuma ya zira kwallaye guda daya na Hull da kuma kwallaye na farko a cikin nasarar 3-1 ga [[Barnsley FC|Barnsley]]. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2021, Lewis-Potter ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Hull City har zuwa lokacin rani na 2023. A ranar 3 ga Mayu 2022, Lewis-Potter an ba shi lambar yabo ta 'yan wasa uku na kakar wasa ta Hull City; 'yan wasan kakar, 'yan wasan magoya bayan kakar da kuma dan wasan kakar da manajan Hull City [[Shota Arveladze]] ya zaba. === Brentford === [[Fayil:Keane_Lewis-Potter_02082025_(6).jpg|thumb|Lewis-Potter ya sanya hannu bayan wasan a watan Agusta 2025]] A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin 2022, kulob din Premier League [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] ya ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Lewis-Potter kan kwangilar shekaru shida, don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keane Lewis-Potter joins Brentford |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2022/july/keane-lewis-potter-joins-brentford/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.brentfordfc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2022 |title=Lewis-Potter moves to Brentford |url=https://www.wearehullcity.co.uk/news/2022/july/lewis-potter-moves-to-brentford/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=wearehullcity.co.uk}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a gida zuwa [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2023. Saboda raunin da aka samu ga mafi yawan 'yan wasan Brentford, Lewis-Potter ya taka leda a matsayin hagu na hagu don mafi yawan kakar 2024-25. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == In March 2022, Lewis-Potter received a first international call-up to the England under-21 squad for the upcoming 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification fixtures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=England MU21 squad for qualifiers with Andorra and Albania |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2022/Mar/18/england-mu21s-squad-named-for-andorra-and-albania-games-20221803 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.englandfootball.com}}</ref> He made his debut when coming on as an 82nd-minute substitute for [[Noni Madueke]] against Albania. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lewis-Potter ya halarci Kwalejin St Mary, Hull . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keane Lewis-Potter: The 1% Club |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-keane-lewis-potter-interview-brentford-hull-city |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=www.brentfordfc.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 24 May 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |title=K. Lewis-Potter: Summary |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/keane-lewis-potter-/530007|access-date=10 January 2026|website=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin FA ! colspan="2" |Kofin EFL ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Birnin Hull |2018–19 |Gasar cin kofin |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2019–20 |Gasar cin kofin |21 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- |2020–21 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |43 |13 |2 |0 |3 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |2 |51 |15 |- |2021–22 |Gasar cin kofin |46 |12 |1 |0 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |48 |13 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !110 !27 !5 !0 !4 !1 !3 !2 !122 !30 |- |Bradford (Park Avenue) (rashin kuɗi) |2018–19 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Arewa |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- | rowspan="5" |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |2022–23 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |10 |0 |1 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2023–24 |Gasar Firimiya |30 |3 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |34 |3 |- |2024–25 |Gasar Firimiya |38 |1 |1 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - |43 |2 |- |2025–26 |Gasar Firimiya |36 |3 |3 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |41 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !114 !7 !7 !1 !10 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !131 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !229 !34 !12 !1 !14 !4 !3 !2 !258 !41 |} {{Notelist}}'''Birnin Hull''' * EFL League One: 2020-21 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * EFL Matashi Mai kunnawa na Watan: Satumba 2020 * Hull City Player of the Year: 2021-22 * Hull City 'Yan wasa na Shekara: 2021-22 <ref name="Awards" /> * Hull City magoya bayan 'Yan wasa na Shekara: 2021-22 <ref name="Awards" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] ril22jieccnmwuea0i99e2nsefqwzx6 Jhon van Beukering 0 67816 859826 786170 2026-06-18T08:54:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jhon van Beukering'''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130209040839/http://www.pelitajayafootball.com/hal%20beukering.html</ref> (an haife shi ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1983) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba. An haife shi a Netherlands, ya buga wasa ɗaya a tawagar kasar Indonesia.<ref>http://www.vi.nl/Spelers/Speler/Jhon-van-Beukering.htm</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Saurin gudu === haife shi a Netherlands, van Beukering ya fara buga wa kungiyoyin ƴan wasa na gida wasa, kafin Vitesse Arnhem ya ga baiwarsa, kuma ya sanya hannu a makarantar matasa ta Vitesse bayan wasu nuni mai karfi a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta De Graafschap. A cikin kakar 2000-01 ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar Vitesse. Van Beukering ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni uku da ya buga a wannan kakar. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya sami matsayi a cikin sahun farawa na kulob din kuma ya zira kwallaye uku.<ref>http://www.vi.nl/Spelers/Speler/Jhon-van-Beukering.htm</ref> A cikin kakar 2002-03 ya buga wasanni shida kawai, kuma a sakamakon haka an ba da rancensa ga FC Zwolle . A Zwolle ya kuma buga wasanni shida, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu. A kakar wasa ta gaba, an tsawaita rancensa a FC Zwolle, kuma Van Beukering ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 14. === Daga Graafschap === Van Beukering ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa De Graafschap a lokacin hutun hunturu. Tare da kwallaye tara a wasanni 11 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban De Graafschap zuwa Eredivisie a ƙarshen kakar 2003-04. A cikin Eredivisie ya buga wasanni 31 ga De Graafschap, inda ya zira kwallaye 9. A ƙarshen kakar ya sami mummunan rauni a gwiwa kuma ba zai iya yin wasa fiye da rabin shekara ba. De Graafschap, a halin yanzu an sake shi, zai iya amfani da Van Beukering bayan rabin kakar wasa ta farko a Eerste Divisie. Van Beukering ya fara zira kwallaye jim kadan bayan ya dawo daga raunin da ya ji.<ref>http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/nec-kaapt-beukering-weg-voor-neus-rkc.htm</ref><ref>http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/feyenoord-recruit-van-beukering</ref><ref>http://www.nu.nl/voetbal/2400253/been-jhonny-had-wind.html</ref> === NEC === NEC ta kama shi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2007 bayan ya zaɓi kulob din a kan RKC Waalwijk a watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 tare da manajan NEC Mario Been yana yaba da kwallaye masu yawa.<ref>http://www.gelderlander.nl/sport/de-graafschap/jhon-van-beukering-naar-de-graafschap-1.2856989</ref> lokacin rani na shekara ta 2009 an ba da rancen van Beukering ga tsohon kulob din De Graafschap .<ref>http://www.nu.nl/sport/2458127/van-beukering-per-direct-weg-bij-feyenoord.html</ref> === Feyenoord === watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da manyan 'yan Holland Feyenoord . Ya zama sananne saboda rashin saurinsa, tare da kocin Feyenoord Mario Been da ba'a yana zargin iska bayan van Beukering ya nuna jinkirin gudu a wasan farko. A NEC ya riga ya sami laƙabi Jhonny na Burger King saboda yana da kiba akai-akai. === Pelita Jaya === Bayan wani lokaci  bai yi nasara ba tare da Feyenoord, ya bar kulob din zuwa kulob din Indonesian Pelita Jaya . shekara ta 2013 ya buga wa tawagar MASV a Arnhem wasa, wanda kuma ya kasance mataimakin manajan. A watan Oktoba 2016, ɗan'uwansa Dennis ya bayyana cewa van Beukering yana cikin horo don sake zama ɗan wasan ƙwararru. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Van Beukering  buga wa kungiyoyin matasa na Netherlands wasa sau da yawa. A lokacin da yake wasa a Indonesia an gayyace shi ya zama ɗan ƙasar Indonesia. An kira shi ya yi wasa da Uruguay amma bai iya yin wasa ba saboda ka'idojin Indonesiya waɗanda ba su ba da izinin ƙasashe biyu ba. An rantsar da shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2011, wanda ya sa ya cancanci buga wa tawagar ƙasar Indonesia wasa.<ref>https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/van-beukering-werkt-zich-flink-in-het-zweet~a363053a/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.espnstar.com/football/asian-football/news/detail/item674909/Indonesia-ready-to-import-six-stars/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |archive-date=2013-01-02 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130102111906/http://www.espnstar.com/football/asian-football/news/detail/item674909/Indonesia-ready-to-import-six-stars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Farkonsa na farko ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tare da tawagar kasar Indonesia shine lokacin da suka ƙalubalanci Timor-Leste a filin wasa na Gelora Bung Karno a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012. Ya taimaka wa Bambang Pamungkas don burin da ya ci a wasan. Ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2012, a gasar cin Kofin Suzuki na 2012 da Malaysia .<ref>https://www.vice.com/nl/article/xwkyz7/jhonny-van-beukering-is-nog-altijd-hetzelfde-eigenwijze-ventje</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espnstar.com/football/asian-football/news/detail/item674909/Indonesia-ready-to-import-six-stars/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2013-01-02 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115215113/http://www.espnstar.com/football/asian-football/news/detail/item674909/Indonesia-ready-to-import-six-stars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1983]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5yqeampqgxzb8k1qtmhimi4hkwoqiiw Dust Diamond (fim 2018) 0 69743 859885 790618 2026-06-18T10:43:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Diamond Dust''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Masar na 2018 wanda Marwan Hamed ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara ne akan littafin mai suna Ahmed Mourad . Tauraron fim din Asser Yassin, Menna Shalabi, [[:en:Maged_El_Kedwany|Maged El Kedwany]], Mohamed Mamdouh, Eyad Nassar, da Adel Karam. biyo bayan labarin Taha, likitan magani wanda ke rayuwa ta al'ada tare da mahaifinsa mai nakasa har sai ya gano jerin kisan kai masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka kai shi duniyar duhu ta aikata laifuka.<ref>{{Citation|title=Diamond Dust (2018)|date=2018-08-16|url=https://watch.plex.tv/movie/diamond-dust|access-date=2024-02-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Diamond Dust (2018)|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film308079.html|access-date=2024-02-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Diamond Dust (2018) - Turab el-Mas|url=https://www.sinemalar.com/film/282980/diamond-dust|access-date=2024-02-17|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Festival|first=Casablanca Arab Film|date=2018-10-15|title=Diamond Dust (2018) – Casablanca Arab Film Festival|url=https://casablancaarabfilmfestival.com/en/official-competition-en/111/|access-date=2024-02-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=2024-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217164946/https://casablancaarabfilmfestival.com/en/official-competition-en/111/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Makirci == Taha (Asser Yassin) wakilin likita ne a wani kamfani mai suna, wanda ke gudanar da rayuwa ta al'ada tare da mahaifinsa Mahroos (Ezzat Al Alaily). Duk da haka, wata rana, ya gano cewa wani dan iska mai suna Litoo (Bayoumi Fouad), wanda ke aiki da wani babban mai kwaya mai suna El-Sirvis (Mohamed Mamdouh) ya kashe mahaifinsa. Taha ya yanke shawarar daukar fansa ga mahaifinsa kuma ya gano Litoo, amma mutanen El-Sirvis sun kama shi kuma suka azabtar da shi. Ya samu nasarar tserewa ne tare da taimakon wani dan jarida mai suna Sharif (Eyad Nassar), wanda ke binciken kungiyar masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Daga nan sai Taha ya gano littafin mahaifinsa, wanda ke dauke da jerin sunaye da ka’idojin da ke bayyana jerin kashe-kashen da mahaifinsa da abokansa suka aikata, wadanda tsoffin jami’an leken asiri ne. Taha ya fahimci cewa mahaifinsa yana cikin wani shiri na sirri mai suna Diamond Dust, wanda ke da nufin tona asirin da kuma kawar da jami'ai da 'yan kasuwa masu cin hanci da rashawa da ke da hannu a cikin laifuka da badakala. Taha ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikin mahaifinsa kuma ya yi amfani da littafin rubutu don gano sauran hare-haren, yayin da El-Sirvis da mukarrabansa suka bi shi, da kuma Kanar Walid (Maged El Kedwany), wani jami'in 'yan sanda da ke da shakkun ayyukan Taha. A kan hanyar, Taha ya sadu da soyayya da Sarah (Menna Shalabi), wata mawaƙa wadda ita ma ɗaya ce daga cikin wadanda aka zalunta a cikin jerin. Ya kuma kara sanin abubuwan da mahaifinsa ya yi a baya da kuma dalilan da suka sa ya aikata. Ya gano cewa daya daga cikin abokansa, Hani Birgas (Adel Karam), wanda a yanzu dan siyasa ne mai karfin gaske, kuma shi ne mai kula da harkar muggan kwayoyi ya ci amanar mahaifinsa. Taha ya fuskanci Birgas kuma ya fallasa laifukan da ya aikata, amma El-Sirvis ya harbe shi, wanda shi ma Sharif ya kashe shi. Taha ya tsira kuma ya sake saduwa da Sarah, yayin da aka kama Birgas kuma an bayyana gaskiyar game da Dust Diamond ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Entertainment.ie|title=Diamond Dust - Where to Watch and Stream Online|url=https://entertainment.ie/movies/where-to-watch/diamond-dust-119441/|access-date=2024-02-17|website=Entertainment.ie|language=en|archive-date=2024-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217163012/https://entertainment.ie/movies/where-to-watch/diamond-dust-119441/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Diamond Dust (2018) Free Full Movie Download - Todaypk.com|url=http://www.todaypk.video/movie/diamond-dust-zm158h00wtc7|access-date=2024-02-17|website=todaypk.video|archive-date=2024-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217163015/http://www.todaypk.video/movie/diamond-dust-zm158h00wtc7|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Solutions|first=M. A. D.|title=Diamond Dust - Dollar Film {{!}} Distribution|url=http://newcenturyproduction.com/dollarfilm/movies/315547.php|access-date=2024-02-17|website=Dollar Film|language=en|archive-date=2024-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217163012/http://newcenturyproduction.com/dollarfilm/movies/315547.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Movie - Turab El Mass - 2018 Cast، Video، Trailer، photos، Reviews، Showtimes|url=https://elcinema.com/en/work/2022171|access-date=2024-02-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Diamond Dust (2018) - Plot - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4003070/plotsummary/|access-date=2024-02-17|language=en-US}}</ref> == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Asser Yassin as Taha * Menna Shalabi as Sarah * Maged El Kedwany a matsayin Kanar Walid * Mohammed Mamdouh as El-Sirvis * [[Eyad Nassar]] as Sharif * Adel Karam as Hani Birgas * Bayoumi Fouad as Litoo * [[Ezzat Al Alaily]] as Mahroos * Sherine Reda as Bushra * Tara Emad as Tuna * Rosaline Elbay a matsayin Mahaifiyar Tona * Mohamed Al-Sharnuby as Young Husain * Sami Meghawri as Hanafi * Mahmoud El-Bizzawy as Naeem * Ahmed Khaled Saleh a matsayin jami'in kantin magani == liyafar == Fim din ya sami bita mai kyau daga masu sukar da masu sauraro, wadanda suka yaba da makircin, shugabanci, wasan kwaikwayo, da fim. Fim din kuma ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya tara fiye da fam miliyan 60 na Masar a ofishin akwatin, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin fina-finai na Masar mafi girma na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> din <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Fim mafi kyau, Darakta mafi kyau, Actor mafi kyau, da kuma Mafi kyawun Fim a Bikin Fim na Masar, da Fim Mafi kyau, Dekta mafi kyau, kuma Actor mafi kyawun Actor a Kyautar Fim ta Larabawa).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Company|first=MAD Solutions|title=Director Marwan Hamed's Film Diamond Dust Wins Three Awards at the Casablanca Arab Film Festival in Morocco|url=http://mad.film/press/Director-Marwan-Hamed-s-Film-Diamond-Dust-Wins-Three-Awards-at-the-Casablanca-Arab-Film-Festival-in-Morocco.php|access-date=2024-02-17|website=MAD Solutions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Ahram|date=December 13, 2018|title=Egyptian films Diamond Dust, Karma screen at 1st Casablanca Arab Film Festival|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/320031.aspx|website=Arham Online}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Finafinan Misra]] llgbyyy76apb2pevfggtvp57n314md6 Sugar Rush (fim) 0 71633 859537 847573 2026-06-17T18:55:03Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359462663|Sugar Rush (film)]]" 859537 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sugar Rush fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Najeriya na 2019 wanda [[Jáde Osiberu|Jadesola Osiberu]] da Bunmi Ajakaiye suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-10-30 |title=COMING SOON: Sugar Rush |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/10/coming-soon-sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Nollywood REinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 daidai da [[Kirsimeti]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajao |first=Kunle |date=2019-12-28 |title=Sugar Rush review: Worth a watch, but dips at the end |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.com/movie-review-sugar-rush-landing-applause/ |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da sake dubawa, fim din ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma ya zama fim na hudu Laifi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci a cikin 202;, a cikin 2024 ya zama fim din Najeriya na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a kowane lokaci == Makirci == 'Yan uwan Sugar sun gano $ 800,000 a gidan wani mutum mai cin hanci da rashawa, Cif Douglas. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, sun fara kashe wasu kudaden ne kawai don saduwa da Waterloo lokacin da mafia ta zo neman hannun jari. Koyaya, labarin ya kai ga EFCC (Kwamitin Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi) inda suka ba da takardar izinin bincike ga 'yan'uwa mata Sugar, saboda ba su iya samun kuɗin ba. Ba tare da sanin 'yan'uwa mata ba, saurayin Sola, Andy ya sace sauran kuɗin. Yayin da 'yan'uwa mata ke ƙoƙarin dawo da kuɗin daga gare shi, sai ya rasa ransa a cikin tsari, kuma wani ya sace kuɗin. Gina, shugaban kungiyar 'yan ta'adda wanda ke neman kudi, ta aika da mutanenta don sace' yan uwan Sugar kuma ta tilasta musu su sace karin kudi daga "The White Lion", Anikulapo, wani sanannen mutum da aka sani da samun mafi yawan kadarorin Najeriya wanda shi ma tsohon mijin Gina ne. 'Yan uwan Sugar sun haɗu da wasu jami'an EFCC kuma sun sami nasarar sata kuɗin. Gina ta sadu da su a wani ɓoye kuma ta nemi kuɗin ta, inda ta sadu da shugaban EFCC, wanda a bayyane ya yarda ya kashe Cif Douglas saboda kuɗin ya kasance nasa. Anikulapo ya kama su kuma ya bukaci kudi. Abubuwa suna da zafi, kuma akwai harbi. Gina ta rasa rayuwarta a cikin tsari. Abin farin ciki 'yan'uwa mata Sugar da jami'an EFCC sun sami damar tserewa tare da kuɗin. Anikulapo ya kama su, ya ɗauki kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci a kashe su a cikin wuta, amma sun sami damar tserewa. Ya ƙare a wani wuri inda Anikulapo ya gano cewa kuɗin bai cika ba kuma karya ne, a wannan lokacin 'yan uwan Sugar sun ɓace. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Bola Sugar * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Sola Sugar * Iya Rainbow a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]] a matsayin Susie Sugar * [[Idowu Philips]] a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Knight * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Andy * [[Mawuli Gavor]] a matsayin Dan * Jide Kosoko a matsayin Cif Douglas * [[Toke Makinwa]] a matsayin Gina * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Kpala * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Mrs. Madueke * [[Banky W]] a matsayin Anikulapo, aka White Lion * Uchemba Williams a matsayin Obum * [[D'banj|D'Banj]] a matsayin kansa (bayyanar musamman) == Plot == Nan da 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, za su fara kashe wasu daga cikin kuɗin ne kawai don su haɗu da Waterloo ɗinsu lokacin da 'yan mafia suka zo neman hannun jarin kuɗin. == Fitarwa == Babban hoton fim din da aka gudanar na kwanaki 14 a wurare daban-daban a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. == Ofishin akwatin == Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 40 a karshen mako na farko tun lokacin da aka saki Kirsimeti kuma ya zama fim na biyar mafi girma a Nollywood a shekarar 2019 tare da dala miliyan 58.76. Fim din ya shiga kulob din miliyan 100 a watan Janairun 2020. Nollywood Reinvented ya kimanta fim din da kashi 51 cikin 100 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Sugar Rush Movie Review |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/07/sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-07-05 |website=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> yana mai cewa fim din shine "wannan sabon tsarin nollywood a mafi ƙarfinsa: manyan kayan fasaha da sanannun shahararrun mutane da kuma wasan kwaikwayo daidai da blockbuster". Ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon da Bimbo Ademoye ya yi da kuma jagorancin Kayode Kasum amma ya kammala da cewa "Sugar Rush ya fi bayyana shi azaman nishaɗi mara hankali". A cikin bita, Nollywood Post ya ce "Sugar rush ya sami damar kama hankalin masu sauraron sa tun daga farko. Zaɓin da ya dace don farawa da yanayin azabtarwa. Nan da nan mutum yana son gano abin da ya haifar da taron kuma hakan yana da yabo. Ba wai kawai ya fara da kyau ba, amma jerin abubuwan ban dariya a cikin labarin suma suna da nishaɗi". Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau ya ce "Sugar Rush ba cikakke ba ne amma kamar yadda fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo ke tafiya, ya fi cikakkiyar kunshin fiye da duk sauran manyan fina-falla na ofishin wasan kwaikwayo da aka saki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tabbas yana ƙusa da aikin da ya fi kyau, yana ƙusawa da shugabanci da kuma ƙusa da tattaunawa da ƙananan makirci. Yana riƙe da kyau na gani ba tare da kasancewa ba dole ba, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da sauran manyan fina'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru goma da yawa da suka gabata ba. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="9" |2020 | rowspan="9" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Turanci|{{Won}} | rowspan="9" | |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Nom}} |- |Mai yin fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Gyara|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography|{{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == k7id0ethbteze9sho24h0qyxc5zoj9f 859540 859537 2026-06-17T18:57:09Z Mahuta 11340 859540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Sugar Rush fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Najeriya na 2019 wanda [[Jáde Osiberu|Jadesola Osiberu]] da Bunmi Ajakaiye suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-10-30 |title=COMING SOON: Sugar Rush |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/10/coming-soon-sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Nollywood REinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 daidai da [[Kirsimeti]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajao |first=Kunle |date=2019-12-28 |title=Sugar Rush review: Worth a watch, but dips at the end |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.com/movie-review-sugar-rush-landing-applause/ |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da sake dubawa, fim din ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma ya zama fim na hudu Laifi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci a cikin 202;, a cikin 2024 ya zama fim din Najeriya na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a kowane lokaci == Makirci == 'Yan uwan Sugar sun gano $ 800,000 a gidan wani mutum mai cin hanci da rashawa, Cif Douglas. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, sun fara kashe wasu kudaden ne kawai don saduwa da Waterloo lokacin da mafia ta zo neman hannun jari. Koyaya, labarin ya kai ga EFCC (Kwamitin Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi) inda suka ba da takardar izinin bincike ga 'yan'uwa mata Sugar, saboda ba su iya samun kuɗin ba. Ba tare da sanin 'yan'uwa mata ba, saurayin Sola, Andy ya sace sauran kuɗin. Yayin da 'yan'uwa mata ke ƙoƙarin dawo da kuɗin daga gare shi, sai ya rasa ransa a cikin tsari, kuma wani ya sace kuɗin. Gina, shugaban kungiyar 'yan ta'adda wanda ke neman kudi, ta aika da mutanenta don sace' yan uwan Sugar kuma ta tilasta musu su sace karin kudi daga "The White Lion", Anikulapo, wani sanannen mutum da aka sani da samun mafi yawan kadarorin Najeriya wanda shi ma tsohon mijin Gina ne. 'Yan uwan Sugar sun haɗu da wasu jami'an EFCC kuma sun sami nasarar sata kuɗin. Gina ta sadu da su a wani ɓoye kuma ta nemi kuɗin ta, inda ta sadu da shugaban EFCC, wanda a bayyane ya yarda ya kashe Cif Douglas saboda kuɗin ya kasance nasa. Anikulapo ya kama su kuma ya bukaci kudi. Abubuwa suna da zafi, kuma akwai harbi. Gina ta rasa rayuwarta a cikin tsari. Abin farin ciki 'yan'uwa mata Sugar da jami'an EFCC sun sami damar tserewa tare da kuɗin. Anikulapo ya kama su, ya ɗauki kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci a kashe su a cikin wuta, amma sun sami damar tserewa. Ya ƙare a wani wuri inda Anikulapo ya gano cewa kuɗin bai cika ba kuma karya ne, a wannan lokacin 'yan uwan Sugar sun ɓace. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Bola Sugar * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Sola Sugar * Iya Rainbow a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]] a matsayin Susie Sugar * [[Idowu Philips]] a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Knight * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Andy * [[Mawuli Gavor]] a matsayin Dan * Jide Kosoko a matsayin Cif Douglas * [[Toke Makinwa]] a matsayin Gina * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Kpala * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Mrs. Madueke * [[Banky W]] a matsayin Anikulapo, aka White Lion * Uchemba Williams a matsayin Obum * [[D'banj|D'Banj]] a matsayin kansa (bayyanar musamman) == Plot == Nan da 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, za su fara kashe wasu daga cikin kuɗin ne kawai don su haɗu da Waterloo ɗinsu lokacin da 'yan mafia suka zo neman hannun jarin kuɗin. == Fitarwa == Babban hoton fim din da aka gudanar na kwanaki 14 a wurare daban-daban a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. == Ofishin akwatin == Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 40 a karshen mako na farko tun lokacin da aka saki Kirsimeti kuma ya zama fim na biyar mafi girma a Nollywood a shekarar 2019 tare da dala miliyan 58.76. Fim din ya shiga kulob din miliyan 100 a watan Janairun 2020. Nollywood Reinvented ya kimanta fim din da kashi 51 cikin 100 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Sugar Rush Movie Review |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/07/sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-07-05 |website=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> yana mai cewa fim din shine "wannan sabon tsarin nollywood a mafi ƙarfinsa: manyan kayan fasaha da sanannun shahararrun mutane da kuma wasan kwaikwayo daidai da blockbuster". Ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon da Bimbo Ademoye ya yi da kuma jagorancin Kayode Kasum amma ya kammala da cewa "Sugar Rush ya fi bayyana shi azaman nishaɗi mara hankali". A cikin bita, Nollywood Post ya ce "Sugar rush ya sami damar kama hankalin masu sauraron sa tun daga farko. Zaɓin da ya dace don farawa da yanayin azabtarwa. Nan da nan mutum yana son gano abin da ya haifar da taron kuma hakan yana da yabo. Ba wai kawai ya fara da kyau ba, amma jerin abubuwan ban dariya a cikin labarin suma suna da nishaɗi". Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau ya ce "Sugar Rush ba cikakke ba ne amma kamar yadda fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo ke tafiya, ya fi cikakkiyar kunshin fiye da duk sauran manyan fina-falla na ofishin wasan kwaikwayo da aka saki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tabbas yana ƙusa da aikin da ya fi kyau, yana ƙusawa da shugabanci da kuma ƙusa da tattaunawa da ƙananan makirci. Yana riƙe da kyau na gani ba tare da kasancewa ba dole ba, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da sauran manyan fina'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru goma da yawa da suka gabata ba. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="9" |2020 | rowspan="9" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Turanci|{{Won}} | rowspan="9" | |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Nom}} |- |Mai yin fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Gyara|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography|{{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == 5kqi50jqmfi519a4lcbttkf2uxvimwo 859541 859540 2026-06-17T18:59:15Z Mahuta 11340 859541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Sugar Rush fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Najeriya na 2019 wanda [[Jáde Osiberu|Jadesola Osiberu]] da Bunmi Ajakaiye suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-10-30 |title=COMING SOON: Sugar Rush |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/10/coming-soon-sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Nollywood REinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 daidai da [[Kirsimeti]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajao |first=Kunle |date=2019-12-28 |title=Sugar Rush review: Worth a watch, but dips at the end |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.com/movie-review-sugar-rush-landing-applause/ |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da sake dubawa, fim din ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma ya zama fim na hudu Laifi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci a cikin 202;, a cikin shekarar 2024 ya zama fim ɗin Najeriya na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a kowane lokaci == Makirci == Ƴan uwan Sugar sun gano $ 800,000 a gidan wani mutum mai cin hanci da rashawa, Cif Douglas. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, sun fara kashe wasu kuɗaɗen ne kawai don saduwa da Waterloo lokacin da mafia ta zo neman hannun jari. Koyaya, labarin ya kai ga EFCC (Kwamitin Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi) inda suka ba da takardar izinin bincike ga ƴan'uwa mata Sugar, saboda ba su iya samun kuɗin ba. Ba tare da sanin ƴan'uwa mata ba, saurayin Sola, Andy ya sace sauran kuɗin. Yayin da ƴan'uwa mata ke ƙoƙarin dawo da kuɗin daga gare shi, sai ya rasa ransa a cikin tsari, kuma wani ya sace kuɗin. Gina, shugaban kungiyar 'yan ta'adda wanda ke neman kudi, ta aika da mutanenta don sace' yan uwan Sugar kuma ta tilasta musu su sace karin kudi daga "The White Lion", Anikulapo, wani sanannen mutum da aka sani da samun mafi yawan kadarorin Najeriya wanda shi ma tsohon mijin Gina ne. 'Yan uwan Sugar sun haɗu da wasu jami'an EFCC kuma sun sami nasarar sata kuɗin. Gina ta sadu da su a wani ɓoye kuma ta nemi kuɗin ta, inda ta sadu da shugaban EFCC, wanda a bayyane ya yarda ya kashe Cif Douglas saboda kuɗin ya kasance nasa. Anikulapo ya kama su kuma ya bukaci kudi. Abubuwa suna da zafi, kuma akwai harbi. Gina ta rasa rayuwarta a cikin tsari. Abin farin ciki 'yan'uwa mata Sugar da jami'an EFCC sun sami damar tserewa tare da kuɗin. Anikulapo ya kama su, ya ɗauki kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci a kashe su a cikin wuta, amma sun sami damar tserewa. Ya ƙare a wani wuri inda Anikulapo ya gano cewa kuɗin bai cika ba kuma karya ne, a wannan lokacin 'yan uwan Sugar sun ɓace. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Bola Sugar * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Sola Sugar * Iya Rainbow a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]] a matsayin Susie Sugar * [[Idowu Philips]] a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Knight * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Andy * [[Mawuli Gavor]] a matsayin Dan * Jide Kosoko a matsayin Cif Douglas * [[Toke Makinwa]] a matsayin Gina * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Kpala * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Mrs. Madueke * [[Banky W]] a matsayin Anikulapo, aka White Lion * Uchemba Williams a matsayin Obum * [[D'banj|D'Banj]] a matsayin kansa (bayyanar musamman) == Plot == Nan da 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, za su fara kashe wasu daga cikin kuɗin ne kawai don su haɗu da Waterloo ɗinsu lokacin da 'yan mafia suka zo neman hannun jarin kuɗin. == Fitarwa == Babban hoton fim din da aka gudanar na kwanaki 14 a wurare daban-daban a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. == Ofishin akwatin == Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 40 a karshen mako na farko tun lokacin da aka saki Kirsimeti kuma ya zama fim na biyar mafi girma a Nollywood a shekarar 2019 tare da dala miliyan 58.76. Fim din ya shiga kulob din miliyan 100 a watan Janairun 2020. Nollywood Reinvented ya kimanta fim din da kashi 51 cikin 100 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Sugar Rush Movie Review |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/07/sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-07-05 |website=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> yana mai cewa fim din shine "wannan sabon tsarin nollywood a mafi ƙarfinsa: manyan kayan fasaha da sanannun shahararrun mutane da kuma wasan kwaikwayo daidai da blockbuster". Ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon da Bimbo Ademoye ya yi da kuma jagorancin Kayode Kasum amma ya kammala da cewa "Sugar Rush ya fi bayyana shi azaman nishaɗi mara hankali". A cikin bita, Nollywood Post ya ce "Sugar rush ya sami damar kama hankalin masu sauraron sa tun daga farko. Zaɓin da ya dace don farawa da yanayin azabtarwa. Nan da nan mutum yana son gano abin da ya haifar da taron kuma hakan yana da yabo. Ba wai kawai ya fara da kyau ba, amma jerin abubuwan ban dariya a cikin labarin suma suna da nishaɗi". Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau ya ce "Sugar Rush ba cikakke ba ne amma kamar yadda fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo ke tafiya, ya fi cikakkiyar kunshin fiye da duk sauran manyan fina-falla na ofishin wasan kwaikwayo da aka saki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tabbas yana ƙusa da aikin da ya fi kyau, yana ƙusawa da shugabanci da kuma ƙusa da tattaunawa da ƙananan makirci. Yana riƙe da kyau na gani ba tare da kasancewa ba dole ba, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da sauran manyan fina'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru goma da yawa da suka gabata ba. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="9" |2020 | rowspan="9" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Turanci|{{Won}} | rowspan="9" | |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Nom}} |- |Mai yin fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Gyara|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography|{{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == c5ti9lepgryrxou6qvz2igfvmh6zdyw 859543 859541 2026-06-17T19:01:06Z Mahuta 11340 859543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Sugar Rush fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Najeriya na 2019 wanda [[Jáde Osiberu|Jadesola Osiberu]] da Bunmi Ajakaiye suka rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-10-30 |title=COMING SOON: Sugar Rush |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/10/coming-soon-sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Nollywood REinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 daidai da [[Kirsimeti]] kuma ya buɗe ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajao |first=Kunle |date=2019-12-28 |title=Sugar Rush review: Worth a watch, but dips at the end |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.com/movie-review-sugar-rush-landing-applause/ |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da sake dubawa, fim din ya zama nasarar ofishin jakadancin kuma ya zama fim na hudu Laifi girma na Najeriya a kowane lokaci a cikin 202;, a cikin shekarar 2024 ya zama fim ɗin Najeriya na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a kowane lokaci == Makirci == Ƴan uwan Sugar sun gano $ 800,000 a gidan wani mutum mai cin hanci da rashawa, Cif Douglas. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, sun fara kashe wasu kuɗaɗen ne kawai don saduwa da Waterloo lokacin da mafia ta zo neman hannun jari. Koyaya, labarin ya kai ga EFCC (Kwamitin Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi) inda suka ba da takardar izinin bincike ga ƴan'uwa mata Sugar, saboda ba su iya samun kuɗin ba. Ba tare da sanin ƴan'uwa mata ba, saurayin Sola, Andy ya sace sauran kuɗin. Yayin da ƴan'uwa mata ke ƙoƙarin dawo da kuɗin daga gare shi, sai ya rasa ransa a cikin tsari, kuma wani ya sace kuɗin. Gina, shugaban ƙungiyar ƴan ta'adda wanda ke neman kudi, ta aika da mutanenta don sace' yan uwan Sugar kuma ta tilasta musu su sace karin kudi daga "The White Lion", Anikulapo, wani sanannen mutum da aka sani da samun mafi yawan kadarorin Najeriya wanda shi ma tsohon mijin Gina ne. 'Yan uwan Sugar sun haɗu da wasu jami'an EFCC kuma sun sami nasarar sata kuɗin. Gina ta sadu da su a wani ɓoye kuma ta nemi kuɗin ta, inda ta sadu da shugaban EFCC, wanda a bayyane ya yarda ya kashe Cif Douglas saboda kuɗin ya kasance nasa. Anikulapo ya kama su kuma ya bukaci kudi. Abubuwa suna da zafi, kuma akwai harbi. Gina ta rasa rayuwarta a cikin tsari. Abin farin ciki 'yan'uwa mata Sugar da jami'an EFCC sun sami damar tserewa tare da kuɗin. Anikulapo ya kama su, ya ɗauki kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci a kashe su a cikin wuta, amma sun sami damar tserewa. Ya ƙare a wani wuri inda Anikulapo ya gano cewa kuɗin bai cika ba kuma karya ne, a wannan lokacin 'yan uwan Sugar sun ɓace. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Bola Sugar * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Sola Sugar * Iya Rainbow a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]] a matsayin Susie Sugar * [[Idowu Philips]] a matsayin Rhoda Sugar * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Knight * [[Tobi Bakre]] a matsayin Andy * [[Mawuli Gavor]] a matsayin Dan * Jide Kosoko a matsayin Cif Douglas * [[Toke Makinwa]] a matsayin Gina * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Kpala * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Mrs. Madueke * [[Banky W]] a matsayin Anikulapo, aka White Lion * Uchemba Williams a matsayin Obum * [[D'banj|D'Banj]] a matsayin kansa (bayyanar musamman) == Plot == Nan da 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, za su fara kashe wasu daga cikin kuɗin ne kawai don su haɗu da Waterloo ɗinsu lokacin da 'yan mafia suka zo neman hannun jarin kuɗin. == Fitarwa == Babban hoton fim din da aka gudanar na kwanaki 14 a wurare daban-daban a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. == Ofishin akwatin == Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 40 a karshen mako na farko tun lokacin da aka saki Kirsimeti kuma ya zama fim na biyar mafi girma a Nollywood a shekarar 2019 tare da dala miliyan 58.76. Fim ɗin ya shiga kulob ɗin miliyan 100 a watan Janairun 2020. Nollywood Reinvented ya kimanta fim din da kashi 51 cikin 100 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Sugar Rush Movie Review |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/07/sugar-rush.html |access-date=2020-07-05 |website=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> yana mai cewa fim din shine "wannan sabon tsarin nollywood a mafi ƙarfinsa: manyan kayan fasaha da sanannun shahararrun mutane da kuma wasan kwaikwayo daidai da blockbuster". Ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon da Bimbo Ademoye ya yi da kuma jagorancin Kayode Kasum amma ya kammala da cewa "Sugar Rush ya fi bayyana shi azaman nishaɗi mara hankali". A cikin bita, Nollywood Post ya ce "Sugar rush ya sami damar kama hankalin masu sauraron sa tun daga farko. Zaɓin da ya dace don farawa da yanayin azabtarwa. Nan da nan mutum yana son gano abin da ya haifar da taron kuma hakan yana da yabo. Ba wai kawai ya fara da kyau ba, amma jerin abubuwan ban dariya a cikin labarin suma suna da nishaɗi". Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau ya ce "Sugar Rush ba cikakke ba ne amma kamar yadda fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo ke tafiya, ya fi cikakkiyar kunshin fiye da duk sauran manyan fina-falla na ofishin wasan kwaikwayo da aka saki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tabbas yana ƙusa da aikin da ya fi kyau, yana ƙusawa da shugabanci da kuma ƙusa da tattaunawa da ƙananan makirci. Yana riƙe da kyau na gani ba tare da kasancewa ba dole ba, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da sauran manyan fina'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru goma da yawa da suka gabata ba. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="9" |2020 | rowspan="9" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Turanci|{{Won}} | rowspan="9" | |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Nom}} |- |Mai yin fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Gyara|{{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography|{{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == bu8e85otwgpo12n9dv9mmcgm2u0l9jh Harsunan Malaysia 0 72063 859971 812685 2026-06-18T11:52:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen ƙasar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] lmjbyekndw8b19lh8e4uuehplwtgpoy 859974 859971 2026-06-18T11:53:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannen su yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen ƙasar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] 4x8b70smf3e0ha8k15ohezqw80833qf 859975 859974 2026-06-18T11:53:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannen su yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen asar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] psoypz6l4nb5m5y3t599bfpvxmjvo6y 859977 859975 2026-06-18T11:54:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannen su yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen asar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen kasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] o9nj1o9uxogljmz8xh5cms2155i1hkz 859978 859977 2026-06-18T11:55:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannen su yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen asar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen kasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da lari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] 26pltsxt96lsb2tx1n622x6p2tdeq1c 859979 859978 2026-06-18T11:55:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannen su yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen kasar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen kasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da lari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] 4w4hqukaqfvke8yq5eyewxyo2dxgkh6 859982 859979 2026-06-18T11:57:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tugu-Negara-Malaysia-08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:My-map.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Menara-CELCOM.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia Traffic-signs Bus-Stop-Sign-01a.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Labuan Malaysia Airport-05.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Malaysia on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|thumb]] '''Harsunan yan asalin Malaysia''' na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen [[ƙasa]], ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannen su yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen kasar; Harshen [[Ingilishi]] darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen kasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da lari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin haIngilishi, <ref name=":0">https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/</ref>yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin shekarar 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY</ref> 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP</ref> Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true</ref> Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci. == Malay == Harshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152</ref> (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref>. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar</ref> ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031</ref> 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC</ref> Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa. == Sauran Harsunan Asali == Jama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren ƙabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397</ref>Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014820/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-urged |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.<ref name=":6">https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/</ref> == Turanci == Turancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.<ref>https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests</ref> <ref>https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/</ref><ref>https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/</ref>Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi<ref>http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html</ref>. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17</ref> Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta ƙasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi. Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya</ref> ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19</ref> Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20</ref>. Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":4" /> Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.<ref name=":3" />Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation</ref> Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation</ref> Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,<ref name=":0" /> yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.<ref name=":0" /> == Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects == Gabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /> Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.<ref name=":6" />Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa. == Tamil == Tamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC</ref> Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"<ref>http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf</ref>.<ref>https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages</ref> Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.<ref name=":7">https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html</ref> Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.<ref name=":7" /> == Sauran Harsunan Indiya == Malayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil<ref>https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY</ref>. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139</ref>A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu. == Creoles == Ƙananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570</ref>Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC</ref> == Harsunan alamar == Harsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu. == Jerin Harsuna == '''Harsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia''' [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|Malaysia]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Baba Malay]] || mbf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12000}} |0.0374||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Batek language|Batek]] || btq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Pahang]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malaccan Creole Malay|Chitty Malay]] || ccm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:300}} |0.0009||[[Melaka]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Cheq Wong language|Cheq Wong]] || cwg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:460}} |0.0014||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Duano' language|Duano']] || dup || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4000}} |0.0125||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || jah || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4191}} |0.0131||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jahai language|Jahai]] || jhi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], [[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Jakun language|Jakun]] || jak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28000}} |0.0874||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jedek language|Jedek]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:280}} |0.0009||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kedah Malay|Kedahan Malay]] || meo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2600000}} |8.1124||[[Kedah]], [[Penang]], [[Perlis]], [[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]] || mfa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500000}} |4.6802||[[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] || xbn || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Negeri Sembilan]] || [[Unclassified languages|Unclassified]] |- | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]] || kns || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:259}} |0.0008||[[Kedah]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kintaq language|Kintaq]] || knq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110}} |0.0003|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] || mcm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Melaka]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]] |- | [[Lanoh language|Lanoh]] || lnh || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240}} |0.0007||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]) || msa, zlm, zsm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000000}} |62.4031|| nationwide || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]] || mhe || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0094||[[Selangor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Manglish]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000|| mostly in urban centres like [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[English-based creole languages|English creole]] |- | [[Minriq language|Minriq]] || mnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:270}} |0.0008||[[Kelantan]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Mintil language|Mintil]] || mzt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180}} |0.0006||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Negeri Sembilan Malay]] || zmi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500000}} |1.5601||[[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]] || orn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80}} |0.0002||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]] || ors || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1500}} |0.0047||[[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Pahang Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Perak Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400000}} |4.3682||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Rawa (tribe)#Dialect|Rawa Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Reman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabüm language|Sabüm]] || sbo || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semai language|Semai]] || sea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44000}} |0.1373||[[Pahang]], [[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semaq Beri language|Semaq Beri]] || szc || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Pahang]], [[Terengganu]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semelai language|Semelai]] || sza || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}} |0.0128||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Semnam language|Semnam]] || ssm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:670}} |0.0021||[[Perak]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] || sou || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000}} |0.2184||[[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]] || [[Tai languages|Tai]] ([[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]) |- | [[Temiar language|Temiar]] || tea || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}} |0.0468||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Ten'edn language|Ten'edn/Mos]] || tnz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:370}} |0.0012|| || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temoq language|Temoq]] || tmo || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Pahang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- | [[Temuan language|Temuan]] || tmw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23300}} |0.0727||[[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Melaka]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Terengganu Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100000}} |3.4322||[[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tioman Malay]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3000}} |0.0000||[[Pahang]], [[Johor]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Wila' language|Wila']] || – || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Penang]] || [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]) |- |} === Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !% of total population!! Region !! Family |- | [[Abai language|Abai]] || – || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bahau language|Bahau]] || bhv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19000}} |0.0593||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bajaw language|Bajaw]] || bdr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:436672}} |1.3625||[[Sabah]], [[Labuan]], [[Sarawak]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Belait language|Belait]] || beg || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Berawan language|Berawan]] || zbc, zbe, zbw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3600}} |0.0112||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Biatah language|Biatah]] || bth || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72000}} |0.2247||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bintulu language|Bintulu]] || bny || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4200}} |0.0131||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bonggi language|Bonggi]] || bdg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1400}} |0.0044||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bookan language|Bookan]] || bnb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1700}} |0.0053||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Malay language|Brunei Malay]] || kxd || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Labuan]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Brunei Bisaya language|Brunei Bisaya]] || bsb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]] || sdo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49000}} |0.1529||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Bukitan language|Bukitan]] || bkn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:860}} |0.0027||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Coastal Kadazan language|Coastal Kadazan]] || kzj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cocos Malay]] || coa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Dusun language|Central Dusun]] || dtp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140000}} |0.4368||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]] || dro || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7600}} |0.0237||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dumpas language|Dumpas]] || dmv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1100}} |0.0034||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Dusun]] || kzt, tdu, ktr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36000}} |0.1123||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Eastern Kadazan language|Eastern Kadazan]] || dtb || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20600}} |0.0643||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Gana' language|Gana']] || gnq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iban language|Iban]] || iba || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:790000}} |2.4649||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ida'an language|Ida'an]] || dbj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] || ilm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]] || sne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} |0.0905||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]] || djo || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000}} |0.1154||[[Sarawak]] || [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kajaman language|Kajaman]] || kag || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kalabakan language|Kalabakan]] || kve || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2200}} |0.0069||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kanowit language|Kanowit]] || kxn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200}} |0.0006||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kayan languages|Kayan (Baram)]] || kys || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13400}} |0.0418||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]] || kzi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5963}} |0.0186||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]] || knx || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Keningau Murut language|Keningau Murut]] || kxi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7000}} |0.0218||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kinabatangan language|Kinabatangan]] || dmg, ruu, low || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10000}} |0.0312||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])- |- | [[Momogun language|Kimaragang]] || kqr || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kiput language|Kiput]] || kyi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2500}} |0.0078||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Klias River Kadazan language|Klias River Kadazan]] || kqt || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000}} |0.0031||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]] || grm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1800}} |0.0056||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kuijau language|Kuijau]] || dkr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7910}} |0.0247||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lahanan language|Lahanan]] || lhn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lelak language|Lelak]] || llk || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lengilu language|Lengilu]] || lgi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}} |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lotud language|Lotud]] || dtr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]] || lnd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16000}} |0.0499||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Lun Bawang language|Lundayeh]] || xkl || style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum:9125}} |0.0285||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mainstream Kenyah language|Mainstream Kenyah]] || xkl || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] || mrw || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Melanau language|Melanau]] || mel, sdx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000}} |0.3432||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Minokok]] || mqq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Molbog language|Molbog]] || pwm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6700}} |0.0209||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Murik Kayan language|Murik Kayan]] || mxr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120}} |0.0035||[[Sarawak]] || [[Kayan-Murik languages|Kayan-Murik]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Narom language|Narom]] || nrm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2420}} |0.0076||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Nonukan Tidong language|Nonukan Tidong]] || tid || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20000}} |0.0624||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Okolod language|Okolod]] || kqv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5000}} |0.0156||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Paluan language|Paluan]] || plz || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5500}} |0.0172||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Papar language|Papar]] || dpp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Penan language|Penan]] || pez, pne || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Punan Batu language|Punan Batu]] || pnm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30}} |0.0001||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Remun language|Remun]] || lkj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3500}} |0.0109||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Momogun language|Rungus]] || drg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000}} |0.1872||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sa'ban language|Sa'ban]] || snv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Sabah Bisaya]] || bsy || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Malay]] || msi || style="text-align: right;" | – |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay creole]] |- | [[Sama language|Sama]] || ssb, sml, sse || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000}} |0.0000||[[Sabah]] || [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sarawak Malay]] || {{N/A}} || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600000}} |1.8721||[[Sarawak]] || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sebop language|Sebop]] || sib || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1730}} |0.0054||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sekapan language|Sekapan]] || skp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:750}} |0.0023||[[Sarawak]] || [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau-Kajang]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Selungai Murut language|Selungai Murut]] || slg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1200}} |0.0037||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sembakung language|Sembakung]] || sbr || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2000}} |0.0062||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Seru language|Seru]] || szd || style="text-align: right;" | extinct |0.0000||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Serudung language|Serudung]] || srk || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}} |0.0011||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sian language|Sian]] || spg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50}} |0.0002||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sungai language|Sungai]] || abf || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:500}} |0.0016||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Dusun language|Sugut Dusun]] || kzs || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240000}} |0.7488||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Sabah Bisaya language|Tatana']] || txx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21000}} |0.0655||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || tsg || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000}} |0.6521||[[Sabah]] || [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tagol language|Tagol]] || mvv || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000}} |0.1560||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Timugon language|Timugon]] || tih || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000}} |0.0281||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]] || txa || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} |0.0406||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tring language|Tring]] || tgq || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}} |0.0017||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] || trx || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850}} |0.0027||[[Sabah]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Tutoh language|Tutoh]] || ttw || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:600}} |0.0019||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Ukit language|Ukit]] || umi || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120}} |0.0004||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Uma' Lasan language|Uma' Lasan]] || xky || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000}} |0.0187||[[Sarawak]] || [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Sauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] || ace || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:84000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] || bjn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || bug || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:143000}} || [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Cham language|Cham]] || cja || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13000}} || [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || jav || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:661000}} || [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] || kvr || style="text-align: right;" | || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]] || btm || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31000}} || [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || min || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:931000}} || [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) |- |} === Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia === Adadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:<ref name="joshua">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY |website=Joshua Project}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! [[ISO 639-3 code]] !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Cantonese]] || yue || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1443000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochow]] || || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:260000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] || hak || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1787000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hainanese]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:405000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Hokkien]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1966000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]] || cmn || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1019000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Northern Min|Min Bei]] || mnp || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- | [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] || nan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1038000}} || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] |- |} === Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia === Adadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:<ref name="joshua" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2020}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Language !! Code !! Speakers !! Family |- | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || guj || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || hin || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:59000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Ben || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || mal || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:344000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pan || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69000}} || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- | [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] || tam || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1856000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || tel || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117000}} || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] |- | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || urd || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15000}}|| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |- |} === Harsunan waje === * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Languages of Myanmar|Burmese]] * [[English language|English]] * [[Languages of the Philippines|Filipino]] * [[Languages of Japan|Japanese]] * [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * [[Languages of South Korea|Korean]] * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ==Duba Wannan== {{portal|Languages|Malaysia}} * [[:en:Demographics_of_Malaysia|Demographics of Malaysia]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Don Fadada Karatu== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66947-2 |editor=Asmah Haji Omar |language=en}} {{refend}} ==Mahadan Waje== * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Languages of Malaysia] at Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Dictionary of Borneo Languages {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia |list = {{Asia in topic|Languages of}} {{English dialects by continent}} }} [[Category:Languages of Malaysia| ]] 12l2xbcq2r538vanhrjw2j2xx3ohz6l Yaren Baima 0 72854 859373 387711 2026-06-17T13:43:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Baima''' ( [[Sunan kansa (masu fassara)|mai kansa]] : ''{{IPA|pe˥˧}}''</link> ) <ref name="Sun20072">Sun Hongkai, et al. (2007). ''Baimayu yanjiu'' 白马语研究. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.</ref> harshe ne da [[mutanen Baima]] 10,000 ke magana, <ref name=":32">{{Cite web}}</ref> na kabilar [[Mutanen Tibet|Tibet]] ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}</link> [[Lardin Sichuan|da]] [[Lardin Gansu|lardin Gansu na]] kasar Sin a arewa maso tsakiyar [[Sin|kasar Sin]] . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web}}</ref> Baima tana yadawa daga iyaye zuwa yara a kauyukan Baima. Ana magana da shi a cikin gida kuma ba a amfani da shi a kowace kafofin watsa labarai na sadarwar jama' Baima yana amfani da jigo-abu-fi'ili (SOV) tsari na kalma, gungu-gungu na kalmomi na farko kuma tonal . Ba a rarraba shi a cikin Sino-Tibet; Akwai nau'o'in rance da yawa daga Amdo, Khams, da Zhongu Tibet, da kuma haɗin kai na ƙamus da na nahawu tare da harsunan Qiangic . Kalmomin asali sun kai kusan kashi 85% na Tibet da kashi 15% na Qiangic, kuma kalmomin Tibet ba su da alaƙa da kowane rukuni na harsunan Tibet. Chirkova (2008) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙamus na Qiangic "zai iya kasancewa riƙewa daga harshen da Baimǎ ke magana da asali kafin su koma wani nau'i na Tibet a ƙarni na 7." Ta yarda Baima a matsayin Tibet, amma a matsayin keɓe a cikin harsunan Tibet. <ref name=":1">Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al (eds), ''Evidence and Counter-Evidence'', vol. 2.</ref> == Tarihi == Masu magana da harshen Baima sun kai kusan 10,000 kuma sun rayu tsawon tsararraki a yankin tsaunuka da ke kan iyakokin lardin Sichuan da Gansu . Bayan kafuwar [[Sin|jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin]] a shekarar 1949, masu magana da harshen Baima sun bukaci a amince da su a matsayin kabila mai cin gashin kanta a lokuta da dama. Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa Baima zuriyar tsohuwar mutanen Di ne a kasar Sin. Littattafan Sinanci daga 551 AD sun ambaci cewa Di ana kiransa Baima. Wani masanin tarihi ya ce, "Ƙabilar Baima ita ce mafi girma a kabilar Di, wadda ta yi rayuwa a Gansu, Sichuan da Shaanxi a lokacin Mulkin Uku (220-265 AD)." 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun mamaye yankin Di a karni na 7 kuma suka hade da jama'ar yankin, wanda watakila daga baya ya koma wani nau'in Tibet da maharan ke magana. Masana ilimin harshe suna ɗaukar Baima a matsayin harshe mai zaman kansa na reshen Tibet amma harshen da kansa ya sami tasiri sosai daga Tibet. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun DNA sun gano cewa Baima sun fi kusanci da mutanen Qiang ta hanyar jinsi fiye da na Tibet. <ref name=":0" /> == Yaruka == Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin harshen Baima da kansa. Baima galibi ya kasu kashi uku ne: Kudancin Baima (Pingwu Baima), Baima ta Arewa (Wenxian Baima), Baima ta Yamma (Jiuzhaigou Baima, Songpan Baima). Baima da ake magana a Jiuzhaigou da kewaye ya bambanta da wanda ake magana a gundumar Songpan a lardin Aba Tibet-Qiang mai cin gashin kansa da lardin Wenxian na lardin Gansu. Sun Hongkai, et al. (2007) <ref name="Sun2007">Sun Hongkai, et al. (2007). ''Baimayu yanjiu'' 白马语研究. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.</ref> rubuta waɗannan yarukan Baima guda uku masu zuwa. * Pingwu County, Sichuan * {{Interlanguage link|Tielou Tibetan Ethnic Township|zh|铁楼藏族乡}} (铁楼藏族乡), Wen County, Gansu * {{Interlanguage link|Wujiao, Jiuzhaigou County|zh|勿角镇}} ( Chinese ), gundumar Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan == Ragewa saboda rarrabuwa == Rarraba Baima ya haifar da cece-kuce a tsakanin masana harshe. An rarraba Baima na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙungiyar Khams, kodayake kuma tana da halaye masu yawa na Amdo . <ref name=":1">Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al (eds), ''Evidence and Counter-Evidence'', vol. 2.</ref> Dalilan da ke haifar da hakan su ne mai yiwuwa tsattsauran sauƙaƙan tsarin haruffa, kawar da tsoffin kalmomin Tibet codeas da kasancewar sautuna . <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da masana da yawa (Song Hongkai, Nishida Tatsuo, da Katia Chirkova) suka yi imanin cewa Baima wata ƙungiya ce ta kabilar Tibeto-Burman ta daban da kanta, wasu suna ganin ya kamata a bayyana shi a matsayin yaren Tibet. A haƙiƙa, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Baima da Tibet ya zarce waɗanda ke tsakanin manyan yarukan Tibet guda uku da ake magana da su a cikin ƙasar Sin. Ko da yake al'ummar Baima sun nemi da'awarsu a matsayin kabila mai cin gashin kanta tun daga shekarun 1960, har yanzu yaren Baima ya kasance a matsayin yaren Tibet . Don haka, 'yancin 'yan tsiraru na 'yan kabilar Tibet da harshen Tibet na Lhasa sun mamaye 'yan adawa. Kamar yadda Chirkova ya lura, "Sake rarrabuwar kabilun da aka jera a matsayin 'yan kabilar Tibet ya kasance wani batu mai muhimmanci a cikin [[Sin|PRC]], kuma yawancin 'yan kabilar Tibet suna daukarsa a matsayin wani hari kan asalin Tibet daga gwamnatin kasar Sin." <ref name=":4" /> A sakamakon haka, harshen Baima ya kasance ba shi da kyau a rubuce har zuwa yau kuma yana ci gaba da tayar da tambayar harshe a cikin rawar da ake takawa na rayuwar al'adu. Amfani da Baima ya takaita ne kawai ga bukukuwan addini da kuma cudanya tsakanin kauyukan Baima, wanda hakan ya kara haifar da illa ga harshen Baima. Bugu da ƙari, harshen sadarwa tare da al'ummomin maƙwabta a duk yankunan da Baima ke zaune shine Sichuan Mandarin . == Rarraba yanki == A cewar shirin Harsunan da ke Kashe Kashewa, ana magana da yaren Baima a yankuna huɗu: gundumar Jiuzhaigou, gundumar Songpan, gundumar Pingwu, da gundumar Wen. ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ml2ma539k1lix6kjy0muv7ut8iz1y63 Jimi Famurewa 0 74978 859869 543057 2026-06-18T09:39:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jimi Famurewa''' yar [[Ɗan jarida|jarida]] ce dan kasar Burtaniya kuma mai sukar abinci . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Famurewa a [[Landan]], Ingila, ga baƙi 'yan Najeriya. Ya girma a Landan.<ref name="inpublishing2">{{cite web|url=https://www.inpublishing.co.uk/articles/evening-standard-appoints-jimi-famurewa-as-chief-restaurant-critic-17061|website=inpublishing.co.uk|title=InPublishing: Evening Standard appoints Jimi Famurewa as Chief Restaurant Critic|date=10 December 2020|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> == Sana'a == A matsayinta na ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, Famurewa ta yi rubuce-rubuce akan batutuwa daban-daban don wallafe-wallafen da suka haɗa da ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''GQ'', ''Empire'', ''Wired'', ''Grazia'' da ''Time Out'' . Ya fara aiki a ''Evening Standard'' a shekarar 2015. Ya zama mai sukar abinci ga ''Mujallar su ta ES'' a cikin Satumba 2018, kafin a sanya shi Babban Mai sukar Gidan Abinci na takarda a cikin Disamba 2020, tare da nasa na farko ya bayyana a cikin Janairu 2021. Shafin ''mujallar ES'' ya lashe lambar yabo ta Rubutun Gidan Abinci na 2020 daga Guild of Food Writers. <ref name="inpublishing" /> Ya sake lashe kyautar a shekarar 2021.<ref name="inpublishing3">{{cite web|url=https://www.inpublishing.co.uk/articles/evening-standard-appoints-jimi-famurewa-as-chief-restaurant-critic-17061|website=inpublishing.co.uk|title=InPublishing: Evening Standard appoints Jimi Famurewa as Chief Restaurant Critic|date=10 December 2020|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref><ref name="sfchronicle2">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/food/article/I-can-t-wait-to-get-back-to-writing-negative-16258021.php|author=Soleil Ho|website=sfchronicle.com|title=Why I can't wait to get back to writing negative reviews|date=18 June 2021|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> <ref name="inpublishing3"/> <ref name="yahoo2">{{cite web|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/jimi-famurewa-named-restaurant-writer-084000905.html|website=uk.sports.yahoo.com|title=Jimi Famurewa named restaurant writer of the year for second year running at prestigious Guild of Food Writers awards|first=David|last=Ellis|date=28 June 2021|access-date=2021-12-16|archive-date=2021-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216184801/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/jimi-famurewa-named-restaurant-writer-084000905.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya rubuta gajeriyar labari "Teddybird" (2017) wanda aka zaba a cikin Kyautar Gajerun Labari ''na Guardian'' 4th Estate BAME. <ref name="theguardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/05/guardian-4th-estate-bame-short-story-prize-shortlist|title=BAME short story prize announces 'rich array of lives' in shortlist &#124; 4thWrite short story prize|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Danuta|last=Kean|date=5 June 2017|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref><ref name="thebookseller2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shortlist-revealed-2017-guardian-4th-estate-bame-short-story-prize-564341|title=Guardian 4th Estate BAME short story prize finalists revealed|website=The Bookseller|date=6 June 2017|first=Katherine|last=Cowdrey|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> Yana hada kwasfan fayiloli don Waitrose . Ya bayyana a talabijin, ciki har da ''Masterchef'' na BBC, ''Masterchef: The Professionals'', ''Mataki Up zuwa Plate'' da ''Richard Osman's House of Games'' . Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Season 20 na Top Chef.<ref name="wiltshiretimes2">{{cite web|url=https://www.wiltshiretimes.co.uk/news/19726460.wiltshire-cook-takes-masterchef-by-storm/|title=Wiltshire cook takes Masterchef the Professionals by storm|website=Wiltshire Times|first=Beth|last=Gavaghan|date=18 November 2021|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> <ref name="inpublishing4">{{cite web|url=https://www.inpublishing.co.uk/articles/evening-standard-appoints-jimi-famurewa-as-chief-restaurant-critic-17061|website=inpublishing.co.uk|title=InPublishing: Evening Standard appoints Jimi Famurewa as Chief Restaurant Critic|date=10 December 2020|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001s8xg/richard-osmans-house-of-games-series-7-week-7-thursday|title=Richard Osman's House of Games - Series 7 - Week 7 - Thursday|date=2023-11-09|website=[[BBC]]|access-date=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231110183141/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001s8xg/richard-osmans-house-of-games-series-7-week-7-thursday|archive-date=2023-11-10}}</ref> An sanar da wani podcast, Ina Gida da gaske, Famurewa ya sanar a cikin Fabrairu 2023. An ƙaddamar da wasan kwaikwayon a ranar 2 ga Maris 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-13|title=Podimo Announces Three Multi-Show UK Partnerships with Listen, Tortoise and What's The Story Sounds|url=https://podimo.com/uk/newsroom/podimo-announces-three-multi-show-uk-partnerships|access-date=2023-08-27|website=Podimo|archive-date=2023-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827191133/https://podimo.com/uk/newsroom/podimo-announces-three-multi-show-uk-partnerships|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-23|title=Writer and broadcaster Jimi Famurewa launches new podcast|url=https://podcastingtoday.co.uk/writer-and-broadcaster-jimi-famurewa-launches-new-podcast/|access-date=2023-08-27|website=Podcasting Today}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Famurewa yana zaune ne a kudu maso gabashin Landan tare da matarsa da ’ya’yansa biyu. == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] l5sumzolopn3og9jqg7maclue5imxv1 Ifunanya Okoro 0 76452 859321 413865 2026-06-17T12:20:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ifunanya Okoro''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 6, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga ƙwallon kwando na mata na Tindastóll da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2023/player/Ifunanya-Okoro |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Ifunaya-Okoro/400258?Women=1 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Okoro ta fara aikinta ne tare da kungiyar kwallon kwando ta farko a shekarar 2016, A cikin 2018,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nathaniel |first1=Sonnest |title=First Bank, Air Warriors Win At Zenith Bank Women Basketball League National Final 8 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/10/21/first-bank-air-warriors-win-at-zenith-bank-women-basketball-league-national-final-8/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |agency=newsagency |publisher=Channelstv.com |date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Igwe |first1=Ignatius |title=Women Basketball League: Air Warriors Emerge 2019 Champions |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/10/25/women-basketball-league-air-warriors-emerge-2019-champions/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |agency=newsagency |publisher=Channelstv.com |date=October 25, 2019}}</ref> Ta shiga Bankin farko na BC kuma ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta 2018 inda ta samu maki 1.4, 1.8rebounds, 1.2assits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africawomenschampionscup/2019/player/Ifunaya-Okoro |website=fiba.basketball/africawomenschampionscup/2019 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Olubulu |first1=Timothy |title=KPA Pick Up Stylish Victory Over Congo's CNSS In Africa Basketball Club Champs |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/sports/2022/12/13/kpa-pick-up-stylish-victory-over-congos-cnss-in-africa-basketball-club-champs/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |agency=newsagency |publisher=Capitalfm.co.ke |date=December 13, 2022}}</ref> Ta buga wasan karshe na 8 na Zenith Women Basketball League na Bankin Farko BC kuma an sanya mata suna a cikin 2019 Zenith Women Baseball League kakar Top 5 'yan wasa na kakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africa/womenschampionscup/2022/player/Ifunaya-Okoro |website=fiba.basketball/africa/womenschampionscup/2022/ |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria's Ifunaya Okoro a joy to watch at Africa Champions Cup Women |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africa/womenchampionscup/2022/news/nigerias-ifunaya-okoro-a-joy-to-watch-at-africa-champions-cup-women |website=fiba.basketball/africa/womenchampionscup/2022/news |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajela |first1=Ebenezer |title=Kenyans bank on Okoro to reach African b'ball semis |url=https://punchng.com/kenyans-bank-on-okoro-to-reach-african-bball-semis/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |agency=newsagency |publisher=Punchng.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Onyango |first1=Washington |title=KPA thump DR Congo's CNSS to reach FIBA Africa Cup quarters |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/living/article/2001463178/kpa-thump-dr-congos-cnss-to-reach-fiba-africa-cup-quarters |access-date=14 February 2024 |agency=newsagency |publisher=standardmedia.co.ke |date=December 13, 2022}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2019 ta sanya hannu a MFM Queens kuma ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta 2019 inda ta samu maki 13.8, 5 rebounds, 4.5assists. A shekara ta 2022, ta buga wa Bankin Farko na BC kuma daga baya ta shiga Kenya Ports Authority of Kenya-Premier League, ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta 2022 inda ta samu maki 20.9, 4.6 rebounds da 1.9 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=MVP Hagar Amer highlights 2022 Africa Champions Cup Women All-Star Team |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africa/womenchampionscup/2022/news/mvp-hagar-amer-highlights-2022-africa-champions-cup-women-allstar-team |website=fiba.basketball/africa/womenchampionscup/2022/news |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> Ta kuma sanya 'yan wasa 5 All-Star team Selection na Gasar 8.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onyango |first1=Washington |title=Okoro's magical hands that leave fans yearning for more |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/sports/basketball/article/2001474615/okoros-magical-hands-that-leave-fans-yearning-for-more |access-date=14 February 2024 |agency=newsagency |publisher=standardmedia.co.ke |date=July 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ifunaya Okoro |url=https://www.basketball24.com/player/okoro-ifunaya/hzgKiI9s/ |website=basketball24.com |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214095653/https://www.basketball24.com/player/okoro-ifunaya/hzgKiI9s/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba ta suna 'yar wasa mafi mahimmanci na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Kenya ta 2023 (KBF) Premier League a kakar wasa ta farko ta League.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.flash-agency.net/our-clients/basketball/female-players/ifunaya-okoro.html |website=flash-agency.net |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.M.F. TINDASTOLL |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/UMF-Tindastoll/8155?Women=1 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Ta shiga sashen kwando na mata na Tindastóll na kulob din wasanni na Ungmennafélagið Tindastóll kuma tana zaune ne a Sauðárkrókur, Iceland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.flash-agency.net/our-clients/basketball/female-players/ifunaya-okoro.html |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=flash-agency.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.M.F. TINDASTOLL |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/UMF-Tindastoll/8155?Women=1 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == Okoro ta buga wasan Kwando na 3x3 ga tawagar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya 3x3 kuma ta lashe zinare a Wasannin Afirka na 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solaja |first=Kunle |date=6 November 2019 |title=BASKETBALLNIGERIA'S 3X3 TEAMS SET FOR FIBA AFRICA CUP |url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/11/06/nigerias-3x3-teams-set-for-fiba-africa-cup/ |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=sportsvillagesquare.com |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213080545/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/11/06/nigerias-3x3-teams-set-for-fiba-africa-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria, Madagascar dominate FIBA 3X3 at All African Games 2019 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/nigeria-madagascar-dominate-fiba-3x3-at-all-african-games-2019 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/bbb9b505-7222-46a2-a095-88ac82c8c922 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=play.fiba3x3.com}}</ref> Ta kuma buga wa tawagar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Najeriya wasa ta shiga gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 2023 inda ta samu maki 10, 2.2 rebounds da 3.8 assists. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2023/player/Ifunanya-Okoro |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta 2024 inda ta samu maki 2, 2 rebounds da 2 assists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ifunanya OKORO |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/oqtwomen/belgium/2024/player/Ifunanya-Okoro |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=fiba.basketball/oqtwomen/belgium/2024/}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] r3u9r12gzwgl8znjcjxp6qicd5fwlq4 Ilana Kloss 0 77984 859347 583510 2026-06-17T13:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ilana Kloss 2009 US Open 02.jpg|thumb|Hoton ilana kloss]] '''Ilana Sheryl Kloss''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1956) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Tennis]] ce, kocin wasan tennis, kuma kwamishinan kungiyar World TeamTennis daga shekara ta 2001-21. <ref name="wtt">{{Cite web |title=Ilana Kloss |url=http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=1787 |publisher=WTT |access-date=2024-05-01 |archive-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312161510/https://wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=1787/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar wasa ta duniya No. 1 a cikin 1976, kuma No. 19 a cikin mutane a cikin 1979. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Ilana Kloss |url=http://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/Ilana-Kloss.htm |website=www.jewishsports.net |access-date=2024-05-01 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422105714/http://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/Ilana-Kloss.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Wimbledon juniors a shekarar 1972, lambar yabo ta US Open juniors a shekara ta 1974, da kuma lambar yabo ta Amurka Open Doubles da French Open Mixed Doubles a shekara ta 1976. Ta lashe lambobin zinare uku a wasannin Maccabiah na 1973 a Isra'ila . == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Kloss a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu . Ita Bayahude ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title='The Greatest Jewish Tennis Players of All Time' Book Released |url=http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/11032 |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=World Tennis Magazine }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kloss ta auri [[Billie Jean King]], dan wasan tennis na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2006 |title=Portrait of a Pioneer: a Billie Jean King Documentary &#124; TV Show Recaps, Celebrity Interviews & News About & For Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Women |url=http://www.afterellen.com/TV/2006/4/pioneer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518082930/http://www.afterellen.com/TV/2006/4/pioneer.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 |access-date=11 February 2011 |publisher=AfterEllen.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2018, Sarki da Kloss sun auri tsohon magajin garin New York David Dinkins a wani bikin sirri kuma sun kasance tare sama da shekaru 40. Su biyu sun zama masu mallakar 'yan tsiraru na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta [[Los Angeles]] Dodgers">Los Angeles Dodgers a watan Satumbar 2018 - don haka tana da gasar zakarun duniya ta 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurnick |first=Ken |date=21 September 2018 |title=Addition of King, Kloss sends 'strong message' |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/dodgers-welcome-billie-jean-king-ilana-kloss/c-295526684 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> - da kuma Angel City FC, ƙungiyar da ke Los Angeles wacce ta fara wasa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa a 2022, a watan Oktoba 2020. <ref>[https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/dodgers-part-owner-bjk-celebrates-world-series-win Dodgers part-owner BJK celebrates World Series win - Tennis.com]</ref> == Ayyukan wasan tennis == Kafin ta zama ƙwararru, ta lashe lambar yabo ta matasa a Wimbledon a shekarar 1972. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenberg |first=Martin Harry |date=21 September 1979 |title=The Jewish lists : physicists and generals, actors and writers, and hundreds of other lists of accomplished Jews |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishlistsphysi00gree |publisher=New York: Schocken Books |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta SA tare da Linky Boshoff a 1973, 1975, da 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 1986 |title=Jewish Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDBQAQAAIAAJ&q=Ilana+Kloss+jewish |publisher=Jewish Board of Deputies.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ilana Kloss (Wimbledon, 2008).JPG|thumb|Ilana Kloss]] Ta kuma taka leda a Wasannin Maccabiah a Isra'ila, inda ta lashe lambobin zinare a cikin 'yan wasa, mata biyu (tare da Helen Weiner ta doke' yan wasan azurfa Vicki Berner da Pam Gullish na Kanada a wasan karshe), da kuma ninki biyu a wasannin 1973 na Maccabiahi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1973 |title=Spitz'sFeat Is Bettered At Tel Aviv |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/16/archives/spitzs-feat-is-bettered-at-tel-aviv-swimmer-breaks-maccabiah-mark.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ta kuma lashe lambar azurfa a cikin nau'i biyu a cikin Wasannin Maccabiah na 1977, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Peter Rennert da Stacy Margolin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2015 |title=Israel Basketball Team Loses out to Underdog U.S. Squad at 10th Maccabiah |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-basketball-team-loses-out-to-underdog-u-s-squad-at-10th-maccabiah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 1985 |title=At the Maccabiah Games: U.S. Wins the Most Medals with 246; Israel Comes in Second with 217 |url=https://www.jta.org/1985/07/26/archive/at-the-maccabiah-games-u-s-wins-the-most-medals-with-246-israel-comes-in-second-with-217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 1977 |title=Israel Basketball Team Loses out to Underdog U.S. Squad at 10th Maccabiah |url=https://www.jta.org/1977/07/22/archive/israel-basketball-team-loses-out-to-underdog-u-s-squad-at-10th-maccabiah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2008 |title=Seeking Jewish Tennis Players to Represent the United States &#124; Adults-Seniors – USTA Florida |url=http://www.usatennisflorida.usta.com/Florida/Global/News/Adults%20Seniors/2008_09/6618937_Seeking_Jewish_Tennis_Players_to_Represent_the_United_States_.aspx |access-date=11 February 2011 |publisher=Usatennisflorida.usta.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 1974, ta lashe lambar yabo ta US Open juniors.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Ita ce 'yar wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Open junior champions |url=http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/jrchamps.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711143157/http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/jrchamps.html |archive-date=11 July 2011 |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Jews in Sports">{{Cite web |title=Kloss, Ilana |url=http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=tennis&ID=79 |access-date=5 February 2014 |publisher=Jews in Sports}}</ref> A shekara ta 1973, ta lashe taken a Cincinnati tare da Pat Walkden, inda ta doke Evonne Goolagong da Janet Young a wasan karshe. Kloss ya kasance No. 1 a duniya a cikin ninki biyu kuma No. 19 a cikin mutane a shekara ta 1976. A wannan shekarar, ta lashe lambobin yabo biyu a US Open, Italian Open, US Clay Courts, German Open, British Hard Courts Championship, da Hilton Head, da kuma lambobin yabo a Faransanci Open.<ref name="Jews in Sports"/> Linky Boshoff ita ce abokiyar zama mafi yawan sau biyu.[1] A shekara ta 1977 ta lashe gasar zakarun Kanada da Jamus da kuma gasar zakarar Ingila. [1]<ref name="Jews in Sports" /> A shekara ta 1999, Kloss ya lashe gasar US Open sau biyu da kuma gasar zakarun sau biyu a kan yawon shakatawa na 35 da sama.<ref name="Jews in Sports"/> === Kofin Tarayya === Daga 1973 har zuwa 1977, Kloss ya kasance memba na Kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu da ta fafata a gasar cin Kofin Tarayya . Ta tara rikodin nasara-hasara 12-5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player profile – Ilana Kloss |url=https://www.fedcup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800175600 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330143341/https://www.fedcup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800175600 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=www.fedcup.com |publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF)}}</ref> === Gidajen Fasaha === [[Fayil:IKWimbledon2008.JPG|thumb|Ilana Kloss]] Kloss, wanda Bayahude ne, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Yahudawa na Amurka a shekara ta 2006. An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Yahudawa na Duniya a shekara ta 2010. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> === Tennis na Ƙungiyar Duniya === Kloss ya shiga kungiyar San Francisco Golden Gaters WTT a shekara ta 1974, kuma ya kai WTT Finals tare da tawagar a shekara ta 1975. Ta bar Golden Gaters kafin kakar 1976 zuwa kungiya don shiga cikin gasa ta yumbu a Turai wanda ya sabawa jadawalin WTT. Kloss ya koma Golden Gaters a kakar 1978. A shekara ta 1983, ta horar da Chicago Fyre zuwa gasar zakarun WTT kuma an ba ta suna Kocin Shekara. A shekara ta 1985, Kloss ya kasance dan wasa da kuma kocin Miami Beach Breakers, kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban WTT a shekara ta 1987 kuma babban darakta a shekara ta 1991. Tun daga shekara ta 2001, ta kasance babban jami'in zartarwa kuma kwamishinan Tennis na Duniya == Gasar karshe ta Grand Slam == === Mata biyu: 1 (1 taken) === {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:40px" |Sakamakon ! style="width:35px" |Shekara ! style="width:160px" |Gasar cin kofin ! style="width:50px" |Yankin da ke sama ! style="width:160px" |Abokin hulɗa ! style="width:160px" |Masu adawa ! class="unsortable" style="width:130px" |Sakamakon |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |1976 |US Open |Yumbu |[[Linky Boshoff]]{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}} |[[Olga Morozova]] [[Virginia Wade]]{{Flagicon|URS}}<br />{{Flagicon|GBR}} |6–1, 6–4 |} === Haɗuwa biyu: 1 (1 taken) === {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:40px" |Sakamakon ! style="width:35px" |Shekara ! style="width:160px" |Gasar cin kofin ! style="width:50px" |Yankin da ke sama ! style="width:160px" |Abokin hulɗa ! style="width:160px" |Masu adawa ! class="unsortable" style="width:130px" |Sakamakon |- style="background:#ebc2af;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |1976 |Faransanci Open |Yumbu |[[Kim Warwick]]{{Flagicon|AUS}} |[[Linky Boshoff]] [[Colin Dowdeswell]]{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br />{{Flagicon|RHO}} |5–7, 7–6, 6–2 |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lbpq7ml6p9qoed1q6z8pynl9brldbfg Jami'ar Khartoum 0 79215 859715 579089 2026-06-17T23:14:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Khartoum''' ('''U na K''') (Arabic) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Khartoom, Sudan . Ita ce babbar jami'a kuma mafi tsufa a Sudan. An kafa UofK a matsayin [[Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon]] a 1902 kuma an kafa ta a 1956 lokacin da Sudan ta sami 'yancin kai. Tun daga wannan ranar, an amince da Jami'ar Khartoum a matsayin babbar jami'a da kuma babbar cibiyar ilimi a [[Sudan]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Top Universities in Sudan; 2020 Sudanese University Ranking |url=https://www.4icu.orgsd/ |access-date=2020-10-19 |website=UniRank }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Afirka. <ref>Akec, John A. (14 February 2009) [http://www.sudantribune.com/Why-the-university-education-still,30170 Why the university education still excites Sudanese?] </ref> Ya ƙunshi cibiyoyi da yawa, ɗakunan ilimi da cibiyoyin bincike ciki har da Cibiyar Bincike ta Mycetoma, Asibitin Jami'ar Soba, Asibityar Saad Abualila, Cibiyar Dr. Salma Dialysis, Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka, Cibiyar Bindindin da Inganta fitar da Dabbobi, Cibiyar nazarin Afirka da Asiya, Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazari da Bincike, Cibiyar Kula da U na K. Gidan karatu na [[Sudan]], wani bangare na ɗakin karatu na jami'ar, yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na kasa na Sudan. Har ila yau, ana nuna shi da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, kuma juyin juya hali da yawa sun tashi daga gare ta don kawo karshen gwamnatocin da ba su da adalci. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:GordonMemorialCollege_construction1901_JohnBrianChristopherson.jpg|left|thumb|Kwalejin Gordon Memorial da ake ginawa a cikin 1901]] A shekara ta 1898 bayan [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Burtaniya]] ta sami rinjaye a Sudan a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari na condominium, Ubangiji Kitchener ya ba da shawarar kafa kwaleji don tunawa da Gordon na Khartoum, wanda aka kashe a Siege na Khartoum . An sami buƙatar gudummawar £ 100,000 don gina kwalejin a cikin makonni shida kuma an kafa Kwalejin Gordon Memorial a 1902 tare da farko makarantu uku - makarantar masana'antu da manyan makarantun firamare guda biyu da kuma karamin cibiyar horar da malamai. [[Fayil:Sudan_Khartoum_Gordon_College_1936.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Gordon 1936]] A shekara ta 1906, kwalejin tana ba da shirye-shirye don horar da mataimakan injiniyoyi, masu binciken ƙasa da malamai na makarantar firamare. An kara dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko da aka sanye shi don nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin 1905, tare da gudummawa daga Sir Henry Wellcome, ɗan kasuwa na Amurka-Birtaniya da masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi. Har ila yau, akwai makarantar soja da ke da alaƙa. A cikin 1924, an yanke shawarar sanya kwalejin gaba ɗaya cibiyar sakandare tare da kwalejin da ke haɗa shirye-shirye a cikin [[Shari'a]], injiniya da binciken, ilimi (koyar da malamai), aikin malamai, lissafi da kimiyya. An cire makarantun firamare da na soja. An kuma kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kitchener, makarantar likita ta farko a Sudan, a wannan shekarar. [[Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_1_-_023_-_Main_building_of_Khartoum_University_-_Khartoum,_Sudan_-_December_8-14,_1961_(cropped).tif|thumb|Babban gini na Jami'ar Khartoum. Hanyar dabino da ke kaiwa zuwa ƙofar ƙofar ginin da ke da ma'ana tare da tashoshi a kan bene biyu, 1961.]] Kwanakin kafa ƙarin makarantu sun kasance; 1936 Makarantar Shari'a, 1938 Makarantar Aikin Gona da Kimiyya ta Dabbobi, 1939 Kimiyya da Injiniya da 1940 Arts. A shekara ta 1947, kwalejin ta kasance da alaƙa da Jami'ar London a matsayin mai shiga kasashen waje na farko a cikin shirin "dangantaka ta musamman". Masu digiri na farko da suka sami digiri na Jami'ar London sun kammala shirye-shiryen su a shekarar 1950. A shekara ta gaba, an sake sunan Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon a hukumance Kwalejin Jami'ar Khartoum, wanda ya kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kitchener. [[Fayil:Khalda_Zahir-bw.jpg|left|thumb|[[Khalida Zahir]], ta kammala karatu a matsayin likitan mata na farko a Sudan a 1952 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Unity High School |title=The Unity High School Archive |url=http://unitykhartoum.blogspot.be/2011/07/khalda-zahir-of-almorada-village-ssa.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531115428/http://unitykhartoum.blogspot.be/2011/07/khalda-zahir-of-almorada-village-ssa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] Lokacin da Sudan ta sami 'yancin kai a 1956, sabuwar majalisar ta zartar da lissafi don ba da matsayin jami'a ga Kwalejin Jami'ar Khartoum. Ya zama Jami'ar Khartoum a hukumance a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1956. Shahararren masanin kimiyyar lambu John Pilkington Hudson ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a 1961-1963, wanda ya kafa sashen lambu. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1984, Gwamnati ta sanar da rufe dukkan bangarorin jami'ar. An sake buɗe jami'ar gaba ɗaya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta. An rufe jami'ar sau da yawa bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1989 saboda sa hannun ɗalibanta a cikin tarurrukan dimokuradiyya. A lokacin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani a kusa da babban birnin a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, akalla dalibi daya ya mutu kuma wasu sun ji rauni ta hanyar bindiga kuma an rufe Jami'ar na kwanaki yayin da suke neman tallafi don kwashe mutane da yawa da suka makale da kuma neman mafaka a harabar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Picheta |first=Jessie Yeung,Teele Rebane,Rob |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Ceasefire crumbles amid chaos in Sudan as death toll reaches 270 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/18/africa/sudan-fighting-intensifies-students-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> An binne wannan ɗalibin a harabar daga baya. == Jikin ɗalibai == Jami'ar tana da dalibai 16,800 a fannoni 23, makarantu da cibiyoyin bincike na digiri. Adadin shigarwa na shekara-shekara shine dalibai 3,500, 55% daga cikinsu mata ne. Akwai dalibai masu digiri 6,000 (diploma na digiri, M.Sc. da Ph.D.). Tana da ma'aikatan koyarwa 850 (ma'aikata), masu bincike 20 da mataimakan koyarwa 500. == Cibiyoyin karatu == [[Fayil:Faculty_of_Science_(University_of_Khartoum)_001.jpg|thumb|Hanyar dabino da zamanin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Ginin Kwalejin Kimiyya]] Akwai makarantun hudu: * Cibiyar Cibiyar a Tsakiyar Khartoum. * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da ke Arewacin Khartoum ta Tsakiya. * Cibiyar Aikin Gona da Kula da Dabbobi a Shambat, Khartoum ta Arewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - About |url=http://www.uofk.edu/faculties/veterinary/about/about.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224090405/http://www.uofk.edu/faculties/veterinary/about/about.htm |archive-date=24 December 2004}}</ref> * Cibiyar Ilimi a [[Omdurman]] kilomita 15 daga harabar tsakiya.&nbsp; * Cibiyar Suba (Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Asibitin Suba) a Suba, 20 km Kudancin Khartoum.&nbsp; * Cibiyar gudanarwa tana nazarin harabar a tsakiyar Khartoum. == Shiga == Manufofin shigar da dalibai na farko suna karkashin jagorancin Hukumar Ilimi ta Sudan, wanda ke tsara mafi ƙarancin shigarwa ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare bisa ga asalin ƙasarsu (Sudanese vs. wadanda ba na Sudanese ba) da kuma hukumar takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare. Don karatun digiri, bukatun suna kan shafin yanar gizon shigar jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U. Of K. Admission and Registration Administration |url=http://www.uofk.edu/admission/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213015019/http://www.uofk.edu/admission/index.htm |archive-date=2006-02-13 |access-date=2006-04-07}}</ref> Dalibai na Jami'ar Khartoum suna shiga cikin bita, laccoci, muhawara, gwagwarmayar forum, kungiyoyin littattafai da jam'iyyun siyasa. Ayyukan wasanni sun haɗa da gasar zakarun wasanni na jami'a da gasar zাৰun kwalejojin Sudan. == Tsangayu == [[Fayil:Faculty_of_Science_(University_of_Khartoum)_003.jpg|thumb|Arcade a Kwalejin Kimiyya]] * Faculty of Arts * Faculty of [[Doka|Law]] * Faculty of Science * Faculty of [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] Sciences * Faculty of Medicine * Faculty of Pharmacy * Faculty of Dentistry * Faculty of Engineering * Faculty of [[Karatun gine-gine|Architecture]] * Faculty of Mathematical Sciences * School of Management Studies * Faculty of [[Economic and Social Studies]] * Faculty of Education * Faculty of [[Noma|Agriculture]] * Faculty of [[Forestry]] * Faculty of Animal Production * Faculty of Veterinary Medicine * Faculty of [[Geographical and Environmental Sciences]] * Faculty of [[Technological and Developmental Studies]] * Faculty of [[Public and Environmental Health]] * Faculty of Medicine === Tarihin Tarihi na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Yanayi da Muhalli === Sashen Ilimin Geography ne da aka kafa a 1945 a matsayin sashe a Makarantar Arts, Kwalejin Jami'ar Khartoum wacce ta zama Jami'ar Khartoum a 1956, sashin kuma ya zama sashinsa. Gudanarwa, sashe ne a cikin Faculty of Arts, amma ayyukansa na ilimi da na bincike sun ƙetare iyakokin malamai zuwa manyan jami'o'i da cibiyoyi daban-daban a cikin jami'a kamar ikon ilimin tattalin arziki, Injiniya, Gine-gine, Kimiyya, Noma, Gandun daji, Ilimi, Magunguna. da cibiyoyin Nazarin Muhalli, Nazarin Afro-Asiya, Nazarin Birane da Nazarin Ci gaba da Bincike. Sashen yana da gini mai hawa biyu. Reshen arewa ya ƙunshi ofisoshin ma'aikata goma sha shida da dakin gwaje-gwaje na GIS yayin da ɗakunan karatu da ɗakin karatu da dakin gwaje-gwajen zane-zane suke a yankin kudu. An kafa Faculty a ƙarƙashin ƙudurin Majalisar Jami'ar No.129 akan 12/12/2010 a matsayin haɓakawa na tsohuwar Sashen Geography, Faculty of Arts, wanda aka kafa a 1945, kuma yana cikin babban harabar jami'a a cikin gine-gine biyu. hadaddun. An kafa Kwalejin tare da hangen nesa na kimiyya don tinkarar manyan ci gaban kimiyya da canje-canjen da juyin juya halin bayanai da haɗin gwiwar duniya suka haifar. Faculty of Geographical and Environmental Sciences ya haɗa da sassa masu zuwa:- (Tsarin Bayanin Geographical da Fastoci - Muhalli da Ilimin Halitta - Nazarin Dan Adam da Yawan Jama'a - Tsare-tsare da Ci gaba) === Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Muhalli === [[Fayil:Kitchener_School_of_Medicine_Khartoum_1937.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kitchener Khartoum 1937]] Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Jami'ar Khartoum ta haɗa da sassan da suka biyo baya: - (Food Hygiene and Safety - Health Education - Epidemiology - Environmental Health and Environmental Studies). Kwalejin ta ba da digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da muhalli a cikin shekaru hudu. Bachelor of Science in Public and Environmental Health Honors a cikin shekaru biyar. Digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da muhalli a daya daga cikin fannoni shida (Lafiya ta Jama'a - Tsabtace Abinci da Tsaro - Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya - Epidemiology - Lafiya ta Muhalli - Entomology na Kiwon lafiya) === Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya === An kafa Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences a cikin 1966 a ƙarƙashin sunan "School of Medical Laborat Laboratory Technicians" a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Faculty na Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum da Ma'aikatar Lafiya.An ci gaba da ci gabanta har sai a 1993 an ba da umarni don kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya wata cibiya mai zaman kanta da ke da alaƙa da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Binciken Kimiyya. A shekara ta 1997, an haɗa shi da Jami'ar Khartoum a matsayin Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences (FMLS).Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences yana ba da shiri don aiki a kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita (na asibiti). Ayyuka a kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita babbar hanya ce ta haɗa ƙwarewar kimiyya tare da sha'awar taimaka wa wasu. Masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita, wanda aka fi sani da masana kimiyya na dakin gwje na asibiti, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ne waɗanda ke yin gwaje- gwaje-gaje na nazari akan jini, nama, da ruwa na jiki don samar da bayanan dakin gwaje'a don ganowa, ganewar asali, da kuma maganin cututtukan ɗan adam. Har ila yau, akwai ci gaba mai girma ga masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita don yin gwajin dakin gwaje'o'i na lafiya da nufin hana cututtuka.Digiri da aka bayar: Janar B.Sc.: Shekaru 4 girmamawa B.Sc.: Shekaru 5 M.S.c: Ta hanyar darussan M.Sc.: Ta hanyar bincike PhD: Ta hanyar bincike Sashen Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Laboratory: == Gidajen karatu == Jami'ar Khartoum Library, wacce aka fi sani da "Main Library," tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu a jami'o'i a Sudan da Afirka. Ginin ɗakin karatu yana wakiltar tarihin tarihi da kuma tarihin Jami'ar Khartoum. Baya ga Babban Laburaren, akwai ƙananan ɗakunan karatu a kowane bangare da cibiyar da kuma ɗakin karatu na [[Altegany Almahi]] don ɗaliban digiri da ɗakin karatu na Sudan. == ICT == Jami'ar Khartoum tana da Cibiyar Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa wacce ke da alhakin bunkasa da sarrafa kayan aikin ICT na jami'ar. Dukkanin makarantun jami'a suna haɗuwa da haɗin kai mai sauri (fiber optics); WiFi yana rufe mafi yawan makarantun da rajistar lantarki a shafin yanar gizon jami'a. Baya ga cibiyar ICT, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences tana da nasa sashin bincike na Fasahar Bayanai wanda ke aiki a ci gaba da inganta software na Open Source a Sudan. == Shahararrun ɗalibai == Jami'ar Khartoum tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina da kuma cancantar mafi yawan shugabannin Sudan. === Siyasa === * [[Abdalla Hamdok]] mai gudanar da gwamnati ne wanda ya zama Firayim Minista na 15 na SudanFirayim Minista na Sudan * [[Hassan al-Turabi]]: Shugaba na Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Kasa kuma tsohon shugaban Kwalejin Shari'a * Ali Osman Taha: Tsohon mataimakin shugaban Sudan * John Garang: Tsohon shugaban Sudan People's Liberation Army / MovementSojojin 'Yanci na Jama'ar Sudan / Yunkurin * Francis Deng: Tsohon Mataimakin Sakataren [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] * Ibrahim Abood Ahmed: Tsohon kwamandan shugaban sojojin Sudan kuma shugaban Sudan * Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa: Tsohon Firayim Minista kuma Ministan Ilimi na Sudan * Mohamed Ahmed Mahjoob: Tsohon Firayim Minista kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje na Sudan * Ammar Mohammed Mahmoud, diflomasiyya * Babiker Awadalla: Tsohon Firayim Minista kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje na Sudan * Rashid Bakr: Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma Firayim Minista na Sudan * Al-Jazuli Daf'allah: Tsohon Firayim Minista kuma shugaban Kungiyar Likitocin Sudan * Abdelmahmood Abdelhaleem, tsohon jakadan Sudan a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] * Usamah Mohamad, ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasa kuma fursuna na [[Amnesty International]]<nowiki/>fursuna na lamiri * Nureldin Satti, jakadan Sudan. * Nasreldin Abdelbari: Ministan Shari'a na Sudan. === Kimiyya, fasaha da magani === * [[Elfatih Eltahir|Elfatih A.B. Eltahir]]: Farfesa a fannin ilimin ruwa da albarkatun ruwa a MIT . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2013 |title=MIT - Faculty - Elfatih A.B. Eltahir - Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, MIT |url=http://cee.mit.edu/eltahir |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129134400/http://cee.mit.edu/eltahir |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Daoud Mustafa Khalid: Farfesa a fannin Neurology . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daoud Mustafa-Khalid {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/daoud-mustafa-khalid |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk}}</ref> * [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]]: Farfesa na farko na Sudan kuma Dean na farko na Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M |date=2013 |title=Remembering for tomorrow: Professor Mansour Ali Haseeb |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=76–83 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949946 |pmid=27493378}}</ref> * [[Sulafa Khalid Mohammed Ali|Sulafa Khalid Mohamed Ali]]: majagaba a fannin ilimin zuciya na yara a Sudan . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sulafa Khalid Ali {{!}} Just another UofK site |url=http://staffpages.uofk.edu/sulafa-ali/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216203911/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/sulafa-ali/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Abbashar Hussein: Farfesa a fannin Neurology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Medicine {{!}} University of Khartoum |url=http://staffpages.uofk.edu/department-of-medicine/ |access-date=2020-06-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625121146/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/department-of-medicine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KT for good: This doctor treats thousands of his patients for free |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-for-good/kt-for-good-this-doctor-treats-thousands-of-his-patients-for-free |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> * Mustafa Abdalla Mohamed Salih: Farfesa a fannin ilimin jijiyoyin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pediatrician Salih Proves Broad Beans Extracts Can Cure Epilepsy{{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=724 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=sudanow-magazine.net |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527063134/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=724 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Fasaha da ilimi === * Abdalla Eltayeb: Masanin ilimin Larabci[[Larabci|Harshen Larabci]] * Tayeb Salih: Mawallafi * [[Leila Aboulela]]: Marubuciya kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * Meena Alexander: Mawallafi kuma Babban Farfesa na Turanci a Kwalejin Hunter da Cibiyar Nazarin CUNY * Mandour Elmahdi: Mawallafi, tsohon Shugaban Cibiyar Ilimi (Sudan) da Daraktan Ilimi (Arabiya) * Awn Alsharif Qasim: Marubuci, masanin ilimin lissafi kuma masanin tarihin Islama da yarukan Sudan * [[Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im]]: Masanin addinin Musulunci kuma Farfesa na Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Emory == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] andcnru4nek52hwsmwfb9k3oa9it5xa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Koforidua 0 79218 859703 853294 2026-06-17T22:39:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox   [[Fayil:Administration_block_in_view.jpg|thumb|Tsarin gudanarwa]] [[Fayil:Business_and_management_block.jpg|thumb|S.B.M.S toshe]] [[Fayil:General_notice_board.jpg|thumb|Kwamitin sanarwar gaba ɗaya]] An kafa shi a cikin 1997, '''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Koforidua''' tana ɗaya daga cikin Jami'o'in Fasaha na Yankin [[Ghana]] guda goma. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2022-09-27 |title=Koforidua Technical University graduates 18,303 students since 2010 |url=https://gna.org.gh/2022/09/koforidua-technical-university-graduates-18303-students-since-2010/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.ktu.edu.gh/en/about-ktu/the-university/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722161521/https://www.ktu.edu.gh/en/about-ktu/the-university/history/ |archive-date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2019-07-22 |website=Koforidua Technical University |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1999 ta samar da masu digiri tare da HNDs a cikin Accountancy, (sakatariyar da karatun gudanarwa), [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]], sayarwa da wadata, kididdiga, da kimiyyar kwamfuta, kuma a halin yanzu tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri. == Gabatarwa == Tushen: <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Koforidua Technical University Courses and Cutoff Points 2024/2025 – Patstune |url=https://patstune.org/2024/02/05/koforidua-technical-university-courses-and-cutoff-points-2024-2025/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=patstune.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1997, Jami'ar ta fara ne da tsarin "solo block" da kuma ƙananan ɗalibai. Koyaya, kwanan nan ya faɗaɗa dangane da yawan ɗalibai, shirye-shirye, ƙwarewa, da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa. Jami'ar yanzu tana da fannoni biyar (5) da kuma cibiyar daya, tare da kimanin dalibai dubu takwas (8,000). <ref name="ktu.edu.gh">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title=History, Vision, Mission & Core Values - Koforidua Technical University |url=https://www.ktu.edu.gh/the-university/history-vision-mission-core-values/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Cibiyar tana da fannoni biyar da cibiyar guda ɗaya: Faculty of Business and Management Studies, Faculty for Applied Sciences and Technology, Facult of Engineering, Faculting of Built and Natural Environment, Facultum of Health and Allied Sciences, da Cibiyar Open and Distance Learning. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, yawan shirye-shiryen HND ya karu daga 2 zuwa 14. 6 daga cikin shirye-shiryen suna bayarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa, 6 daga Faculty of Engineering da 4 daga Makarantar Kimiyya da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=about |url=https://www.ktu.edu.gh/the-university-ktu/choose-academy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005064109/https://www.ktu.edu.gh/the-university-ktu/choose-academy/ |archive-date=2022-10-05 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Don cika shirye-shiryen dabarun 2010-2014, yanzu yana ba da shirye-shirye na Bachelor of Technology don darussan 2 kawai - sayarwa da Injiniyan Motar. Sauran darussan suna neman a kara su. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Koforidua tana da goyon bayan cibiyoyi da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da hukumomin ta, Majalisar Ilimi ta Kasa, Hukumar Kula da Ƙwarewa ta Kasa, Kwamitin Kula da Kwarewa da Kwarewar Kasa, Asusun Amincewa da Ilimi na Ghana, da Majalisar Ilimi da Horarwa.<ref name=":1"/> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2018/19 ta ilimi, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Koforidua yanzu tana ba da darussan digiri na ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndetei |first=Chris |date=2018-08-08 |title=Koforidua Technical University courses and admission requirements |url=https://yen.com.gh/112172-koforidua-technical-university-courses-admission-requirements.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> == Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa == * '''Ma'aikatar Lissafi <ref name="ktu.edu.gh"/>'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=account |url=https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/accountancy-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151742/https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/accountancy-department/ |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> ** Bachelor na Fasaha Accounting ** Lissafin HND * Ma'aikatar Sayayya da Sayarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=purchasing |url=https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/procurement-and-supply-science-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151741/https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/procurement-and-supply-science-department/ |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Bachelor of Technology Sayarwa & Sayarwa Chain Management HND Sayarwa & Bayarwa ** Bachelor of Technology Sayen & Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa ** Sayen HND & Bayarwa * '''Ma'aikatar Talla <ref name="ktu.edu.gh"/>'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Marketing |url=https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/marketing-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151742/https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/marketing-department/ |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> ** Bachelor na Fasahar Fasaha ** Tallace-tallace na HND * Ma'aikatar Sakatariyar & Nazarin Gudanarwa ** Sakatariyar Fasaha da Nazarin Gudanarwa ** Sakatariyar HND & Nazarin Gudanarwa * '''Ma'aikatar Nazarin Kwararru''' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=professional |url=https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/professional-studies-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151741/https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/professional-studies-department/ |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Sashen yana gudanar da difloma a Nazarin Kasuwanci (DBS) tare da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban; <ref name=":1"/> * DBS Kididdiga * [[Fasahar bayanai|Fasahar Bayanai]] ta DBS (IT) * Kasuwanci DBS * Lissafin DBS * DBS Sayarwa & Sayarwa * DBS Banking & Finance * Tallace-tallace na DBS * Sakataren DBS * '''Ma'aikatar Nazarin Liberal''' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=liberal |url=https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/liberal-studies-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151741/https://fbms.ktu.edu.gh/departments/liberal-studies-department/ |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> == Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha == * Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) * Kididdiga HND * HND Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Gudanar da Cibiyar HNDGudanar da Cibiyar sadarwa * HND Gudanar da Karɓar Baƙi * Fasahar Abinci ta HND (Da safe kawai) * HND Postharvest Technology (Da safe kawai) * HND Fashion Design da TextilesKayan ado * Fasahar zane-zane ta BTECH * BTECH Fashion Design da Textiles == Kwalejin Injiniya == * B.Tech. Injiniyancin mota * B.Tech. Injiniyanci * B.Tech. Injiniyan Mechatronics * B.Tech. Injiniyan Sadarwa * B.Tech. Injiniyan tsarin makamashi mai sabuntawa * B.Tech Injiniyan Injiniya * HND Fasahar Gudanar da Muhalli * HND Injiniyan MotarInjiniyancin mota * HND Injiniyan InjiniyaInjiniyan inji * HND Sabuntawa Energy Systems Injiniya * HND Injiniyan Lantarki / lantarkiInjiniyan lantarki * HND Injiniyanci * Shirin Masanin Gine-gine na I, II, da III * Masanin Injiniyan Lantarki I, II, da III * Masanin motar mota I, II, da III * Masanin Injiniya na Injiniya I, II, da III <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Faculty of Engineering |url=https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527083953/https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/ |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date= |website=Koforidua Technical University |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Faculty of Built and Natural Environment == Al'amarin injiniya da kimiyyar zamantakewa, gine-ginen muhalli, ko gine-guniyar duniya, kai tsaye suna nuna [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|Yanayin da mutum ya yi]] wanda ke samar da saiti don [[Halin ɗan adam|Ayyukan ɗan adam]], farawa a sikelin daga gine-gine zuwa birane da yawa. Yana nufin "wurin da mutum ya yi inda mutane ke rayuwa, aiki da kuma shakatawa a kowace rana". Kimiyyar muhallin da aka gina ta ƙunshi gine-gine, birane, fasahar gini, injiniyancin farar hula, gyaran lambu da kuma kula da sauye-sauyen haja da ayyukanta. Muhalli da aka gina ya fahimci wurare da wurare da mutane suka tsara ko suka gyara don biyan buƙatunsu na masauki, tsari da wakilci. Ga darussan da suka shafi hakan; <ref name=":1"/> * B.Tech. Fasahar Gine-gine * Fasahar Gine-gine ta HND * HND Fasahar Gudanar da Muhalli == Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences == * Kididdigar HND * HND Gudanar da Karɓar Baƙi * HND Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Gudanar da Cibiyar HND * Gidan dafa abinci 812/1 da 2 * Sabis ɗin Abinci da Abin sha * Fashi da Zane * CISCO<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joeme |date=2019-04-27 |title=List of Courses Offered at Koforidua Technical University, KTU - 2019/2020 |url=http://www.eafinder.com/gh/list-of-courses-offered-at-koforidua-technical-university-ktu-2019-2020/ |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=Explore the best of West Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Faculty of Health |url=https://fhas.ktu.edu.gh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527084015/https://fhas.ktu.edu.gh/ |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date= |website= |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kwalejin Injiniya == [[Fayil:School_of_engineering_block.jpg|thumb|Tsarin injiniya]] '''Dean''': John Bonney (PhD. (London), MSc. (Kumasi), BSc. (Kumasi) {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sashen !Shugaban Sashen |- |Injiniyan lantarki / lantarki <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=electrical |url=https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/electrical-electronics-engineering-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609221319/https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/electrical-electronics-engineering-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-09 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Patrick Agbemabiese |- |Injiniyanci <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=civil |url=https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/civil-engineering-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609221320/https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/civil-engineering-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-09 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Clement Nyamekye |- |Injiniyan tsarin makamashi mai sabuntawa |Emmanuel Okoh Agyemang |- |Injiniyancin mota <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=automotive |url=https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/automotive-engineering-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609221320/https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/automotive-engineering-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-09 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Gabriel Osei |- |Injiniyan injiniya <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=mechanical |url=https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/mechanical-engineering-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609221321/https://foe.ktu.edu.gh/departments/mechanical-engineering-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-09 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Dokta. Fehrs Adu - Gyamfi |} === Shirye-shiryen da ba na HND ba === * CTC I, II & III * EET I, II & III * MVT I, II & III * MET I, II, III * Kafin HND ko Hanyar Samun dama [[Fayil:New_engineering_block.jpg|thumb|6 Ginin injiniya a cikin gini]] == Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha == '''Dean''': Seth Okyere Darko (PhD (China), MSc. (Kumasi), Bsc (Kumasi) {| class="wikitable" !Sashen !Shugaban Sashen |- |Lissafi mai amfani <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Maths |url=https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/applied-mathematics-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093727/https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/applied-mathematics-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Ruben Semevoh |- |Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=computer |url=https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/computer-science-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093729/https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/computer-science-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Patricia Ghann |- |Bayan girbi / Fasahar Abinci <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=food |url=https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/post-harvestfood-technology-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093728/https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/post-harvestfood-technology-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |William Odoom |- |Tsarin Fasaha da Textiles <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=fashion |url=https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/fashion-design-and-textiles-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093727/https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/fashion-design-and-textiles-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Joseph Osei |- |Karɓar baƙi <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=hospitality |url=https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/hospitality-department/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093727/https://fast.ktu.edu.gh/departments/hospitality-department/ |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> |Gladys Siaw |} === Shirye-shiryen da ba na HND ba === * Gidan dafa abinci 812/1 da 812/2 da sabis na abin sha * CISCO * ICDL [[Fayil:A.D._block.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin AD]] == Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa == '''Dean''': Regina Bekoe-Biney PhD (Costa Rica), MA, PgDp (Cape coast), BEd, Dip, CIAMC-Ghana <ref name=":2"/> {| class="wikitable" !Sashen !Shugaban Sashen |- |Tallace-tallace |Yaw Brew |- |Lissafin kuɗi |Mawutorwu Doe |- |Nazarin sana'a |Eric Kofi Boadi |- |Nazarin Liberal |Jamal Mohammed |- |Sakatariyar da Nazarin Gudanarwa |Bernard B. Ambotumah |- |Sayarwa da Sayarwa | |} <mapframe latitude="6.106056" longitude="-0.267320" zoom="15" width="314" height="255" align="right" /> === Shirye-shiryen da ba na HDD ba === * Lissafin DBS * Sakataren DBS * Sayen DBS * Tallace-tallace na DBS * DBS Kididdiga * Gudanar da DBS * DBS Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Injiniyan Kwamfuta na DBS * Takardar shaidar II a cikin Fashion Design da Textiles <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Koforidua Technical University 2022/2023 Courses And Cut Off Points |url=https://tertiaryghana.com/koforidua-technical-university-2022-2023-courses-and-cut-off-points/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003104239/https://tertiaryghana.com/koforidua-technical-university-2022-2023-courses-and-cut-off-points/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2023-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Shirin Diploma na Tertiary === * Diploma a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a <ref name=":0"/> Jami'ar tana amfani da daidaitattun ƙididdigar SSSCE 36 ko mafi kyau, WASSCE 24 ko mafi kyau. Har ila yau, ƙwarewar suna da ƙarin buƙatu don mai nema ya gamsu. <ref name=":0"/> == Yanayi ==   == Shari'ar Biyan Albashi == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Kwamitin Asusun Jama'a na Ghana (PAC) ya ba da umarnin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Koforidua (KTU) don dawo da kusan GH¢817,000 a cikin biyan albashi mara kyau a cikin kwanaki 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=PAC orders KTU to recover GH¢800,000 in salary infractions within 90 days - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/pac-orders-ktu-to-recover-gh%c2%a2800000-in-salary-infractions-within-90-days/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Adadin ya wakilci albashin da aka biya ma'aikata biyar waɗanda ba su aiki ba kusan shekaru biyu, wasu sun ruwaito a kan hutun karatu ba tare da amincewa ba ko kuma suna zaune a kasashen waje. Rahoton Babban Odita Janar ya danganta matsalar da raunin iko na cikin gida da kuma gazawa a kula da albashi. Da yake bayyana a gaban Kwamitin, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar KTU, Farfesa Richard Ohene Asiedu, ya tabbatar da cewa an samo ƙaramin kaso, ƙasa da GH¢20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KTU given 90 days to retrieve GH¢800k paid to absent staff - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ktu-given-90-days-to-retrieve-gh%c2%a2800k-paid-to-absent-staff/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mambobin PAC, karkashin jagorancin [[Samuel Atta Mills]], sun soki gudanarwar jami'ar saboda sakaci kuma sun yi gargadin cewa idan ba a kammala farfadowa ba a watan Fabrairun 2026, za a iya cajin manyan jami'an ma'aikatar don asarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=PAC orders KTU to recover GH¢800,000 in salary infractions within 90 days - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/pac-orders-ktu-to-recover-gh%c2%a2800000-in-salary-infractions-within-90-days/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin jami'o'i a Ghana]] * [[Ilimi a Ghana]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.ktu.edu.gh Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Ghana topics}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5c06ekwlzxnivrddme30svgj18gcxbz Jami'ar KCA 0 79405 859714 827599 2026-06-17T23:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Jami'ar KCA''' ''' (KCAU) ''' wata cibiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a watan Yulin 1989 a matsayin Kwalejin Lissafi ta Kenya (KCA) ta Cibiyar Masu Bayar da Lissafi ta Jama'a ta Kenya (ICPAK) don inganta ingancin lissafi da horar da gudanar da kudi a kasar. KCAU tana kan titin Thika a Ruaraka, [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.cue.or.ke}}</ref> Har ila yau, ma'aikatar tana kula da kwalejojin tauraron dan adam a ƙarƙashin Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kwararru a Nairobi CBD Githunguri, Kericho, Eldoret, [[Kisumu]], Amagoro, da Kitengela. == Tarihi == Bayan binciken da Chart Foulks Lynch CIPFA ya yi a Burtaniya, an kafa Kwalejin Lissafi ta Kenya a cikin 1987-88. Binciken ya kammala cewa tattalin arzikin Kenya yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙwararrun ma'aikata ɗari huɗu a kowace shekara. Daga rajistar farko na dalibai 170 a shekarar 1989, yawan dalibai ya karu sosai a tsawon shekaru, kuma yanzu yana tsaye a sama da 20,000 da suka shiga kowace shekara. [[Fayil:KCA_University.jpg|thumb|''Babban harabar Jami'ar KCA'']] KCA ta yi amfani da ita ga Hukumar Ilimi mafi Girma (CHE) don matsayin jami'a a cikin shekara ta 2000, kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2007, CHE ta ba KCA Wasikar Hukumar Wakilai (LIA). Ayyuka sun fara ne a Jami'ar KCA.<ref name="glance">[http://www.kca.ac.ke/index.php/about-kcau/kcau-at-a-glance-about-kca-university-239 http://www.kca.ac.ke/index.php/about-kcau/kcau-at-a-glance-about-kca-university-239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311123245/http://www.kca.ac.ke/index.php/about-kcau/kcau-at-a-glance-about-kca-university-239 |date=2016-03-11 }}, KCAU At A Glance.</ref><ref>https://www.tuko.co.ke/270062-kca-university-courses-offered.html</ref> == Tsangayu da shirye-shirye == === Makarantu === * Makarantar Kasuwanci (SoB) * Makarantar Fasaha (SoT) * Makarantar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Jama'a (SEASS) * Cibiyar Horar da KCAU ta Kwararru da Fasaha (KCAU PTTI) === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * MBA Gudanar da Kamfanoni * Masanan Kimiyya a Kimiyya ta Bayanai * Masanan Kimiyya a Gudanar da Tsarin Bayanai * Masanan Kimiyya a cikin Nazarin Bayanai * Bachelor of Science (Tsaron Bayanai da Forensics) * * Digiri na Digiri (Gwamnatin Kamfanin) * Bachelor of Science (Commerce) * Bachelor of Science (Management and Sayarwa) * Bachelor of Science (Fasahar Bayanai) * Bachelor na Ilimi * Bachelor of Science (Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasuwanci) * Bachelor of arts (Criminology) * Bachelor of Science (Software Development) * Bachelor of Science (Applied Computing) * Bachelor of Science (Kimiyyar Bayanai) * Bachelor of Science (Actuarial Science) === Shirye-shiryen difloma === * Diploma a cikin Fasahar Bayanai * Diploma a Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasuwanci * Diploma a cikin lissafi da kudi * Diploma a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Diploma a cikin sayarwa da kayan aiki === Shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Gwamnatin Gundumar * Takardar shaidar a Fasahar Bayanai * Takardar shaidar a Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasuwanci * Takardar shaidar a cikin Bridging Mathematics * Takardar shaidar a cikin Hanyar Bincike == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|www.kcau.ac.ke}} * Hukumar Ilimi Mafi Girma, [http://www.che.or.ke/ http://www.che.or.ke]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611091944/http://www.che.or.ke/ |date=2024-06-11 }} * Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [http://www.unglobalcompact.org/participant/11852-KCA-University http://www.unglobalcompact.org/ mahalarta/11852-KCA-Jami'ar] * Ma'aikatar Ilimi mafi girma, Kimiyya da Fasaha, https://web.archive.org/web/20110722131940/http://www.scienceandtechnology.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=61 [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Afrika]] [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]] oyg65ciomr0zkuu4wq1ulv3ntelb7zh Jami'ar Machakos 0 79414 859717 597945 2026-06-17T23:32:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Machakos University gate.jpg|thumb|Hutun kofar shiega Jami'ar Machakos]] '''Jami'ar Machakos''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} MksU |url=http://www.mksu.ac.ke/aboutus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414094526/http://mksu.ac.ke/aboutus |archive-date=2017-04-14 |website=www.mksu.ac.ke}}</ref> jami'a ce ta jama'a a Machakos, [[Kenya]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1957 a matsayin Makarantar Horar da Fasaha ta Karkara ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, daga baya aka sake masa suna Makarantar Fasaha da Ciniki ta Machakos a shekara ta 1958, Makarantar Fasahar Machakos ta 1967, da Cibiyar Horar da Ayyuka ta Machakus (MTTI) a shekara ta 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=About us {{!}} Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/about-us/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, an inganta ma'aikatar zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Machakos ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a No. 130, kuma an hayar ta a matsayin jami'ar jama'a mai cikakken aiki a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2016. A yau, jami'ar tana da nisan kilomita daya daga Birnin Machakos tare da Hanyar Machakos / Wote. == Tarihi == An kafa Jami'ar Machakos a shekara ta 1957 a matsayin Makarantar Horar da Fasaha ta Karkara ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta lokacin. An canza shi zuwa Makarantar Fasaha da Kasuwanci ta Machakos a 1958, Makarantar Fasahar Machakos ta 1967, da Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Machakus (MTTI) a 1987. An amince da MTTI saboda samun karfi a cikin Injiniya da Fasaha, Baƙi da Yawon Bude Ido.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=About us {{!}} Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/about-us/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> An inganta ma'aikatar zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Machakos ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a No. 130, a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2011. Tafiyar zuwa cimma cikakken matsayin Jami'ar ta fara da gaske a farkon. An yi hayar Jami'ar Machakos a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2016. <ref name=":0"/> A baya, kwalejin jami'ar Kenyatta ce. Jami'ar tana da ƙa'ida mai ƙarfi don koyarwa da horo mai inganci don cimma burinta na tabbatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi masu sauƙi, masu araha, masu sassauci da dacewa don canza zamantakewar tattalin arziki da sauran bukatun al'umma. == Rayuwar Ɗalibai == Jami'ar Machakos tana ba da rayuwa daban-daban a harabar da ke ba wa ɗalibai dama da yawa don ci gaban mutum, hulɗar zamantakewa, da kuma shiga cikin karatun waje. Jami'ar tana da ɗalibai daban-daban, tare da ɗalibai daga sassa daban-daban na Kenya da sauran ƙasashe. Jami'ar tana ba da kungiyoyi da al'ummomi iri-iri waɗanda ke kula da abubuwan sha'awa daban-daban, gami da wasanni, kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, muhawara, da kasuwanci. Dalibai na iya shiga cikin al'adun al'adu da bukukuwan, kamar Mako na Al'adu na shekara-shekara, wanda ke nuna al'adu daban-daban na ɗalibai da ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-12 |title=Machakos University Students Cultural Week |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/others/machakos-university-students-cultural-week/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=News {{!}} Machakos University |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928213935/https://www.mksu.ac.ke/others/machakos-university-students-cultural-week/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar Machakos tana da wurare masu yawa na wasanni, gami da cikakken dakin motsa jiki, filayen wasanni, da kotuna don kwando, volleyball, da netball. Jami'ar ta shiga gasar wasanni daban-daban, a cikin gida da kuma duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MKSU WINS KUSF RUGBY 7'S NATIONAL LEAGUE 2022 CHAMPIONSHIP – Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/others/mksu-wins-kusf-rugby-7s-national-league-2022-championship/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033337/https://www.mksu.ac.ke/others/mksu-wins-kusf-rugby-7s-national-league-2022-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Jami'ar Machakos tana karkashin jagorancin majalisa da Gwamnatin Kenya ta nada, wacce ke kula da ayyukan jami'ar. Majalisar tana ba da jagorar dabarun, tana gudanar da iko, kuma tana ci gaba da lissafi. Jami'ar tana karkashin jagorancin mataimakin shugaban jami'a, wanda majalisar ta nada. Mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Machakos na yanzu shine Farfesa Joyce Agalo . Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da mataimakan mataimakan shugaban majalisa guda uku da ke da alhakin gudanarwa, tsarawa da kudi, bincike, kirkire-kirkire da alaƙa da al'amuran ilimi da ɗalibai. Mataimakin mataimakan shugaban majalisa na yanzu sune Farfesa Mugendi M'rithaa, Farfesa Peter Mwita da Farfesa James Muola, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Governance – Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/university-governance/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jami'ar Machakos ta ƙunshi makarantu da sassan da yawa waɗanda ke ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi iri-iri a matakin digiri da digiri. Makarantu da sassan sune: === Makarantar Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona, Muhalli da Kimiyya ta Lafiya === * Ma'aikatar Nazarin Aikin Gona <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Sciences, Environment and Health Sciences – Machakos University |url=https://sas.mksu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Lafiya * Ma'aikatar Nazarin Muhalli * Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa === Makarantar Kasuwanci, Tattalin Arziki, Karɓar Baƙi da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido === * Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki * Ma'aikatar Lissafi, Bankin, da Kudi * Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Ma'aikatar Kula da Baƙi da Kula da Yawon Bude Ido <ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Business, Economics, Hospitality And Tourism Management – Machakos University |url=https://sbe.mksu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Makarantar Ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://se.mksu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=School of Education |language=en-US}}</ref> === * Ma'aikatar Koyarwa * Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ilimi da Ilimi na Musamman * Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Sadarwar Ilimi da Fasaha * Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Ilimi da Nazarin Tsarin Mulki === Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Engineering – Machakos University |url=https://set.mksu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> === * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Injiniya * Ma'aikatar Kwamfuta da Fasahar Bayanai * Ma'aikatar Gine-gine da Injiniyanci * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Lantarki da Injiniyan lantarki === Makarantar Humanities da Kimiyya ta Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://shss1.mksu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=School of Humanities |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418061711/https://shss1.mksu.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === * Ma'aikatar Humanities * Ma'aikatar Harshe da Harsuna * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Jama'a === Makarantar Kimiyya Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=School of Pure and Applied Sciences - Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor |url=https://dvc-asa.mksu.ac.ke/schools/school-of-pure-and-applied-sciences/,%20https://dvc-asa.mksu.ac.ke/schools/school-of-pure-and-applied-sciences/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Biology * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Jiki * Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Kididdiga == Haɗin gwiwa == Jami'ar Machakos ta kafa haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin gida da na duniya daban-daban don inganta shirye-shiryen ilimi da bincike. Wadannan hadin gwiwar an yi su ne don sauƙaƙe musayar ilimi, ƙwarewa, da albarkatu da inganta ƙwarewar ilimi. Jami'ar ta sanya hannu kan Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) kuma ta shiga wasu yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin da suka biyo baya: * Gidauniyar Inades - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi, shirye-shirye na kiwon lafiya na al'umma, bincike, da haɓaka iyawa. * Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin ayyukan bincike, musayar ma'aikata da ɗalibai, da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa. * Konza Technopolis Development Authority - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin bincike, canja wurin fasaha, horo, da musayar ma'aikata. * Kwalejin Jami'ar Tangaza - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi na hadin gwiwa, bincike, da ma'aikata da musayar kayan aiki. * Jami'ar Wasanni ta Shanghai - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi na hadin gwiwa, musayar ma'aikata, da ayyukan bincike na hadin gwiwar. * Gidauniyar Lafiya ta Afirka - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin bincike, horo, da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. * KALRO - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin bincike, horo, da canja wurin fasaha. * Jami'ar Multimedia ta Kenya - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin bincike, shirye-shiryen musayar ilimi, da amfani da kayan aiki. * Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya - Haɗin gwiwa wajen samar da damar horo mai amfani ga ɗalibai da gudanar da aikin nazari a fannin kididdiga da tattalin arziki. * Cibiyar Horar da Aikin Gona ta Machakos - Haɗin gwiwa wajen samar da masu horo da ilimin fasaha da ƙwarewa a aikin gona da ilimi. * Jami'ar Helsinki - Haɗin gwiwa wajen inganta ƙwarewa, hanyoyin, da tsarin a jami'o'in Kenya. * Ayyukan Taimako na Katolika Kenya - Haɗin gwiwa wajen karfafa matasa da mata a aikin gona. * Jami'ar Kenyatta - Haɗin gwiwa a cikin jagorancin shirye-shiryen injiniya a Jami'ar Machakos. * Jami'ar Kudancin Gabashin Kenya - Haɗin gwiwa a musayar ma'aikata, bincike, da amfani da kayan aiki. * Asibitin Machakos Level 5 - Haɗin gwiwa wajen samar da bayyanar asibiti da gogewa ga ɗalibai. * Sanya Labs - Haɗin gwiwa wajen samar da kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kayan aiki don bincike da koyarwa. * Comtel Integrators Africa Limited - Haɗin gwiwa wajen samar da dandamali na raba don alamun dijital. * Kituluni Youth Polytechnic - Haɗin gwiwa wajen tallafawa shirye-shiryen horar da sana'a da haɗin gwiwa. * Kwamitin Kudin Ilimi Mafi Girma - Haɗin gwiwa wajen tallafawa daliban da ke neman ilimi mafi girma. Wadannan hadin gwiwar sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da ci gaban shirye-shiryen ilimi da bincike na Jami'ar Machakos kuma sun ba da dama mai mahimmanci ga ɗalibai da ma'aikata don yin hulɗa tare da malamai da masu aiki daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-22 |title=Collaborations - Office of the Vice Chancellor |url=https://vc.mksu.ac.ke/collaborations/,%20https://vc.mksu.ac.ke/collaborations/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rikici == === Amfani da hoton dalibi a talla === A watan Oktoba na 2021, tsohuwar daliba ta Jami'ar Machakos, Catherine Njeri, ta shigar da takarda tana zargin cewa jami'ar ta yi amfani da hotonta a cikin talla ba tare da yardar ta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Petition E021 of 2021 |url=http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/236535/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |publisher=Kenya Law Reports |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418094033/http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/236535/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Njeri ta yi iƙirarin cewa amfani da hotonta ya keta haƙƙinta na sirri da mutuncin ɗan adam, da kuma haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi. Jami'ar Machakos ta yarda da amfani da hoton Njeri amma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta shiga cikin kasuwanci ko ayyukan riba ba. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2022, Babban Kotun da ke Machakos ta umarci jami'ar da ta biya Njeri Sh700,000 don keta haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin talla, da haƙƙin mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zablon |first=Valentine |title=University to pay ex-student Sh700,000 for using her photo without consent |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001453884/university-to-pay-ex-student-sh700000-for-using-her-photo-without-consent |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> == Malamai == '''''Machakos University Academic Division ya kunshi makarantun da ke ƙasa:''''' * Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha * Makarantar Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki, Karɓar Baƙi da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido <ref>{{Cite web |title=BusinessAndEconomicsCourses – Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/course/businessandeconomicscourses/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702074840/https://www.mksu.ac.ke/course/businessandeconomicscourses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Makarantar Ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=EducationCourses – Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/course/educationcourses/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Makarantar Kimiyya Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace * Makarantar Aikin Gona, Muhalli da Kimiyya ta Lafiya * Makarantar Humanities da Kimiyya ta Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=HumanitiesAndSocialSciencesCourses – Machakos University |url=https://www.mksu.ac.ke/course/humanitiesandsocialsciencescourses/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603172459/https://www.mksu.ac.ke/course/humanitiesandsocialsciencescourses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Machakos_University_gate.jpg|left|thumb|Ƙofar Jami'ar Machakos a cikin 2016]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 435rtsqqgcac0ioqt2tvasho2qf0kgs Jami'ar Fasaha ta Murang'a 0 79415 859704 437299 2026-06-17T22:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Murang'a''' ('''MUT''') ita ce magajin Kwalejin Jami'ar Murang' a (MRUC), tsohon kwalejin Jomo Kenyatta Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha (JKUAT) bayan an ɗaukaka shi daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fasaha (MCT). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Corporate |date=2012-11-07 |title=Another University College for JKUAT Mentorship - Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology |url=http://www.jkuat.ac.ke/2012/11/another-university-college-for-jkuat-mentorship/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112021357/http://www.jkuat.ac.ke/2012/11/another-university-college-for-jkuat-mentorship/ |archive-date=2013-01-12 |access-date=2014-06-03 |publisher=Jkuat.ac.ke}}</ref> Jami'ar tana da nisan kilomita 1.5 daga garin Murang'a a cikin Muranga County, nisan kilomita 85 a arewa maso gabashin Nairobi, nisan mita 70 a kudu maso gabashin Nyeri da nisan mita 50 a kudu maso yammacin Embu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Murang'a University of Technology |url=https://www.mut.ac.ke/?page_id=2876 |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (October 2022)">self-published source?</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> MUT tana ba da masters, digiri, difloma, takardar shaidar, da kuma darussan sana'a a cikin injiniya, fasahar bayanai, kwamfuta, kasuwanci, gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam, gudanar da karɓar baƙi, gudanar da yawon shakatawa, kimiyya mai tsabta da aikace-aikace.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – Murang'a University of Technology|url=https://www.mut.ac.ke/?page_id=2876|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Murang'a ita ce tsohuwar Kwalejin Jami'ar Murang' a watan Satumbar 2011 ta hanyar Kwalejin Kwalejin Murang'A ta ba da sanarwar shari'a No. 129 na Satumba 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya, 2013 |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/services/accreditation/status-of-universities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022546/http://www.cue.or.ke/services/accreditation/status-of-universities |archive-date=2013-07-07 |publisher=Commission for University Education}}</ref> a matsayin kwalejin Jomo Kenyatta Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Murang'a University of Technology |url=https://www.mut.ac.ke/?page_id=2876 |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> MRUC ita ce magajin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Murang'a . Kwalejin jami'a a halin yanzu tana aiki ne a karkashin tanadin Dokar Jami'o'i ta 2012 CAP 210 B na dokokin Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities Act 2012 CAP 210 B of the laws of Kenya. |url=http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/UniversitiesAct_Cap210B.pdf |publisher=Government of Kenya |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411172241/https://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/UniversitiesAct_Cap210B.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Murang'a University of Technology |url=https://www.mut.ac.ke/?page_id=2876 |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> An kaddamar da Majalisar Jami'ar Murang'a ta farko a watan Oktoba 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Murang'a University of Technology |url=https://www.mut.ac.ke/?page_id=2876 |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.mut.ac.ke/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Afrika]] [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]] 2zr88i6fkusj7lbdeb0pii7b1gezi0p Jerin jami'o'i da kwalejoji a Kenya 0 79424 859744 835425 2026-06-18T06:14:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kenya_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb|Wurin Kenya]] Wannan jerin jami'o'i ne da kwalejoji a Kenya. [[Kenya]] tana da jami'o'i da yawa da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. Akwai jami'o'i 30 na jama'a, jami'o-i masu zaman kansu 30 da jami'oʼi 30 tare da Wasikar Hukumar Wakilai (LIA). Wadannan jami'o'i an kafa su ne ta hanyar Ayyukan Majalisa a karkashin Dokar Jami'o'in, 2012 wanda ke ba da ci gaban ilimin jami'a, kafawa, izini da shugabancin jami'oʼi. Dangane da rahoton shekara ta 2004 game da sake fasalin ilimi mafi girma a Kenya, saurin fadada ilimin jami'a a kasar ya kasance martani ne na kai tsaye ga karuwar bukatar ilimi mafi girma da ake buƙata ta hanyar karuwar ɗalibai daga makarantu. Daga watan Yulin 2014, duk cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da ke ba da ilimi da horo na fasaha an sanya su a ƙarƙashin [[TVET (ilimi da horo na fasaha da sana'a)|TVET (Ilimi da Horarwa na Fasaha da Kwarewa)]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TVETA |url=http://kenyalaw.org/kenya_gazette/gazette/volume/MTAyMw--/Vol.%20CXVI-No.%2060 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010125940/http://kenyalaw.org/kenya_gazette/gazette/volume/MTAyMw--/Vol.%20CXVI-No.%2060 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Background information – Technical and Vocational Education and Training Authority |url=http://www.tvetauthority.go.ke/background-information/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130958/http://www.tvetauthority.go.ke/background-information/ |archive-date=2016-10-10 |access-date=2018-08-10 |publisher=Tvetauthority.go.ke}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya daidaita wannan bangaren yayin da cibiyoyin da ba a amince da su ba suka lalata shi ''Ka'idar'' yadda The Standard da The Star suka bayyana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Standard |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/story.php?articleID=1144017076&story_title=move-to-weed-out-fake-colleges&pageNo=2/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=The Star |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/12/02/blacklist-colleges-shut-down_c1252870 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021844/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/12/02/blacklist-colleges-shut-down_c1252870 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoba akwai cibiyoyi 540 da Hukumar ta amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Register |url=http://www.tvetauthority.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/TVETA-Register.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130814/http://www.tvetauthority.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/TVETA-Register.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-10 |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=www.tvetauthority.go.ke}}</ref> == Jami'o'in jama'a == {| class="wikitable" !A'A'A !Sunan !Yankin !Shekarar da aka ba da hayar !Sunan asali !Shekarar da aka kafa !Cibiyar |- |1 |[[Jami'ar Nairobi]] |[[Nairobi]] |1970 |Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, Kwalejin Royal Nairobi |1956 |Babban harabar, harabar Kikuyu, harabar Chiromo, harabar Lower Kabete, harabar Upper Kabete, makarantar Parklands, harabar Kimiyya ta Kenya, harabar Kisumu, harabar Mombasa |- |2 |[[Jami'ar Moi]] |Eldoret |1984 |Jami'ar Moi |1984 |Cibiyar Odera Akang'o Yala, Cibiyar Mombasa, Cibiyar Kericho, Cibiyar Nairobi, Cibiyar Alupe, Kwalejin Jami'ar Bomet |- |3 |[[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] |Nairobi |1985 |Kwalejin Jami'ar Kenyatta |1965 |Babban harabar, harabar Parklands, harabar Ruiru, harabar City, harabar Kitui, harabar Mombasa, harabar Nakuru. |- |4 |[[Jami'ar Egerton]] |Njoro |1988 |Makarantar Noma ta Egerton, Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Egertón |1939 |Babban harabar - Njoro, Kwalejin Kwalejin Nakuru Town (NTCC), harabar Kenyatta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egerton University Campuses |url=https://www.egerton.ac.ke/all-campuses |access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref> |- |5 |[[Jami'ar Maseno]] |Maseno |1991 |Gwamnatin Maseno. Cibiyar Horarwa, Kwalejin Malamai ta Siriba |1955 |Jami'ar Oginga Odinga |- |6 |Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta |Kiambu |1994 |Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Jomo Kenyatta |1981 |Kwalejin Jami'ar Multimedia ta Kenya, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Meru, Kwaleji ta Jami'a Murang'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Murang'a University College - Home |url=http://www.mruc.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508111105/http://www.mruc.ac.ke/ |archive-date=2014-05-08 |access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref> |- |7 |[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mombasa]] |[[Mombasa]] |2007 |Cibiyar Ilimi ta Musulmi ta Mombasa (MIOME) |1948 | |- |8 |Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Masinde Muliro |Kakamega |2007 |Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Yamma |1972 | |- |9 |Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dedan Kimathi |Nyeri |2012 |Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kimathi, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jami'ar Kimathi (2007) a matsayin kwalejin kafa ta Jami'an Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo KenyattaJami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta |1972 |Babban Cibiyar, Nyeri |- |10 |[Https://www.chuka.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Chuka] |Chuka |2012 |Kwalejin Jami'ar Chuka, Kwalejin Jama'ar Chuk (2004) a matsayin kwalejin Jami'an Egerton[[Jami'ar Egerton]] |2004 |Babban Cibiyar, Chuka |- |11 |Jami'ar Laikipia |Wikipedia |2013 |LSFTC (1965), AHITI (1979), Cibiyar [[Jami'ar Egerton]] (1990), Kwalejin Jami'ar Laikipia, a matsayin kwalejin Jami'an Egerton | |Babban Cibiyar, Cibiyar Nyahururu, Cibiyar Naivasha, Cibiyar Nakuru, Ci gaban Maralal |- |12 |Jami'ar Kudancin Gabashin Kenya | Kitui |2013 |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Ukamba (Ukai), Kwalejin Jami'ar Kudu maso Gabas (Seuco) |2008 |Babban Cibiyar SEKU, Cibiyar Machakos Town, Cibiyar Kitui Town, Ci gaban garin, Cibiyar Mtito-Andei, Cibiyar Nazarin Nairobi |- |13 |[[Jami'ar Kisii]] |Kisii |2013 |Kwalejin Malamai na Firamare, Kwalejin Makarantar Sakandare (Diploma), Kwalejin Jami'ar Kisii, |1965 |Babban Cibiyar, Cibiyar Eldoret, Cibiyar Nairobi, Cibiyar Kapenguria, Cibiyar Kericho |- |14 |Jami'ar Multimedia ta Kenya |[[Nairobi]] |2013 |Makarantar Horar da Tsakiya (CTS) don yin hidima ga Makarantar Horarwa ta Gabashin Afirka (1948), (KCCT) Kwalejin Fasahar Sadarwa ta Kenya (1992), Kwalejin Jami'ar Multimedia ta Kenya |2008 | (MMU) Babban Cibiyar |- |15 |[[Jami'ar Kabianga]] |Kericho |2013 |Makarantar Gwamnati, Kabianga (1925), Kwalejin Horar da Malamai na Kabianga (1929), Kabianga Framers Training Cente (1959), Kabianga Campus na Jami'ar Moi (2007), Kwalejin Jami'ar Kabianga |2009 | (UoK) Babban Cibiyar, Cibiyar Kapkatet, Cibiyar Satellite ta Kericho, Cibiyar Nazarin Satellite |- |16 |[[Jami'ar Karatina]] |Karatina |2013 |Jami'ar Moi Cibiyar Kenya, Kwalejin Jami'ar Karatina |2008 |Babban Cibiyar, Cibiyar Karatina, Cibiyar Itiati, Cibiyar Nanyuki, Cibiyar Riverbank |- |17 |Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Meru |Meru |2013 | (MECOTECH) Kwalejin Fasaha ta Meru (1979), (MUCST) Kwaleji ta Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Meru |2008 |Dole ne Babban Cibiyar, Cibiyar Birnin Meru |- |18 |Jami'ar Kirinyaga |Kerugoya |2016 |Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kirinyaga (1971), Kwalejin Jami'ar Kirinyaga (2011) |2016 |Babban Cibiyar, garin Kutus Kirinyaga County |- |19 |Jami'ar Pwani |Kilifi<ref>[[Kilifi County]]</ref>  |2013 |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Kilifi |2007 |Babban Cibiyar (Kilifi), Cibiyar Mombasa |- |20 |[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Murang'a]] |Murang'a |2016 |Kwalejin Fasaha ta Murang'a, Kwalejin Jami'ar Murang' a | | |- |21 |[[Jami'ar Machakos]] |Machakos |2016 | (MTTI) Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Machakos (1979), (MUC) Kwalejin Jami'ar Machakos |2013 |Babban Cibiyar MksU | |- |22 |[[Jami'ar Eldoret]] |Eldoret, Kenya |2013 |Kwalejin mazabar Chepkoilel ta Jami'ar Moi |2013 |Babban Cibiyar (Chepkoilel, Eldoret), Cibiyar Cibiyar Eldoret | |- |23 |Jami'ar Kibabii |Gundumar Bungoma |2015 | | | | |- |24 |[[Jami'ar Maasai Mara]] |Narok |2009 |Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Narok, Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Moi |2013 |Narok |- |25 |[[The Co-operative University of Kenya|Jami'ar hadin gwiwa ta Kenya]] |Nairobi |1968 |Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta |2016 |CUK Babban harabar, karen |- |26 |[https://rongovarsity.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Rongo] |Rongo da Migori |2016 |Cibiyar Fasaha ta Moi (MIT), Kwalejin Jami'ar Rongo |1983 | (RU) Babban Cibiyar |- |27 |[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kenya]] |[[Nairobi]] |2013 |Kenya Polytechnic |1961 |Babban Cibiyar (Nairobi) |- |28 |[https://www.gau.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Garissa] |Garissa |2017 | | |Babban Cibiyar (Garissa) |- |29 |[[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jaramogi Oginga]] |Bondo |2013 |Kwalejin Jami'ar Bondo |2009 |Babban Cibiyar (Bondo) |- |30 |[https://www.ttu.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Taita Taveta] |Hanyar murya |2016 |Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta (JKUAT) Taita Taveta Campus |2007 |Babban Cibiyar (Voi) |- |31 |[https://embuni.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Embu] |Embu |2016 |Kwalejin Horar da Ma'aikatan Aikin Gona ta Embu (EAST) |1947 |Babban Cibiyar (Embu) |- |32 |[https://ndu.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Tsaro ta Kasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522192730/https://ndu.ac.ke/ |date=2024-05-22 }} |Nakuru |2021 |Babban Cibiyar (Nakuru) | | |- |33 |[https://ouk.ac.ke/ Open Jami'ar Kenya] |Konza Technopolis |2023 |An kafa shi |2023 |Babban Cibiyar (Konza), mai kama da juna | |- |34 |[https://kafu.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Abokai ta Kaimosi] |Vihiga |2023 |An kafa shi |2023 |Babban Cibiyar (Kaimosi) |} == Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! !Sunan jami'a !Sunan asali !Shekarar da aka kafa |+ |1 |Jami'ar K.A.G ta Gabas |Makarantar tauhidin Gabashin Afirka |2024 |- |2 |Jami'ar Mount Kenya (MKU) |Cibiyar Fasaha ta Thika |2006 |- |3 |Kwalejin Jami'ar Uzima (kwalejin kafa ta CUEA) | |- |4 |[[Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka, Baraton|Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka]], Baraton |Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Dabbobi ta Baraton |1980 |- |5 |Jami'ar Daystar |Kwalejin Jami'ar Daystar |1989 |- |6 |[[Jami'ar Nazarene ta Afirka]] |Jami'ar Nazarene ta Afirka |1994 |- |7 |Jami'ar Scott Christian |Kwalejin tauhidin Scott |1962 |- |8 |Jami'ar Kabarak |Jami'ar Kabarak |2001 |- |9 |Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka Afirka (USIU - Afirka) |Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka, Cibiyar Nairobi |1970 |- |10 |Jami'ar Strathmore |Kwalejin Strathmore |1961 |- |11 |Jami'ar Zetech |Kwalejin Zetech |1990 |- |12 |[[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Mata ta Kiriri]] |Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Mata ta Kiriri |2001 |- |13 |Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka (CUEA) |Cibiyar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka |1984 |- |14 |Jami'ar Kirista ta Pan Africa |Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki |1978 |- |15 |Jami'ar Methodist ta Kenya |Jami'ar Methodist ta Kenya |1997 |- |16 |[[Jami'ar Adventist ta Afirka]] |Jami'ar Adventist ta Afirka |2005 |- |17 |Jami'ar Gretsa |Jami'ar Gretsa |2006 |- |18 |Jami'ar Great Lakes ta Kisumu |Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Ci Gaban Al'umma ta Tropical |1998 |- |19 |Jami'ar Presbyterian ta Gabashin Afirka |Kwalejin Presbyterian |1994 |- |20 |Jami'ar St. Paul |Makarantar Allahntaka ta St Paul, Kwalejin tauhidin St Paul |1903 |- |21 |[[Jami'ar KCA]] |Kwalejin Lissafi ta Kenya |1989 |- |22 |Jami'ar Afirka ta Duniya |Makarantar Digiri ta Nazarin tauhidin Nairobi |1983 |- |23 |[[Jami'ar Riara]] | |2012 |- |24 |Jami'ar Gudanarwa ta Afirka |Jami'ar Gudanarwa ta Afirka |1993 |- |25 |Jami'ar Amref ta Duniya (AMIU) |Cibiyar Horar da Kasa ta Amref (AITC) |2017 |- |26 |[https://umma.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Umma (UMMA)] |Kwalejin Thika don Shari'a da Nazarin Musulunci |1997 |- |27 |[[Jami'ar Aga Khan]] | |1958 (Pakistan) |- |28 |[[Jami'ar Kenya Highlands]] (KHU) |Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Kenya Highlands |1932 |} == Sauran == {| class="wikitable" !Jami'ar hadin gwiwa ta Kenya !Matsayin jami'a !Sunan asali !Shekarar da aka kafa |- |Cibiyar Nazarin Software ta Nairobi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Software Development |first=Nairobi Institute |date=18 May 2021 |title=Nairobi Institute of Software Development |url=Nairobi Institute |website=[[Educartis]]}}</ref> |Kwalejin masu zaman kansu da aka yi rajista |Cibiyar Nazarin Software ta Nairobi |2014 |- |Makarantar tauhidin kasa da kasa ta Nairobi |Jami'ar mai zaman kanta da aka yi rajista |Makarantar tauhidin kasa da kasa ta Nairobi |1981 |- |Makarantar tauhidin Gabashin Afirka |Jami'ar mai zaman kanta da aka yi rajista |Makarantar tauhidin Gabashin Afirka |1979 |- |Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Aga Khan |Hukumomin wucin gadi (LIA) |- |Jami'ar Lukenya |Wasikar Hukuma ta wucin gadi |Jami'ar Lukenya |2014 |- |Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka |Hukumomin wucin gadi (LIA) | | |- |Cibiyar Koyarwa Mai Tsarki |Kwalejin sakandare da aka yi rajista |Kamfanonin Bungoma da Nairobi |2005 |- |Hanyar horar da fasaha |Kwalejin sakandare da aka yi rajista |ELDORET (Hadin kai a Aikin Gona, TTC, ICT, Injiniya, Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya na Lafiya, Yawon Bude Ido), BOMET da LODWAR Campuses |2005 |- |Makarantar Nazarin Kwararru ta Kenya (SPS) | | |1988 (Nairobi) |} [[Fayil:The Kenya High School Main Gate.jpg|thumb|daya daga cikin manyan makarantun kanya]] == Cibiyoyin Ilimi da Horarwa na Fasaha da Kwarewa == * [https://ambritch.ac.ke/ Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ambritch]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Cibiyar Nazarin Gabashin Afirka * Cibiyar Talanta * Cibiyar watsa labarai ta Afirka - ADMI <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADMI - Africa Digital Media Institute - Passion to Profession. |url=https://admi.ac.ke/ |access-date=2018-03-13 |website=Africa Digital Media Institute |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta AirSwiss <ref>{{Cite web |last=richie |date=2018-09-22 |title=AirSwiss International College Fees Structure 2020 |url=https://kenyadmission.com/airswiss-international-college-fees-structure/ |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Kenyadmission.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102120643/https://kenyadmission.com/airswiss-international-college-fees-structure/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Cibiyar Kula da Karɓar Baƙi da Fasaha ta Amboseli - Thika, Nakuru <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Amboseli Institute of Hospitality & Technology |url=https://www.amboseliinstitute.com/ |website=Amboseli Institute of Hospitality & Technology |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301032139/http://amboseliinstitute.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Cibiyar Nazarin Software ta Nairobi * NairoBits Collage * Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Nairobi * Kwalejin Atlas -Eastleigh Nairobi * Cibiyar Hanyar Kenya da Fasahar Gine-gine (KIHBT) - Nairob * Kwalejin Nazarin Kwararru - Nakuru . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-22 |title=Adept College of Professional Studies - Courses, Fees Structure, Contacts |url=http://www.elimucentre.com/adept-college-of-professional-studies/ |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Elimu Centre |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813133105/https://www.elimucentre.com/adept-college-of-professional-studies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Ci Gaban, Kwalejin Bandari * Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Baraton - Nandi Central Kapsabet * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bungoma ta Arewa -Naitiri <ref name="www.bungomanorthtvc.ac.ke">{{Cite web |title=Home - Bungoma North Technical Vocational College |url=http://www.bungomanorthtvc.ac.ke/ |website=Bungoma North Technical Vocational College |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123441/https://bungomanorthtvc.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Cibiyar Cocin Consolata -Nyeri <ref name="cathedralinstitute.ac.ke">{{Cite web |title=Home - Consolata Cathedral Institute |url=http://www.cathedralinstitute.ac.ke |website=Consolata Cathedral Institute}}</ref> * Cibiyar Kula da Karɓar Baƙi ta Cascade - Thika <ref name="cascade.co.ke">{{Cite web |title=Home - Cascade Institute of Hospitality |url=http://www.cascade.co.ke/ |website=Cascade Institute of Hospitality |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2017-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218132456/http://www.cascade.co.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Hanyar horar da fasaha <ref name="eldorettti.ac.ke">{{Cite web |title=ADMI - ELDORET TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE - an ideology for the betterment of Humanity. |url=https://eldorettti.ac.ke/ |access-date=2018-03-13 |website=eldorettti.ac.ke |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Eldoret Polytechnic - Eldoret * Cibiyar Koyar da Fasaha ta Emma Daniel (EDATI) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Courses offered at Emma Daniel Arts Training Institute {{!}} Study in Kenya |url=https://studyinkenya.co.ke/courses-offered-at-emma-daniel-arts-training-institute |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=studyinkenya.co.ke}}</ref> * Cibiyar Horar da Gwamnati (GTI) * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gusii * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Harvard - Thika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Havard Institute |url=http://www.havardinst.ac.ke/ |website=www.havardinst.ac.ke |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2021-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205165024/http://havardinst.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kwalejin Hemland na Kwararru da Nazarin Fasaha - Thika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemland College of Professional and Technical Studies |url=https://www.hemlandcollege.ac.ke |website=www.hemlandcollege.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Wutar Wutar Wuta da Ceto - Thika * Cibiyar Fasahar Kayan Kayan Kwarewa ta Indiya- IIHT Westlands, Nairobi * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Duniya (ICT-Thika) - Thika * Cibiyar Horar da Intraglobal -Nairobi CBD * Cibiyar Horar da Intraglobal -Kisumu * Cibiyar Horar da Intraglobal -Kisii * Cibiyar Horar da Intraglobal -Embu * Cibiyar Horar da Intraglobal -Nakuru * Cibiyar Horar da Intraglobal -Donholm * Cibiyar Nazarin Kwararru ta Jaffery - Mombasa<ref>[http://www.jips.ac.ke Jaffery Institute of Professional Studies]</ref> * Kabete National Polytechnic * Kwalejin Kagumo * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Kaiboi * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kenya * Kwalejin Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kenya - Londiani * Cibiyar Binciken dazuzzuka ta Kenya * Makarantar Gwamnati ta Keshnya (tsohuwar Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Kenya (KIA)) * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kenya - Nakuru * Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Kenya (KIM) * Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Kenya - Kudancin C * Cibiyar Kulawa da Nazarin Bincike ta Kenya (KIMES) - Nakuru * Cibiyar Injiniyan Software ta Kenya - Thika * Cibiyar Horar da Likitoci ta Kenya (KMTC) * Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kenya * Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kenya * Makarantar Nazarin Kudi ta Kenya - Ruaraka * Kwalejin Malaman Kimiyya ta Kenya, [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] * Kwalejin Malamai ta Fasaha ta Kenya (KTTC) * Kwalejin Kenya Utalii * Cibiyar Ruwa ta Kenya - Kudancin C, [[Nairobi]] * Cibiyar Horar da Kula da Kayan daji ta Kenya - Naivasha * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kiambu * Kwalejin Malamai ta Kigari - Embu * Kwalejin Malamai ta Kilimambogo - Kilimambog * Kwalejin Fasaha da Kwarewa ta Kipkabus (KTVC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kipkabus Technical and Vocational College – Technology and Innovation |url=http://ktvc.ac.ke/ |website=ktvc.ac.ke |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527191150/https://ktvc.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kisumu Polytechnic - Makasembo * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kitale - Kitale * [[Machakos]]_Institute_of_Technology" id="mwAtk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Machakos Institute of Technology">Cibiyar Fasaha ta Machakos - Machakos * Kwalejin Kwadago ta Mboya - Kisumu * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Michuki - Muranga * Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Nairobi - Kisumu Campus * Cibiyar Ba da Shawara da Horarwa ta Nakuru - Nakuru * [[Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta PC Kinyanjui|Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta PC Kinyanjui (PCKTTI)]] * Cibiyar Horar da Jirgin ƙasa - Kudancin B, Nairobi * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ramogi - Kisumu * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Rift Valley - Nakuru <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rift Valley Technical Training Institute – Eldoret – Technology and Innovation |url=http://rvti.ac.ke |website=rvti.ac.ke}}</ref> * Cibiyar Koyarwa Mai Tsarki - Kamfanonin Bungoma da Nairobi * Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Ilimin Bayanai ta Savannah - Nakuru * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sensei don Horar da Mai Gudanar da Shuka * Makarantar Kwalejin Matasa ta Sirisia * Kwalejin Malamai * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha (MTTI) - [[Mombasa]] * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Thika - Thika <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thikatechnical.ac.ke/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613164005/https://thikatechnical.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Techno Links Ltd * Kwalejin Afirka ta United - Nairobi * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Rift Valley - Nakuru * Cibiyar Horar da Bayani - Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Bayani - Kitengela * Cibiyar Horar da Taurari ta Vision - Nairobi * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Kenya (K.I.D.S.) - Nairobi == Makarantu masu mallakar == * Kwalejin Ayyukan Jama'a ta Afirka * Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Ci Gaban * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta AirSwiss - Nairobi * Cibiyar Tafiya ta Jirgin Sama * Kwalejin Alphax - Eldoret * Kwalejin Amani * Kwalejin Arkline - Nairobi * Ayyukan Kwamfuta masu alaƙa - Gidan Ci Gaban, Nairobi * Kwalejin Kwamfuta ta AUGAB - Garissa * Kwalejin Augustana - Kasarani - Nairobi * Cibiyar Nazarin Australiya (AUSI) - Westlands, Nairobi * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bell - Nairobi * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Belmont-O Santa Rongai - Kajiado * Kwalejin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Gabashin Afirka, Kasarani - Nairobi * BizSmart Inter Technology * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Bungoma - Bungoma * Cibiyar Horar da Ayyuka - Nairobi * Cibiyar Kula da Karɓar Baƙi ta Cascade - Thika <ref name="cascade.co.ke"/> * Cibiyar Nisa da Ilimi ta Intanet - Nairobi * Kwalejin Century Park - Machakos * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tekun * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa - Nairobi CBD * Kwalejin Compuera - Nairobi * Kwalejin Compugoal - Nairobi * Cibiyar Koyon Kwamfuta (CLC) - Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Girman Kwamfuta - Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Kwamfuta - Nairobi * NEWVIEW COLLEGE - Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Kasa ta Duniya- Nairobi * Cibiyar Cocin Consolata -Nyeri * Cibiyar Sadarwa da Fasaha ta Consolata - Nyeri-Mathari * Cibiyar Horar da Cornerstone - Nairobi * [http://www.dtinaivasha.ac.ke/ Cibiyar Horar da Madara ta Naivasha (DTI Naivasha)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322043129/https://dtinaivasha.ac.ke/ |date=2024-03-22 }} * [[Digital Resource Center|Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta Dijital]] (DRC) - Karama Estate, Nakuru * Makarantar Kwamfuta ta Digiworld - Meru * Garin Don Bosco Boy - Karen * Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa ta Don Bosco, Nairobi * Kwamfutocin Duolotech - Gachie da Thika * Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Eagle (EAAC) - Ongata Rongai * Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Eagle * Cibiyar Nazarin Gabashin Afirka - Nairobi * Makarantar Jarida ta Gabashin Afirka (EASJ) - Jamuhuri show ground * Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Afirka - Nairobi * Cibiyar Bayani ta Gabashin Afirka * Cibiyar watsa labarai ta Gabashin Afirka (EAMI) - Nairobi * Makarantar Jirgin Sama ta Gabashin Afirka - Embakasi, Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Eldoret - Eldoret <ref name="eldorettti.ac.ke"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ETTI-Leading Agricultural College,Engineering, Civil And Building, Nutrition & Health Trainer - ETTI |url=http://www.eldorettti.ac.ke |website=etti}}</ref> * Cibiyar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Eldoret - EldoretEldoret * Cibiyar Elite - Embakasi - Nairobi, Mlolongo kusa da Bankin hadin gwiwa, Cibiyar Horar da Mataki, Nakuru * Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Elite - Embakasi, Syokimau, rassan tauraron dan adam * Cibiyar Nazarin Bayanai ta Elix - Lokichar-Turkana * Kwalejin Kwamfuta ta Emanex - Kahawa * Kwalejin Esmart - garin Kikuyu * Kwalejin Felma - Nairobi - Embakasi * Cibiyar Nazarin Kwararru ta Jamus - Nairobi * Kwalejin Globoville Shanzu Beach - [[Mombasa]] * Kwalejin Graffins - Westlands, Nairobi * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gusii - Kisii * Kwalejin Nazarin Kwararru ta Hansons - Gachie Nairobi/Kuimbu * Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Hemland - Thika, Thika Arcade 5th Floor * Cibiyar Nazarin Kwararru ta Hi-tec - Mombasa CBDCBD * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban - CBD, Nairobi * Kwalejin Rosary Mai Tsarki - Tala * Wutar Wutar Wuta da Ceto na ICT * Kwalejin iNet - Ginin Bankin hadin gwiwa na Bungoma, bene na uku, gundumar Bungoma * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ci gaba - Gidan Loita, titin Loita, Buruburu, Nairobi * Cibiyar Ci gaban Fasaha - Westlands * Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Fasaha - Nakuru * Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Bayanai da Bincike - Nairobi, Ambank Hse, Hanyar Jami'ar * Cibiyar Fasahar Fasaha - Nairobi CBD * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Afirka - NACICO Plaza 4th Floor, Nairobi * [[Cibiyar Fasaha ta Duniya]] (ICT-Thika) - Thika <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT COLLEGE-Leading Fire Fighter1,EMT, Health and Safety and Disaster Management Trainer - ICT COLLEGE |url=http://www.ict.ac.ke |website=ICT COLLEGE}}</ref> * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Kenya - Nairobi/Machakos * Cibiyar Otal da Yawon Bude Ido ta Duniya - Nairobi * Kwalejin InterWorld - Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Kasuwanci ta Duniya - Nairobi, Kisumu, Nakuru, Embu, Kisii * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jodan - Thika * Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Jogoo - Nakuru * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karatina (KIT-Karatina) - Karatina * Kwalejin Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta Keiway - Bankin Equity Bldg, Mtwapa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Keiway |url=http://keiwayminingtech.ac.ke/ |website=keiwayminingtech.ac.ke |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115081145/http://keiwayminingtech.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tafiye-tafiye na Kenair da kuma karatun da suka danganci - Nairobi da Mombasa * Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Kenya (Aviation, Injiniya & Cabin Crew) Filin jirgin saman Wilson - Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Masana'antu ta Kirista ta Kenya (KCITI) - Cibiyar Eastleigh * Kwalejin Fasahar Sadarwa ta Kenya - Mbagathi, Nairobi * Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Nazarin da suka danganci Kenya - Nairobi * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kenya * Kwalejin Kwarewa da Ci gaban Kwarewa ta Kenya - Embakasi * Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Kenya (KIA) - Kabete * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kenya * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kenya (KIBSAT) - NakuruNakuru * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Kenya (KIDS) - Nairobi * Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Kenya (KIM) - Nairobi * Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Kenya - Kudancin C, Nairobi * Cibiyar watsa labarai da fasaha ta Kenya (KIMT) - Nairobi * Cibiyar Nazarin Kwararru ta Kenya - Nairobi * [[Cibiyar Ayyukan Jama'a da Ci gaban Al'umma ta Kenya]] (KISWCD) - CBD, Nairobi * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Musamman ta Kenya (KISE) - Kasarani, Nairobi * Makarantar Lissafi da Kudi ta Kenya - Kitale da Kisii * Makarantar Kwararru da Kimiyyar Halin Kenya (KSCBS) * Makarantar Nazarin Kwararru ta Kenya (KSPS) - Parklands, Nairobi * Makarantar Nazarin Fasaha ta Kenya (KSTS) - Thika * Kwalejin Malaman Kimiyya ta Kenya - Jamhuri, Nairobi * Kwalejin Malamai ta Fasaha ta Kenya - Gigiri, Nairobi * Kwalejin Kenya Utalii - Nairobi * Cibiyar Ruwa ta Kenya - Kudancin C, Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Kula da Kayan daji ta Kenya - Naivasha * Kwalejin Malamai ta Kericho - Kericho * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kiambu - Kiambu * Kwalejin Malamai ta Kigari - Embu * Kwalejin Malamai ta Kilimambogo - Kilimambog * Makarantar tauhidin Kasa da Kasa ta Kima (KIST) - Kima, Lardin Yammacin Kenya * Kamfanonin Kimathi * Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Kinyanjui - Riruta, Nairobi * [[Kisumu]] Polytechnic - Makasembo, Kisumu * Koyarwar Kasuwanci da Shawara - Naivasha, Kwa Muhia * Cibiyar Horar da Lakeview - Gidan Naivasha Kangiri * Makarantar Harshe a Kenya, The - Chania Avenue, Kilimani [[Nairobi]] <ref>http://www.languageschoolkenya.org</ref> * Jami'ar Mark ta IT - Uganda * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Mawego - Kendu Bay * Kwalejin Maxton na Media & Sadarwa - Nairobi Umo * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Meru - Meru * Kwalejin Malamai na Migori, Migori * Kwalejin Malamai ta Mosoriot - EldoretEldoret * Motion City International - Makarantar Multimedia, The Make Up Place * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Murang'a - Murang' a * Cibiyar Horar da Rap - Cibiyar Yaya * Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Nairobi - Nairobi * Makarantar Fim ta Nairobi - Hanyar Kipande, a gaban Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Kenya * Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Nairobi (NIBS) * Cibiyar Nazarin Software ta Nairobi - Nairobi * [[Nairobi Institute of Technology|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Nairobi]] WestlandsYammacin Yamma * Kwalejin Nazarin Kwamfuta da Kasuwanci ta Naivasha - Naivasha Kenya * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Gudanarwa ta Nakuru - KFA da Cibiyar Nunawa, Nakuru * Cibiyar Ba da Shawara da Horarwa ta Nakuru, Cibiyar Bege - Nakuru * Cibiyar Fasahar Sadarwa ta Nakuru * Kwalejin Malamai ta Narok - Narok * Horar da Malamai na Narok - Narok * Cibiyar Injiniyan Matasa ta Kasa - Nairobi * Kwalejin Otal da Yawon Bude Ido ta Kasa (NHTC) - Nakuru * Kwalejin Lutheran ta Neema - Nyamira * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Nkabune * Kwalejin Oshwal - Parklands, Nairobi * [[Makarantar tauhidin Pan African|Makarantar tauhidin Pan African (PAST)]] - Nyahururu, Kenya * Kwalejin Horar da Shalom ta PCEA - Eastleigh, Nairobi * Cibiyar Horar da Pioneer - Nairobi, Umoja * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Afirka ta Farko - Vision Plaza, Msa Road, Nairobi * Kwalejin Firayim Minista na Karɓar Baƙi da Nazarin Kasuwanci - Biashara Street * Kwalejin Firimiya ta Nazarin Kwararru Ltd - Nairobi * Kwalejin da Kwalejin - Nakuru * Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Yankin - Nairobi CBDCBD * Cibiyar Yankin Yawon Bude Ido da Harshen Ƙasashen Waje - Eagle House, a gaban Tacos Club * Cibiyar Horar da Yankin - CBD, Nairobi * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Yankin * Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Rift Valley Nakuru da KerichoKericho * Kwalejin Rehoboth - Nairobi, yankin Ngumo * Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Riccatti ta Gabashin Afirka * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Rift Valley - Nakuru * Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Rochester - View Park Towers, Nairobi * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Royal - MeruMeru * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tafkin Mai Tsarki - Kiirua, tare da Hanyar Meru Nanyuki<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Sacred Lake Institute of Technology - Knowledge by Hand and Mind |url=http://sacredlakeinstitute.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925161217/http://sacredlakeinstitute.com/ |archive-date=2015-09-25}}</ref> * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sagana * Makarantar ICT & Hairdressing da Kyau - Kwalejin Pioneer * Makarantar Nazarin Kwararru - Parklands, Nairobi * Cibiyar Fasahar Bayanai ta Shalom - Gidan Shalom, daga Ngong Road, Nairobi * Kwalejin Malamai ta Shanzu - Shanzu, Mombasa[[Mombasa]] * Cibiyar Ilimi da Bincike ta Gidauniyar Makiyaya - Buruburu, Nairobi * Kwalejin Kasuwancin Skynet - CBD, Nairobi * Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Skypath - Filin jirgin saman Wilson AMREF KCO gini, Nairobi * SMA Swiss Management Academy - New Muthaiga, Nairobi * Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Softpro - Pipeline Tumaini S/mkt blg, bene na 3, Pipeline (Embakasi) * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Kudu Rift (SORICO) - AM Plaza, KerichoKericho * Kwalejin Pre-Medical ta St. Andrew - [[Mombasa|Mumbasa]] * Cibiyar Horar da Kwarewar St. Joseph - Mlolongo * Kwalejin Horar da Likitoci ta St Joseph - Nyabondo * Makarantar St. Mary's na Kiwon Lafiya - Mumias * Kwalejin Stanbridge - Voi * Cibiyar watsa labarai ta Star - Kudancin B Estate, Southgate Ctr 1st Floor, Nairobi * Kwalejin Starnet - Nairobi * Kwalejin Stonebic - Westlands, Nairobi * Babban rukuni na Kwalejoji Intl. * Cibiyar baiwa - Nairobi * Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Tambach - Kerio Valley, Rift Valley * Kwalejin Tangaza * Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Taznaam - Nairobi * Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Tec - Nairobi da EldoretEldoret * Kwalejin Kwamfuta da Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Thomas Asingo * Cibiyar Horar da Lokaci - Mombasa * Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Duniya - Nairobi CBDCBD * Cibiyar Nazarin Kwararru - Nairobi da Mombasa * Cibiyar Horar da Taurari ta Vision * Kwalejin Fasaha ta Wang Point * Kwalejin Yammacin Baƙi da Nazarin Kwararru - Kwalejin Wechaps, Kisumu * Kwalejin Zetech - Nairobi * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kenyaplex Mwala == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} swiluf8loupg6xbpe82jd6hrqbipnaq Jerin jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu 0 79432 859743 616546 2026-06-18T06:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South_Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Wurin [[Afirka ta Kudu]]]] [[Fayil:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|thumb]] Wannan jerin jami'o'i ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A cikin wannan jerin, an bayyana kwalejoji da jami'o'i a matsayin masu cancanta, masu ba da digiri, cibiyoyin sakandare. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2022, kawai cibiyoyin ba da digiri na jama'a na Afirka ta Kudu zasu iya kiran kansu "[[jami'a]]", yayin da wasu cibiyoyin da aka amince da su masu zaman kansu don riba ko wadanda ba don riba ba suna kiran kansu kwalejoji, cibiyoyi ko makarantun kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Draft Policy For The Recognition Of South African Higher Education Institutional Types. Determined In Terms Of Section 3 Of The Higher Education Act (act 101 Of 1997, As Amended) |url=https://www.dhet.gov.za/Policy%20and%20Development%20Support/22%2008%2003%20Policy%20on%20Recognition%20of%20South%20African%20Higher%20Education%20Instituional%20Types_docx.pdf |access-date=2022-09-22 |publisher=Republic of South Africa: Department of Higher Education and Training |format=PDF }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu sune [[Campus|makarantun]] gida na jami'o'in kasashen waje. Dole ne a yi rajistar cibiyoyin ba da digiri (na jama'a da masu zaman kansu) tare da takamaiman shirye-shiryen digiri da Majalisar kan Ilimi ta Sama ta amince da su. A shekara ta 2004 [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta fara sake fasalin tsarin ilimi na jama'a, haɗuwa da haɗa ƙananan jami'o'in jama'a cikin manyan cibiyoyin, da sake sunan dukkan cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma "jami'a" (a baya akwai nau'ikan cibiyoyin ilimin sama da yawa). Jami'o'in kasar da "technikons", waɗanda aka haɗa su tare da wasu kuma don haka ba su wanzu ba, an jera su a ƙarshen labarin. An ƙaddamar da sabbin jami'o'i biyu a cikin 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa's new universities named |url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/universities-250713.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120170800/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/universities-250713.htm#.VL5kTF2lilM |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Jami'ar Sol Plaatje da Jami'ar Mpumalanga . An rarraba su a cikin jami'o'in fasaha, suna jiran bayyana shirye-shiryen su. == Jami'o'in jama'a == Public universities in [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; universities of technology ("technikons"), which offer vocational oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer a combination of both types of qualification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.sauvca.org.za &#124; highered |url=http://www.sauvca.org.za/highered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301015907/http://www.sauvca.org.za/highered/ |archive-date=1 March 2005 |access-date=1 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hesa.org.za/Index_files/Structures.htm |title=HESA Structures |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033318/http://www.hesa.org.za/Index_files/Structures.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Jami'o'in gargajiya === <gallery> Fayil:UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg|alt=University of Cape Town|[[Jami'ar Cape Town]] Fayil:Fort_hare,_old_building_-_rsa.jpg|alt=University of Fort Hare|[[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] Fayil:Main_building_FSU_2.jpg|alt=University of the Free State|Jami'ar Free State Fayil:UKZNPclocktower.jpg|alt=University of KwaZulu-Natal|Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal Fayil:Building_Potchefstroom_University.jpg|alt=North-West University|Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma Fayil:Old_Arts_Faculty_Building,_University_of_Pretoria.jpg|alt=University of Pretoria|Jami'ar Pretoria Fayil:Rhodes_oldcampus.jpg|alt=Rhodes University|Jami'ar Rhodes Fayil:Stellenbosch_Ou_Hoofgebou.jpg|alt=Stellenbosch University|[[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] Fayil:University_of_the_Western_Cape_-_Central_Campus_entry.jpg|alt=University of the Western Cape|Jami'ar Yammacin Cape Fayil:The_Wits_University_Great_Hall.jpg|alt=University of the Witwatersrand|[[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" !Cibiyar !Sunan laƙabi !An kafa shi !Matsayin jami'a !Ƙananan ɗalibai !Bayan kammala karatun ! data-sort-type="number" |Jimillar !Wurin (s) !Matsakaici |- |[[Jami'ar Cape Town]] |Ikeys / UCT |1 ga Oktoba 1829 <ref name="ucthist">{{Cite web |title=University of Cape Town / About the university / Introducing UCT |url=http://www.uct.ac.za/about/intro/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815204514/http://www.uct.ac.za/about/intro/history/ |archive-date=15 August 2013 |access-date=2013-08-15}} Our history. Retrieved 13 May 2011</ref> |2 ga Afrilu 1918 [1]<ref name="ucthist" /> |18,421 |10,653 |29,074 |[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] |UFH / Blues |1916<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Presidency &#124; University of Fort Hare (1916–) |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=1042 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227005900/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=1042 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> | |9,074 |2,000 |11,074 |Alice, Gabashin London, Bhisho |Eng |- |Jami'ar Free State |Kovsies / UFS |28 Janairu 1904 <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of the Free State Brief history |url=http://www.ufs.ac.za/content.aspx?id%3D11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223149/http://www.ufs.ac.za/content.aspx?id=11 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=2011-04-28}} Brief History. Retrieved 28 April 2011</ref> |1950<ref>{{Cite web |last=Username * |title=University of the Free State |url=http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University%20of%20the%20Free%20State |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=SARUA |archive-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003550/http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University%20of%20the%20Free%20State |url-status=dead }}</ref> |21,193 |5,082 |26,275<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of the Free State UFS About Us |url=http://www.ufs.ac.za/content.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122221510/http://www.ufs.ac.za/content.aspx?cid=19 |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> |[[Bloemfontein]], QwaQwa |Eng |- |Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal |UKZN / Natal / Impi |<sup>1</sup> ga Janairu 20041 <ref name="ukznhist" /> |1 ga Janairu 2004 [6]<ref name="ukznhist">{{Cite web |title=History- University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730022006/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2012 |access-date=2011-08-28}} History – University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved 13 May 2011</ref> |33,456 |13,064 |46,520 (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=UKZN at a Glance |url=https://www.ukzn.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/At-a-Glance-2017.pdf |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> |[[Durban]], Pietermaritzburg, Pinetown, WestvilleYammacin Yamma |Eng |- |Jami'ar Limpopo |Turfloop |1 ga Janairu 20051 [8<sup>1</sup><ref name="ulhist">{{Cite web |title=University of Limpopo |url=http://www.ul.ac.za/index.php?Entity=UL%20Historical%20Background |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Ul.ac.za |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823181314/https://www.ul.ac.za/index.php?Entity=UL%20Historical%20Background |url-status=dead }}</ref> |1 ga Janairu 2005 <ref name="ulhist" /> |17,273 |3,327 |20,600 |Polokwane, Turfloop |Eng |- |Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma |NWU / Pukke / Eagles |1 ga Janairu 20041 <ref name="nwuhist">{{Cite web |date=2004-01-01 |title=NWU, History of the NWU |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/nwu/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003157/http://www.nwu.ac.za/nwu/history.html |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Nwu.ac.za}}</ref> |1 ga Janairu 2004 [9]<ref name="nwuhist" /> |43,596 |3,235 |44,008 |Mafikeng, Mankwe, Potchefstroom, VanderbijlparkGidan shakatawa na Vanderbijl |Afr (Kwamitin Potchefstroom), Eng (Kwamin Mafikeng), Setswana (Kwamnin Vaaldriehoek) |- |Jami'ar Pretoria |Tuks / Tukkies / UP <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Students &#124; University of Pretoria |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020170515/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=33 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Web.up.ac.za}}</ref> |4 Maris 1908 <ref name="uphist">{{Cite web |title=Geskiedenis > Universiteit van Pretoria |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2&subid=2&ipklookid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101004552/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2&subid=2&ipklookid=2 |archive-date=1 November 2009 |access-date=2009-08-31}} History of the University of Pretoria. Retrieved 31 August 2009.</ref> |10 Oktoba 1930 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pretoria School of Architecture |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/style_det.php?styleid=368 |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Artefacts.co.za}}</ref> |35,9422<sup>2</sup> |1<sup>2</sup>,5412 |48,483<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP at a Glance |url=https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_at_a_glance_2018__1_/1 |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=issuu |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301131046/https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_at_a_glance_2018__1_/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Pretoria]], [[Johannesburg|Johannesburg<sup>3</sup>]] |Eng |- |Jami'ar Rhodes |Rhodes / RU |31 ga Mayu 1904 <ref name="ruhist">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2015 |title=Rhodes University-Where Leaders Learn |url=http://www.ru.ac.za/rhodes/introducingrhodes/historyofrhodes |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Ru.ac.za}}</ref> |10 Maris 1951 |5,456 |1,127 |6,700 |Grahamstown |Eng |- |Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Sefako Makgatho<nowiki><sup id="mwARk">4</sup></nowiki> |SMU (tsohon MEDUNSA) |16 ga Mayu 2014 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nzimande |first=Blade |title=HIGHER EDUCATION ACT, 1997 (ACT No. 101 OF 1997) ESTABLISHMENT OF A PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION: Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/37658_16-5_HighEduTrain.pdf |journal=Government Gazette |publisher=Government Printing Works |volume=587 |issue=37658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193549/http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/37658_16-5_HighEduTrain.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=28 September 2017}} [https://archive.opengazettes.org.za/archive/ZA/2014/government-gazette-ZA-vol-587-no-37658-dated-2014-05-16.pdf Alt URL]</ref> |16 ga Mayu 2014 | | |6,410 (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Little Giant Surely Reaching its Milestones |url=https://www.smu.ac.za/a-little-giant-surely-reaching-its-milestones/ |access-date=2019-10-14 |archive-date=2019-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014095727/https://www.smu.ac.za/a-little-giant-surely-reaching-its-milestones/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Ga-Rankuwa, [[Pretoria]] |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] |Maties, Stellies |1866<ref name="ushist">{{Cite web |title=Historical Background |url=http://www.sun.ac.za/university/history/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131210957/http://www.sun.ac.za/university/history/history.htm |archive-date=31 January 2012 |access-date=2011-12-13}}. Retrieved 13 May 2011</ref> |2 ga Afrilu 1918 [18]<ref name="ushist" /> |17,970 |9,853 |27,823 |Stellenbosch, Saldanha Bay, Bellville, Tygerberg |A cikinta akwai wani abu da ya faru |- |Jami'ar Yammacin Cape |UWC / Bush / U Dubs |1959<ref name="uwchist">{{Cite web |title=History &#91; Home &#124; CMS &#124; showfulltext &#93; |url=http://www.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=cms&action=showfulltext&id=gen11Srv7Nme54_8987_1210050562&menustate=about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516205018/http://www.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=cms&action=showfulltext&id=gen11Srv7Nme54_8987_1210050562&menustate=about |archive-date=16 May 2011 |access-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> |1970[20]<ref name="uwchist" /> |11,836 |3,390 |15,226 |Bellville |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] |Mai Hikima, Mai Hikima |1896<ref name="witshist">{{Cite web |title=Short history of the University &#124; Getting to know Wits &#124; About Wits - Wits University |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/introducingwits/short-history-of-the-university/3162/short_history_of_the_university.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227060606/http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/introducingwits/short-history-of-the-university/3162/short_history_of_the_university.html |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=2011-12-12}}. Retrieved 13 May 2011</ref> |1922[21]<ref name="witshist" /> |24 621<ref name="FACTS & FIGURES 2017/2018">[https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/footer/about-wits/facts-and-figures/documents/Wits-Fact--Figures2017-2018.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411210857/https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/footer/about-wits/facts-and-figures/documents/Wits-Fact--Figures2017-2018.pdf|date=2019-04-11}}, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg FACTS & FIGURES 2017/2018, retrieved 4 August 2018</ref> |13 234[22]<ref name="FACTS & FIGURES 2017/2018" /> |38 353[22]<ref name="FACTS & FIGURES 2017/2018" /> |[[Johannesburg]] |Eng |} Lura <sup>1</sup>: Ta hanyar haɗakar cibiyoyin da ke akwai Lura <sup>2</sup>: Daidaitaccen lambobi na yanzu ba su samuwa ba, waɗannan lambobi sun fito ne daga wiki na Jami'ar Pretoria. Lura <sup>3</sup>: Makarantar kasuwanci ta jami'ar Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasuwanci ta Gordon tana da harabar a Illovo da kuma harabar cikin gari a titin Pritchard, a cikin garin [[Johannesburg]]. Lura <sup>4</sup>: Ya rabu da Jami'ar Limpopo wanda Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta haɗu a baya. === Jami'o'i masu zurfi === <gallery> Fayil:University_of_Johannesburg.jpg|alt=University of Johannesburg|[[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] Fayil:University_of_South_Africa_taken_with_cellphone_camera.jpg|alt=University of South Africa (Unisa)|[[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] (Unisa) Fayil:UniversityOfVenda.JPG|alt=University of Venda|Jami'ar Venda </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" !Cibiyar !Sunan laƙabi !An kafa shi !Ƙananan ɗalibai !Bayan kammala karatun !Jimillar !Wurin (s) !Matsakaici |- |[[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] |UJ |<sup>1</sup> Janairu 20051 (1967 a matsayin RAU, Technikon Witwatersrand da kuma harabar East Rand na Jami'ar Vista) | | |>50,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Johannesburg |url=https://www.uj.ac.za/about |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> |[[Johannesburg]], Soweto |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Nelson Mandela]] |Madibaz / NMU |1 Janairu <sup>2</sup> (1964 a matsayin UPE) |19,768 |2,884 |22,652 |Port Elizabeth, George |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] |Unisa |1873 (UCGH) | | |300,000 |Ilimi na nesa, hedkwatar a [[Pretoria]], makarantun da ofisoshin yanki a duk faɗin ƙasar |Eng |- |Jami'ar Venda |Univen |1982 | | |10,968 |Thohoyandou |Eng |- |Jami'ar Walter Sisulu |WSU / Dukkanin BLACKS |1977 (Unitra) | | |32,081 (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=VC's state of the university address: Convocation AGM |url=http://www.wsu.ac.za/waltersisulu/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/20180901-Convocation-AGM.docx |access-date=2019-10-14 |archive-date=2019-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923054927/http://www.wsu.ac.za/waltersisulu/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/20180901-Convocation-AGM.docx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Gabashin London, Butterworth, Mthatha, QueenstownGarin Sarauniya |Eng |- |Jami'ar Zululand |UniZulu |1960 |6,456 |369 |6,825 |Empangeni |Eng |} === Jami'o'in fasaha === <gallery> Fayil:CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg|alt=Cape Peninsula University of Technology|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula Fayil:Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg|alt=Tshwane University of Technology|[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tshwane]] </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" !Cibiyar !Sunan laƙabi !An kafa shi !Matsayin jami'a !Ƙananan ɗalibai !Bayan kammala karatun !Jimillar <small>(2011)</small> !Wurin (s) !Matsakaici |- |Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula |CPUT / Cats |2005<sup>1</sup> |2005 | | |32,000 |Bellville, Cape Town[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] |Eng |- |Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tsakiya |CUT / Ixias |1981 | | | |9,933 |[[Bloemfontein]], Welkom |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban]] |DUT |20021<sup>1</sup> |2002 | | |23,000 |[[Durban]], Pietermaritzburg |Eng |- |Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mangosuthu |MUT |1979 |2007 | | | |Umlazi |Eng |- |Jami'ar Mpumalanga |UMP |2013 |2013 | | | |Mbombela |Eng |- |Jami'ar Sol Plaatje |SPU |2013 |2013 | | | |Kimberley, Arewacin Cape |Eng |- |[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tshwane]] |TUT / Vikings |20031<sup>1</sup> |2003 | | |60,000 |[[Pretoria]], Mbombela, Polokwane, Ga-Rankuwa, Soshanguve, Witbank |Eng |- |Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vaal |VUT |1966 |2003 | | |17,000 |Vanderbijlpark, Secunda, Kempton Park, Klerksdorp, Upington |Eng |} == Cibiyoyin ba da digiri masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyi da kwalejoji == === Makarantun tauhidi === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" |+ !Cibiyar !Sunan laƙabi !An kafa shi !Shigarwa !Irin wannan !Wurin (s) !Matsakaici |- |Cibiyar Nazarin tauhidin Auckland Park |ATS |1997 (1956) | |Makarantar tauhidi |[[Johannesburg]] |Eng |- |[[Open Christian University|Jami'ar Kirista ta bude]] |OCU |2021 | |Rubuce-rubuce |Ilimin tauhidi |[[Online, HQ in Bethal|HQ a kan layi a Bethal]] |Eng |- |Kwalejin tauhidin Baptist na Kudancin Afirka | |1951 | |Makarantar tauhidi |[[Johannesburg]] |Eng |- |Kwalejin George Whitefield | |1989 | |Makarantar tauhidi |[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] |Eng |- |Cibiyar Nazarin tauhidin Afirka ta Kudu |SATS |1996 | |Makarantar tauhidi |[[Online (HQ Bryanston)|A kan layi (HQ Bryanston)]] |Eng |- |Kwalejin St Augustine ta Afirka ta Kudu | |1999 | |Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kasuwanci |[[Johannesburg]] |Eng |} === Cibiyoyin === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" |+ !Cibiyar !Sunan laƙabi !An kafa shi !Shigarwa !Irin wannan !Wurin (s) !Matsakaici |- |Cibiyar Nazarin Tekuna Biyu |TOGI |2017 | |Cibiyar ilimi mai zaman kanta da aka yi rajista |[[Distance/Online (HQ Cape Town)|Nisa / A kan layi (HQ Cape Town)]] |Eng |} == Matsayi na jami'a == Tebur na League na jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu sun dogara ne akan matsayi na jami'a na kasa da kasa, saboda har yanzu ba a buga wani matsayi na Afirka ta Kudu ba. == Haɗin gwiwar bincike na jami'a == * Kungiyar Ilimi ta Cape (CHEC) * Tushen Cibiyoyin Tertiary na Arewacin Metropolis (FOTIM) * Ilimi mafi girma Afirka ta Kudu (HESA) * Kungiyar Ilimi da Bincike ta Kudancin (SERA) == Cibiyoyin da ba su wanzu ba == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" !Cibiyar !Wurin da yake !An kafa shi !An rufe shi !Bayani |- |Ƙaddamar Afirka ta Kudu |Sandton | |2004 |Yanzu Kwalejin Varsity, wani ɓangare na IIE |- |Border Technikon | | |2005 |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Walter Sisulu don Fasaha da Kimiyya |- |Jami'ar Bophuthatswana | | | |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma |- |Jami'ar Cape of Good Hope |[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] |1873 |1916 |An sake masa suna [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |Cape Technikon | | | |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula |- |Jami'ar Durban-Westville |Yammacin Yamma |1972 |1 ga Janairu 2004 <ref name="ukznhist"/> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal |- |Gabashin Cape Technikon | |1994 |2005 |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Walter Sisulu don Fasaha da KimiyyaJami'ar Walter Sisulu don Fasaha da Kimiyya |- |Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu |Ga-Rankuwa |1976 |1 ga Janairu 2005 <ref name="ulhist"/> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Limpopo |- |Technikon Natal | | | |Yanzu wani bangare ne na [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban]] |- |Jami'ar Arewa |Polokwane |1959 |1 ga Janairu 2005 [3]<ref name="ulhist" /> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar LimpopoJami'ar Limpopo |- |Jami'ar Natal |Pietermaritzburg, [[Durban]] |1910 |1 ga Janairu 2004 [2]<ref name="ukznhist" /> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar KwaZulu-NatalJami'ar KwaZulu-Natal |- |Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, tsohuwar Jami'ar Bophuthatswana |Mafikeng | |1 ga Janairu 2004 <ref name="nwuhist"/> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Arewa maso YammaJami'ar Arewa maso Yamma |- |Port Elizabeth Technikon. |Port Elizabeth, George |1882<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Elizabeth (PE) Technikon |url=http://www.mantramedia.us/sites/studysa/universities/petech.htm |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Study South Africa}}</ref> |2005 |Yanzu wani bangare ne na [[Jami'ar Nelson Mandela]] |- |Jami'ar Port Elizabeth |[[Port Elizabeth|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Elizabeth]] |31 ga Janairu 1964 |2005 |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Nelson Mandela[[Jami'ar Nelson Mandela]] |- |Jami'ar Potchefstroom don Ilimi mafi Girma na Kirista |Gidan cin abinci |29 Nuwamba 1869 |1 ga Janairu 2004 [4]<ref name="nwuhist" /> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Arewa maso YammaJami'ar Arewa maso Yamma |- |Jami'ar Rand Afrikaans |[[Johannesburg]] |1967 |2005 |Yanzu wani bangare ne na [[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] |- |Technikon SA | | |1 ga Janairu 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=This website was recently revamped |url=http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7 |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Unisa.ac.za}}</ref> |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu[[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |Kwalejin Jami'ar Transvaal |[[Johannesburg]], [[Pretoria]] |1906 |1910/1930 |Wanda ya riga ya kasance Jami'ar Pretoria da [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . Jami'ar Witwatersrand an kira ta Kwalejin Jami'ar Transvaal daga 1906 zuwa 1910. An kafa Jami'ar Pretoria a matsayin reshen Pretoria na Kwalejin Jami'ar Transvaal a 1908 kuma ta riƙe wannan sunan har zuwa 1930. |- |Jami'ar Transkei |Transkei |1977 |2005 |Yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Walter Sisulu don Fasaha da KimiyyaJami'ar Walter Sisulu don Fasaha da Kimiyya |- |[[University of Gazankulu|Jami'ar Gazankulu]] |Giyani |? |? |Wataƙila an rarraba tsakanin Jami'ar Venda da Jami'ar Limpopo |- |Jami'ar Vista |Jami'ar harabar birni da yawa |1981 |2004/2005 |Yanzu ya haɗu da Jami'ar Nelson Mandela, Jami'ar Free State, Jami'an Johannesburg, Jami'in Pretoria, Jami'aren Afirka ta Kudu da Jami'an Fasaha ta Vaal. |- |Technikon Witwatersrand |[[Johannesburg]] |1925 |2005 |[[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} cbux37kppa00q7f5muzsk221vdu8yzs Jami'ar Pretoria 0 79478 859722 720651 2026-06-17T23:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Pretoria''' jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a da yawa da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=CHE {{!}} Council on Higher Education {{!}} Regulatory body for Higher Education in South Africa {{!}} Education {{!}} Innovation {{!}} University {{!}} South Africa |url=https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreitemdetails |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524181407/https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreitemdetails |archive-date=24 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.che.ac.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Universities |url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100523104119724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128125624/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100523104119724 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Universityworldnews.com}}</ref> a [[Pretoria]], babban birnin gudanarwa da ''tabbatarwa'' na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="conference-venues.co.za">{{Cite web |title=Conference Venues and Conference Centres Pretoria, Gauteng |url=http://www.conference-venues.co.za/pretoria_region.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518001122/https://www.conference-venues.co.za/pretoria_region.htm |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> An kafa jami'ar a cikin 1908 a matsayin harabar Pretoria na Kwalejin Jami'ar Transvaal ta [[Johannesburg]] kuma ita ce cibiyar Afirka ta Kudu ta huɗu a ci gaba da ci gaba da ba da matsayin jami'a. Jami'ar ta girma daga ainihin ɗalibai 32 a cikin gidan marigayi Victorian zuwa kusan 53,000 a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=InfoGuide 2020 |url=https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> An gina jami'ar a kan cibiyoyin kewayen birni guda bakwai akan {{Convert|1190|ha|}} . <ref name="Campuses &gt; University of Pretoria">{{Cite web |title=InfoGuide 2020 |url=https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="campuses">{{Cite web |title=Up in a Nutshell 2009 |url=http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/web-team/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell%202009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219221321/http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/web-team/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell%202009.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> An tsara jami'ar zuwa fannoni tara da makarantar kasuwanci. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1920, Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science ita ce makarantar likitan dabbobi ta biyu mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma ita ce kawai makarantar likitan Dabbobi a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2010 |title=About Veterinary Science > University of Pretoria |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=1127&subid=1127&ipklookid=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117214509/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=1127&subid=1127&ipklookid=13 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |publisher=Web.up.ac.za}}</ref> A shekara ta 1949, jami'ar ta kaddamar da shirin MBA na farko a wajen Arewacin Amurka, kuma Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasuwanci ta Gordon (GIBS) ta jami'ar an sanya ta a matsayin babbar makarantar kasuwanci a Afirka don ilimin zartarwa, tare da sanya ta a cikin manyan 50 a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wits Business School: Additional Information |url=http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809003621/http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional |archive-date=2007-08-09 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=MBA.co.za}}</ref><ref name="gibs">{{Cite web |title=InfoGuide 2020 |url=https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Financial Times ta sanya GIBS Executive MBA na 1 a Afirka kuma na 60 a duniya.[3]<ref name="gibs" /> Tun daga shekara ta 1997, jami'ar ta samar da ƙarin Sakamakon bincike a kowace shekara fiye da kowane cibiyar ilimi mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP in a Nutshell 2008 |url=http://web.up.ac.za/UserFiles/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell(1).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219221752/http://web.up.ac.za/UserFiles/UP%20in%20a%20Nutshell%281%29.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=InfoGuide 2020 |url=https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093717/https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/565/2020/infoguide-2020-final-20.11.2019.zp183038.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, jami'ar ta ba da kashi 15.8% na dukkan digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu a Afirka ta Kudu, mafi girman kashi a kasar. Rahoton DHET, wanda aka fitar a watan Maris na 2019, ya nuna cewa UP ta sami mafi girman kashi (10,93%) na jimlar raka'a na binciken dukkan jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 2017. Masu bincike na UP hamsin da uku suna cikin saman 1% bisa ga Web of Science Index na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UP in a Nutshell 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell?fr=sMTI3MTIzMjQ4NA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204191247/https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell?fr=sMTI3MTIzMjQ4NA |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Issuu |page=12}}</ref> Ana kiran jami'a da UP, Tuks, ko Tukkies <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=UP in a Nutshell |url=https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell/1 |website=issuu |page=2 |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214051734/https://issuu.com/universityofpretoria/docs/up_in_a_nutshell/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a cikin sunayen da aka ba da sunan jami'ar yawanci ana taƙaita su azaman '''Pret''' ko '''UP''', kodayake ana amfani da '''Pretoria''' a cikin wallafe-wallafen hukuma. == Babban harabar == [[Fayil:Ou_Lettere,_d,_Tuks.jpg|left|thumb|{{Center|The Old Arts building now contains several museums}}]] === Hatfield === Babban harabar jami'ar da ofisoshin gudanarwa na tsakiya suna cikin unguwar [[Pretoria]]" id="mwAS0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hatfield, Pretoria">Hatfield, Pretoria kuma gidaje shida daga cikin fannoni tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Pretoria |url=http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University%20of%20Pretoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220002819/http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University%20of%20Pretoria |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Sarua.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Pretoria |url=http://www.educations.com/University_of_Pretoria__b11259.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220131640/http://www.educations.com/University_of_Pretoria__b11259.html |archive-date=2012-02-20}}</ref> Cibiyar, da ke da iyaka da unguwar Brooklyn zuwa kudu da Hatfield zuwa arewa, an gina ta sama da hekta 24 (59 acres) kuma tana da gine-gine sama da 60 na darajar tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study Info 2010 |url=http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/StudyInfo2010Jan20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401180457/http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/StudyInfo2010Jan20.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> Kusa da harabar Hatfield shine harabar Hillcrest, wanda ya ƙunshi Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Halitta da filin wasanni na LC de Villiers, waɗanda aka haɓaka a kan hekta 76 (190 acres). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillcrest Campus / High Performance Centre |url=http://www.up.ac.za/en/about-up/article/2500750/lc-de-villiers-sports-campus-high-performance-centre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423155709/http://www.up.ac.za/en/about-up/article/2500750/lc-de-villiers-sports-campus-high-performance-centre |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> Kusa da filin wasanni shine gonar gwaji ta jami'a, wanda ake amfani dashi don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na filin don Kwalejin Kimiyya da Aikin Gona.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2010 |title=Department of Plant Production and Soil Science Facilities |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717035803/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2507 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=1 October 2009 |publisher=Web.up.ac.za}}</ref> Tashar Hatfield Gautrain da ke haɗa Pretoria da [[Johannesburg]] ce ke ba da sabis ga harabar. Sabis ɗin motar bas na jami'a yana aiki tsakanin harabar Hatfield da harabar Groenkloof da Prinshof, yayin da sabis na filin shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye ke aiki tsakanin harajin Hatfield da Hillcrest. ==== Gidajen tarihi ==== Tarin zane-zane na jami'ar ya kunshi zane-zane, zane-zane da ayyukan zane-zane daga masu zane-zane a Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef, Gregoire Boonzaier, William Kentridge da Sam Nhlengethwa. Har ila yau, tarin ya haɗa da zane-zane na sanannun masu zane-zane irin su Max Pechstein, Käthe Kollwitz, Max Liebermann, George Grosz, Otto Mueller, Rembrandt van Rijn, Thomas Benton da Marc Chagall. Tarin zane-zane na jami'ar, mafi girman irin wannan tarin a Afirka ta Kudu, ya ƙunshi zane-zane da Sidney Kumalo, Maureen Quinn, Michael Teffo, Anton Smit da sauransu suka yi. An ayyana Ginin Tsohon Ayyuka a matsayin wurin tarihi na lardin a shekarar 1968 <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2010 |title=Old Arts Building |url=https://www.up.ac.za/dspace/handle/2263/6561 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606181108/https://www.up.ac.za/dspace/handle/2263/6561 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=10 September 2009}}</ref> kuma yana da gidan Van Tilburg Collection, Van Gybland-Oosterhoff Collection da Mapungubwe Collection. Tarin Van Tilburg gidan kayan gargajiya ne na dindindin wanda ke nuna kayan ɗaki na ƙarni na 17 da 18, [[Painting|zane-zane]], yumbu na Delft da sauran ayyukan fasaha, kuma ya haɗa da mafi girman tarin kayan yumbu na Afirka ta Kudu, daga Qin (221-206 BC), Han (202 BC - AD 220), Tang (AD 618-906), Song (AD 960-1279), Ming (1368-1644) da Qing (16442) daular.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The collection of European furniture |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=10849&sub=1&parentid=5885&subid=10318&ipklookid=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219224744/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=10849&sub=1&parentid=5885&subid=10318&ipklookid=14 |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Web.up.ac.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The collection of paintings and graphic works |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=10850&sub=1&parentid=5885&subid=10318&ipklookid=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219224912/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=10850&sub=1&parentid=5885&subid=10318&ipklookid=14 |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Web.up.ac.za}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=The ceramic collection |url=http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=10848&sub=1&parentid=5885&subid=10318&ipklookid=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219224928/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=10848&sub=1&parentid=5885&subid=10318&ipklookid=14 |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=14 September 2009}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; === Sunansa da matsayi ===   ; Matsayi na teburin League [[Fayil:University_of_Pretoria_World_Ranking.png|thumb|Jami'ar Pretoria Ranking na Duniya]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''UP Times Higher Education Ranking 2016 zuwa 2024''' |- !Shekara !Matsayi na Duniya |- |2024 |501–600 |- |2023 |801–1000 |- |2022 |601–800 |- |2021 |601–800 |- |2020 |601–800 |- |2019 |601–800 |- |2018 |601–800 |- |2017 |601-800 |- |2016 |501-600 |- | colspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2024 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2023 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2022 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2021 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2020 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2019 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2018 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2017 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2016 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2015 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2015/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2014 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2014/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2013 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2013/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2012 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2012/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-20 |title=World University Rankings 2011 (South Africa) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2011/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> |} Matsayin Jami'ar QS World ya sanya jami'ar kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |title=UP |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-pretoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423234453/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-pretoria |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |website=QS World University Rankings}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Shekara !Matsayi na duniya !Fasaha da Humanities !Archaeology !Kimiyya ta Halitta !Injiniya & IT !Kimiyya ta Rayuwa !Aikin noma da gandun daji !Ilimin tauhidi !Kimiyya ta Jama'a |- |2020 |551–570 |383 |151–200 |301–350 |364 |348 |51–100 |51–100 |320 |- |2019 |561–570 |365 |151–200 |301–350 |401–450 |360 |101–150 |51–100 |334 |- |2018 |501–550 |345 |151–200 |351–400 | - |391 |101–150 |51–100 |398 |- |2017 |451–500 |351–400 |151–200 |301–350 |351–400 | - |101–150 |51–100 |351–400 |- |2016 |401–500 | - | - |301–400 |291 | - |101–150 | - | - |- |2015 |501+ | - | - |301–400 | - | - |101–150 | - | - |- |2014 |469 |405 | - | - |368 |367 |51–100 | - |290 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Matsayi na Duniya na Financial Times !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2104 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 |- |Babban MBA <ref name="gibs"/> | - | - | - | - |67 |60 |70 |80 |87 |74 |87 |67 |82 | |- |Ilimi na zartarwa da aka tsara [1]<ref name="gibs" /> |49 |51 |41 |38 | - |42 | - |53 |53 |45 |41 |51 |45 |60 |- |Ilimi na Zartarwa ya buɗe <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Pretoria GIBS |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/university-of-pretoria-gibs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518001136/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/university-of-pretoria-gibs |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Rankings.ft.com}}</ref> |39 |38 |49 |50 |49 |47 | - |45 |48 |46 |52 |45 |38 |32 |} A watan Janairun 2011 Webometrics ya sanya jami'ar a matsayin ta biyu a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Africa |url=http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004092257/http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=africa |archive-date=4 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2009}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2015 Webometrics ya sanya jami'ar a matsayin ta 3 a Afirka ta Kudu da ta 4 a Afirka ta 4.<ref name="webometrics.info">{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=http://webometrics.info/en/Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905160943/http://webometrics.info/en/Africa |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=webometrics.info}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2015 Webometrics ya sanya jami'ar a matsayin ta 4 a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka. <ref name="webometrics.info"/> GIBS ta sake kasancewa a cikin manyan 100 - UK Financial Times Executive MBA Ranking 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GIBS again ranks in the top 100 – UK Financial Times Executive MBA Ranking 2019 |url=https://www.gibs.co.za/news-events/news/Pages/GIBS-again-ranks-in-the-top-100---UK-Financial-Times-Executive-MBA-Ranking-2019.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123061839/https://www.gibs.co.za/news-events/news/Pages/GIBS-again-ranks-in-the-top-100---UK-Financial-Times-Executive-MBA-Ranking-2019.aspx |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=gibs.co.za}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="100" style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%"> Fayil:Kya_Rosa,_b,_Tuks-hoofingang.jpg|alt=Kya Rosa, the original building of the Transvaal University College|{{Center|[[Kya Rosa]], the original building of the Transvaal University College}} Fayil:University_of_Pretoria_Student_Council.jpg|alt=The first student council in 1909|{{Center|The first student council in 1909}} File:University_of_Pretoria_RAG.jpg|alt=Rag festivities in Church Square in 1910|{{Center|Rag festivities in Church Square in 1910}} File:University_of_Pretoria_Welcoming_day.jpg|alt=Welcoming day for first years in 1929|{{Center|Welcoming day for first years in 1929}} Fayil:University_of_Pretoria_mascot_-_Oom_Gert.jpg|alt=The university's mascot, Oom Gert in 1939|{{Center|The university's mascot, Oom Gert in 1939}} </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hgvcjcjwm6i3kks3xcm24gn7i0y6y75 Jami'ar Buea 0 79708 859692 571258 2026-06-17T22:03:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_campus.jpg|alt=|thumb|Babban harabar Jami'ar Buea]] '''Jami'ar Buea''' ('''UB''') tana cikin Molyko, Buea, a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Kamaru]]. An kafa shi a matsayin cibiyar jami'a a shekarar 1985 kuma ya zama jami'a mai cikakken aiki a shekarar 1992, biyo bayan dokar gwamnati da ta sake tsara jami'o'in jihohi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ubuea.net/docs/about_ub/history.php |title=Creation of the University of Buea |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2009-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105044747/http://www.ubuea.net/docs/about_ub/history.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin jami'a mafi kyau a Kamaru kuma yana daya daga cikin jami'o'i biyu masu magana da Ingilishi a Kamaru, tare da [[Jami'ar Bamenda]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Immersion Experience in Anglophone |url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/049ISB4.PDF}}</ref> wanda ke bin tsarin ilimi na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Assessment of the University of Buea as a Hub of Excellence and a Center of Partnerships for the SDGs |url=https://www.uvu.edu/global/docs/wim22/sdg17/sdg17-ngomo.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=www.uvu.edu}}</ref> Yana hidimtawa 'yan ƙasa daga yankunan Ingilishi da na [[Faransanci]] na Kamaru da kuma ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Najeriya]] da [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]]. [[Fayil:University_Buea.JPG|thumb|Ginin Tsakiya]] [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_Cameroon_02.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Buea Kamaru 02]] == Wurin da yake == UB tana cikin garin tarihi na Buea, tsohon babban birnin Jamus Kamerun, tsohon babban birni na [[Birtaniya Kamaru|Kamaru ta Burtaniya]], tsohon babban Birnin Tarayyar Yammacin Kamaru, kuma yanzu babban birnin yankin Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Cameroon. Kodayake jami'ar ta jawo ɗalibanta galibi daga ɓangaren Turanci na Kamaru, tana kuma hidima ga sauran yankuna na ƙasar. [[Fayil:UB_Junction.jpg|thumb|UB Junction]] == Gurbin Karatu == Shigarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Go-Student -Apply for admission into the university |url=https://ubstudent.online/admission_programs |website=ubstudent.online}}</ref> a cikin jami'a ba gasa ba ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2019 |title=University of Buea [Acceptance Rate + Statistics + Tuition] |url=https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-buea/ |website=EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location}}</ref> == Jikin dalibai da ma'aikata == Yawan dalibai sun fi 13,000, ciki har da 50 wadanda ke da nakasa a jiki da gani. Akwai ma'aikatan koyarwa na dindindin 300 da 200 na ɗan lokaci. Baya ga koyarwa, ma'aikatan suna gudanar da bincike a fannonin da suka dace da ci gaban kasa. UB tana da ma'aikatan tallafi kusan 473.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2008 |title=About UB |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/about/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602013620/https://www.ubuea.cm/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsangayu da makarantu == Jami'ar Buea an shirya ta cikin fannoni da yawa, tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri da digiri a fannoni daban-daban na karatu. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, wanda ke ba da digiri na gaba a fannoni daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Apply For Post-Graduate Admission |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/How-to-apply-for-post-graduate-admission.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=www.ubuea.cm}}</ref> Kwalejin sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2008 |title=Faculties and Schools |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/academics/faculties-and-schools/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=May 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520223939/https://www.ubuea.cm/academics/faculties-and-schools/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-engineering-and-technology/ Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha (FET)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420135724/https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-engineering-and-technology/ |date=2023-04-20 }} * Kwalejin Fasaha * [https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-education-2/ Ma'aikatar Ilimi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419185207/https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-education-2/ |date=2023-04-19 }} * [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_Cameroon_01.jpg|thumb|Wani ra'ayi na bangare na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya]][https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-health-sciences-2/ Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114112638/https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-health-sciences-2/ |date=2023-11-14 }} * [http://fs.ubuea2.cm Kwalejin Kimiyya] * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Magungunan Dabbobi * Faculty of Laws and Political Science UB tana da makarantu ko kwalejoji uku: * Ci gaban Makarantar Masu Fassara da Masu Fassarawa * [https://www.ubuea.cm/college-of-technology/ Kwalejin Fasaha (COT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420135725/https://www.ubuea.cm/college-of-technology/ |date=2023-04-20 }} * [[Kumba]].com/" id="mwVg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kwalejin Horar da Malaman Fasaha (a Kumba) Baya ga shirye-shiryen ilimi, UB tana inganta bincike da kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar cibiyoyin bincike da cibiyoyin da yawa. == Bincike == Jami'ar Buea tana da hannu a ayyukan bincike daban-daban da ayyukan haɓaka iyawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2008 |title=Projects |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/projects/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507083133/https://www.ubuea.cm/projects/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukan bincike shine "Haɗakar da sharar gida da fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin kariya ta albarkatu don ci gaba mai ɗorewa". Wannan aikin, wanda Dr. Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi Albrecht ya jagoranta, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Bincike ta Jamus ce ta tallafawa ta hanyar Jami'ar Fasaha, Cottbus, Jamus. Aikin yana da niyyar haɗa sharar gida da fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin kariya ta albarkatu don ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wani aikin bincike shine amfani da kayan aikin geospatial don bincika yadda sare daji ke shafar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin tsuntsaye. Wannan aikin yana karkashin jagorancin Dr. Anigo Nota kuma Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ce ke tallafawa. Nazarin yana da niyyar fahimtar yadda sare daji ke shafar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin tsuntsaye. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da ayyukan bincike a cikin ilimin harshe, gami da takardun multimedia na Magana ta Babanki da kuma yin rubuce-rubuce na Royal Honorific Language of Bafut, wani Grass fields Bantu Language of North West Cameroon. Jami'ar tana da ayyuka da yawa a cikin kula da cututtuka, kamar aikace-aikacen fasahar ilmin halitta ga cututtukan wurare masu zafi karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Vincent P.K Titanji da kuma Malaria Pilot Community Research Project karkashin jagorancin Ffesa Theresa Akenji. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da ayyukan da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Medicine for Malaria Venture, da Jami'ar Wellcome Trust-Oxford suka tallafawa kan kula da zazzabin cizon sauro. Bugu da kari, Jami'ar Buea tana da ayyukan bincike a cikin nazarin muhalli, kamar aikin "Canjin yanayi da canjin yanayi a Arewacin Kamaru" wanda Dokta Ernest Molua ya jagoranta da kuma "Matsi da tasirin canjin yanayi na Kamaru akan Lafiya, albarkatun ruwa, da aikin gona: La'akari da dabarun daidaitawa na nan da nan gaba" wanda Farfesa Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe ya jagorantar. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da ayyukan da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka tallafawa kamar Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, [[UNICEF]], Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da [[Bankin Duniya]]. Baya ga ayyukan bincike, Jami'ar Buea tana da ayyukan haɓaka ƙwarewa da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyin duniya kamar su African Economic Research Consortium, VLIR, da Majalisar Burtaniya. Wadannan ayyukan suna da niyyar karfafa ikon bincike a jami'a da inganta canja wurin ilimi. == Cibiyar da ababen more rayuwa == Babban harabar Jami'ar Buea tana ƙarƙashin [[Dutsen Kamaru]], mafi girman tudu a Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Kwalejin ta mamaye fiye da kadada 1,000 na ƙasa kuma tana da kayan aiki na zamani, gami da dakunan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na koyarwa, ɗakunan karatu, da wuraren wasanni. UB an haɗa shi da haɗin fiber na gani zuwa Kamel, kamfanin sadarwa. Dangane da Sabon Manufar Gudanar da Jami'ar Kamaru, ayyukan fadakarwa na jami'ar suna ƙara shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin kudade da horo don tabbatar da cewa masu digiri sun dace a kasuwar ma'aikata. Jami'ar Buea tana ba da taimako kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga wasu cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa a duk faɗin Kamaru. [[Google]] Developer Student Club (GDSC) a Jami'ar Buea <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Of Buea |url=https://gdsc.community.dev/university-of-buea/ |website=Google Developer Student Clubs |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052638/https://gdsc.community.dev/university-of-buea/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana taimaka wa ɗalibai masu sha'awar fasahar masu haɓaka Google su rufe rata tsakanin ka'idar da aiki. Kungiyar tana ba da bita, zaman horo, hackathons, gasa ta ƙididdiga, abubuwan sadarwar, da ayyukan al'umma, suna bawa ɗalibai damar haɓaka ƙwarewarsu ta fasaha, haɗin gwiwa tare da takwarorinsu, da kuma shiga tare da masu sana'a a masana'antar fasaha. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan cibiyoyin da ke magana da Ingilishi, tsarin shugabancin jami'ar ya dogara ne akan tsarin kamar Majalisar, Majalisar Dattijai, Ikilisiya da Kwamitocin da ma'aikata da dalibai ke wakiltar su. == Fasahar == Babban harabar tana da cibiyar sadarwa ta fiber-fiber ta harabar da ke haɗa mafi yawan gine-gine. Ana ba da haɗin Intanet ta hanyar hanyar haɗin VSAT. Cibiyar IT tana gudanar da gidan cin abinci na Intanet don samun damar Intanet ta ma'aikata da ɗalibai a farashi mai sauƙi. Jami'ar tana amfani da ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan kamfanonin fasaha a Buea, Kamaru. Jami'ar Buea tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i a Kamaru wanda ke da kashi 100 cikin 100 na tsarin rajista na kan layi. Dalibai suna neman kuma suna kammala shigarsu a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon universities Making use of technology with Online Registration |url=http://www.ransbiz.com/2016/08/cameroon-universities-making-use-of.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=RANSBIZ}}</ref> Dalibai suna iya yin rajistar darussan kan layi kuma su bincika sakamakon kan layi.<ref>https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-university-of-buea-awarded-best-web-content-in-sub-saharan-africa/ 'Cameroon: University of Buea Awarded Best Web Content in Sub-Saharan Africa'</ref><ref>https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-covid-19-university-of-buea-resumes-lectures-online-on-april-13/ 'Cameroon/COVID-19: University of Buea resumes lectures online on April 13'</ref> Amfani da kuɗin hannu don biyan kuɗi wani sabon abu ne da Jami'ar Buea ta yi amfani da shi. == Laburaren karatu == Laburaren Jami'ar Buea yana aiki a cikin gine-gine biyu: * Babban ɗakin karatu yana da tarin littattafai masu buɗewa, gaggawa da littattafan bincike na gaba ɗaya. Laburaren yana tsakanin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya, Ginin Fasaha da Gidan Laburaren Annex. * Gidan karatu na Annex yana bayan Faculty of Arts Building. Ya ƙunshi tarin na musamman - littattafan ajiya / bayanan malami, ɗakunan ajiya, mujallu da tarin Kamaru. Har ila yau, ɗakin karatu yana da cassettes, kaset na bidiyo, microfilm da albarkatun CD-ROM. Ma'aikata, ma'aikata, da ɗalibai suna amfani da tarin ɗakin karatu. Alumni, masu amfani daga cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da UB da membobin jama'a na iya, tare da izini, amfani da ɗakin karatu. == Bayyanawa da hadin kai == Jami'ar ta gabatar da sabon digiri na Master of Science a cikin Gudanar da Hadarin Bala'i <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2023 |title=Department of Environmental Science |url=https://fs.ubuea2.cm/index.php/department-of-environmental-science |website=fs.ubuea2.cm}}</ref> a cikin 2018, yana nuna jajircewarta ga gina iyawa ga matasa masu sana'a da masana a fannoni daban-daban. Shirin yana da niyyar samar da mahalarta da ƙwarewa don magance haɗarin yanayi da bala'o'i na yanzu da na gaba a yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman a Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Buea - Buea, Cameroon |url=https://www.riskreductionafrica.org/partners-and-programmes-1/university-of-buea-buea-cameroon.html |website=www.riskreductionafrica.org |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717095126/https://riskreductionafrica.org/partners-and-programmes-1/university-of-buea-buea-cameroon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2020, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don karfafa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jami'ar Buea da Cibiyar Jami'ar Biaka ta Buea kuma don ba da shawara ga BUIB a cikin ayyukansu na ilimi, musamman a gabatar da sabbin shirye-shiryen digiri. Faculty of Health Sciences da Social and Management Sciences a UB za su jagoranci aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon: Biaka University signs postgraduate mentorship agreement with UB |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-biaka-university-signs-postgraduate-mentorship-scheme-with-ub/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430053641/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-biaka-university-signs-postgraduate-mentorship-scheme-with-ub/ |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=en}}</ref> == Hotuna == [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_Campus_B.jpg|alt=University of Buea Campus B|center|thumb|Jami'ar Buea Campus B]] <gallery> Fayil:IMG-20190606-WA0016.jpg|alt=Tree planting at the University campusSecond Gate of the University of Buea Entrance Morning View of the university of Buea|Shuka itace a harabar Jami'ar Ƙofar Jami'ar Buea Shigarwa Morning View a jami'ar Burea Fayil:University_of_Buea_01.jpg|alt=Parking space in the University of Buea|Yankin ajiye babur zuwa Jami'ar Buea Fayil:University_of_Buea_Handball_Court.jpg|alt=Handball court at UB campsu|Kotun kwallon hannu a UB campsu Fayil:University_of_Buea.jpg|alt=Flower garden|Gidan furanni Fayil:Streets_of_University_of_Buea_(Cameroon-SW_region).jpg|alt=Street lights on campus|Hasken titi a harabar Fayil:IMG-20190626-WA0032.jpg|alt=Elephant monument at UB campus|Abin tuna da giwa a harabar UB Fayil:Streets_of_University_of_Buea_3.jpg|alt=Campus street|Hanyar harabar </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://ubresources.com Albarkatun dalibai a Jami'ar Buea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420194434/http://ubresources.com/ |date=2018-04-20 }} * [http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=158 Jami'ar Buea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201144742/http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=158 |date=2010-12-01 }} * [http://ubuea.cm/ Gidan yanar gizon Jami'ar Buea] * [https://twitter.com/UBuea Jami'ar Buea a Twitter] * [https://www.linkedin.com/school/university-of-buea/ Jami'ar Buea a kan linkedin] * [https://www.biakahc.org/ Cibiyar Jami'ar Biaka ta Buea - BUIB] [[Rukuni:Kameru]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i04eatstp3e01d2orjqgl5qozv5m213 Ilimi a Nijar 0 79715 859355 616113 2026-06-17T13:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan aji na farko a Nijar]] [[Fayil:Niger primary school MCC4500.jpg|thumb|Yara yan primary a niger]] '''Ilimi a Nijar''', kamar yadda yake a wasu kasashe a [[Sahel|Yankin Sahelian]] na Afirka, yana fuskantar kalubale saboda [[talauci]] da rashin samun dama ga makarantu. Kodayake ilimi ya zama tilas tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyar, tare da makarantar firamare da sakandare da ke haifar da ilimi mafi girma, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] tana da ɗayan ƙarancin karatu da rubutu a duniya. Tare da taimakon kungiyoyi na waje, Nijar tana neman inganta ilimi, sake fasalin yadda makarantu ke amfani da harsunan koyarwa, da kuma bincika yadda tsarin zai iya rufe gibin jinsi a riƙewa da ilmantarwa. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) ya gano cewa Nijar tana cika kashi 59.2% kawai na abin da ya kamata ta cika don haƙƙin ilimi bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar. HRMI ta rushe haƙƙin ilimi ta hanyar kallon haƙƙin ilimi na firamare da na sakandare. Yayinda ake la'akari da matakin samun kudin shiga na Nijar, kasar tana samun kashi 71.5% na abin da ya kamata ya yiwu bisa ga albarkatun ta (kudin shiga) don ilimin firamare amma kashi 46.8% kawai don ilimin sakandare. == Shirye-shiryen ilimi na yau da kullun == Yara a Nijar suna shiga makarantar firamare suna da shekaru bakwai. Ana tilasta zuwa makaranta har zuwa shekara goma sha biyar, a ƙarshen 1st cycle na makarantar sakandare.<ref name="Behnke">Behnke, p. 40</ref> An tsara tsarin ilimi na Nijar kamar haka: <ref name="edunigerunicef">[http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/niger/rapport_1.html]. Last accessed on 9/20/2014.</ref> * Makarantar sakandare * Makarantar firamare (firamare) (shekaru 6) * Makarantar sakandare (karatun sakandare) ** Tsarin farko (shekaru 4) ** Zagaye na biyu (shekaru 3) * Ilimi mafi girma ** Jami'ar: lasisi (shekaru 3), masters (shekara 2) ** Cibiyoyin fasaha: DUT (Diploma na Fasaha na Jami'ar (shekaru 2) === Ilimi na firamare === Ilimi na firamare ya kunshi maki shida: <ref name="edunigerunicef"/> * C.I. (Cours d'Initiation ko Class Initiation) * C.P. (Kwarewar Shirye-shiryen ko Shirye-sauye) * C.E.1 (Cours Élémentaire 1 ko Elementary Class 1) * C.E.2 (Cours Élémentaire 2 ko Elementary Class 2) * CM1 (Courses Moyen 1 ko Tsakiyar Class 1) * CM2 (Courses Moyen 2 ko Tsakiyar aji 2) Sunayen azuzuwan da suka fara da CP sun fito ne daga tsarin Faransanci. An kara CI don "farfadowa" dalibai zuwa harshen Faransanci, wanda shine harshen ilimi a yawancin makarantu. Jarrabawar kasa ta amince da kammala karatun firamare. Ana ba wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a jarrabawar takardar shaidar kammala karatun firamare ko CFEPD (wanda aka taƙaita daga takardar shaidar Faransanci de fin d'études du premier degré). <ref name="oxfam2002">[http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/niger.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310025925/https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/niger.pdf|date=2016-03-10}} Education for all in Niger. Last accessed on 11/2/2014</ref> <ref name="ins2010">[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/Annuaire_ins_2011/education.pdf] Enseignement, Formation, Recherche. Last accessed on 11/2/2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_70664.html]{{Dead link|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Last accessed on 11/2/2014.</ref> [[Bankin Duniya]] ya buga kiyasin Cibiyar Kididdiga ta UNESCO a halin yanzu na yawan shiga makarantun firamare da kashi 71%, duk da cewa wannan adadi ya yi yawa saboda ya kirga da yawan yaran da ke kan gaba a makarantun firamare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=School enrollment, primary (% gross) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> == Harsunan Koyarwa == An karɓi Faransanci a matsayin harshen hukuma kawai na Nijar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta na farko a cikin 1960, sabili da haka shine kawai harshen da aka ba da izini a makarantu na shekaru goma bayan samun 'yancin kai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nikièma |first=Norbert |date=2011 |title=A first-language-first multilingual model to meet the quality imperative in formal basic education in three 'francophone' West African countries |journal=International Review of Education |volume=57 |issue=5/6 |pages=599–616 |bibcode=2011IREdu..57..599N |doi=10.1007/s11159-011-9253-5 |issn=0020-8566 |jstor=41480146 |s2cid=144072921}}</ref> Duk da yake yawan sanannun harsunan ƙasa sun fadada don haɗawa da harsuna 8 na gida a cikin 1989, da kuma 2 a cikin 2001, makarantun Nijar sun yi jinkiri don aiwatar da ilimin harsuna da yawa. Wannan ya haifar da shingen ilimi ga dalibai a Nijar waɗanda ke magana da wasu yarukan yanki kuma galibi suna da ƙarancin fahimtar Faransanci, wanda ke haifar da wahalar fahimtar kayan da aka koyar a makarantu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hamidou |first=Amadou |last2=Mijinguini |first2=Abdou |last3=Amani |first3=Laouali |last4=Salley |first4=Jafarou |date=January 2010 |title=Bilingual Education in Niger |url=http://www.adeanet.org/adea/downloadcenter/CD/10_Niger_en.pdf%20CD.pdf |journal=African Experiences - Country Case Studies |publisher=Association for the Development of Education in Africa |volume=10 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan taron duniya na 1965 kan ilimi a Tehran, inda shaidu daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka nuna gazawar ilimin karatu da rubutu da ba a gudanar da shi a cikin harshen mai koyo ba, Mali ta nuna ingantaccen sakamako a cikin karatu da rubutu ta amfani da harsunan gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin uwa-harshe-tsaki (MTME). Shirye-shiryen kamar wannan sun sami karfin duniya a wannan lokacin, wanda ya jagoranci Nijar ta fara amfani da harsunan gida don koyar da makaranta a wasu makarantu tun farkon shekara ta 1972. <ref name=":0" /> A zahiri, Nijar ta kasance daga cikin na farko da ya haɗa irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Katie |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Best Practices in Mother Tongue Based Multilingual Education |url=http://sites.miis.edu/katiebrown/files/2014/06/K-Brown-Best-Practices-Report.pdf}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, Nijar ta wajabta amfani da harshen uwa da ake magana a gida a matsayin harshen koyarwa a farkon shekarun ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Abdulwasiu |date=August 21, 2025 |title=Le Niger vise un taux d'alphabétisation plus élevé grâce à l'enseignement dans les langues locales |url=https://trtafrika.com/fr/insight/le-niger-vise-un-taux-dalphabetisation-plus-eleve-grace-a-lenseignement-dans-les-langues-locales-14571762}}</ref> === Canjin ilimin harsuna biyu === Ko da tare da kokarin farko da aka mayar da hankali ga ilimin harsuna da harsuna biyu a Nijar, aiwatar da waɗannan hanyoyin ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin yin. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005, makarantun gwaji sun nuna warewa ko raguwa kusan kashi 14 cikin dari ƙasa da makarantun gargajiya, da kuma kammala karatun firamare ba tare da maimaitawa ba a kashi 17 cikin dari sama da makarantun al'ada.<ref name=":0"/> Bayan wani yunkuri na sake fasalin tsarin karatu na shekara ta 2008, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Nijar ta gudanar da wani shiri a makarantu 500 da ke nuna harsunan gida don koyarwa a farkon maki da kuma gabatar da Faransanci a hankali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An faɗaɗa wannan matukin jirgi zuwa makarantu 5,000 don shekarar makaranta ta 2017-2018. Nazarin ya nuna cewa aikin dalibai ya fi girma a makarantun harsuna biyu kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a makarantun gargajiya (Francophone).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piloting mother-tongue curriculum to improve literacy in Niger {{!}} Blog {{!}} Global Partnership for Education |url=https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/piloting-mother-tongue-curriculum-improve-literacy-niger |access-date=2020-04-02 |website=www.globalpartnership.org |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake shaidu sun nuna sakamako mai kyau, ilimin harsuna biyu da harsuna da yawa ya ci gaba a hankali a Nijar, duk da goyon baya ga waɗannan shirye-shiryen da suka samo asali a farkon shekarun 1960.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin rikitarwa sun kasance a ci gaba da aiwatar da ilimin harsuna da yawa a Nijar, kamar jarrabawar kasa ta harshen Faransanci kawai, shigar Faransanci cikin manufofin harshe na tsoffin yankuna, dalilai na siyasa da ke hana ƙarin shirye-shiryen fadada, da iyakokin kudi don aiwatar da nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brock-Utne |first=Birgit |date=2001 |title=Education for All: In Whose Language? |journal=Oxford Review of Education |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=115–134 |doi=10.1080/03054980125577 |issn=0305-4985 |jstor=1050997 |s2cid=144457326}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> == Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi == Nijar tana kusa da ƙasan Rahotanni na Ci gaban Dan Adam, wanda aka sanya a 151 daga cikin kasashe 189. Samun damar ilimi ya zama wani ɓangare na ka'idodin wannan ƙididdigar, tare da adadi da ke nuna bambancin ilimi tsakanin yawan mutanen da ba su da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |title={{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII |access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 23 cikin dari na yara maza ne kawai suka kammala makarantar sakandare, adadi ya fi ƙasa da 'yan mata a kashi 17 cikin dari. A duk matakan makaranta, 'yan mata suna halartar ƙasa da maza.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.unicef.org/niger/education |access-date=2020-04-02 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ƙididdigar karatu da rubutu tana nuna rashin daidaito a ilimi, tare da kashi 23 cikin 100 na 'yan mata sama da shekaru goma sha biyar da ke nuna karatu da rubutu, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39 cikin 100 na yara maza na wannan shekarun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-27 |title=Niger |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ne |access-date=2020-04-02 |website=uis.unesco.org}}</ref> Wannan rashin daidaito ana iya danganta shi da dalilai da yawa, gami da damuwa game da tsaro, nesa mai tsawo da rashin samun dama ga makarantu, ka'idojin al'adu waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga ilimi ƙasa da 'yan mata, da auren yara.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=Republic of Niger: Priorities for Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity: Systematic Country Diagnostic |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/998751512408491271/pdf/NIGER-SCD-12012017.pdf |website=World Bank Group}}</ref> Tasirin rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a Nijar, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaito ga ilimi, ya wuce kawai fannin ilimi. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa ta hanyar ba mata ƙarin daidaito da kuma samun iko - musamman ta hanyar saka hannun jari a ilimin 'yan mata da rage auren yara - GDP na Niger ga kowane mutum na iya ƙaruwa har zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=World Bank |date=2018-05-24 |title=Economic Impacts of Gender Inequality in Niger |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/541361576613122122/Economic-Impacts-of-Gender-Inequality-in-Niger |language=en |pages=1–80}}</ref> Saboda haka rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin ilimi ba kawai batun ka'ida ba ne ga al'umma, tunda yana tasiri ga lafiyar tattalin arziki na kowa. === Kokarin rufe bambancin jinsi === Dukkanin hukumomin ilimi a Nijar da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun dauki matakai don magance rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a ilimi. Misali, Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka da UNICEF sun yi alkawarin taimakawa gwamnatin Nijar wajen samar da ilimi ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=USAID Fact Sheet: Education in Niger |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Niger_Fact_Sheet-Education-EN.pdf |website=United States Agency for International Development |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016085312/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Niger_Fact_Sheet-Education-EN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuma gwamnatin Nijar ta tsara wani shiri na shekaru goma don bangaren ilimi daga 2014 zuwa 2024 yana mai da hankali, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, karfafa shigar 'yan mata da riƙewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Programme Sectoriel de l'Education et de la Formation (2014-2024) Document de stratégie |url=https://www.globalpartnership.org/sites/default/files/2013-06-Niger-Education-Plan-2014-2024.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Niger {{!}} Global Partnership for Education |url=https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/niger |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.globalpartnership.org |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake har yanzu ba za a ga daidai yadda aiwatar da waɗannan dabarun zai kasance a shekara ta 2024, shirin ya sami amincewa da tallafawa daga Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Supports Niger's Teacher Policy Formulation Process {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/single-view/news/unesco_supports_the_process_of_formulating_teachers_polic/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> == Ilimi na sakandare == Akwai jami'o'i biyar a Nijar. Na farko kuma mafi girma, [[Jami'ar Abdou Moumouni]] a [[Niamey]] an kafa ta ne a matsayin Jami'ar Niamey a shekara ta 1974. An buɗe [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Nijar]] a Say a shekarar 1986. A shekara ta 2008, an kirkiro jami'o'i biyu na jama'a, [[University of Zinder|Jami'ar Zinder]] a Zinder da [[University of Maradi|Jami'ar Maradi]] a Maradi. A shekara ta 2010, an kirkiro [[University of Tahoua|Jami'ar TahouaJami'ar Tahoua]] Tahoua a Tahoua. A cikin 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a kirkiro ƙarin jami'o'i huɗu a Agadez, [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]], Dosso da [[Tillabéri (gari)|Tillaberi]].<ref>[http://news.aniamey.com/h/14452.html Creation of Four Public University in Some Regions in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615115718/http://news.aniamey.com/h/14452.html |date=2024-06-15 }}. Article published by the Agence Nationale de Presse on March 7th, 2014.''Last accessed on 9/20/2014''.</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗa == * [http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=198&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5620 Bayani na Ƙididdigar Ilimi (2005)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121427/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=198&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5620 |date=2012-02-20 }} . Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320041500/http://www.educationusa.state.gov/uploads/PM/TB/PMTBtUxB0ZuxoZux8UXD8w/Niger.pdf Bayanan tsarin ilimi na Nijar]. Adama Maiga Oumar. Amurka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje (2001). 16yaby0xfu8qy2zmfiftdjxwjt3xiyp Jami'ar Maakhir 0 79781 859716 495045 2026-06-17T23:30:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maakhir University''' (Somali, {{Lang-ar|جامعة ماخر}}) wata jami'a ce ta kirkiro a cikin 2010, ta ƙungiyar 'yan kasashen waje da kuma goyon bayan gwamnatin Puntland a yankin gabashin Sanaag . A watan Satumba na 2019, wannan jami'a a hukumance ta zama reshe na Jami'ar Kasa ta Somaliya (Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed) a jihar Puntland. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya. == Da yake a Badhan, an kafa kwalejin ne da manufar samar da ilimi mafi girma ga mazaunan lardin da sauran wurare a cikin ƙasar. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ma'aikatar, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=About MU |url=http://maakhiruniversity.net/?page_id=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406195831/http://maakhiruniversity.net/?page_id=2 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref> Jami'ar Maakhir tana ba da digiri na farko tare da babban burin ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'ummar Somaliya. Al'ummar Sanaag, Maakhir diaspora sun kasance babban mai tallafawa jami'ar tun lokacin da yakin basasa Somalia ya ɓarke a farkon shekarun 1990.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130127110910/http://lasqoraytimes.com/jaaliyada-reer-maakhir-ee-imaraadka-oo-ugu-deeqay-gaadhi-maakhir-university Jaaliyada Reer Maakhir ee Imaraadka Oo ugu Deeqay Gaadhi Maakhir University]</ref> Membobin sun sayi kayan aiki daga kasashen waje, wanda suka aika wa ma'aikatar. Gudummawar ta ƙarshe ta haɗa da motoci da kayan ofis. Baƙi daga yankin sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga gina sabon harabar jami'a, aikin da ke cikin ayyukan shekaru biyu da suka gabata.<ref>[http://spr.fm/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1325:maakhir-university-a-guiding-light-in-a-maze-of-darkness&Itemid=123 Maakhir University; a Guiding Light in a Maze of Darkness]</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar wakilin sa a [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Faisal Hawar]], gwamnatin Puntland ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] tare da kamfanin Kuwaiti don ci gaban kayan aiki a Jami'ar Maakhir da Filin jirgin saman Garowe. Yarjejeniyar ta kai dala miliyan 10 kuma Asusun Kuwait don Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Larabawa (KFAED) ne ya ba da kuɗin. == Tarihi. == An buɗe makarantar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, kuma an gudanar da bikin rufewa na shekara ta farko a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MAAKHIR UNIVERSITY |date=2010-11-25 |title=WELCOME TO MU |url=http://maakhiruniversity.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014221134/http://maakhiruniversity.net/ |archive-date=2011-10-14 |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Kuwait ta himmatu ga samar da dala miliyan 10, don gina Filin jirgin saman Garowe da Jami'ar Maakhir a Badhan . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, gwamnatin Kuwait da gwamnatin Puntland sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], don gina Filin jirgin saman Garowe da Jami'ar Maakhir a yankin Sanaag. A watan Disamba 2014. an gudanar da bikin kammala karatun farko a Jami'ar Maakhir . A watan Satumbar 2018, an kammala sabon ginin makarantar hawa bakwai. Shugaban Puntland Abdiweli Gaas ya ziyarci Jami'ar Maakhir. == Bayani. == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje. == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130217233319/http://spr.fm/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1325:maakhir-university-a-guiding-light-in-a-maze-of-darkness&Itemid=123 Jami'ar Maakhir; Haske mai jagora a cikin Maze na Duhu] 135n0qhp6500p6qmsjmidcz3ebev5cn Jami'ar Madda Walabu 0 80363 859718 835285 2026-06-17T23:32:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind addressing the academic and student community, at Addis Ababa, in Ethiopia on October 06, 2017. The President of University, Prof. Admasu Tsesgaye is also seen.jpg|thumb|Babban Jami ar Habasha ]] '''Jami'ar Madda Walabu''', ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in jama'a a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=madda walabu university |url=https://mwu.gov.et |website=mwu.gov.et }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jami'ar tana cikin Yankin Bale, a garin Robe, kimanin kilomita {{Cvt|430|km}} (270 daga babban birnin, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] . Jami'ar tana da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko 46 da 28 . == Tarihi == Sunan "'''Madda Walabu'''" wuri ne na tarihi, wanda ke da nisan kilomita {{Cvt|227|km}} (141 daga garin Bale Robe zuwa kudu maso yamma.<ref name="Historical Background">{{Cite web |title=Historical Background |url=http://www.mwu.edu.et/?q=node/283 |website=mwu.edu.et |access-date=2024-06-30 |archive-date=2023-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610154315/http://www.mwu.edu.et/?q=node%2F283 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tarihi wurin yana da alaƙa da mutanen Oromo. Shi ne tushen wayewar Oromo da kuma wurin haihuwar tsarin Gadaa. <ref name="Historical Background" /> <ref name="opride.com">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=A heroic send-off for Aliyi Cirri, a pioneer Oromo freedom fighter whose courage and bravery inspired generations |url=https://www.opride.com/2017/11/17/heroic-send-off-aliyi-cirri-pioneer-oromo-freedom-fighter/ |website=www.opride.com |access-date=30 June 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222075850/https://www.opride.com/2017/11/17/heroic-send-off-aliyi-cirri-pioneer-oromo-freedom-fighter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, ya samar da jarumai masu yawa na Oromo.<ref name="opride.com" /> Saboda zurfin darajarta ga mutanen Oromo, sunan Madda Walabu ana amfani dashi ta filin wasa na Madda Walapu, ƙungiyar al'adu ta Madda Walabo, Jami'ar Madda Walabula kanta da sauran ƙananan cibiyoyin kasuwanci da ake kira bayan wannan wuri na musamman. <ref name="Historical Background" /> == Makarantu da kwalejoji == Jami'ar tana da makarantu goma, cibiyar daya da kwaleji daya. Makarantu da kwalejoji sune: === Kwalejin Aikin Gona === * Kimiyyar Dabbobi da Range * [[Botany|Kimiyya ta Shuke-shuke]] * Ci gaban Karkara * Yaduwar Aikin Gona === Kwalejin [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|Kimiyya ta Jama'a]] === * Tarihi da Gudanar da Tarihi * [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]] da Nazarin Muhalli * Civics da Nazarin Da'a * Jarida da Sadarwa * Harshe da Littattafan Oromo * Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai * Harshen Amharic da [[Adabi|Littattafai]] * [[Kimiyar al'umma|Ilimin zamantakewa]] === Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki <ref name="O4">{{Cite web |title=School of Business and Economics - Madda Walabu University |url=http://www.mwu.edu.et/academics-1/schools/business-and-economics }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === * Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki * Ma'aikatar Lissafi * Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido === Makarantar Nazarin Harshe === * Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai * Harshen Amharic da Littattafai * Afan Oromo da Littattafai * Jarida da Sadarwa === Kwalejin Kimiyya ta halitta === * Ilimin lissafi * [[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]] * [[Biology|Ilimin halittu]] === Cibiyar Fasaha === Yana da Kwalejoji Biyu Kwalejin Injiniya * Ma'aikatar Injiniya * Ma'aikatar Injiniya * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan lantarki * Fasahar Gine-gine da Gudanarwa * Sashen Injiniya na Bincike * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Ruwa da Ruwa * Gine-gine Kwalejin Kwamfuta * Tsarin Bayanai * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Kimiyya ta Bayanai * Fasahar Bayanai === Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lissafi === * [[Lissafi]] * Kididdiga === Kwalejin Ilimi da Nazarin Halin === * [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|Ilimin halayyar dan adam]] * Ilimin Kula da Yara na Farko * Shirye-shiryen Ilimi * Ilimi na manya === Makarantar Biodiversity da Natural Resources === * Gudanar da albarkatun kasa (NRM) * Kayan daji * Yawon shakatawa da kiyaye halittu iri-iri (ETBC) === Makarantar [[Noma|Aikin noma]] === * Kimiyyar dabbobi da Range * Kimiyya ta Shuke-shuke * Ci gaban Karkara * Yaduwar Aikin Gona === Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya === * Magunguna * Jami'in Lafiya / Lafiya na Jama'a * [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * Mai juna biyu === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Koyarwa ===   === Nazarin Digiri === * Kimiyya ta muhalli * Koyar da Turanci a matsayin Harshen Ƙasashen Waje (TEFL) * Ilimin halittu na Micro * Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) * Biodiversity == Bayanan da aka ambata == ifrjec3va3szss3arii92dvoruz38br Erich von langenn-Steinkeller 0 84292 859369 523009 2026-06-17T13:41:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Langenn-Steinkeller</ref> (Franz Heinrich Gneomar Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller; 8 April 1872 – 30 March 1917) was a German military officer and official who served as the [[List of colonial residents of Burundi|colonial resident]] of the [[Kingdom of Burundi]] in 1909 and from 1911 to 1916. == Biography == === Early life and career === Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller, full name Franz Heinrich Gneomar Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller,{{sfn|GHdA|1998|p=316}} was born to Franz Heinrich von Langenn-Steinkeller and Agnes von Massow in [[Elbing]], [[West Prussia]], on 8 April 1872. He was part of the Steinkeller dynasty, a [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Mecklenburg-Pomeranian]] noble family.{{sfn|GHdA|1998|pp=315–316}} Langenn-Steinkeller eventually joined the German colonial military, the [[Schutztruppe]], and was posted to [[German East Africa]].{{sfn|GHdA|1998|p=316}} Serving for several years, he earned a reputation as a colonial veteran.{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=31}} His first tenure as colonial resident in Burundi lasted from April to September 1909.{{sfn|Laely|1995|p=270}} In May 1911, Langenn-Steinkeller –promoted to [[Major (rank)|Major]]– was again appointed as colonial resident of Burundi.{{sfn|Laely|1995|p=272}} In 1912, he moved the seat of the German administration from [[Bujumbura|Usumbura]] to [[Gitega]], close to the traditional heartland of the Burundian monarchy. His exact reasoning for this decision is disputed. Researchers variously interpreted it as an acknowledgement of the monarchy's importance, as an attempt to better implement a [[divide and rule]] strategy, or as the result of Gitega's central location, allowing the colonial authorities better access to all parts of the country.{{sfn|Laely|1995|p=272}}{{sfn|Strizek|2006|pp=116, 121}} Around this time, Langenn-Steinkeller also had to deal with conflicts between [[Protestantism|Protestant]] missionaries and the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[White Fathers]]; the latter, alongside their native allies including ''mwami'' (king) [[Mutaga IV of Burundi]], opposed the creation of a Protestant mission in Burundi. The colonial resident was unenthusiastic about the Protestant missionaries' project, and offered very little support.{{sfn|Völker|2018|p=201}} === World War I === In 1914, [[World War I]] erupted, and German East Africa became a battlefield. At the time, only 55 Germans and 450 Schutztruppe [[askari]] guarded all of Burundi. However, the Belgians in the neighbouring [[Belgian Congo|Congo]] overestimated the German strength and were hampered by poor logistics.{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=108}}{{sfn|Völker|2018|p=205}} Thus, the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] initially refrained from attempting offensive operations into Burundi.{{sfn|Völker|2018|p=205}} In contrast, Langenn-Steinkeller decided to launch a raid into enemy territory without authorisation by German East Africa's chief commander, [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]]. He led one of the companies under his command, namely the ''5. Feldkompanie'' (5/FK) to capture [[Karonga]], part of British [[Nyasaland]].{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=31}} Supported by 500 [[Ruga-Ruga]], he launched the operation unaware that strong British forces were close to Karonga, and suffered a heavy defeat. Langenn-Steinkeller's troops were decimated, and he was seriously wounded, losing the use of one eye.{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=31–32}} After this failure, he returned to Burundi for several months, before being ordered to relocate to [[Tukuyu|Neu Langenburg]] to oversee the southwestern frontline in February 1915.{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=110}} In April 1915, Lettow-Vorbeck began to prepare an offensive into British [[Northern Rhodesia]]; initially Langenn-Steinkeller was put in charge of the companies involved, but in June the command was transferred to [[Kurt Wahle]].{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=108–109}} In September 1915, German forces under Captain Karl Schimmer crossed the Burundi-Congo border and attacked Belgian-held [[Luvungi]]. This assault was repelled by the Belgians, and Schimmer was killed in action. Following his demise, Langenn-Steinkeller once again assumed direct responsibility for the German garrison of Burundi.{{sfn|Chrétien|2016}}{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=145–146}} However, most of the German troops were withdrawn from the area to other frontlines, leaving him with only the Urundi Company and the 14th Reserve Company,{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=146}} consisting of 36 Germans, 250 askari, and 100 Ruga-Ruga.{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=224}} In November 1915, ''mwami'' Mutaga IV died; he was succeeded by his three-year-old son, [[Mwambutsa IV of Burundi|Mwambutsa IV]]. Langenn-Steinkeller appointed a regency council to oversee Burundi during the king's minority, consisting of his grandmother [[Ririkumutima]], and his uncles [[Ntarugera]] and [[Nuduwumwe]].{{sfn|Völker|2018|p=205}} On 13 March 1916, he married Ella Breest in Usumbura.{{sfn|GHdA|1998|p=316}} In May, the Belgians launched a [[Tabora offensive|major offensive]] in the northwest, quickly overrunning Rwanda. By June, they were moving into Burundi, where Langenn-Steinkeller's force offered some limited resistance as it retreated to avoid being encircled by the superior Allied troops.{{sfn|Chrétien|2016}}{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=224–225}} Together with the contingent of [[Max Wintgens]] who had led the German garrison of Rwanda, Langenn-Steinkeller was able to evade the Belgians and took up position at the Mariahilf Mission. On 14 July, they clashed with the Belgians at [[Diobahika]] to delay their advance toward [[Mwanza]].{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=227}} After several battles, the Belgians and British [[Battle of Tabora|captured]] the important city of [[Tabora]] in September 1916. Wahle who served as main German commander in the area, opted to abandon the city to avoid further losses, and embarked on a surprise counter-attack into the south to retake [[Iringa]]; Langenn-Steinkeller was put in charge of one of the columns involved in this operation.{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=242–243}} After a march through difficult terrain, harassed by hostile [[Hehe people|Wahehe]] partisans, Wahle's forces reached and attacked Iringa in October. The assault was beaten back, and the British inflicted over 100 losses on Langenn-Steinkeller's column.{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=243–244, 254–255}} After the defeat at Iringa, Wahle and Langenn-Steinkeller led their remaining troops to [[Malangali, Mufindi|Malangali]], but could not capture this settlement either.{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=255}} Eventually, Wahle's depleted forces were able to link up with another German force led by [[Georg Kraut]].{{sfn|Paice|2009|pp=261–262}} By Christmas 1916, Wahle's force was able to set up camp between [[Mkapira]] and [[Lupembe]] where his troops were able to recuperate; there, Langenn-Steinkeller also learnt that he had already been awarded the [[Iron Cross]] 2nd Class in September. Fighting soon resumed, and Wahle's contingent was pushed back to the [[Ruhudi]] river by January 1917. Heavy rains and limited supplies meant that the living conditions of both Allies and Germans in this area were rather poor.{{sfn|Paice|2009|p=262}} On 30 March 1917, Langenn-Steinkeller died of sickness in [[Mahenge]].{{sfn|GHdA|1998|p=316}} He was survived by his wife who returned to Germany after the war and remarried.{{sfn|GHdA|1998|p=316}} It is possible that Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller had children, as researcher Wolfgang Völker described him as the "ancestor" of Bogislaw von Langenn-Steinkeller. ==References== {{reflist}} === Works cited === {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal| last = Chrétien| first = Jean-Pierre| title = La guerre de 1914-1918 au Burundi. Le vécu local d'un conflit mondial| journal = Outre-Mers| volume = 1| issue = 390–391| pages = 127–151| date = 2016| doi = 10.3917/om.161.0127| language = French| url = https://www.cairn.info/revue-outre-mers-2016-1-page-127.htm| issn = }} * {{cite book |year=1998 |title=Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Band 117 |trans-title=Genealogical Handbook of Nobility. Volume 117 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HElmAAAAMAAJ| location=Bad Salzdetfurth |publisher=Starke Verlag |language = German| isbn = |ref = {{harvid|GHdA|1998}}}} * {{cite book |last=Laely |first=Thomas |year=1995 |title=Autorität und Staat in Burundi|trans-title=Authority and state in Burundi |location=Berlin |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |language = German| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpwPAQAAMAAJ |isbn = 9783496025696}} * {{cite book |last=Strizek |first=Helmut |year=2006 |title=Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft; mit einem Essay über die Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart|trans-title= Gifted colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule; with an essay on the development up to the present |location=Berlin |publisher=Ch. Links |language = German| isbn = 978-3-86153-390-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Völker |first=Wolfgang |year=2018 |title=Von Missionaren, Herrschern und Forschern: an den großen Seen Zentralafrikas vor 100 Jahren |trans-title=Of missionaries, rulers and researchers: 100 years ago on the great lakes of Central Africa |location=Göttingen |publisher=[[Cuvillier Verlag]] |language = German| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfb-DwAAQBAJ |isbn = 9783736989078}} * {{cite book |last=Paice |first=E. |title=Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa|year=2009 |orig-year=2007 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |edition=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-7538-2349-1}} {{refend}} o9l0fsi2rr0i251fqedd88je1o0u2q0 Bhai Bala 0 85587 859707 551537 2026-06-17T22:47:43Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Haɗin waje */ 859707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Cremation_of_Bhai_Bala.jpg|thumb|Cremation na Bhai Bala, ca.1825-1849 zane]] [[Fayil:Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg|thumb|Wani zane-zane mai ban sha'awa na Tanjore daga ƙarshen karni na 19 wanda ke nuna Sikh Gurus goma tare da Bhai Bala da Bhai Mardana.]] '''Bhai Bala''' ({{lang-pa|ਭਾਈ ਬਾਲਾ|translit=Bhāī Bālā}}; 1466–1544) abokin Guru Nanak ne.  An haife shi a Talwandi a cikin dangin Sandhu Jat, Bala kuma babban abokin tarayya ne ga Bhai Mardana. == Tarihin rayuwa == A cewar {{Transl|pa|Bhai Bala janamsakhis}}, ya yi tafiya tare da Guru Nanak da Bhai Mardana a duk manyan tafiye-tafiyen da suka yi a duniya ciki har da [[Sin|China]], [[Makkah|Makka]], da [[Indiya]]. An yi zaton ya mutu a Khadur Sahib, a ƙarshen shekarunsa na 70, a cikin 1544.<ref name="McLeod, W.H. 1968">McLeod, W.H., Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion. Oxford, 1968.</ref><ref name="Macauliffe">Max Arthur Macauliffe, 1909</ref> Bhai Gurdas, wanda ya lissafa dukkan fitattun almajiran Guru Nanak (a cikin Var na 11), bai ambaci sunan Bhai Bala ba (wannan na iya zama kulawa, domin bai ambaci Rai Bular ba). Koyaya Bhagat Ratanwali na Bhai Mani Singh, wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin jerin kamar na Bhai Gurdas, amma tare da ƙarin bayani, kuma bai ambaci Bhai Bala ba. Akwai wasu anomalies da yawa, wanda Dr. Kirpal Singh ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa na Punjabi {{Transl|pa|janamsakhi}} al'adar.<ref name="Singh, Dr Kirpal 2004">Singh, Dr Kirpal, Janamsakhi Tradition (An Analytical Study). Singh Brothers, 2004.(page 10)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Kirpal Singh |title=Janamsakhi Tradition – An Analytical Study |url=http://sikhnerd.com/downloads/sikh/janamsakhi_tradition_dr_kirpal_singh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301121457/http://sikhnerd.com/downloads/sikh/janamsakhi_tradition_dr_kirpal_singh.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> Dokta Trilochan Singh ya kalubalanci wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka gabatar ta hanyar bayyana cewa Mehma Parkash da Mani Singh {{Transl|pa|janamsakhi}} dukansu sun ambaci Bhai Bala. An ci gaba da ambaton Bala a cikin Suchak Prasang Guru Ka na Bhai Behlo wanda aka rubuta a lokacin Guru Arjan Dev. Bhai Behlo ya ce, "Bala ya watsar da jikinsa a can, A cikin birni mai tsarki na Khadaur, Angad, maigidan, ya yi al'ada, da alheri da hannunsa biyu. " Ya kuma gabatar da cewa dangin Bhai Bala har yanzu suna zaune a Nankana Sahib<ref name="McLeod, W.H. 1968">McLeod, W.H., Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion. Oxford, 1968.</ref><ref>[http://allaboutsikhs.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17 A Gateway to Sikhism | Early Gursikhs: Bhai Bala Ji - A Gateway to Sikhism]</ref> kuma cewa samadhi na Bala yana cikin Khadaur. A cewar H.S. Singha, wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa Bhai Bala mutum ne na gaskiya, duk da haka ƙungiyoyi 'yan ridda kamar Minas, Handaliyas, da sauransu sun lalata Tarihi ''{{Transl|pa|janamsakhi}}''. Rubutun ''Bala'' na farko na {{Transl|pa|janamsakhis}} kanta ya yi iƙirarin zuwa 1525 amma masanin tarihin New Zealand W.H. McLeod ya ƙi wannan. == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080327142650/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/bhaibala.html Tarihin Sikh] [[Category:Mutuwan 1544]] bb9bdndzednfcfs0o290b7g45mjyotf Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri 0 85899 859460 669868 2026-06-17T16:22:30Z Jmabel 38187 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Central park photo D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:Central park photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] [[c:Special:PermanentLink/1232765674#Mass_rename_requested]] 859460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg|thumb|260x260px| Stourhead a Wiltshire, Ingila, wanda Henry Hoare ya tsara (1705-1785), "mai lambu na farko mai faɗi, wanda ya nuna a cikin aiki guda ɗaya, gwanin tsari mafi girma" ]] '''Gine-ginen shimfidar wuri''' shine ƙirar wuraren, waje, alamomin ƙasa, da sifofi don cimma sakamako na muhalli, ɗabi'a na zamantakewa, ko kyawawan halaye. Ya ƙunshi tsari na tsari da injiniya na gabaɗaya na sifofi daban-daban don gini da amfani da ɗan adam, bincike kan yanayin [[zamantakewa]], muhalli, da yanayin ƙasa da matakai a cikin shimfidar wuri, da ƙirar wasu ayyukan da za su haifar da sakamakon da ake so. Matsakaicin aikin yana da faɗi kuma ana iya rarraba shi zuwa sassa daban-daban ciki har da masu sana'a ko masu lasisin gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda hukumomin gwamnati ke kayyade su kuma suna da ƙwarewa don tsara nau'ikan sifofi da filayen ƙasa don amfanin ɗan adam; ƙirar shimfidar wuri wanda ba sana'a mai lasisi ba; [[Tsare-tsaren fili|tsara shafin]] ; sarrafa ruwan guguwa ; [[Kula da zaizayar ƙasa|sarrafa yashwa]] ; dawo da muhalli ; wuraren jama'a, [[Mashaƙata|wuraren shakatawa]], nishaɗi da tsara birane ; sarrafa albarkatun gani; tsare-tsaren samar da ababen more rayuwa kore; da gidaje masu zaman kansu da [[Gida|wurin zama]] babban tsari da ƙira; duk a ma'auni daban-daban na ƙira, tsarawa da gudanarwa. Ana iya kiran mai aiki a cikin sana'a na gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ; duk da haka, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ake buƙatar lasisin ƙwararru galibi waɗanda ke da lasisin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne kawai waɗanda za a iya kiransu da mai ƙirar shimfidar wuri. == Ma'anar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ==   Tsarin gine-ginen zamani filin ladabtarwa ne da yawa, wanda ya haɗa nau'ikan ƙirar birane, [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], [[Labarin kasa|labarin]] kasa, [[Ecology|ilimin halittu]], injiniyan farar hula, injiniyan tsari, [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|aikin gona]], ilimin muhalli, ƙirar masana'antu, kimiyyar ƙasa, [[Botany|ilimin halittu]], da fasaha mai kyau . Ayyukan gine-ginen shimfidar wurare na iya kasancewa daga ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da wuraren shakatawa zuwa tsara wuraren don wuraren harabar jami'o'i da wuraren shakatawa na ofisoshin kamfanoni; daga zane na wuraren zama zuwa tsara kayan aikin jama'a; kuma daga gudanar da manyan wuraren [[Daji|jeji]] zuwa sake gyara wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar nakiyoyi ko [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren da ake zubar da kasa]] . Masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri suna aiki a kan gine-gine da wurare na waje a cikin yanayin shimfidar wuri na zane - babba ko ƙanana, birane, kewayen birni da [[Countryside|ƙauye]], kuma tare da kayan "mai wuya" (gina) da "laushi" (dasa), yayin da ke haɗawa da dorewar muhalli. Za a iya ba da gudummawa mafi mahimmanci a matakin farko na aikin don samar da ra'ayoyi tare da fahimtar fasaha da fasaha na ƙira don ƙira, tsari, da amfani da wurare. Maginin shimfidar wuri na iya ɗaukar ra'ayi gabaɗaya kuma ya shirya babban tsari, daga inda aka shirya cikakken zane-zane da ƙayyadaddun fasaha. Hakanan za su iya duba shawarwari don ba da izini da kula da kwangiloli don aikin ginin. Sauran ƙwarewa sun haɗa da shirya kima da tasiri na ƙira, gudanar da kimanta muhalli da tantancewa, da yin hidima a matsayin ƙwararren shaida a kan abubuwan da suka shafi [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani da ƙasa]] . Yawancin lokutansu za a yi amfani da su a cikin ginin ofis suna tsarawa da shirya samfura don abokan ciniki. Domin lokacin kafin 1800, tarihin aikin lambun wuri mai faɗi (daga baya ana kiransa gine-ginen shimfidar wuri) ya fi girma na babban tsari da ƙirar lambun don gidajen manor, fadoji da kaddarorin sarauta. Misali shine babban aikin da André Le Nôtre ya yi wa Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa akan Lambunan Versailles . Mutum na farko da ya rubuta na ''yin'' shimfidar wuri shine Joseph Addison a 1712. Gilbert Laing Meason ya ƙirƙira kalmar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a cikin 1828, kuma John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) ya taimaka wajen ɗaukar kalmar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ta hanyar sana'ar zamani. Ya ɗauki kalmar daga Meason kuma ya ba shi talla a cikin Encyclopedias da kuma a cikin littafinsa na 1840 akan ''Lambun Landscape da Tsarin Tsarin ƙasa na Late Humphry Repton'' . John Claudius Loudon ya kasance mai kafa kuma mai tasiri ɗan jarida [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|mai kula da kayan lambu]] da kuma masanin shimfidar wuri na Scotland wanda rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen tsara ɗanɗanon Victoria a cikin lambuna, wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, da gine-gine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Claudius Loudon {{!}} Scottish landscape architect {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Claudius-Loudon |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin ''Tsarin Lambun Kasa da Kasa na Late Humphry Repton,'' Loudon ya bayyana nau'ikan nau'ikan aikin lambu iri biyu da suka wanzu a farkon karni na 19: geometric da na halitta. Loudon ya rubuta cewa kowane salo yana nuna wani mataki na al'umma daban-daban. Salon lissafi ya kasance "mafi ban sha'awa kuma mai gamsarwa," yana nuna dukiya da dandano a cikin "farkon yanayin al'umma" da kuma a cikin "ƙasashe inda yanayin gabaɗaya ya kasance daji, rashin daidaituwa, da na halitta, da kuma mutum, kwatankwacin, rashin noma da rashin ladabi." An yi amfani da salon yanayi a cikin "zamanin zamani" da kuma a cikin ƙasashe inda "al'umma ke cikin yanayin noma," yana nuna dukiya da dandano ta hanyar sadaukar da ƙasashe masu riba don ba da damar yin irin wannan zane. Fitaccen mai zanen shimfidar wuri na Ingilishi Humphry Repton (1752-1818) ya yi kwatankwacin irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin aikinsa da tunaninsa na ƙira. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa game da yin amfani da wuraren da aka ƙayyade (misali tsakar gida, ganuwar terrace, fences), Repton ya furta cewa yayin da dalili na tsaro ba ya wanzu, siffofin har yanzu suna da amfani a raba "gidajen Aljanna, wanda na mutum ne, da gandun daji., ko kuma hamada, wanda na ƴan daji ne." Repton yana nufin 'yan asalin asalin a matsayin "mutane marasa wayewa, wanda wasu yanke shawarar layin tsaro ya zama dole. ” == Filayen ayyuka == [[Fayil:Kew_Gardens_Palm_House,_London_-_July_2009.jpg|thumb| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, an kafa Gidan Palm, Kew, wanda Richard Turner ya gina a 1844-1848 zuwa ƙirar Decimus Burton]] Daban-daban na ayyukan ƙwararru waɗanda masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ke haɗin gwiwa a kansu suna da faɗi sosai, amma wasu misalan nau'ikan ayyukan sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Landscape Architecture - Your Environment. Designed |url=http://www.asla.org/design |access-date=2013-04-06 |publisher=Asla.org}}</ref> * Wuraren shakatawa na ƙirar gabaɗaya da kayan aikin jama'a * Ci gaba mai dorewa * Gudanar da ruwan guguwa da suka hada da lambunan ruwan sama, koren rufin ruwa, cajin ruwa na ƙasa, kayan more rayuwa kore, da gine-ginen dausayi . * Tsarin shimfidar wuri don aikin ilimi da ƙirar wurin don cibiyoyin jama'a da wuraren gwamnati * [[Mashaƙata|Wuraren shakatawa]], lambunan tsirrai, arboretums, hanyoyin kore, da kiyaye yanayi * Wuraren nishaɗi, kamar filayen wasa, wuraren wasan golf, wuraren shakatawa na jigo da wuraren wasanni * Yankunan gidaje, wuraren shakatawa na masana'antu da ci gaban kasuwanci * Tsare-tsare da ƙira na ƙasa da [[Gida|wurin zama]] * Tsarin shimfidar wuri da lafazi akan manyan hanyoyi, tsarin sufuri, gadoji, da hanyoyin wucewa * Gudunmawa ga ƙirar birane, filayen gari da na birni, bakin ruwa, tsarin masu tafiya a ƙasa * Wurin shakatawa na dabi'a, wurin yawon buɗe ido, da sake fasalin yanayin tarihi, da kuma nazarin kima da kula da lambun tarihi * Tafkunan ruwa, [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsun ruwa]], tashoshin wutar lantarki, sake fasalin aikace-aikacen masana'antu masu hako ko manyan ayyukan masana'antu da ragewa * Ƙimar muhalli da kima mai faɗi, shawarwarin tsare-tsare da shawarwarin sarrafa ƙasa. * Ci gaban bakin teku da na bakin teku da raguwa * Tsarin muhalli (kowane bangare na ƙira wanda ke rage tasirin lalata muhalli ta hanyar haɗa kanta da hanyoyin halitta da dorewa ) Masu gudanar da shimfidar wuri suna amfani da iliminsu na hanyoyin shimfidar wuri don ba da shawara kan kulawa na dogon lokaci da ci gaban shimfidar wuri. Suna yawan aiki a cikin [[Forestry|gandun daji]], kiyaye yanayi da [[noma]] . Masana kimiyyar yanayin ƙasa suna da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kamar kimiyyar ƙasa, ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|geomorphology]] ko [[botany]] waɗanda suke da alaƙa da matsaloli masu amfani na aikin shimfidar wuri. Ayyukan su na iya kasancewa daga binciken yanar gizo zuwa kimar muhalli na wurare masu faɗi don tsarawa ko manufofin gudanarwa. Hakanan za su iya ba da rahoto game da tasirin ci gaba ko mahimmancin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta. Masu tsara shimfidar wuri sun damu da tsara shimfidar wuri don wuri, na gani, [[Ecology|muhalli]] da kuma abubuwan nishaɗi na birane, ƙauye, da kuma amfanin ƙasa na bakin teku. Aikin su yana kunshe ne a cikin rubutattun bayanai na manufofi da dabaru, kuma sallamar su ta hada da babban shiri don sabbin ci gaba, kimanta yanayin yanayi da tantancewa, da shirya gudanarwar karkara ko tsare-tsare. Wasu kuma na iya amfani da ƙarin ƙwarewa kamar ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ko doka ga tsarin tsara shimfidar wuri. Koren rufin (ko fiye da musamman, rufin ciyayi) masu zanen kaya sun tsara manyan lambunan rufin don sarrafa ruwan guguwa, sanyi mai jujjuyawa, gine-gine mai dorewa, kayan kwalliya, da ƙirƙirar wurin zama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Extensive Vegetative Roofs {{!}} Whole Building Design Guide |url=https://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php |access-date=2015-12-28 |website=www.wbdg.org |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830001453/https://www.wbdg.org/resources/extensive-vegetative-roofs |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dangantaka da tsara birane == [[Fayil:Central park photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|right|thumb| Haɗin aikin lambun gargajiya na gargajiya da tsarin birni masu tasowa sun ba gine-ginen shimfidar wuri mai da hankali na musamman. Frederick Law Olmsted yayi amfani da kalmar 'tsarin gine-gine' ta amfani da kalmar a matsayin sana'a a karon farko lokacin zayyana filin shakatawa na tsakiya .]] A cikin karni na 19, tsara birane ya zama babban batu kuma babban batu a cikin birane. Haɗin al'adar aikin lambu mai faɗi da filin da ke tasowa na tsara birane ya ba da damar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri don biyan waɗannan buƙatun. <ref>Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177–198.</ref> A cikin rabin na biyu na karni, Frederick Law Olmsted ya kammala jerin wuraren shakatawa da ke ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan ayyukan gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a yau. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai Central Park a cikin [[New York (birni)|New York City]], Prospect Park a Brooklyn, New York da tsarin shakatawa na Emerald Necklace na Boston. Jens Jensen ya ƙirƙira ingantattun wuraren shakatawa na birane da na yanki don [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], da gidaje masu zaman kansu don dangin Ford ciki har da Fair Lane da Gaukler Point . Ɗaya daga cikin mambobi goma sha ɗaya na asali na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka (ASLA), kuma mace daya tilo, ita ce Beatrix Farrand . Ta kasance mashawarcin ƙira ga jami'o'i sama da dozin da suka haɗa da: Princeton a Princeton, New Jersey ; Yale a New Haven, Connecticut ; da Arnold Arboretum na Harvard a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] . Ayyukanta masu zaman kansu da yawa sun haɗa da alamar Dumbarton Oaks a cikin unguwar Georgetown na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasu masu gine-gine - musamman Ruth Havey da Alden Hopkins - sun canza wasu abubuwa na ƙirar Farrand. Tun daga wannan lokacin tsarin birane ya haɓaka zuwa wata sana'a mai zaman kanta wacce ta haɗa muhimmiyar gudummawa daga wasu fannoni kamar injiniyan farar hula, [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]] da gudanarwar jama'a . Masu tsara birane sun cancanci yin ayyuka masu zaman kansu ba tare da gine-ginen gine-gine ba, kuma gabaɗaya, tsarin karatun shirye-shiryen gine-ginen ba ya shirya ɗalibai su zama masu tsara birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulletin of Information for the AICP Comprehensive Planning Examination |url=https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/legacy_resources/certification/pdf/bulletin.pdf#page=13 |access-date=2016-08-29 |website=www.planning.org |quote=There are important distinctions between planners and allied professionals and between planning and related fields. Planners approach problems comprehensively, have a long-range perspective, and deal with unique place-based issues. Although people in related professions (e.g., law, architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, real estate development, etc.) and disciplines (humanities, psychology, etc.) often work with planners, they do not necessarily have the same knowledge base, skillset, and approach.}}</ref> == Dangantaka da Ayyukan Yan Asalin == Ayyukan kula da ƙasa na asali suna haifar da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar amfani da ciyayi da tsarin halitta, wanda ya bambanta da ilimin yammacin yamma na horo wanda ke raba kayan ado da aiki. Tsarin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri yana fifita ƙirar yamma da aka yi daga kayan da aka tsara da sifofin geometric. Littattafan tarihin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri sun kasance sun haɗa da ayyukan da ke ƙunshe da gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda ke dawwama a kan lokaci, ban da yawancin ƙira na tushen shimfidar wuri na ƴan asalin. * Litattafan gine-ginen shimfidar wuri sukan sanya ƴan asalin ƙasar a matsayin maƙasudin fara horo a hukumance. Rubutun tarihin shimfidar wuri da aka fi karantawa ''The Landscape of Man'' (1964) yana ba da tarihin duniya na tsarin da aka ƙera daga baya zuwa yau, yana nuna Afirka da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin tattaunawa game da ɗan adam na paleolithic tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 8,000 KZ dangane da ƙaura ɗan adam . An bayyana ayyukan kula da ƙasa na ƴan asalin a matsayin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi maimakon wani ɓangare na aikin zamani. ''Lambuna a Lokaci'' (1980) kuma suna sanya ayyukan ƴan asalin a matsayin tarihin farko a farkon tsarin tsarin gine-gine. Marubuta John da Ray Oldham sun kwatanta Aborigines na Ostiraliya a matsayin “masu tsira daga tsohuwar hanyar rayuwa” waɗanda suka ba da zarafi su bincika yammacin Ostiraliya a matsayin “wurin taron ɗan adam kafin tarihi.” A ƙarshen karni na 18, shimfidar shimfidar wurare da ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta ƙirƙira da ayyukan sarrafa gobara sun yi kira ga mazauna Ingila a Ostiraliya . [1] Jaridu daga lokacin farkon farar matsugunin sun lura da shimfidar wuri mai kama da wuraren shakatawa da shahararrun kayayyaki a cikin lambunan shimfidar Ingilishi na lokaci guda. [1] A Ingila, an ɗauki waɗannan ƙira-ƙira na zamani kuma ana yin bikin don sadaukarwar ƙasar da ake amfani da su da gangan. A Ostiraliya, an yi amfani da yanayin wurin shakatawa don tabbatar da ikon Birtaniyya, yana mai nuni da rashin komai da rashin amfani da shi a matsayin tushen korar mutanen Aborigin. == Ilimi == Ana buƙatar masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri gabaɗaya don samun jami'a ko karatun digiri daga shirin digiri na gine-ginen da aka amince da shi, wanda zai iya bambanta da tsayi da taken digiri. Suna koyon yadda za a ƙirƙira ayyuka daga karce, irin su dasa zama ko kasuwanci da kuma tsara wuraren zama na waje <ref>{{Cite web |title=Landscape Architect Education Requirements |url=https://bestaccreditedcolleges.org/articles/landscape-architect-education.html |website=bestaccreditedcolleges.org}}</ref> suna shirye su yi aiki tare da wasu don samun sakamako mai kyau ga abokan ciniki lokacin yin aikin; dole ne su koyi ainihin yadda ake ƙirƙirar aiki akan lokaci kuma za su buƙaci samun lasisin ku a wata jiha don a ba su damar yin aiki; dalibai na Landscape Architects za su koyi yadda ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki kuma za su koyi yadda za a bayyana zane daga karce lokacin ba da aikin ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Do Landscape Architects Do? - Square One Landscape Architects - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieEWHsuFM9o |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510210053/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieEWHsuFM9o |archive-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.youtube.com |access-date=2024-10-08 }}</ref> An koyar da gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a Jami'ar Manchester tun shekarun 1950. Kwas ɗin a Makarantar Gine-gine na Manchester yana ba wa ɗalibai damar samun digiri na farko da digiri daban-daban, gami da MLPM (Hons) wanda Cibiyar Landscape ta amince da ita da Cibiyar Tsara ta Royal Town . <ref>University of Manchester. ''Prospectus 2005''; pp. 190-191</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, cibiyar ƙwararru, wacce ta ƙunshi membobin ƙwararrun al'umma, tana nan don kare martabar sana'ar da haɓaka muradunta, wani lokacin kuma tana daidaita ayyukan gine-ginen ƙasa. Ma'auni da ƙarfin ƙa'idodin doka waɗanda ke tafiyar da ayyukan gine-ginen ƙasa sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, tare da wasu suna buƙatar lasisi don yin aiki; wasu kuma ba su da ƙa'ida ko kaɗan. A [[Turai]], [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amirka]], sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amirka]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[Indiya]], da [[New Zealand]], gine-ginen shimfidar wuri sana'a ce da aka tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ontario Association of Landscape Architects |url=http://www.oala.on.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011114143/http://www.oala.on.ca/ |archive-date=11 October 2011 |access-date=2013-04-06 |publisher=Oala.on.ca}}</ref> === Argentina === Tun 1889, tare da isowar Faransa m da kuma ɗan birni shimfidar wuri Carlos Thays, shawarar a sake ƙirƙirar babban birnin kasar ta wuraren shakatawa da kuma jama'a lambu lambu, shi aka karfafa wani koyo da horo shirin a gyara shimfidar wuri wanda a karshe ya zama wani kayyade sana'a, a halin yanzu babban ilimi ma'aikata ne. Jami'ar UBA ta Buenos Aires "UBA Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo" (Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism) yana ba da digiri na Bacherlor a Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Kasa na Birane da Tsare-tsare, wannan sana'a da kanta tana da tsarin Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane ta Argentina. da Cibiyar Buenos Aires Botanical Garden . === Ostiraliya === Cibiyar Gine-ginen Kasa ta Australiya (AILA) tana ba da izini na digiri na jami'a da rajistar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu aikin gine-ginen da ba na doka ba. Da zarar AILA ta gane shi, masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri suna amfani da taken 'Mai Rijista Tsarin Tsarin Kasa' a cikin jihohi da yankuna shida a cikin Ostiraliya. Tsarin AILA na sanin ƙwararru tsari ne na ƙasa wanda ofishin AILA na Canberra ke kula da shi. Don neman rajistar AILA, mai nema yawanci yana buƙatar biyan buƙatun da yawa, gami da cancantar jami'a, ƙaramin adadin shekaru na aiki da rikodin ƙwarewar ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Join or Renew |url=https://www.aila.org.au/AILAWeb/Become_an_AILA_Member/Join/AILAWeb/Join_or_Renew.aspx?hkey=2d670d90-0f9a-49c9-a901-68bc8fd5ef5e |website=www.aila.org.au}}</ref> Gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a cikin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tsari, ƙira, gudanarwa, da bincike. Daga sabis na ƙira na ƙwararrun don ci gaban gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu har zuwa shawarwarin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun a matsayin ƙwararren shaida. === Kanada === A Kanada, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri, kamar doka da magani, sana'a ce mai sarrafa kanta bisa ga ka'idar lardi. Misali, sana'ar Ontario ana gudanar da ita ne ta Ƙwararru na Ontario . Masu gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a cikin Ontario, British Columbia, da Alberta dole ne su kammala ƙayyadaddun abubuwan LARE (Gwajin Rajista Architecture) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don cikakken tsayuwar ƙwararru. Hukumomin lardi membobi ne na wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Canadian Society of Landscape Architects / L'Association des Architectes Paysagistes du Canada (CSLA-AAPC), kuma ana samun memba ɗaya a cikin CSLA-AAPC ta hanyar shiga ɗayan larduna ko yanki. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSLA AAPC &#124; CSLA |url=https://www.csla-aapc.ca/csla-aapc |website=www.csla-aapc.ca}}</ref> === Indonesia === ISLA (Indonesia Society of Landscape Architects) ita ce al'ummar Indonesiya don ƙwararrun gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka kafa a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1978 kuma memba ne na IFLA APR da IFLA World. Babban manufar ita ce ƙara darajar ƙwararrun membobin masanan gine-gine ta hanyar haɓaka ayyukansu a cikin sabis na al'umma, ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa. Gudanar da IALI ya ƙunshi Masu Gudanarwa na Ƙasa waɗanda ke samun tallafi daga Ma'aikatan Yanki 20 (matakin Lardi) da Manajojin Reshe 3 a matakin birni a duk Indonesiya. An gudanar da ilimin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a Indonesia a jami'o'i 18, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na D3, Bachelor da Magister. Ilimin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ya haɗa a cikin Ƙungiyar Ilimin Gine-ginen Filayen Indonesiya. A cikin Afrilu 2013, NZILA tare da AILA, sun karbi bakuncin taron Duniya na 50th International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) a Auckland, New Zealand. Majalisar Duniya taro ne na kasa-da-kasa inda Masu Gine-ginen Kasa na Duniya daga ko'ina cikin duniya ke haduwa don raba ra'ayoyi game da wani batu. A cikin 2008, LI ta ƙaddamar da wani babban shirin daukar ma'aikata mai taken "Ina so in zama Architect Landscape" don ƙarfafa nazarin Gine-ginen Kasa. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi niyya ne don ɗaga martabar gine-ginen ƙasa tare da nuna muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa wajen gina al'ummomi masu dorewa da yaƙi [[Canjin yanayi|da sauyin yanayi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=CC Position Statement |url=http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/media/CCPositionStatement.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613043428/http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/media/CCPositionStatement.php |archive-date=13 June 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |website=landscapeinstitute.org}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yulin 2018, an maye gurbin shirin "Ina so in zama Architect Landscape" da wani sabon kamfen na sana'a mai taken ''#ChooseLandscape'', wanda ke da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da shimfidar wuri a matsayin sana'a; inganta da haɓaka damar samun ilimi mai faɗi; da kuma zaburar da matasa su zabi shimfidar wuri a matsayin sana'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gosling |first=Ben |title=#ChooseLandscape launches next month – here's how to get involved {{!}} Landscape Institute |url=https://www.landscapeinstitute.org/news/chooselandscape-launch-get-involved/ |access-date=2019-01-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haɗa da wasu sana'o'in da ke da alaƙa kamar sarrafa shimfidar wuri, tsara shimfidar wuri, kimiyyar yanayin ƙasa da ƙirar birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Choose Your Career – Chooselandscape |url=https://www.chooselandscape.org/choose-your-career/ |access-date=2019-01-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Amurka === [[Fayil:Washington_Monument_and_the_National_Mall_4.jpg|thumb| Mall na ƙasa a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ya haɗa da misalai da yawa na gine-ginen shimfidar wuri bisa abubuwan tunawa da tarihi.]] A cikin Amurka, gwamnatocin jihohi ɗaya ne ke tsara tsarin gine-gine. Ga mai zanen shimfidar wuri, samun lasisi yana buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi da ƙwarewar aiki, tare da ƙaddamar da jarrabawar ƙasa mai suna Landscape Architect Registration Examination (LARE). Ana kula da lasisi a matakin ƙasa ta Majalisar Kula da Gidajen Gine-gine (CLARB). Jihohi da yawa kuma suna buƙatar wucewar jarrabawar jiha. Ofishin Kididdigar Ma'aikata na Amurka ya gano gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a matsayin matsakaicin haɓakar haɓaka ta Ofishin Kididdigar Ma'aikata na Amurka kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin ''Labaran Amurka & Rahoton Duniya'' na Mafi kyawun Ayyuka don Samun a 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 da 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Career Advice and Guide for Job Searches - US News Business |url=http://money.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2009/12/28/landscape-architect-2.html |access-date=2013-04-06 |publisher=Money.usnews.com}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ciniki ta ƙasa don masu gine-ginen ƙasar Amurka ita ce Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-ginen Ƙasa ta Amirka . Frederick Law Olmsted, wanda ya tsara Central Park a birnin New York, an san shi da "mahaifin gine-ginen wuri na Amurka". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024012619/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> == Misalai == <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5"> Fayil:Molières_(24)_Sautet_potager_(2).JPG|alt=Potager in Dordogne, France| DankaliaDordogne, Faransa Fayil:Shigain-monzeki05s4592.jpg|alt=Japanese garden in Ōtsu, Japan| Lambun Japana cikinzo, Japan Fayil:Chinese_garden.jpg|alt=Classical Chinese garden| Lambun gargajiya na kasar Sin Fayil:Henckelska_gården_3.jpg|alt=Topiary in Helsingborg, Sweden| ZauneaHelsingborg, Sweden Fayil:Crow_Asian_Sculpture_Garden_01.jpg|alt=Asian sculpture garden in Texas, United States| Lambun sassakana Asiya a[[Texas]],[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] Fayil:The_monolith.JPG|alt=Vigeland sculpture garden in Oslo, Norway|Lambun sassaka naVigelanda[[Oslo]], Norway Fayil:Giardini_pensili_2.jpg|alt=Roof terrace garden (Ventimiglia, Italy)|Lambun baranda (VentimigliaItaliya) Fayil:El_Escorial-Gardens.jpg|alt=Escorial Formal palace garden in Madrid, Spain| EscorialFormal Palace lambun a Madrid, Spain Fayil:Medieval_garden_of_Sainte-Agnes.jpg|alt=Mediterranean garden in Alpes-Maritimes, France|Lambun Bahar Rum aAlpes-Maritimes, Faransa Fayil:Villa_la_magia_03.JPG|alt=Use of steps at Villa la Magia, in Quarrata, Italy|Amfani da kariya a Villa la Magia, a cikinQuarrata, Italiya Fayil:Lurie_Garden_in_sun.jpg|alt=Lurie Garden in Chicago, United States, GGN & Piet Oudolf| Lambun Luriea[[Chicago]], USA, GGN &amp;#38; Piet Oudolf Fayil:High_Line_Park_the_new_second_section.jpg|alt=High Line (second section) A repurposed area in New York City, United States| Babban Layi(sashe na biyu) Yankin da aka sake ginawa a cikin[[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Amurka Fayil:MADRID_PARQUE_MADRID_RIO_SOLSTICIO_AÑO_2015_VIEW_Ð_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Parque Madrid Rio Formal use of water in Madrid, Spain|[[Parque Madrid Rio]]<nowiki/>amfanin da ruwa na yau da kullun a[[Madrid]],[[Ispaniya|Spain]] Fayil:Schouwburgplein_Rotterdam_DSCF3134.JPG|alt=Schouwburgplein Urban park in Rotterdam, Netherlands| SchouwburgpleinPark a cikin[[Rotterdam]],[[Holand|Netherlands]] Fayil:911_Memorial_Park.jpg|alt=911 Memorial Park A memorial park in New York City United States| 911 Memorial ParkGidan rayuwar na tuna a[[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]Amurka </gallery> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d51nhr2g223vigqbxsrroh408fdgqut Feteer meshaltet 0 87014 859446 577053 2026-06-17T15:10:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Feteer meshaltet'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feteer_meshaltet</ref> (Larabcin Masar), a zahiri "pies mai taushi" ko "pies mai kamar taushi"), sau da yawa ana kiranta da '''meshaltet''', shi kayan fulawa ne na 'yan Egypt mai laushi. Ya ƙunshi nau'o'in shinfiɗa hawa masu yawa na gurasa da man shanu ko butter da kuma abin sawa aciki in mutum na so. Abin da za'a sa zai iya zama mai zaƙi ko mai gishiri. Abubuwa masu zaƙi sun haɗa da chukwui, kwakwa, mehalabiya, malban, Nutella ko cakulat, yayin da Abubuwa masu gishiri ze iya zama komai daga naman sa zuwa sausage ko chukwui. Sau da yawa ana tsoma meshaltet wanda ba kayan haɗi a cikinsa a cikin [[zuma]] kuma ana yada shi da [[jam]] ko chukwui ko kuma ana cin sa tare da zaitun. Saboda sauƙin amfani da shi, ana kiran meshaltet sau da yawa [[Pizza]] na Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amira |date=November 5, 2014 |title=Alexandrian Feteer i.e. Pizza Feteer |url=https://amiraspantry.com/alexandrian-feteer-e-pizza-feteer/ |access-date=June 26, 2018 |website=Amira's Pantry}}</ref> ''Feteer meshaltet'' ya zama muhimmiyar aba ce ta karɓar baƙi a Misira. Saboda haka, an ba wa shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] lokacin da ya kai ziyara Masar a watan Yunin 2009. Iyalan Masar suna ba da shi a matsayin kyauta ga baƙi da abokai. Hakanan ana shirya shi lokacin hutu, bukukuwan aure, da sauran bukukuwan. [[Fayil:Egyptian-food-47.jpg|thumb|Mata suna gasa burodin meshaltet]] == Tarihi == ''Feteer meshaltet'' ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Misira, inda aka san shi da "feteer maltoot". Ana barin shi a cikin gidan bauta a matsayin hadaya ga alloli.<ref name="Sawsan">{{Cite web |last=Abu Farha |first=Sawsan |date=2015-02-03 |title=Feteer meshaltet "Egyptian layered pastry" |url=https://chefindisguise.com/2015/02/03/feteer-meshaltet-egyptian-layered-pastry/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=Chef in disguise}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Manakish == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Abinci]] lucos8jnv1ivekwv0ag3eph2avx05k8 859447 859446 2026-06-17T15:12:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Feteer meshaltet'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feteer_meshaltet</ref> (Larabcin Masar), a zahiri "pies mai taushi" ko "pies mai kamar taushi"), sau da yawa ana kiranta da '''meshaltet''', shi kayan fulawa ne na 'yan Egypt mai laushi. Ya ƙunshi nau'o'in shinfiɗa hawa masu yawa na gurasa da man shanu ko butter da kuma abin sawa aciki in mutum na so. Abin da za'a sa zai iya zama mai zaƙi ko mai gishiri. Abubuwa masu zaƙi sun haɗa da chukwui, kwakwa, mehalabiya, malban, Nutella ko cakulat, yayin da Abubuwa masu gishiri ze iya zama komai daga naman sa zuwa sausage ko chukwui. Sau da yawa ana tsoma meshaltet wanda ba kayan haɗi a cikinsa a cikin [[zuma]] kuma ana yada shi da [[jam]] ko chukwui ko kuma ana cin sa tare da zaitun. Saboda sauƙin amfani da shi, ana kiran meshaltet sau da yawa [[Pizza]] na Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amira |date=November 5, 2014 |title=Alexandrian Feteer i.e. Pizza Feteer |url=https://amiraspantry.com/alexandrian-feteer-e-pizza-feteer/ |access-date=June 26, 2018 |website=Amira's Pantry}}</ref> ''Feteer meshaltet'' ya zama muhimmiyar aba ce ta karɓar baƙi a Misira. Saboda haka, an ba wa shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] lokacin da ya kai ziyara Masar a watan Yunin 2009. Iyalan Masar suna ba da shi a matsayin kyauta ga baƙi da abokai. Hakanan ana shirya shi lokacin hutu, bukukuwan aure, da sauran bukukuwan. [[Fayil:Egyptian-food-47.jpg|thumb|Mata suna gasa burodin meshaltet]] == Tarihi == ''Feteer meshaltet'' ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Misira, inda aka san shi da "feteer maltoot". Ana barin shi a cikin gidan bauta a matsayin hadaya ga alloli.<ref name="Sawsan">{{Cite web |last=Abu Farha |first=Sawsan |date=2015-02-03 |title=Feteer meshaltet "Egyptian layered pastry" |url=https://chefindisguise.com/2015/02/03/feteer-meshaltet-egyptian-layered-pastry/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=Chef in disguise}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Meshaltet yana nufin "sirara da lebur" a cikin Larabcin Masar. == Dubi kuma == * Manakish == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Abinci]] iu4gr7e8inhefe19sn0gdu34fnop1pf Magunguna 0 89975 859627 851779 2026-06-17T20:48:31Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359829044|Medicine]]" 859627 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg|alt=Oil painting of medicine in the age of colonialism|thumb|''Likitan'' Sir Luke Fildes (1891)]] An yi amfani da magani tun zamanin da, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta [[Art|fasaha]] ce (fannin kerawa da fasaha), wanda ke da alaƙa da imani [[Addini|na addini]] da [[falsafa]] na al'adun gida. Misali, likitan zai shafa ganye ya yi addu'o'i don warkarwa, ko kuma tsohon [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] da likita zai yi amfani da zubar jini bisa ga ka'idojin barkwanci, ko barkwanci guda huɗu . A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, tun bayan zuwan kimiyyar zamani, yawancin magani ya zama haɗin fasaha da kimiyya (duka na asali da na amfani, a ƙarƙashin laima na '''kimiyyar likitanci''' ). Misali, yayin da dabarun dinki don dinki fasaha ce da aka koya ta hanyar aiki, ilimin abin da ke faruwa a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen da ake dinka yana tasowa ta hanyar kimiyya. Nau'o'in magani na farko-farko, waɗanda yanzu aka sani da [[maganin gargajiya]] ko ''maganin gargajiya'', suna ci gaba da amfani da su ba tare da maganin kimiyya ba, don haka ana kiransu madadin magani . Sauran hanyoyin magani a waje da maganin kimiyya tare da damuwa game da ɗabi'a, aminci da inganci ana kiransu da sihiri ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da kimiyya mai zurfi . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=D. |date=1999-12-01 |title=Secret science |url=https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |journal=Science and Public Policy |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=450–450 |doi=10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |issn=0302-3427 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Asalin Ma'anar == Magunguna (UK: /ˈmɛdsɪn/ i, US: /ˈmeredɪsɪn/i) kimiyya ce da [[wiktionary:physic|jiki]] [[Diagnosis|ganewar asali]], hangen nesa, [[Therapy|magani]], da [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]] [[cuta|Cutar]]. Kalmar "magunguna" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] medicus, ma'ana " [[wiktionary:physician|likita]]". {{Efn|Etymology: {{langx|la|medicina}}, from {{lang|la|ars medicina}} {{gloss|the medical art}}, from {{lang|la|medicus}} {{gloss|physician}}.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=medicine |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |dictionary=Etym.Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122928/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Cf. {{lang|la|mederi}} {{gloss|to heal}}, etym.{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Does this mean "etymologically" or "etymology"?}} {{gloss|know the best course for}}, from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] base {{lang|ine-x-proto|med-}} {{gloss|to measure, limit}}. Cf. {{langx|el|medos}} {{gloss|counsel, plan}}, {{langx|ae|vi-mad}} {{gloss|physician}}}} Kalmar "physical" kanta, daga abin da "physician" ya samo asali, tsohuwar kalmar ce ga abin da yanzu ake kira [[wiktionary:medicine|magani]], da kuma fagen magani. == Aikin asibiti == [[Fayil:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Blackwell, likita mace ta farko a Amurka ta kammala karatunta daga SUNY Upstate (1847)]] Samuwar likitanci da kuma aikin asibiti sun bambanta a faɗin duniya saboda bambancin yanki a [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da [[fasaha]] . Maganin kimiyya na zamani ya bunƙasa sosai kuma ya yaɗu a ƙasashen Yammacin duniya, yayin da a wasu yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu - ciki har da sassan Afirka, Tsibirin Pacific na Oceania, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Latin Amurka - al'umma galibi sun fi dogara da [[maganin gargajiya]] . Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ƙunshi tsarin horo na rarrabawa kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin tallafin gwaji; saboda haka, ƙila ba su da kulawar ƙa'idoji ko shaida mai ƙarfi don ingancin asibiti. A cikin [[Developed country|ƙasashen da suka ci gaba]], ba a amfani da maganin da ke tushen shaida (EBM) a duk faɗin duniya a aikin asibiti; misali, wani bincike na wallafe-wallafen da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa kusan kashi 49% na hanyoyin magani ba su da isassun shaidu don tallafawa ko dai fa'ida ko cutarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=El Dib RP, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB |date=August 2007 |title=Mapping the Cochrane evidence for decision making in health care |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=689–692 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00886.x |pmid=17683315}}</ref> Duk da haka, likitocin da suka yi amfani da maganin ba tare da tabbas ba tare da isasshen hujja, bayyana gaskiya, ko yarda da marasa lafiya na iya karya ƙa'idar ilimin halittar jiki ta rashin cin zarafi, babban ka'idar ɗabi'ar likitanci da ke da alaƙa da rantsuwar Hippocratic, wacce ke jaddada babban aikin "da farko, kada a cutar da kowa." A cikin aikin asibiti na zamani, likitoci da masu aikin matsakaici kamar mataimakan likitoci suna tantance marasa lafiya da kansu don gano cutar, gano ta, magance ta, da kuma hana ta ta amfani da hukuncin asibiti. Haɗuwa ta farko da majiyyaci yawanci tana farawa ne da sake duba [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin lafiyar]] majiyyaci da tarihin lafiyarsa, sannan sai a yi hira da likita da kuma gwajin jiki . Ana amfani da na'urorin likitanci na asali (misali, stethoscope, mai rage harshe ) yawanci. Bayan an duba alamun cutar da kuma yin tambayoyi don alamun cutar, likita zai iya yin odar [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen likita]] (misali, gwaje-gwajen jini ), ɗaukar biopsy, ko kuma rubuta [[Magani|magunguna]] ko wasu hanyoyin magani. Hanyoyin ganewar asali daban-daban suna taimakawa wajen kawar da yanayi bisa ga bayanin da aka bayar. A lokacin haɗuwa, sanar da majiyyaci yadda ya kamata game da duk abubuwan da suka dace muhimmin ɓangare ne na dangantakar da kuma haɓaka aminci a cikin mahallin dangantakar likita da majiyyaci . Sannan ana rubuta haɗuwar likita a cikin bayanan likita, wanda takarda ce ta shari'a a cikin yankuna da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, Hall LA, Hall T, Hess B, Kohn D, Kruse MT, McLendon K, McQueary J, Musa D, Olenik KL, Quinsey CA, Reynolds R, Servais C, Watters A, Wiedemann LA, Wilkins M, Wills M, Vogt NE |date=September 2005 |title=Update: guidelines for defining the legal health record for-disclosure purposes |url=http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |journal=Journal of AHIMA |volume=76 |issue=8 |pages=64A–64G |pmid=16245584 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309002938/http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |archive-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Haɗuwar bibiya na iya zama gajeru amma ana bin wannan tsari na gabaɗaya, kuma ƙwararru suna bin irin wannan tsari. Ganewar cutar da kuma maganinta na iya ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan ko makonni kaɗan, ya danganta da sarkakiyar matsalar. Abubuwan da aka tattauna a hirar likita da kuma haɗuwarsu sune: * Babban ƙara (CC): dalilin ziyarar likita a yanzu. Waɗannan su ne ''alamomin'' . Suna cikin kalmomin majiyyaci kuma an rubuta su tare da tsawon lokacin kowanne. Hakanan ana kiransa ''babban damuwa'' ko ''gabatar da ƙara'' . * Ayyukan da ake yi a yanzu: aiki, abubuwan sha'awa, abin da majiyyaci ke yi a zahiri a fannin sana'a da kuma wanda ba na sana'a ba. * Tarihin iyali (FH): jerin cututtuka a cikin iyali waɗanda zasu iya shafar majiyyaci. Wani lokaci ana amfani da bishiyar iyali . * Tarihin rashin lafiyar da ake da ita a yanzu (HPI): tsarin abubuwan da suka faru na alamun cutar da kuma ƙarin bayani game da kowace alama. An bambanta shi da tarihin rashin lafiyar da ta gabata, wanda galibi ake kira tarihin likita na baya (PMH). [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|Tarihin lafiya]] ya ƙunshi HPI da PMH. * [[Magani|Magunguna]] (Rx): magungunan da majiyyaci ke sha, gami da magungunan da aka rubuta, waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba, da kuma [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gida]], da kuma magungunan ganye ko magunguna . Haka kuma ana rubuta [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar jiki]] . * Tarihin likita na baya (PMH/PMHx): matsalolin lafiya a lokaci guda, asibiti da tiyata a baya, raunuka, cututtukan da suka gabata ko [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], tarihin rashin lafiyar da aka sani. * Bitar Tsarin (ROS) ko ''Binciken Tsarin'' : tarin ƙarin tambayoyi da za a yi, waɗanda za a iya rasa su akan HPI: tambaya ta gabaɗaya (shin kun lura da wani [[Rashin nauyi|raguwar nauyi]], canjin yanayin barci, zazzaɓi, kumburi da kumburi? da sauransu), sannan sai tambayoyi kan manyan tsarin gabobin jiki ( [[zuciya]], [[huhu]], hanyar narkewar abinci, hanyar fitsari, da sauransu). * Tarihin zamantakewa (SH): wurin haihuwa, gidaje, tarihin aure, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, halaye (gami da [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]], magunguna, [[Shan taba|taba]], barasa). Gwajin jiki shine gwajin majiyyaci don gano alamun cutar da ake iya gani da ido, sabanin alamomin da majiyyaci ya bayar da kansu kuma ba lallai bane a iya ganinsu da ido ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=26 August 2009 |title=What Are Symptoms? What Are Signs? |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701123344/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-date=1 July 2014 |website=[[Medical News Today]]}}</ref> Mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya yana amfani da gani, ji, taɓawa, da kuma wani lokacin wari (misali, a cikin kamuwa da cuta, uremia, ciwon suga ketoacidosis ). Ayyuka guda huɗu sune tushen gwajin jiki: dubawa, taɓawa (ji), bugun zuciya (taɓawa don tantance halayen amsawa), da kuma [[Jin magana|sauraro]] (saurare), gabaɗaya a cikin wannan tsari, kodayake audition yana faruwa kafin bugun zuciya da taɓawa don kimanta ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Assessing patients effectively: Here's how to do the basic four techniques |journal=Nursing2014 |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=6 |doi=10.1097/00152193-200611002-00005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gwajin asibiti ya ƙunshi nazarin: <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> * Ciki da dubura * [[Zuciya]] da [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]] ( cardiovascular tract ) * Bayyanar gaba ɗaya na majiyyaci da takamaiman alamun cutar (yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, kasancewar jaundice, fatar jiki ko kuma clubing ) * Genitalia (da kuma ciki idan mara lafiyar yana da ciki ko kuma yana iya zama mai ciki) * Kai, ido, kunne, hanci, da makogwaro ( HEENT ) <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. "Clinical examination"]. ''The Free Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. Archived] from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|Musculoskeletal]] (gami da kashin baya da gaɓoɓi) * Jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (sani, sani, [[kwakwalwa]], gani, jijiyoyin kwanyar, kashin baya da jijiyoyin gefe ) * Ilimin halin dan Adam (hanyar fahimta, yanayin tunani, yanayi, shaidar fahimta ko tunani mara kyau). * Numfashi (manyan hanyoyin iska da [[huhu]] ) <ref name="the free dictionary" /> * Fata * Alamomi masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka haɗa da tsayi, nauyi, zafin jiki, hawan jini, bugun jini, saurin numfashi, da kuma cikar iskar oxygen ta haemoglobin <ref name="the free dictionary" /> Zai yiwu a mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu ban sha'awa da aka ambata a cikin tarihin likitanci kuma ƙila ba za a haɗa da duk abin da aka lissafa a sama ba. Tsarin magani na iya haɗawa da yin odar ƙarin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita da nazarin hotunan likita, fara magani, tura zuwa ga ƙwararre, ko lura da ido. Ana iya ba da shawarar a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin. Dangane da tsarin [[inshorar lafiya]] da tsarin kulawa da aka gudanar, nau'ikan " bitar amfani ", kamar izinin gwaje-gwaje a baya, na iya sanya shinge kan samun ayyuka masu tsada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grembowski DE |last2=Diehr P |author-link2=Paula Diehr |last3=Novak LC |last4=Roussel AE |last5=Martin DP |last6=Patrick DL |last7=Williams B |last8=Ulrich CM |author-link8=Cornelia Ulrich |date=August 2000 |title=Measuring the "managedness" and covered benefits of health plans |journal=Health Services Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=707–734 |pmc=1089144 |pmid=10966092}}</ref> Tsarin yanke shawara kan lafiya (MDM) ya haɗa da nazari da haɗa dukkan bayanan da ke sama don samar da jerin cututtukan da za a iya ganowa (bambancin ganewar asali), tare da ra'ayin abin da ake buƙatar yi don samun ingantaccen ganewar asali wanda zai bayyana matsalar majiyyaci. A ziyara ta gaba, ana iya maimaita wannan tsari ta hanyar taƙaitacce don samun duk wani sabon tarihi, alamu, abubuwan da aka gano a jiki, sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ko hotunan hoto, ko kuma shawarwarin ƙwararru. == Cibiyoyi == [[Fayil:Pellegrinaio_Santa_Maria_della_Scala_n5.jpg|alt=Color fresco of an ancient hospital setting|thumb|Asibitin Santa Maria della Scala, fresco ta Domenico di Bartolo, 1441-1442]] Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da maganin zamani a cikin [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] . Gwamnatoci daban-daban ne ke kafa tsarin shari'a, takardar shaida, da kuma tsarin kuɗi, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar majami'u, ke ƙarawa a wasu lokutan. Halayen kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da tasiri sosai kan yadda ake samar da kulawar lafiya. Tun zamanin da, fifita Kiristoci kan ayyukan agaji ya haifar da ci gaban aikin jinya da asibitoci na yau da kullun, kuma [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a yau ta kasance babbar mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya wanda ba na gwamnati ba a duniya. Ƙasashen masana'antu masu ci gaba (banda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations |url=http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019103757/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2009 |publisher=Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battista |first=John R. |last2=McCabe |first2=Justine |date=June 4, 1999 |title=The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States |url=http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105127/http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Cthealth.server101.com}}</ref> da ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya]] wanda ke da nufin tabbatar da kulawa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin [[kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya]] ko inshorar lafiya ta dole ko ta haɗin gwiwa. An yi nufin wannan don tabbatar da cewa dukkan jama'a suna da damar samun kulawar likita bisa ga buƙata maimakon ikon biya. Isarwa na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ayyukan likita masu zaman kansu, asibitoci da asibitoci mallakar gwamnati, ko ƙungiyoyin agaji, galibi haɗuwa da duka ukun. Yawancin al'ummomin [[Ƙabila|ƙabilu]] ba sa ba da garantin kiwon lafiya ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomi, kiwon lafiya yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinsa, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi inshorar kansu (ko dai kai tsaye ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilar aiki), ko kuma gwamnati ko ƙabila za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin kula da kai tsaye. [[Fayil:Drug_ampoule_JPN.jpg|alt=collection of glass bottles of different sizes|thumb|Ampoules na zamani na magunguna]] Bayyanar bayanai wani abu ne da ke bayyana tsarin isar da sako. Samun bayanai kan yanayi, jiyya, inganci, da farashi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga zaɓin marasa lafiya/masu amfani, saboda haka, ƙarfafa gwiwar ƙwararrun likitoci. Duk da cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka ya fuskanci suka saboda rashin buɗe ido, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sipkoff |first=Martin |date=January 2004 |title=Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement |url=http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |url-status=live |journal=Managed Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |pmid=14763279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217160421/http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |archive-date=17 February 2004 |access-date=16 April 2006}}</ref> sabuwar doka na iya ƙarfafa buɗe ido. Akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin buƙatar bayyana gaskiya da damuwa kan sirrin marasa lafiya da kuma amfani da bayanan likita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kasuwanci. Masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa buɗe ido yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su yanke shawara mai ma'ana, yayin da masu suka suka yi gargaɗin cewa yana iya fallasa bayanan sirri da kuma gayyatar cin zarafin masu inshora, ma'aikata, ko masu tallatawa. Daidaita alhakin da sirri ya kasance babban ƙalubale. [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Ƙwararrun likitocin]] da ke ba da kulawa a fannin likitanci sun ƙunshi sana'o'i da yawa, kamar likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], [[Gyaran jiki|likitocin motsa jiki]], da kuma masana halayyar ɗan adam . Waɗannan sana'o'in za su sami nasu ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ilimin ƙwararru, da kuma jiki. An fahimci sana'ar likitanci daga mahangar zamantakewa . === Isarwa === An rarraba bayar da kulawar lafiya zuwa nau'ikan kula da lafiya na farko, na sakandare, da na gaba da sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HealthCare – Arthapedia |url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrimary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011946/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle=Primary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=www.arthapedia.in}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nurses_at_Butawin_Urban_Clinic,_PNG_(10711159465).jpg|alt=photograph of three nurses|thumb|Ma'aikatan jinya a Kokopo, Gabashin New Britain, [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]]] Likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ko wasu ƙwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya [[Kulawa na farko|na]] farko waɗanda suka fara hulɗa da majiyyaci da ke neman magani ko kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of health care providers: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051332/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan suna faruwa ne a ofisoshin likitoci, asibitoci, asibitoci, gidajen jinya, makarantu, gidajen marasa lafiya, da kuma wasu wurare waɗanda galibi suna kusa da inda marasa lafiya ke zaune, aiki ko karatu. Kimanin kashi 90% na ziyarar likita ana iya magance su cikin gamsuwa da inganci ta hanyar masu ba da kulawa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mala |last2=Pilot |first2=Eva |date=February 13, 2014 |title=The missing link – the role of primary care in global health |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |pmc=3926992 |pmid=24560266 |access-date=April 21, 2026}}</ref> Ziyarar kulawa ta farko na iya haɗawa da maganin ƙananan cututtuka, masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun, [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kulawar rigakafi]], da [[Ilimi na kiwon lafiya|ilimin lafiya]] . Kulawar farko tana kan lafiyar dukkan al'umma don haka masu ba da kulawa suna kula da marasa lafiya na kowane zamani da jinsi. Kwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan [[Kula da lafiya|kula da lafiya na sakandare]] a ofisoshinsu, asibitoci ko asibitoci, ko a asibitocin al'umma na gida, ga marasa lafiya da mai ba da kulawa ta farko ya tura waɗanda suka fara gano cutar ko suka yi wa majinyaci magani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondary Health Care |url=https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117030041/https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=International Medical Corps |language=en}}</ref> 'Tuntuɓi' ana yin su ne daga waɗanda suka buƙaci ƙwarewa ta musamman, ko takamaiman hanyoyin da kwararru ke yi. Ayyukan kula da lafiya na sakandare sun haɗa da kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti da ayyukan asibiti, sassan gaggawa, wasu magungunan kulawa mai zurfi, wasu tiyata da sauran ayyuka, [[Gyaran jiki|jiyya ta jiki]], [[Jego|nakasa da haihuwa]], sassan endoscopy, ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotunan likita, cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, da sauransu ya danganta da tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake bayarwa. Wasu masu ba da kulawa ta farko kuma suna iya kula da marasa lafiya da ke asibiti da kuma haihuwar jarirai a wani wuri na biyu na kulawa. Ana bayar da ayyukan [[Kula da lafiya|kula da lafiya na gaba da sakandare]] ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kwararru na masu ba da sabis a manyan asibitoci ko cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yanki, waɗanda ke da kayan aikin bincike da magani waɗanda ba a saba samu a asibitoci na gida (sau da yawa ƙananan). Wannan yana ba da damar kulawa da kula da marasa lafiya da ke da yanayi mai rikitarwa ko gaggawa ko mai tsanani, wanda hakan na iya buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa (gami da ƙungiyoyi masu fannoni da yawa) da albarkatu (kayayyaki, ma'aikata, kwanakin kwanciya) don magancewa yadda ya kamata. Kulawa ta gaba na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ake bayarwa a cibiyoyin kula da [[ƙonewa]] ko raunuka, ayyukan sashen kula da jarirai na gaba, dashen gabobi, ɗaukar ciki mai haɗari da haihuwa, [[Oncology|cutar kansa]] ta radiation, da sauran nau'ikan kulawa ta musamman da ta musamman. Kula da lafiya ta zamani ya dogara ne akan adanawa da amfani da bayanai, gami da game da wani majiyyaci - har yanzu ana adana su a wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya a kan takardun 'bayanan likita', amma a zamanin yau ana ƙara samun su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin lantarki . A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kiwon lafiya na zamani yakan yi tsada sosai ga talakawa. Masu bincike kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun ba da shawarar cewa a cire "kuɗin mai amfani" a waɗannan fannoni don tabbatar da samun dama; duk da haka, koda an cire nauyin kuɗin marasa lafiya, akwai manyan kuɗaɗe da shinge ga talakawa da marasa lafiya wajen samun isasshen kulawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B |date=April 2013 |title=Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=277–282 |doi=10.2471/BLT.12.110015 |pmc=3629451 |pmid=23599551}}</ref> [[Rabuwa da ba da magani da rarrabawa|Raba takardar magani da kuma bayar da magani]] aiki ne a fannin likitanci da kantin magani inda likitan da ke ba da takardar magani ya bambanta da mai sayar da magani wanda ke ba wa majiyyaci maganin da aka rubuta . A duniyar Yamma akwai ƙarnoni na al'adu da ayyuka da ke bambanta masu sayar da magani da likitoci, kuma an haɓaka sana'o'i biyu daban-daban. A ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, a gefe guda, al'ada ce ga likitoci su kai magunguna kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya, aƙalla a wasu lokuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chou YJ, Yip WC, Lee CH, Huang N, Sun YP, Chang HJ |date=September 2003 |title=Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czg038 |pmid=12917273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da wannan samfurin a ƙasashen yamma: musamman ga yanayin da aka yi wa magani mai sauƙi (misali, waɗanda ke buƙatar maganin rigakafi na gama gari), a wurare masu nisa, tare da al'ummomin marasa lafiya masu rauni, da kuma a ƙananan wuraren kiwon lafiya ko na haɗin gwiwa. == Reshe == [[Fayil:Drawing_by_Marguerite_Martyn_of_a_visiting_nurse_with_medicine_and_four_babies,_1918.jpg|thumb|Zane daga Marguerite Martyn (1918) na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ta ziyarce ta a St. Louis, Missouri, tare da magani da jarirai]] Tare da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban, [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] da yawa waɗanda suka sami horo sosai suna shiga cikin samar da kulawar lafiya ta zamani. Misalai sun haɗa da: [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu harhada magunguna, likitocin ƙafa, [[Gyaran jiki|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], masu ilimin numfashi, masu ilimin magana, masu ilimin [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|motsa jiki na aiki]], masu nazarin rediyo, masu nazarin abinci, da injiniyoyin halittu, masana kimiyyar lissafi, likitocin tiyata, mataimakin likitan tiyata, masanin fasaha na tiyata . Fannin ilimin da ke ƙarƙashin maganin ɗan adam ya shafi fannoni da dama. Majinyaci da aka kwantar a asibiti yawanci yana ƙarƙashin kulawar wata ƙungiya ta musamman bisa ga babbar matsalar da ke tattare da shi, misali, ƙungiyar likitocin zuciya, waɗanda daga nan za su iya hulɗa da wasu ƙwararru, misali, tiyata, radiology, don taimakawa wajen gano ko magance babbar matsalar ko duk wata matsala/ci gaba da ta biyo baya. Likitoci suna da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da yawa a wasu fannoni na likitanci, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa. Akwai bambance-bambance daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa game da fannoni na musamman da wasu ƙananan fannoni ke da su. Manyan sassan maganin sune: * Ilimin kimiyyar magani na asali; wannan shine abin da ake ilmantar da kowane likita a kai, wasu kuma suna komawa ga binciken likitanci . * fannoni daban-daban na fannin likitanci, inda ake haɗa fannoni daban-daban na likitanci don yin aiki a wasu lokuta. * Ƙwarewar likitanci === Kimiyyar asali === * ''[[Anatomy|Ilimin Halittar Jiki]]'' nazarin tsarin halittar halittu ne. Sabanin ''macroscopic'' ko ''generic anatomy'', ''ilimin halittar jiki'' da ''histology'' suna da alaƙa da tsarin ƙananan halittu. * ''[[Biochemistry]]'' nazarin sinadarai ne da ke faruwa a cikin halittu masu rai, musamman tsari da aikin sinadaran da ke cikinsu. * ''[[Biomechanics]]'' nazarin tsari da aikin tsarin halittu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Injini . * ''Biophysics'' kimiyya ce ta fannoni daban-daban da ke amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin sunadarai na jiki don nazarin tsarin halittu. * ''Nazarin halittu (Biostatistics)'' shine amfani da kididdiga a fannonin halittu a faffadan ma'ana. Sanin ilimin halittu yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarawa, kimantawa, da fassarar binciken likitanci. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga ilimin cututtuka da magani bisa ga shaida. * ''Cytology'' shine binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta. [[Fayil:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg|thumb|''Louis Pasteur'', kamar yadda aka nuna a dakin gwaje-gwajensa, 1885 ta Albert Edelfelt]] [[Fayil:Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Robert Koch a [[Berlin]]]] * ''Embryology'' shine nazarin farkon ci gaban halittu. * ''Endocrinology'' shine nazarin hormones da tasirinsu a cikin jikin dabbobi. * Ilimin ''cututtuka'' nazarin alƙaluma ne na tsarin cututtuka, kuma ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, nazarin annoba . * ''[[Genetics|Ilimin Halittar Jini]]'' nazarin kwayoyin halitta ne, da kuma rawar da suke takawa a [[Ga do|gadon halittu]] . * ''Ilimin mata (Gynecology)'' nazarin tsarin haihuwa na mace ne. * ''Histology'' nazarin tsarin kyallen halitta ne ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa mai haske, na'urar hangen nesa ta electron da kuma na'urar hangen nesa ta immunohistochemistry . * ''Immunology'' nazarin [[Tsarin rigakafi|tsarin garkuwar jiki]] ne, wanda ya haɗa da tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali da na daidaitawa a cikin mutane, misali. * ''[[Hanyar rayuwa|Maganin rayuwa]]'' shine nazarin [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtukan da ke da saurin kamuwa da cuta]], da kuma yadda ake hana su, magance su da kuma magance su. * ''Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na likitanci'' nazarin amfani da ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi a fannin likitanci ne. * ''[[Ilimin halittu|Ilimin halittu masu rai (Microbiology)]]'' nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ne na ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su protozoa, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions, da viroids. * ''Ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta'' nazarin tushen kwayoyin halitta ne na tsarin [[Kwafi na DNA|kwafi]], kwafi da fassara kayan kwayoyin halitta. * ''Ilimin jijiyoyi'' ya haɗa da waɗannan fannoni na kimiyya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin tsarin jijiyoyi . Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi shi ne [[Biology|ilimin halittu]] da ilimin halittar kwakwalwa da kashin baya na ɗan adam. Wasu fannoni na asibiti masu alaƙa sun haɗa da ilimin jijiyoyi, tiyatar jijiyoyi da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . * ''Kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki'' (mayar da hankali kan ka'ida) da kuma ''ilimin abinci'' (mayar da hankali kan aiki) nazarin alaƙar abinci da abin sha da lafiya da cututtuka ne, musamman wajen tantance abinci mafi kyau. Masana abinci suna yin maganin abinci mai gina jiki na likitanci kuma ana ba da shawararsa ga masu [[ciwon suga]], [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]], matsalolin nauyi da cin abinci, rashin lafiyan jiki, [[Allergy|rashin]] abinci mai gina jiki, da cututtukan da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|ba su da alaƙa]] da ƙwayoyin cuta. * ''Ilimin cututtuka a matsayin kimiyya'' shine nazarin cututtuka{{Spaced en dash}}dalilai, hanya, ci gaba da warware su. * ''[[Ilimin Magunguna|Ilimin harhada magunguna]]'' shine nazarin [[Ƙwaya|magunguna]] da ayyukansu. * ''Photobiology'' nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin radiation mara ionizing da halittu masu rai. * ''Ilimin halittar jiki'' shine nazarin yadda jiki ke aiki yadda ya kamata da kuma hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashinsa. * ''Ilimin halittu na rediyo'' shine nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin hasken ionizing da halittu masu rai. * ''Toxicology'' bincike ne na illolin miyagun ƙwayoyi da [[Dafi|guba]] . == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{clear right}} == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t81u259w9rkgt5kku9yxh5x6lwxobzt 859628 859627 2026-06-17T20:49:02Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359829044|Medicine]]" 859628 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg|alt=Oil painting of medicine in the age of colonialism|thumb|''Likitan'' Sir Luke Fildes (1891)]] '''[[Magani|magunguna]]''' shine kimiyya da kuma aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saunders |first=John |date=June 2000 |title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science |url= |journal=Med Humanit |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18 |issn=1468-215X |pmc=1071282 |pmid=12484313 |s2cid=73306806 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na kula da marasa [[lafiya]], sarrafa ganewar asali, hangen nesa, [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]], magani da kuma warware rauni su ko Cutar, yayin inganta lafiyarsu su. Magunguna sun ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka samo asali don kiyayewa da dawo da lafiya ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin rashin lafiya da kamuwa da cuta. Magungunan zamani suna amfani da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, bincike na kiwon lafiya (biomedical research), kwayoyin halitta, da Fasahar kiwon lafiya don ganowa, magancewa, da hana rauni da cututtuka, yawanci ta hanyar magunguna daban-daban ko tiyata, amma kuma ta hanyar warkewa kamar su psychotherapy, splints na waje da traction, na'urorin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary, medicine |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154538/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> An yi amfani da magani tun zamanin da, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta [[Art|fasaha]] ce (fannin kerawa da fasaha), wanda ke da alaƙa da imani [[Addini|na addini]] da [[falsafa]] na al'adun gida. Misali, likitan zai shafa ganye ya yi addu'o'i don warkarwa, ko kuma tsohon [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] da likita zai yi amfani da zubar jini bisa ga ka'idojin barkwanci, ko barkwanci guda huɗu . A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, tun bayan zuwan kimiyyar zamani, yawancin magani ya zama haɗin fasaha da kimiyya (duka na asali da na amfani, a ƙarƙashin laima na '''kimiyyar likitanci''' ). Misali, yayin da dabarun dinki don dinki fasaha ce da aka koya ta hanyar aiki, ilimin abin da ke faruwa a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen da ake dinka yana tasowa ta hanyar kimiyya. Nau'o'in magani na farko-farko, waɗanda yanzu aka sani da [[maganin gargajiya]] ko ''maganin gargajiya'', suna ci gaba da amfani da su ba tare da maganin kimiyya ba, don haka ana kiransu madadin magani . Sauran hanyoyin magani a waje da maganin kimiyya tare da damuwa game da ɗabi'a, aminci da inganci ana kiransu da sihiri ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da kimiyya mai zurfi . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=D. |date=1999-12-01 |title=Secret science |url=https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |journal=Science and Public Policy |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=450–450 |doi=10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |issn=0302-3427 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Asalin Ma'anar == Magunguna (UK: /ˈmɛdsɪn/ i, US: /ˈmeredɪsɪn/i) kimiyya ce da [[wiktionary:physic|jiki]] [[Diagnosis|ganewar asali]], hangen nesa, [[Therapy|magani]], da [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]] [[cuta|Cutar]]. Kalmar "magunguna" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] medicus, ma'ana " [[wiktionary:physician|likita]]". {{Efn|Etymology: {{langx|la|medicina}}, from {{lang|la|ars medicina}} {{gloss|the medical art}}, from {{lang|la|medicus}} {{gloss|physician}}.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=medicine |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |dictionary=Etym.Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122928/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Cf. {{lang|la|mederi}} {{gloss|to heal}}, etym.{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Does this mean "etymologically" or "etymology"?}} {{gloss|know the best course for}}, from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] base {{lang|ine-x-proto|med-}} {{gloss|to measure, limit}}. Cf. {{langx|el|medos}} {{gloss|counsel, plan}}, {{langx|ae|vi-mad}} {{gloss|physician}}}} Kalmar "physical" kanta, daga abin da "physician" ya samo asali, tsohuwar kalmar ce ga abin da yanzu ake kira [[wiktionary:medicine|magani]], da kuma fagen magani. == Aikin asibiti == [[Fayil:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Blackwell, likita mace ta farko a Amurka ta kammala karatunta daga SUNY Upstate (1847)]] Samuwar likitanci da kuma aikin asibiti sun bambanta a faɗin duniya saboda bambancin yanki a [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da [[fasaha]] . Maganin kimiyya na zamani ya bunƙasa sosai kuma ya yaɗu a ƙasashen Yammacin duniya, yayin da a wasu yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu - ciki har da sassan Afirka, Tsibirin Pacific na Oceania, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Latin Amurka - al'umma galibi sun fi dogara da [[maganin gargajiya]] . Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ƙunshi tsarin horo na rarrabawa kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin tallafin gwaji; saboda haka, ƙila ba su da kulawar ƙa'idoji ko shaida mai ƙarfi don ingancin asibiti. A cikin [[Developed country|ƙasashen da suka ci gaba]], ba a amfani da maganin da ke tushen shaida (EBM) a duk faɗin duniya a aikin asibiti; misali, wani bincike na wallafe-wallafen da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa kusan kashi 49% na hanyoyin magani ba su da isassun shaidu don tallafawa ko dai fa'ida ko cutarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=El Dib RP, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB |date=August 2007 |title=Mapping the Cochrane evidence for decision making in health care |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=689–692 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00886.x |pmid=17683315}}</ref> Duk da haka, likitocin da suka yi amfani da maganin ba tare da tabbas ba tare da isasshen hujja, bayyana gaskiya, ko yarda da marasa lafiya na iya karya ƙa'idar ilimin halittar jiki ta rashin cin zarafi, babban ka'idar ɗabi'ar likitanci da ke da alaƙa da rantsuwar Hippocratic, wacce ke jaddada babban aikin "da farko, kada a cutar da kowa." A cikin aikin asibiti na zamani, likitoci da masu aikin matsakaici kamar mataimakan likitoci suna tantance marasa lafiya da kansu don gano cutar, gano ta, magance ta, da kuma hana ta ta amfani da hukuncin asibiti. Haɗuwa ta farko da majiyyaci yawanci tana farawa ne da sake duba [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin lafiyar]] majiyyaci da tarihin lafiyarsa, sannan sai a yi hira da likita da kuma gwajin jiki . Ana amfani da na'urorin likitanci na asali (misali, stethoscope, mai rage harshe ) yawanci. Bayan an duba alamun cutar da kuma yin tambayoyi don alamun cutar, likita zai iya yin odar [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen likita]] (misali, gwaje-gwajen jini ), ɗaukar biopsy, ko kuma rubuta [[Magani|magunguna]] ko wasu hanyoyin magani. Hanyoyin ganewar asali daban-daban suna taimakawa wajen kawar da yanayi bisa ga bayanin da aka bayar. A lokacin haɗuwa, sanar da majiyyaci yadda ya kamata game da duk abubuwan da suka dace muhimmin ɓangare ne na dangantakar da kuma haɓaka aminci a cikin mahallin dangantakar likita da majiyyaci . Sannan ana rubuta haɗuwar likita a cikin bayanan likita, wanda takarda ce ta shari'a a cikin yankuna da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, Hall LA, Hall T, Hess B, Kohn D, Kruse MT, McLendon K, McQueary J, Musa D, Olenik KL, Quinsey CA, Reynolds R, Servais C, Watters A, Wiedemann LA, Wilkins M, Wills M, Vogt NE |date=September 2005 |title=Update: guidelines for defining the legal health record for-disclosure purposes |url=http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |journal=Journal of AHIMA |volume=76 |issue=8 |pages=64A–64G |pmid=16245584 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309002938/http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |archive-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Haɗuwar bibiya na iya zama gajeru amma ana bin wannan tsari na gabaɗaya, kuma ƙwararru suna bin irin wannan tsari. Ganewar cutar da kuma maganinta na iya ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan ko makonni kaɗan, ya danganta da sarkakiyar matsalar. Abubuwan da aka tattauna a hirar likita da kuma haɗuwarsu sune: * Babban ƙara (CC): dalilin ziyarar likita a yanzu. Waɗannan su ne ''alamomin'' . Suna cikin kalmomin majiyyaci kuma an rubuta su tare da tsawon lokacin kowanne. Hakanan ana kiransa ''babban damuwa'' ko ''gabatar da ƙara'' . * Ayyukan da ake yi a yanzu: aiki, abubuwan sha'awa, abin da majiyyaci ke yi a zahiri a fannin sana'a da kuma wanda ba na sana'a ba. * Tarihin iyali (FH): jerin cututtuka a cikin iyali waɗanda zasu iya shafar majiyyaci. Wani lokaci ana amfani da bishiyar iyali . * Tarihin rashin lafiyar da ake da ita a yanzu (HPI): tsarin abubuwan da suka faru na alamun cutar da kuma ƙarin bayani game da kowace alama. An bambanta shi da tarihin rashin lafiyar da ta gabata, wanda galibi ake kira tarihin likita na baya (PMH). [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|Tarihin lafiya]] ya ƙunshi HPI da PMH. * [[Magani|Magunguna]] (Rx): magungunan da majiyyaci ke sha, gami da magungunan da aka rubuta, waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba, da kuma [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gida]], da kuma magungunan ganye ko magunguna . Haka kuma ana rubuta [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar jiki]] . * Tarihin likita na baya (PMH/PMHx): matsalolin lafiya a lokaci guda, asibiti da tiyata a baya, raunuka, cututtukan da suka gabata ko [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], tarihin rashin lafiyar da aka sani. * Bitar Tsarin (ROS) ko ''Binciken Tsarin'' : tarin ƙarin tambayoyi da za a yi, waɗanda za a iya rasa su akan HPI: tambaya ta gabaɗaya (shin kun lura da wani [[Rashin nauyi|raguwar nauyi]], canjin yanayin barci, zazzaɓi, kumburi da kumburi? da sauransu), sannan sai tambayoyi kan manyan tsarin gabobin jiki ( [[zuciya]], [[huhu]], hanyar narkewar abinci, hanyar fitsari, da sauransu). * Tarihin zamantakewa (SH): wurin haihuwa, gidaje, tarihin aure, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, halaye (gami da [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]], magunguna, [[Shan taba|taba]], barasa). Gwajin jiki shine gwajin majiyyaci don gano alamun cutar da ake iya gani da ido, sabanin alamomin da majiyyaci ya bayar da kansu kuma ba lallai bane a iya ganinsu da ido ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=26 August 2009 |title=What Are Symptoms? What Are Signs? |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701123344/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-date=1 July 2014 |website=[[Medical News Today]]}}</ref> Mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya yana amfani da gani, ji, taɓawa, da kuma wani lokacin wari (misali, a cikin kamuwa da cuta, uremia, ciwon suga ketoacidosis ). Ayyuka guda huɗu sune tushen gwajin jiki: dubawa, taɓawa (ji), bugun zuciya (taɓawa don tantance halayen amsawa), da kuma [[Jin magana|sauraro]] (saurare), gabaɗaya a cikin wannan tsari, kodayake audition yana faruwa kafin bugun zuciya da taɓawa don kimanta ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Assessing patients effectively: Here's how to do the basic four techniques |journal=Nursing2014 |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=6 |doi=10.1097/00152193-200611002-00005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gwajin asibiti ya ƙunshi nazarin: <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> * Ciki da dubura * [[Zuciya]] da [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]] ( cardiovascular tract ) * Bayyanar gaba ɗaya na majiyyaci da takamaiman alamun cutar (yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, kasancewar jaundice, fatar jiki ko kuma clubing ) * Genitalia (da kuma ciki idan mara lafiyar yana da ciki ko kuma yana iya zama mai ciki) * Kai, ido, kunne, hanci, da makogwaro ( HEENT ) <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. "Clinical examination"]. ''The Free Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. Archived] from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|Musculoskeletal]] (gami da kashin baya da gaɓoɓi) * Jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (sani, sani, [[kwakwalwa]], gani, jijiyoyin kwanyar, kashin baya da jijiyoyin gefe ) * Ilimin halin dan Adam (hanyar fahimta, yanayin tunani, yanayi, shaidar fahimta ko tunani mara kyau). * Numfashi (manyan hanyoyin iska da [[huhu]] ) <ref name="the free dictionary" /> * Fata * Alamomi masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka haɗa da tsayi, nauyi, zafin jiki, hawan jini, bugun jini, saurin numfashi, da kuma cikar iskar oxygen ta haemoglobin <ref name="the free dictionary" /> Zai yiwu a mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu ban sha'awa da aka ambata a cikin tarihin likitanci kuma ƙila ba za a haɗa da duk abin da aka lissafa a sama ba. Tsarin magani na iya haɗawa da yin odar ƙarin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita da nazarin hotunan likita, fara magani, tura zuwa ga ƙwararre, ko lura da ido. Ana iya ba da shawarar a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin. Dangane da tsarin [[inshorar lafiya]] da tsarin kulawa da aka gudanar, nau'ikan " bitar amfani ", kamar izinin gwaje-gwaje a baya, na iya sanya shinge kan samun ayyuka masu tsada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grembowski DE |last2=Diehr P |author-link2=Paula Diehr |last3=Novak LC |last4=Roussel AE |last5=Martin DP |last6=Patrick DL |last7=Williams B |last8=Ulrich CM |author-link8=Cornelia Ulrich |date=August 2000 |title=Measuring the "managedness" and covered benefits of health plans |journal=Health Services Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=707–734 |pmc=1089144 |pmid=10966092}}</ref> Tsarin yanke shawara kan lafiya (MDM) ya haɗa da nazari da haɗa dukkan bayanan da ke sama don samar da jerin cututtukan da za a iya ganowa (bambancin ganewar asali), tare da ra'ayin abin da ake buƙatar yi don samun ingantaccen ganewar asali wanda zai bayyana matsalar majiyyaci. A ziyara ta gaba, ana iya maimaita wannan tsari ta hanyar taƙaitacce don samun duk wani sabon tarihi, alamu, abubuwan da aka gano a jiki, sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ko hotunan hoto, ko kuma shawarwarin ƙwararru. == Cibiyoyi == [[Fayil:Pellegrinaio_Santa_Maria_della_Scala_n5.jpg|alt=Color fresco of an ancient hospital setting|thumb|Asibitin Santa Maria della Scala, fresco ta Domenico di Bartolo, 1441-1442]] Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da maganin zamani a cikin [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] . Gwamnatoci daban-daban ne ke kafa tsarin shari'a, takardar shaida, da kuma tsarin kuɗi, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar majami'u, ke ƙarawa a wasu lokutan. Halayen kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da tasiri sosai kan yadda ake samar da kulawar lafiya. Tun zamanin da, fifita Kiristoci kan ayyukan agaji ya haifar da ci gaban aikin jinya da asibitoci na yau da kullun, kuma [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a yau ta kasance babbar mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya wanda ba na gwamnati ba a duniya. Ƙasashen masana'antu masu ci gaba (banda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations |url=http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019103757/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2009 |publisher=Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battista |first=John R. |last2=McCabe |first2=Justine |date=June 4, 1999 |title=The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States |url=http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105127/http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Cthealth.server101.com}}</ref> da ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya]] wanda ke da nufin tabbatar da kulawa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin [[kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya]] ko inshorar lafiya ta dole ko ta haɗin gwiwa. An yi nufin wannan don tabbatar da cewa dukkan jama'a suna da damar samun kulawar likita bisa ga buƙata maimakon ikon biya. Isarwa na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ayyukan likita masu zaman kansu, asibitoci da asibitoci mallakar gwamnati, ko ƙungiyoyin agaji, galibi haɗuwa da duka ukun. Yawancin al'ummomin [[Ƙabila|ƙabilu]] ba sa ba da garantin kiwon lafiya ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomi, kiwon lafiya yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinsa, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi inshorar kansu (ko dai kai tsaye ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilar aiki), ko kuma gwamnati ko ƙabila za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin kula da kai tsaye. [[Fayil:Drug_ampoule_JPN.jpg|alt=collection of glass bottles of different sizes|thumb|Ampoules na zamani na magunguna]] Bayyanar bayanai wani abu ne da ke bayyana tsarin isar da sako. Samun bayanai kan yanayi, jiyya, inganci, da farashi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga zaɓin marasa lafiya/masu amfani, saboda haka, ƙarfafa gwiwar ƙwararrun likitoci. Duk da cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka ya fuskanci suka saboda rashin buɗe ido, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sipkoff |first=Martin |date=January 2004 |title=Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement |url=http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |url-status=live |journal=Managed Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |pmid=14763279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217160421/http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |archive-date=17 February 2004 |access-date=16 April 2006}}</ref> sabuwar doka na iya ƙarfafa buɗe ido. Akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin buƙatar bayyana gaskiya da damuwa kan sirrin marasa lafiya da kuma amfani da bayanan likita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kasuwanci. Masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa buɗe ido yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su yanke shawara mai ma'ana, yayin da masu suka suka yi gargaɗin cewa yana iya fallasa bayanan sirri da kuma gayyatar cin zarafin masu inshora, ma'aikata, ko masu tallatawa. Daidaita alhakin da sirri ya kasance babban ƙalubale. [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Ƙwararrun likitocin]] da ke ba da kulawa a fannin likitanci sun ƙunshi sana'o'i da yawa, kamar likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], [[Gyaran jiki|likitocin motsa jiki]], da kuma masana halayyar ɗan adam . Waɗannan sana'o'in za su sami nasu ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ilimin ƙwararru, da kuma jiki. An fahimci sana'ar likitanci daga mahangar zamantakewa . === Isarwa === An rarraba bayar da kulawar lafiya zuwa nau'ikan kula da lafiya na farko, na sakandare, da na gaba da sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HealthCare – Arthapedia |url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrimary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011946/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle=Primary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=www.arthapedia.in}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nurses_at_Butawin_Urban_Clinic,_PNG_(10711159465).jpg|alt=photograph of three nurses|thumb|Ma'aikatan jinya a Kokopo, Gabashin New Britain, [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]]] Likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ko wasu ƙwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya [[Kulawa na farko|na]] farko waɗanda suka fara hulɗa da majiyyaci da ke neman magani ko kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of health care providers: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051332/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan suna faruwa ne a ofisoshin likitoci, asibitoci, asibitoci, gidajen jinya, makarantu, gidajen marasa lafiya, da kuma wasu wurare waɗanda galibi suna kusa da inda marasa lafiya ke zaune, aiki ko karatu. Kimanin kashi 90% na ziyarar likita ana iya magance su cikin gamsuwa da inganci ta hanyar masu ba da kulawa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mala |last2=Pilot |first2=Eva |date=February 13, 2014 |title=The missing link – the role of primary care in global health |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |pmc=3926992 |pmid=24560266 |access-date=April 21, 2026}}</ref> Ziyarar kulawa ta farko na iya haɗawa da maganin ƙananan cututtuka, masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun, [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kulawar rigakafi]], da [[Ilimi na kiwon lafiya|ilimin lafiya]] . Kulawar farko tana kan lafiyar dukkan al'umma don haka masu ba da kulawa suna kula da marasa lafiya na kowane zamani da jinsi. Kwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan [[Kula da lafiya|kula da lafiya na sakandare]] a ofisoshinsu, asibitoci ko asibitoci, ko a asibitocin al'umma na gida, ga marasa lafiya da mai ba da kulawa ta farko ya tura waɗanda suka fara gano cutar ko suka yi wa majinyaci magani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondary Health Care |url=https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117030041/https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=International Medical Corps |language=en}}</ref> 'Tuntuɓi' ana yin su ne daga waɗanda suka buƙaci ƙwarewa ta musamman, ko takamaiman hanyoyin da kwararru ke yi. Ayyukan kula da lafiya na sakandare sun haɗa da kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti da ayyukan asibiti, sassan gaggawa, wasu magungunan kulawa mai zurfi, wasu tiyata da sauran ayyuka, [[Gyaran jiki|jiyya ta jiki]], [[Jego|nakasa da haihuwa]], sassan endoscopy, ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotunan likita, cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, da sauransu ya danganta da tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake bayarwa. Wasu masu ba da kulawa ta farko kuma suna iya kula da marasa lafiya da ke asibiti da kuma haihuwar jarirai a wani wuri na biyu na kulawa. Ana bayar da ayyukan [[Kula da lafiya|kula da lafiya na gaba da sakandare]] ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kwararru na masu ba da sabis a manyan asibitoci ko cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yanki, waɗanda ke da kayan aikin bincike da magani waɗanda ba a saba samu a asibitoci na gida (sau da yawa ƙananan). Wannan yana ba da damar kulawa da kula da marasa lafiya da ke da yanayi mai rikitarwa ko gaggawa ko mai tsanani, wanda hakan na iya buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa (gami da ƙungiyoyi masu fannoni da yawa) da albarkatu (kayayyaki, ma'aikata, kwanakin kwanciya) don magancewa yadda ya kamata. Kulawa ta gaba na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ake bayarwa a cibiyoyin kula da [[ƙonewa]] ko raunuka, ayyukan sashen kula da jarirai na gaba, dashen gabobi, ɗaukar ciki mai haɗari da haihuwa, [[Oncology|cutar kansa]] ta radiation, da sauran nau'ikan kulawa ta musamman da ta musamman. Kula da lafiya ta zamani ya dogara ne akan adanawa da amfani da bayanai, gami da game da wani majiyyaci - har yanzu ana adana su a wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya a kan takardun 'bayanan likita', amma a zamanin yau ana ƙara samun su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin lantarki . A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kiwon lafiya na zamani yakan yi tsada sosai ga talakawa. Masu bincike kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun ba da shawarar cewa a cire "kuɗin mai amfani" a waɗannan fannoni don tabbatar da samun dama; duk da haka, koda an cire nauyin kuɗin marasa lafiya, akwai manyan kuɗaɗe da shinge ga talakawa da marasa lafiya wajen samun isasshen kulawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B |date=April 2013 |title=Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=277–282 |doi=10.2471/BLT.12.110015 |pmc=3629451 |pmid=23599551}}</ref> [[Rabuwa da ba da magani da rarrabawa|Raba takardar magani da kuma bayar da magani]] aiki ne a fannin likitanci da kantin magani inda likitan da ke ba da takardar magani ya bambanta da mai sayar da magani wanda ke ba wa majiyyaci maganin da aka rubuta . A duniyar Yamma akwai ƙarnoni na al'adu da ayyuka da ke bambanta masu sayar da magani da likitoci, kuma an haɓaka sana'o'i biyu daban-daban. A ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, a gefe guda, al'ada ce ga likitoci su kai magunguna kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya, aƙalla a wasu lokuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chou YJ, Yip WC, Lee CH, Huang N, Sun YP, Chang HJ |date=September 2003 |title=Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czg038 |pmid=12917273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da wannan samfurin a ƙasashen yamma: musamman ga yanayin da aka yi wa magani mai sauƙi (misali, waɗanda ke buƙatar maganin rigakafi na gama gari), a wurare masu nisa, tare da al'ummomin marasa lafiya masu rauni, da kuma a ƙananan wuraren kiwon lafiya ko na haɗin gwiwa. == Reshe == [[Fayil:Drawing_by_Marguerite_Martyn_of_a_visiting_nurse_with_medicine_and_four_babies,_1918.jpg|thumb|Zane daga Marguerite Martyn (1918) na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ta ziyarce ta a St. Louis, Missouri, tare da magani da jarirai]] Tare da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban, [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] da yawa waɗanda suka sami horo sosai suna shiga cikin samar da kulawar lafiya ta zamani. Misalai sun haɗa da: [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu harhada magunguna, likitocin ƙafa, [[Gyaran jiki|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], masu ilimin numfashi, masu ilimin magana, masu ilimin [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|motsa jiki na aiki]], masu nazarin rediyo, masu nazarin abinci, da injiniyoyin halittu, masana kimiyyar lissafi, likitocin tiyata, mataimakin likitan tiyata, masanin fasaha na tiyata . Fannin ilimin da ke ƙarƙashin maganin ɗan adam ya shafi fannoni da dama. Majinyaci da aka kwantar a asibiti yawanci yana ƙarƙashin kulawar wata ƙungiya ta musamman bisa ga babbar matsalar da ke tattare da shi, misali, ƙungiyar likitocin zuciya, waɗanda daga nan za su iya hulɗa da wasu ƙwararru, misali, tiyata, radiology, don taimakawa wajen gano ko magance babbar matsalar ko duk wata matsala/ci gaba da ta biyo baya. Likitoci suna da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da yawa a wasu fannoni na likitanci, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa. Akwai bambance-bambance daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa game da fannoni na musamman da wasu ƙananan fannoni ke da su. Manyan sassan maganin sune: * Ilimin kimiyyar magani na asali; wannan shine abin da ake ilmantar da kowane likita a kai, wasu kuma suna komawa ga binciken likitanci . * fannoni daban-daban na fannin likitanci, inda ake haɗa fannoni daban-daban na likitanci don yin aiki a wasu lokuta. * Ƙwarewar likitanci === Kimiyyar asali === * ''[[Anatomy|Ilimin Halittar Jiki]]'' nazarin tsarin halittar halittu ne. Sabanin ''macroscopic'' ko ''generic anatomy'', ''ilimin halittar jiki'' da ''histology'' suna da alaƙa da tsarin ƙananan halittu. * ''[[Biochemistry]]'' nazarin sinadarai ne da ke faruwa a cikin halittu masu rai, musamman tsari da aikin sinadaran da ke cikinsu. * ''[[Biomechanics]]'' nazarin tsari da aikin tsarin halittu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Injini . * ''Biophysics'' kimiyya ce ta fannoni daban-daban da ke amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin sunadarai na jiki don nazarin tsarin halittu. * ''Nazarin halittu (Biostatistics)'' shine amfani da kididdiga a fannonin halittu a faffadan ma'ana. Sanin ilimin halittu yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarawa, kimantawa, da fassarar binciken likitanci. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga ilimin cututtuka da magani bisa ga shaida. * ''Cytology'' shine binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta. [[Fayil:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg|thumb|''Louis Pasteur'', kamar yadda aka nuna a dakin gwaje-gwajensa, 1885 ta Albert Edelfelt]] [[Fayil:Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Robert Koch a [[Berlin]]]] * ''Embryology'' shine nazarin farkon ci gaban halittu. * ''Endocrinology'' shine nazarin hormones da tasirinsu a cikin jikin dabbobi. * Ilimin ''cututtuka'' nazarin alƙaluma ne na tsarin cututtuka, kuma ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, nazarin annoba . * ''[[Genetics|Ilimin Halittar Jini]]'' nazarin kwayoyin halitta ne, da kuma rawar da suke takawa a [[Ga do|gadon halittu]] . * ''Ilimin mata (Gynecology)'' nazarin tsarin haihuwa na mace ne. * ''Histology'' nazarin tsarin kyallen halitta ne ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa mai haske, na'urar hangen nesa ta electron da kuma na'urar hangen nesa ta immunohistochemistry . * ''Immunology'' nazarin [[Tsarin rigakafi|tsarin garkuwar jiki]] ne, wanda ya haɗa da tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali da na daidaitawa a cikin mutane, misali. * ''[[Hanyar rayuwa|Maganin rayuwa]]'' shine nazarin [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtukan da ke da saurin kamuwa da cuta]], da kuma yadda ake hana su, magance su da kuma magance su. * ''Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na likitanci'' nazarin amfani da ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi a fannin likitanci ne. * ''[[Ilimin halittu|Ilimin halittu masu rai (Microbiology)]]'' nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ne na ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su protozoa, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions, da viroids. * ''Ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta'' nazarin tushen kwayoyin halitta ne na tsarin [[Kwafi na DNA|kwafi]], kwafi da fassara kayan kwayoyin halitta. * ''Ilimin jijiyoyi'' ya haɗa da waɗannan fannoni na kimiyya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin tsarin jijiyoyi . Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi shi ne [[Biology|ilimin halittu]] da ilimin halittar kwakwalwa da kashin baya na ɗan adam. Wasu fannoni na asibiti masu alaƙa sun haɗa da ilimin jijiyoyi, tiyatar jijiyoyi da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . * ''Kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki'' (mayar da hankali kan ka'ida) da kuma ''ilimin abinci'' (mayar da hankali kan aiki) nazarin alaƙar abinci da abin sha da lafiya da cututtuka ne, musamman wajen tantance abinci mafi kyau. Masana abinci suna yin maganin abinci mai gina jiki na likitanci kuma ana ba da shawararsa ga masu [[ciwon suga]], [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]], matsalolin nauyi da cin abinci, rashin lafiyan jiki, [[Allergy|rashin]] abinci mai gina jiki, da cututtukan da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|ba su da alaƙa]] da ƙwayoyin cuta. * ''Ilimin cututtuka a matsayin kimiyya'' shine nazarin cututtuka{{Spaced en dash}}dalilai, hanya, ci gaba da warware su. * ''[[Ilimin Magunguna|Ilimin harhada magunguna]]'' shine nazarin [[Ƙwaya|magunguna]] da ayyukansu. * ''Photobiology'' nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin radiation mara ionizing da halittu masu rai. * ''Ilimin halittar jiki'' shine nazarin yadda jiki ke aiki yadda ya kamata da kuma hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashinsa. * ''Ilimin halittu na rediyo'' shine nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin hasken ionizing da halittu masu rai. * ''Toxicology'' bincike ne na illolin miyagun ƙwayoyi da [[Dafi|guba]] . == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{clear right}} == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r2dkq0xzy8615kdx40op7n2itxjfpww 859630 859628 2026-06-17T20:49:45Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 859630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg|alt=Oil painting of medicine in the age of colonialism|thumb|''Likitan'' Sir Luke Fildes (1891)]] '''[[Magani|magunguna]]''' shine kimiyya da kuma aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saunders |first=John |date=June 2000 |title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science |url= |journal=Med Humanit |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18 |issn=1468-215X |pmc=1071282 |pmid=12484313 |s2cid=73306806 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na kula da marasa [[lafiya]], sarrafa ganewar asali, hangen nesa, [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]], magani da kuma warware rauni su ko Cutar, yayin inganta lafiyarsu su. Magunguna sun ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka samo asali don kiyayewa da dawo da lafiya ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin rashin lafiya da kamuwa da cuta. Magungunan zamani suna amfani da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, bincike na kiwon lafiya (biomedical research), kwayoyin halitta, da Fasahar kiwon lafiya don ganowa, magancewa, da hana rauni da cututtuka, yawanci ta hanyar magunguna daban-daban ko tiyata, amma kuma ta hanyar warkewa kamar su psychotherapy, splints na waje da traction, na'urorin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary, medicine |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154538/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> An yi amfani da magani tun zamanin da, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta [[Art|fasaha]] ce (fannin kerawa da fasaha), wanda ke da alaƙa da imani [[Addini|na addini]] da [[falsafa]] na al'adun gida. Misali, likitan zai shafa ganye ya yi addu'o'i don warkarwa, ko kuma tsohon [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] da likita zai yi amfani da zubar jini bisa ga ka'idojin barkwanci, ko barkwanci guda huɗu . A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, tun bayan zuwan kimiyyar zamani, yawancin magani ya zama haɗin fasaha da kimiyya (duka na asali da na amfani, a ƙarƙashin laima na '''kimiyyar likitanci''' ). Misali, yayin da dabarun dinki don dinki fasaha ce da aka koya ta hanyar aiki, ilimin abin da ke faruwa a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen da ake dinka yana tasowa ta hanyar kimiyya. Nau'o'in magani na farko-farko, waɗanda yanzu aka sani da [[maganin gargajiya]] ko ''maganin gargajiya'', suna ci gaba da amfani da su ba tare da maganin kimiyya ba, don haka ana kiransu madadin magani . Sauran hanyoyin magani a waje da maganin kimiyya tare da damuwa game da ɗabi'a, aminci da inganci ana kiransu da sihiri ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da kimiyya mai zurfi . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=D. |date=1999-12-01 |title=Secret science |url=https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |journal=Science and Public Policy |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=450–450 |doi=10.1093/spp/26.6.450 |issn=0302-3427 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Asalin Ma'anar == Magunguna (UK: /ˈmɛdsɪn/ i, US: /ˈmeredɪsɪn/i) kimiyya ce da [[wiktionary:physic|jiki]] [[Diagnosis|ganewar asali]], hangen nesa, [[Therapy|magani]], da [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]] [[cuta|Cutar]]. Kalmar "magunguna" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] medicus, ma'ana " [[wiktionary:physician|likita]]". {{Efn|Etymology: {{langx|la|medicina}}, from {{lang|la|ars medicina}} {{gloss|the medical art}}, from {{lang|la|medicus}} {{gloss|physician}}.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=medicine |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |dictionary=Etym.Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122928/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Cf. {{lang|la|mederi}} {{gloss|to heal}}, etym.{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Does this mean "etymologically" or "etymology"?}} {{gloss|know the best course for}}, from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] base {{lang|ine-x-proto|med-}} {{gloss|to measure, limit}}. Cf. {{langx|el|medos}} {{gloss|counsel, plan}}, {{langx|ae|vi-mad}} {{gloss|physician}}}} Kalmar "physical" kanta, daga abin da "physician" ya samo asali, tsohuwar kalmar ce ga abin da yanzu ake kira [[wiktionary:medicine|magani]], da kuma fagen magani. == Aikin asibiti == [[Fayil:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Blackwell, likita mace ta farko a Amurka ta kammala karatunta daga SUNY Upstate (1847)]] Samuwar likitanci da kuma aikin asibiti sun bambanta a faɗin duniya saboda bambancin yanki a [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da [[fasaha]] . Maganin kimiyya na zamani ya bunƙasa sosai kuma ya yaɗu a ƙasashen Yammacin duniya, yayin da a wasu yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu - ciki har da sassan Afirka, Tsibirin Pacific na Oceania, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Latin Amurka - al'umma galibi sun fi dogara da [[maganin gargajiya]] . Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ƙunshi tsarin horo na rarrabawa kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin tallafin gwaji; saboda haka, ƙila ba su da kulawar ƙa'idoji ko shaida mai ƙarfi don ingancin asibiti. A cikin [[Developed country|ƙasashen da suka ci gaba]], ba a amfani da maganin da ke tushen shaida (EBM) a duk faɗin duniya a aikin asibiti; misali, wani bincike na wallafe-wallafen da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa kusan kashi 49% na hanyoyin magani ba su da isassun shaidu don tallafawa ko dai fa'ida ko cutarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=El Dib RP, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB |date=August 2007 |title=Mapping the Cochrane evidence for decision making in health care |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=689–692 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00886.x |pmid=17683315}}</ref> Duk da haka, likitocin da suka yi amfani da maganin ba tare da tabbas ba tare da isasshen hujja, bayyana gaskiya, ko yarda da marasa lafiya na iya karya ƙa'idar ilimin halittar jiki ta rashin cin zarafi, babban ka'idar ɗabi'ar likitanci da ke da alaƙa da rantsuwar Hippocratic, wacce ke jaddada babban aikin "da farko, kada a cutar da kowa." A cikin aikin asibiti na zamani, likitoci da masu aikin matsakaici kamar mataimakan likitoci suna tantance marasa lafiya da kansu don gano cutar, gano ta, magance ta, da kuma hana ta ta amfani da hukuncin asibiti. Haɗuwa ta farko da majiyyaci yawanci tana farawa ne da sake duba [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin lafiyar]] majiyyaci da tarihin lafiyarsa, sannan sai a yi hira da likita da kuma gwajin jiki . Ana amfani da na'urorin likitanci na asali (misali, stethoscope, mai rage harshe ) yawanci. Bayan an duba alamun cutar da kuma yin tambayoyi don alamun cutar, likita zai iya yin odar [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen likita]] (misali, gwaje-gwajen jini ), ɗaukar biopsy, ko kuma rubuta [[Magani|magunguna]] ko wasu hanyoyin magani. Hanyoyin ganewar asali daban-daban suna taimakawa wajen kawar da yanayi bisa ga bayanin da aka bayar. A lokacin haɗuwa, sanar da majiyyaci yadda ya kamata game da duk abubuwan da suka dace muhimmin ɓangare ne na dangantakar da kuma haɓaka aminci a cikin mahallin dangantakar likita da majiyyaci . Sannan ana rubuta haɗuwar likita a cikin bayanan likita, wanda takarda ce ta shari'a a cikin yankuna da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, Hall LA, Hall T, Hess B, Kohn D, Kruse MT, McLendon K, McQueary J, Musa D, Olenik KL, Quinsey CA, Reynolds R, Servais C, Watters A, Wiedemann LA, Wilkins M, Wills M, Vogt NE |date=September 2005 |title=Update: guidelines for defining the legal health record for-disclosure purposes |url=http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |journal=Journal of AHIMA |volume=76 |issue=8 |pages=64A–64G |pmid=16245584 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309002938/http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921 |archive-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Haɗuwar bibiya na iya zama gajeru amma ana bin wannan tsari na gabaɗaya, kuma ƙwararru suna bin irin wannan tsari. Ganewar cutar da kuma maganinta na iya ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan ko makonni kaɗan, ya danganta da sarkakiyar matsalar. Abubuwan da aka tattauna a hirar likita da kuma haɗuwarsu sune: * Babban ƙara (CC): dalilin ziyarar likita a yanzu. Waɗannan su ne ''alamomin'' . Suna cikin kalmomin majiyyaci kuma an rubuta su tare da tsawon lokacin kowanne. Hakanan ana kiransa ''babban damuwa'' ko ''gabatar da ƙara'' . * Ayyukan da ake yi a yanzu: aiki, abubuwan sha'awa, abin da majiyyaci ke yi a zahiri a fannin sana'a da kuma wanda ba na sana'a ba. * Tarihin iyali (FH): jerin cututtuka a cikin iyali waɗanda zasu iya shafar majiyyaci. Wani lokaci ana amfani da bishiyar iyali . * Tarihin rashin lafiyar da ake da ita a yanzu (HPI): tsarin abubuwan da suka faru na alamun cutar da kuma ƙarin bayani game da kowace alama. An bambanta shi da tarihin rashin lafiyar da ta gabata, wanda galibi ake kira tarihin likita na baya (PMH). [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|Tarihin lafiya]] ya ƙunshi HPI da PMH. * [[Magani|Magunguna]] (Rx): magungunan da majiyyaci ke sha, gami da magungunan da aka rubuta, waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba, da kuma [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gida]], da kuma magungunan ganye ko magunguna . Haka kuma ana rubuta [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar jiki]] . * Tarihin likita na baya (PMH/PMHx): matsalolin lafiya a lokaci guda, asibiti da tiyata a baya, raunuka, cututtukan da suka gabata ko [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], tarihin rashin lafiyar da aka sani. * Bitar Tsarin (ROS) ko ''Binciken Tsarin'' : tarin ƙarin tambayoyi da za a yi, waɗanda za a iya rasa su akan HPI: tambaya ta gabaɗaya (shin kun lura da wani [[Rashin nauyi|raguwar nauyi]], canjin yanayin barci, zazzaɓi, kumburi da kumburi? da sauransu), sannan sai tambayoyi kan manyan tsarin gabobin jiki ( [[zuciya]], [[huhu]], hanyar narkewar abinci, hanyar fitsari, da sauransu). * Tarihin zamantakewa (SH): wurin haihuwa, gidaje, tarihin aure, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, halaye (gami da [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]], magunguna, [[Shan taba|taba]], barasa). Gwajin jiki shine gwajin majiyyaci don gano alamun cutar da ake iya gani da ido, sabanin alamomin da majiyyaci ya bayar da kansu kuma ba lallai bane a iya ganinsu da ido ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=26 August 2009 |title=What Are Symptoms? What Are Signs? |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701123344/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php |archive-date=1 July 2014 |website=[[Medical News Today]]}}</ref> Mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya yana amfani da gani, ji, taɓawa, da kuma wani lokacin wari (misali, a cikin kamuwa da cuta, uremia, ciwon suga ketoacidosis ). Ayyuka guda huɗu sune tushen gwajin jiki: dubawa, taɓawa (ji), bugun zuciya (taɓawa don tantance halayen amsawa), da kuma [[Jin magana|sauraro]] (saurare), gabaɗaya a cikin wannan tsari, kodayake audition yana faruwa kafin bugun zuciya da taɓawa don kimanta ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Assessing patients effectively: Here's how to do the basic four techniques |journal=Nursing2014 |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=6 |doi=10.1097/00152193-200611002-00005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gwajin asibiti ya ƙunshi nazarin: <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> * Ciki da dubura * [[Zuciya]] da [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]] ( cardiovascular tract ) * Bayyanar gaba ɗaya na majiyyaci da takamaiman alamun cutar (yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, kasancewar jaundice, fatar jiki ko kuma clubing ) * Genitalia (da kuma ciki idan mara lafiyar yana da ciki ko kuma yana iya zama mai ciki) * Kai, ido, kunne, hanci, da makogwaro ( HEENT ) <ref name="the free dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Clinical examination |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Free Dictionary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. "Clinical examination"]. ''The Free Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001630/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clinical+examination#:~:text=including%20some%20tests.-,The%20examination,and%20blood%20pressure%E2%80%94are%20recorded. Archived] from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|Musculoskeletal]] (gami da kashin baya da gaɓoɓi) * Jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (sani, sani, [[kwakwalwa]], gani, jijiyoyin kwanyar, kashin baya da jijiyoyin gefe ) * Ilimin halin dan Adam (hanyar fahimta, yanayin tunani, yanayi, shaidar fahimta ko tunani mara kyau). * Numfashi (manyan hanyoyin iska da [[huhu]] ) <ref name="the free dictionary" /> * Fata * Alamomi masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka haɗa da tsayi, nauyi, zafin jiki, hawan jini, bugun jini, saurin numfashi, da kuma cikar iskar oxygen ta haemoglobin <ref name="the free dictionary" /> Zai yiwu a mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu ban sha'awa da aka ambata a cikin tarihin likitanci kuma ƙila ba za a haɗa da duk abin da aka lissafa a sama ba. Tsarin magani na iya haɗawa da yin odar ƙarin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita da nazarin hotunan likita, fara magani, tura zuwa ga ƙwararre, ko lura da ido. Ana iya ba da shawarar a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin. Dangane da tsarin [[inshorar lafiya]] da tsarin kulawa da aka gudanar, nau'ikan " bitar amfani ", kamar izinin gwaje-gwaje a baya, na iya sanya shinge kan samun ayyuka masu tsada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grembowski DE |last2=Diehr P |author-link2=Paula Diehr |last3=Novak LC |last4=Roussel AE |last5=Martin DP |last6=Patrick DL |last7=Williams B |last8=Ulrich CM |author-link8=Cornelia Ulrich |date=August 2000 |title=Measuring the "managedness" and covered benefits of health plans |journal=Health Services Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=707–734 |pmc=1089144 |pmid=10966092}}</ref> Tsarin yanke shawara kan lafiya (MDM) ya haɗa da nazari da haɗa dukkan bayanan da ke sama don samar da jerin cututtukan da za a iya ganowa (bambancin ganewar asali), tare da ra'ayin abin da ake buƙatar yi don samun ingantaccen ganewar asali wanda zai bayyana matsalar majiyyaci. A ziyara ta gaba, ana iya maimaita wannan tsari ta hanyar taƙaitacce don samun duk wani sabon tarihi, alamu, abubuwan da aka gano a jiki, sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ko hotunan hoto, ko kuma shawarwarin ƙwararru. == Cibiyoyi == [[Fayil:Pellegrinaio_Santa_Maria_della_Scala_n5.jpg|alt=Color fresco of an ancient hospital setting|thumb|Asibitin Santa Maria della Scala, fresco ta Domenico di Bartolo, 1441-1442]] Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da maganin zamani a cikin [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] . Gwamnatoci daban-daban ne ke kafa tsarin shari'a, takardar shaida, da kuma tsarin kuɗi, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar majami'u, ke ƙarawa a wasu lokutan. Halayen kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da tasiri sosai kan yadda ake samar da kulawar lafiya. Tun zamanin da, fifita Kiristoci kan ayyukan agaji ya haifar da ci gaban aikin jinya da asibitoci na yau da kullun, kuma [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a yau ta kasance babbar mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya wanda ba na gwamnati ba a duniya. Ƙasashen masana'antu masu ci gaba (banda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations |url=http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019103757/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2009 |publisher=Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battista |first=John R. |last2=McCabe |first2=Justine |date=June 4, 1999 |title=The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States |url=http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105127/http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Cthealth.server101.com}}</ref> da ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya]] wanda ke da nufin tabbatar da kulawa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin [[kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya]] ko inshorar lafiya ta dole ko ta haɗin gwiwa. An yi nufin wannan don tabbatar da cewa dukkan jama'a suna da damar samun kulawar likita bisa ga buƙata maimakon ikon biya. Isarwa na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ayyukan likita masu zaman kansu, asibitoci da asibitoci mallakar gwamnati, ko ƙungiyoyin agaji, galibi haɗuwa da duka ukun. Yawancin al'ummomin [[Ƙabila|ƙabilu]] ba sa ba da garantin kiwon lafiya ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomi, kiwon lafiya yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinsa, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi inshorar kansu (ko dai kai tsaye ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilar aiki), ko kuma gwamnati ko ƙabila za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin kula da kai tsaye. [[Fayil:Drug_ampoule_JPN.jpg|alt=collection of glass bottles of different sizes|thumb|Ampoules na zamani na magunguna]] Bayyanar bayanai wani abu ne da ke bayyana tsarin isar da sako. Samun bayanai kan yanayi, jiyya, inganci, da farashi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga zaɓin marasa lafiya/masu amfani, saboda haka, ƙarfafa gwiwar ƙwararrun likitoci. Duk da cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka ya fuskanci suka saboda rashin buɗe ido, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sipkoff |first=Martin |date=January 2004 |title=Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement |url=http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |url-status=live |journal=Managed Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |pmid=14763279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217160421/http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html |archive-date=17 February 2004 |access-date=16 April 2006}}</ref> sabuwar doka na iya ƙarfafa buɗe ido. Akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin buƙatar bayyana gaskiya da damuwa kan sirrin marasa lafiya da kuma amfani da bayanan likita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kasuwanci. Masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa buɗe ido yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su yanke shawara mai ma'ana, yayin da masu suka suka yi gargaɗin cewa yana iya fallasa bayanan sirri da kuma gayyatar cin zarafin masu inshora, ma'aikata, ko masu tallatawa. Daidaita alhakin da sirri ya kasance babban ƙalubale. [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|Ƙwararrun likitocin]] da ke ba da kulawa a fannin likitanci sun ƙunshi sana'o'i da yawa, kamar likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], [[Gyaran jiki|likitocin motsa jiki]], da kuma masana halayyar ɗan adam . Waɗannan sana'o'in za su sami nasu ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ilimin ƙwararru, da kuma jiki. An fahimci sana'ar likitanci daga mahangar zamantakewa . === Isarwa === An rarraba bayar da kulawar lafiya zuwa nau'ikan kula da lafiya na farko, na sakandare, da na gaba da sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HealthCare – Arthapedia |url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrimary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011946/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle=Primary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=www.arthapedia.in}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nurses_at_Butawin_Urban_Clinic,_PNG_(10711159465).jpg|alt=photograph of three nurses|thumb|Ma'aikatan jinya a Kokopo, Gabashin New Britain, [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]]] Likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ko wasu ƙwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya [[Kulawa na farko|na]] farko waɗanda suka fara hulɗa da majiyyaci da ke neman magani ko kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of health care providers: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051332/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan suna faruwa ne a ofisoshin likitoci, asibitoci, asibitoci, gidajen jinya, makarantu, gidajen marasa lafiya, da kuma wasu wurare waɗanda galibi suna kusa da inda marasa lafiya ke zaune, aiki ko karatu. Kimanin kashi 90% na ziyarar likita ana iya magance su cikin gamsuwa da inganci ta hanyar masu ba da kulawa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mala |last2=Pilot |first2=Eva |date=February 13, 2014 |title=The missing link – the role of primary care in global health |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.23693 |pmc=3926992 |pmid=24560266 |access-date=April 21, 2026}}</ref> Ziyarar kulawa ta farko na iya haɗawa da maganin ƙananan cututtuka, masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun, [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kulawar rigakafi]], da [[Ilimi na kiwon lafiya|ilimin lafiya]] . Kulawar farko tana kan lafiyar dukkan al'umma don haka masu ba da kulawa suna kula da marasa lafiya na kowane zamani da jinsi. Kwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan [[Kula da lafiya|kula da lafiya na sakandare]] a ofisoshinsu, asibitoci ko asibitoci, ko a asibitocin al'umma na gida, ga marasa lafiya da mai ba da kulawa ta farko ya tura waɗanda suka fara gano cutar ko suka yi wa majinyaci magani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondary Health Care |url=https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117030041/https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=International Medical Corps |language=en}}</ref> 'Tuntuɓi' ana yin su ne daga waɗanda suka buƙaci ƙwarewa ta musamman, ko takamaiman hanyoyin da kwararru ke yi. Ayyukan kula da lafiya na sakandare sun haɗa da kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti da ayyukan asibiti, sassan gaggawa, wasu magungunan kulawa mai zurfi, wasu tiyata da sauran ayyuka, [[Gyaran jiki|jiyya ta jiki]], [[Jego|nakasa da haihuwa]], sassan endoscopy, ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotunan likita, cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, da sauransu ya danganta da tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake bayarwa. Wasu masu ba da kulawa ta farko kuma suna iya kula da marasa lafiya da ke asibiti da kuma haihuwar jarirai a wani wuri na biyu na kulawa. Ana bayar da ayyukan [[Kula da lafiya|kula da lafiya na gaba da sakandare]] ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kwararru na masu ba da sabis a manyan asibitoci ko cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yanki, waɗanda ke da kayan aikin bincike da magani waɗanda ba a saba samu a asibitoci na gida (sau da yawa ƙananan). Wannan yana ba da damar kulawa da kula da marasa lafiya da ke da yanayi mai rikitarwa ko gaggawa ko mai tsanani, wanda hakan na iya buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa (gami da ƙungiyoyi masu fannoni da yawa) da albarkatu (kayayyaki, ma'aikata, kwanakin kwanciya) don magancewa yadda ya kamata. Kulawa ta gaba na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ake bayarwa a cibiyoyin kula da [[ƙonewa]] ko raunuka, ayyukan sashen kula da jarirai na gaba, dashen gabobi, ɗaukar ciki mai haɗari da haihuwa, [[Oncology|cutar kansa]] ta radiation, da sauran nau'ikan kulawa ta musamman da ta musamman. Kula da lafiya ta zamani ya dogara ne akan adanawa da amfani da bayanai, gami da game da wani majiyyaci - har yanzu ana adana su a wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya a kan takardun 'bayanan likita', amma a zamanin yau ana ƙara samun su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin lantarki . A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kiwon lafiya na zamani yakan yi tsada sosai ga talakawa. Masu bincike kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun ba da shawarar cewa a cire "kuɗin mai amfani" a waɗannan fannoni don tabbatar da samun dama; duk da haka, koda an cire nauyin kuɗin marasa lafiya, akwai manyan kuɗaɗe da shinge ga talakawa da marasa lafiya wajen samun isasshen kulawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B |date=April 2013 |title=Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=277–282 |doi=10.2471/BLT.12.110015 |pmc=3629451 |pmid=23599551}}</ref> [[Rabuwa da ba da magani da rarrabawa|Raba takardar magani da kuma bayar da magani]] aiki ne a fannin likitanci da kantin magani inda likitan da ke ba da takardar magani ya bambanta da mai sayar da magani wanda ke ba wa majiyyaci maganin da aka rubuta . A duniyar Yamma akwai ƙarnoni na al'adu da ayyuka da ke bambanta masu sayar da magani da likitoci, kuma an haɓaka sana'o'i biyu daban-daban. A ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, a gefe guda, al'ada ce ga likitoci su kai magunguna kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya, aƙalla a wasu lokuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chou YJ, Yip WC, Lee CH, Huang N, Sun YP, Chang HJ |date=September 2003 |title=Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czg038 |pmid=12917273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da wannan samfurin a ƙasashen yamma: musamman ga yanayin da aka yi wa magani mai sauƙi (misali, waɗanda ke buƙatar maganin rigakafi na gama gari), a wurare masu nisa, tare da al'ummomin marasa lafiya masu rauni, da kuma a ƙananan wuraren kiwon lafiya ko na haɗin gwiwa. == Reshe == [[Fayil:Drawing_by_Marguerite_Martyn_of_a_visiting_nurse_with_medicine_and_four_babies,_1918.jpg|thumb|Zane daga Marguerite Martyn (1918) na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ta ziyarce ta a St. Louis, Missouri, tare da magani da jarirai]] Tare da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban, [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] da yawa waɗanda suka sami horo sosai suna shiga cikin samar da kulawar lafiya ta zamani. Misalai sun haɗa da: [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu harhada magunguna, likitocin ƙafa, [[Gyaran jiki|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], masu ilimin numfashi, masu ilimin magana, masu ilimin [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|motsa jiki na aiki]], masu nazarin rediyo, masu nazarin abinci, da injiniyoyin halittu, masana kimiyyar lissafi, likitocin tiyata, mataimakin likitan tiyata, masanin fasaha na tiyata . Fannin ilimin da ke ƙarƙashin maganin ɗan adam ya shafi fannoni da dama. Majinyaci da aka kwantar a asibiti yawanci yana ƙarƙashin kulawar wata ƙungiya ta musamman bisa ga babbar matsalar da ke tattare da shi, misali, ƙungiyar likitocin zuciya, waɗanda daga nan za su iya hulɗa da wasu ƙwararru, misali, tiyata, radiology, don taimakawa wajen gano ko magance babbar matsalar ko duk wata matsala/ci gaba da ta biyo baya. Likitoci suna da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da yawa a wasu fannoni na likitanci, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa. Akwai bambance-bambance daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa game da fannoni na musamman da wasu ƙananan fannoni ke da su. Manyan sassan maganin sune: * Ilimin kimiyyar magani na asali; wannan shine abin da ake ilmantar da kowane likita a kai, wasu kuma suna komawa ga binciken likitanci . * fannoni daban-daban na fannin likitanci, inda ake haɗa fannoni daban-daban na likitanci don yin aiki a wasu lokuta. * Ƙwarewar likitanci === Kimiyyar asali === * ''[[Anatomy|Ilimin Halittar Jiki]]'' nazarin tsarin halittar halittu ne. Sabanin ''macroscopic'' ko ''generic anatomy'', ''ilimin halittar jiki'' da ''histology'' suna da alaƙa da tsarin ƙananan halittu. * ''[[Biochemistry]]'' nazarin sinadarai ne da ke faruwa a cikin halittu masu rai, musamman tsari da aikin sinadaran da ke cikinsu. * ''[[Biomechanics]]'' nazarin tsari da aikin tsarin halittu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Injini . * ''Biophysics'' kimiyya ce ta fannoni daban-daban da ke amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin sunadarai na jiki don nazarin tsarin halittu. * ''Nazarin halittu (Biostatistics)'' shine amfani da kididdiga a fannonin halittu a faffadan ma'ana. Sanin ilimin halittu yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarawa, kimantawa, da fassarar binciken likitanci. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga ilimin cututtuka da magani bisa ga shaida. * ''Cytology'' shine binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta. [[Fayil:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg|thumb|''Louis Pasteur'', kamar yadda aka nuna a dakin gwaje-gwajensa, 1885 ta Albert Edelfelt]] [[Fayil:Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Robert Koch a [[Berlin]]]] * ''Embryology'' shine nazarin farkon ci gaban halittu. * ''Endocrinology'' shine nazarin hormones da tasirinsu a cikin jikin dabbobi. * Ilimin ''cututtuka'' nazarin alƙaluma ne na tsarin cututtuka, kuma ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, nazarin annoba . * ''[[Genetics|Ilimin Halittar Jini]]'' nazarin kwayoyin halitta ne, da kuma rawar da suke takawa a [[Ga do|gadon halittu]] . * ''Ilimin mata (Gynecology)'' nazarin tsarin haihuwa na mace ne. * ''Histology'' nazarin tsarin kyallen halitta ne ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa mai haske, na'urar hangen nesa ta electron da kuma na'urar hangen nesa ta immunohistochemistry . * ''Immunology'' nazarin [[Tsarin rigakafi|tsarin garkuwar jiki]] ne, wanda ya haɗa da tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali da na daidaitawa a cikin mutane, misali. * ''[[Hanyar rayuwa|Maganin rayuwa]]'' shine nazarin [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtukan da ke da saurin kamuwa da cuta]], da kuma yadda ake hana su, magance su da kuma magance su. * ''Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na likitanci'' nazarin amfani da ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi a fannin likitanci ne. * ''[[Ilimin halittu|Ilimin halittu masu rai (Microbiology)]]'' nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ne na ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su protozoa, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions, da viroids. * ''Ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta'' nazarin tushen kwayoyin halitta ne na tsarin [[Kwafi na DNA|kwafi]], kwafi da fassara kayan kwayoyin halitta. * ''Ilimin jijiyoyi'' ya haɗa da waɗannan fannoni na kimiyya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin tsarin jijiyoyi . Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi shi ne [[Biology|ilimin halittu]] da ilimin halittar kwakwalwa da kashin baya na ɗan adam. Wasu fannoni na asibiti masu alaƙa sun haɗa da ilimin jijiyoyi, tiyatar jijiyoyi da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . * ''Kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki'' (mayar da hankali kan ka'ida) da kuma ''ilimin abinci'' (mayar da hankali kan aiki) nazarin alaƙar abinci da abin sha da lafiya da cututtuka ne, musamman wajen tantance abinci mafi kyau. Masana abinci suna yin maganin abinci mai gina jiki na likitanci kuma ana ba da shawararsa ga masu [[ciwon suga]], [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]], matsalolin nauyi da cin abinci, rashin lafiyan jiki, [[Allergy|rashin]] abinci mai gina jiki, da cututtukan da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|ba su da alaƙa]] da ƙwayoyin cuta. * ''Ilimin cututtuka a matsayin kimiyya'' shine nazarin cututtuka{{Spaced en dash}}dalilai, hanya, ci gaba da warware su. * ''[[Ilimin Magunguna|Ilimin harhada magunguna]]'' shine nazarin [[Ƙwaya|magunguna]] da ayyukansu. * ''Photobiology'' nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin radiation mara ionizing da halittu masu rai. * ''Ilimin halittar jiki'' shine nazarin yadda jiki ke aiki yadda ya kamata da kuma hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashinsa. * ''Ilimin halittu na rediyo'' shine nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin hasken ionizing da halittu masu rai. * ''Toxicology'' bincike ne na illolin miyagun ƙwayoyi da [[Dafi|guba]] . == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{clear right}} == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 623ytiz3hzxd13aojp1p0fyass7od35 Sojojin Sama na Najeriya 0 92336 859516 821979 2026-06-17T18:27:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sojojin Sama na [[Najeriya]]''' reshen ne na Sojojin [[Najeriya]]. Ita ce reshe mafi ƙanƙanta na Sojojin [[Najeriya]], wanda aka kafa shekaru huɗu bayan ƙasar ta sami ƴanci. Ya zuwa 2021, rundunar sojan sama tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a yankin [[Afirka]], wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikata sama da 18,000. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun jiragen sama sun hada da Chengdu F-7s, Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jets, JF-17 Thunder Block II, T129 Atak, Agusta Westland 109, Eurocopter EC135 da Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano. ==Tarihi== Ko da yake an fara gabatar da rundunar sojan sama a 1958, dan majalisa da yawa sun fi son dogaro da kasar Ingila don kare iska. Amma a lokacin Ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya a Kongo da Tanganyika, Sojojin Najeriya ba su da sufuri na iska na kansu, don haka a cikin 1962, gwamnati ta fara daukar ma'aikata don horar da matukin jirgi a kasashe daban-daban, tare da goma na farko da Sojojin Sama na Masar ke koyarwa. ===Shekarar 1960=== An kafa Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a hukumance a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1964 tare da wucewar Dokar Sojojin Jirgin Sama ta 1964. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Za a caje Sojojin Sama na Najeriya da kare Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta iska, kuma don ba da sakamako, za a horar da ma'aikata a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar a cikin iska da kuma ƙasa. " An kafa NAF tare da taimakon fasaha daga Jamus ta Yamma (yanzu Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus). Sojojin sama sun fara rayuwa a matsayin na'urar sufuri tare da ma'aikatan jirgin sama na farko da aka horar da su tare da Sojojin Sama na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Saiti na biyu na cadets sun sami horo a watan Fabrairun 1963 tare da Royal Canadian Air Force yayin da aka aika wasu cadets don horar da su tare da Indian Air Force. Shugaban kungiyar taimakon Sojojin Sama ta Jamus (GAFAG) shi ne Colonel Gerhard Kahtz, kuma ya zama kwamandan farko na NAF. An kafa cibiyar NAF tare da kafa hedkwatar Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. NAF ba ta sami damar yaƙi ba har sai Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da jiragen sama da yawa na Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 don tallafawa kokarin yaƙi na Najeriya a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1967, biyo bayan hare-haren da suka faru da yawa daga jirgin saman Biafran, USSR ta fara isar da MiG-17s na farko daga Masar zuwa Kano IAP, a lokaci guda ta aika da babban kaya a cikin jirgin kasuwanci na Poland. Da farko an ba da MiG-15UTI guda biyu (NAF601 da NAF 602), da MiG-17 guda takwas (NAF903 zuwa NAF610) ga Najeriya. Daga baya an kawo bama-bamai shida na Il-28, da farko an tura su ne daga Masar da Czech, kuma an ajiye su a Calabar da [[Port Harcourt]]. ===Shekarar 1970=== A watan Yulin 1971, Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa NAF tana da ma'aikata 7,000 da jirgin yaki na 32: jirage masu fashewa na Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida, MiG-17 guda takwas, masu horar da jirgin saman Aero L-29 Delfín guda takwas, da masu horarwar P-149D 10. Sauran jiragen sama sun hada da shida C-47, 20 Do-27/28, da takwas Westland Whirlwind da Alouette II helicopters. A cikin shekarun 1970s, Najeriya ta sayi Lockheed C-130 Hercules daga Amurka. An sayi shida a jimlar dala miliyan 45. An kawo 25 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MFs da MiG-21UM guda shida a cikin 1975 a lokacin zuwan gwamnatin Murtala-Obasanjo wacce ta maye gurbin gwamnatin Janar Yakubu Gowon. Yawancin waɗannan jiragen sama an tura su, suna mai da NAF ɗaya daga cikin manyan rundunonin sojan sama a Afirka a wannan lokacin. Jimi Peters ya rubuta: "... shirin ci gaban NAF na 1975-1980 ya sake fasalin tsarin NAF" a cikin rukunin (sojojin sama) waɗanda suka ba da rahoto ga hedkwatar rundunar sojan sama. Wannan tsari, ya ci gaba, an same shi da yawa, kuma ta haka ne aka kafa umarni biyu na tsakiya (tsarin soja) a cikin 1978: NAF Tactical Air Command da NAF Training Command. ===Shekarar 1980=== Daga shekara ta 1984, an kawo mayakan 18 na SEPECAT Jaguar (13 Jaguar SNs da 5 Jaguar BNs) kuma suna aiki daga Makurdi. Sun yi ritaya a shekarar 1991. Najeriya ta sayi masu horar da jiragen sama 24 na Aero L-39 Albatros a cikin 1986-87, bayan da ta yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan saman L-29 da aka ba da gudummawa ga Jamhuriyar Ghana Air Force a farkon ayyukan Yammacin Afirka (ECOMOG) a Laberiya. Wani yunkuri na gaba na fadada rundunar ta hanyar samun karin 27 a cikin 1991 ba a aiwatar da shi ba. ===Shekarar 2000=== A shekara ta 2005, a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Majalisar Najeriya ta ba da dala miliyan 251 don sayen jirgin yaki na Chengdu F-7 15 daga China. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da nau'ikan mayakan F-7NI guda 12 (NI-Nigeria), da kuma jirgin sama mai horar da FT-7NI guda uku. Kunshin dala miliyan 251 ya haɗa da dala miliyan 220 don jirgin sama 15, tare da dala miliyan 32 don makamai: PL-9C AAM mai rai, zagaye na horo na PL-9, rokoki marasa jagora, da bama-bamai na 250 / 500 kg. Direbobin NAF na farko a kan jirgin sun horar da su a kasar Sin a shekara ta 2008, yayin da aka fara isar da jirgin a shekara ta 2009. Najeriya a baya ta yi la'akari da yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 160 don sake farfado da rundunonin MiG-21 ta Aerostar / Elbit Systems, IAI, da RSK MiG. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da mafi tsada don zaɓin samun F-7s waɗanda suke sabo. Har ila yau, Najeriya ta fara gyare-gyare na bambancin F7, gami da shigar da wasu kayan aikin yamma da kayan aikin jirgin sama kuma saboda haka sunanta na hukuma a matsayin "F7-Ni" don nuna cewa bambancinsa ya bambanta a wasu fannoni daga F-7 na kasar Sin. Tare da wannan saye, an yi ritaya daga rundunar MiG 21s. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya a karkashin wannan izinin ta sami wasu jiragen sama na ATR Maritime Patrol, wanda EADS da Finmeccania / Alenia Aeronautica suka gina, suna haɓaka ikon sabis ɗin don aiwatar da manyan ayyukan leken asiri, sa ido da bincike (ISR) a ƙasa da nesa cikin teku. Daga watan Satumbar 2009, Najeriya ta fara sake fasalin wasu daga cikin jiragenta na C-130 wanda ya fara da NAF 917 wanda ya dawo da rai tare da goyon bayan Sojojin Sama na Amurka Afirka da 118th Airlift Wing. NAF daga baya ta kara inganta karfinta na cikin gida tare da karuwar damar yin amfani da jiragen sufuri da yawa. ===Shekarar 2010=== NAF ta tsara kuma ta gina UAV ta farko ta asali, "Gulma," wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Goodluck Jonathan ya bayyana a Kaduna, wanda ya ce "Gulm" zai zama da amfani a cikin hoton sama / taswirar, sadarwa, da kuma sa ido kan yanayi. A cewarsa, UAV yana da sauri ya zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki a cikin labarai, sa ido kan muhalli, da binciken mai da iskar gas. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, sabon jami'in Air Command Command na NAF Mobility Command, Air Vice Marshal John Aprekuma, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka kafa hedkwatar sabuwar rundunar Air Force Mobility Command a Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun Gwamnatin Tarayya don kare sha'awar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin Neja Delta, yana tabbatar da cewa kasancewar hedkwatar rundunar za ta kawo tsaro da kwanciyar hankali ga mutanen jihar. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Sojojin Sama na Najeriya sun ba da umarnin matukin jirgi na farko, Blessing Liman, biyo bayan umarnin da tsohon shugaban kasar Goodluck Jonathan ya ba da izinin tashi ga mata 'yan Najeriya, musamman tunda mata sun daɗe suna tashi jirgin sama na farar hula a kasar amma ba su sami damar tashi a cikin soja ba.[1] A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2019, NAF ta tashi da matukin jirgi na yaki na mata na farko, Flight Lieutenant Kafayat Sanni, da kuma matukin jirgidan jirgi na farko na yaki Lieutenant Tolulope Arotile. Sun kasance daga cikin wasu matukan jirgi goma sha uku kuma a wannan rana. ==Tsarin Hukumar== Sojojin Sama sun hada da hedkwatar sabis, manyan rassan ma'aikata 6, raka'a 4 na bayar da rahoto kai tsaye, da umarni 4 na aiki. Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama (CAS) shine babban ko mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa da kuma Ministan Tsaro da Shugaban Ma'aikata na Tsaro, kan batutuwan tsaro na iska. Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama ta Najeriya tana da alhakin kafa manufofi na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci da kuma tsara manufofi, aiwatar da tsare-tsare da hanyoyin samun zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, HQ na Sojojin Sama na Najeriya yana hulɗa da Sojojin Najeriya da Sojoyin Ruwa na Najeriya kan manufofi da tsare-tsaren aiki na hadin gwiwa. Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama na Najeriya ta ƙunshi ofishin Babban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama da ma'aikata 8 ko rassa wato; Sashin Manufofin da Shirye-shiryen, Sashin Ayyuka, Sashin Injiniyan Jirgin Sama, Sashin Daidaitawa, Sashin Gudanarwa, Asusun da Sashin Kasafin Kudi, Sashin Bincike da Sashin Sakataren Jirgin Sama bi da bi. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan rassan yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Air Marshal a matsayin shugaban reshe. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}} dcn3rbdrglp4ffungx1jgzj1se1kxh5 859519 859516 2026-06-17T18:28:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 859519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sojojin Sama na [[Najeriya]]''' reshen ne na Sojojin [[Najeriya]]. Ita ce reshe mafi ƙanƙanta na Sojojin [[Najeriya]], wanda aka kafa shekaru huɗu bayan ƙasar ta sami ƴanci. Ya zuwa 2021, rundunar sojan sama tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a yankin [[Afirka]], wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikata sama da 18,000. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun jiragen sama sun hada da Chengdu F-7s, Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jets, JF-17 Thunder Block II, T129 Atak, Agusta Westland 109, Eurocopter EC135 da Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano. ==Tarihi== Ko da yake an fara gabatar da rundunar sojan sama a 1958, dan majalisa da yawa sun fi son dogaro da kasar Ingila don kare iska. Amma a lokacin Ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya a Kongo da Tanganyika, Sojojin Najeriya ba su da sufuri na iska na kansu, don haka a cikin 1962, gwamnati ta fara daukar ma'aikata don horar da matukin jirgi a kasashe daban-daban, tare da goma na farko da Sojojin Sama na Masar ke koyarwa. ===Shekarar 1960=== An kafa Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a hukumance a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1964 tare da wucewar Dokar Sojojin Jirgin Sama ta 1964. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Za a caje Sojojin Sama na Najeriya da kare Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta iska, kuma don ba da sakamako, za a horar da ma'aikata a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar a cikin iska da kuma kasa. " An kafa NAF tare da taimakon fasaha daga Jamus ta Yamma (yanzu Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus). Sojojin sama sun fara rayuwa a matsayin na'urar sufuri tare da ma'aikatan jirgin sama na farko da aka horar da su tare da Sojojin Sama na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Saiti na biyu na cadets sun sami horo a watan Fabrairun 1963 tare da Royal Canadian Air Force yayin da aka aika wasu cadets don horar da su tare da Indian Air Force. Shugaban kungiyar taimakon Sojojin Sama ta Jamus (GAFAG) shi ne Colonel Gerhard Kahtz, kuma ya zama kwamandan farko na NAF. An kafa cibiyar NAF tare da kafa hedkwatar Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. NAF ba ta sami damar yaƙi ba har sai Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da jiragen sama da yawa na Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 don tallafawa kokarin yaƙi na Najeriya a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1967, biyo bayan hare-haren da suka faru da yawa daga jirgin saman Biafran, USSR ta fara isar da MiG-17s na farko daga Masar zuwa Kano IAP, a lokaci guda ta aika da babban kaya a cikin jirgin kasuwanci na Poland. Da farko an ba da MiG-15UTI guda biyu (NAF601 da NAF 602), da MiG-17 guda takwas (NAF903 zuwa NAF610) ga Najeriya. Daga baya an kawo bama-bamai shida na Il-28, da farko an tura su ne daga Masar da Czech, kuma an ajiye su a Calabar da [[Port Harcourt]]. ===Shekarar 1970=== A watan Yulin 1971, Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa NAF tana da ma'aikata 7,000 da jirgin yaki na 32: jirage masu fashewa na Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida, MiG-17 guda takwas, masu horar da jirgin saman Aero L-29 Delfín guda takwas, da masu horarwar P-149D 10. Sauran jiragen sama sun hada da shida C-47, 20 Do-27/28, da takwas Westland Whirlwind da Alouette II helicopters. A cikin shekarun 1970s, Najeriya ta sayi Lockheed C-130 Hercules daga Amurka. An sayi shida a jimlar dala miliyan 45. An kawo 25 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MFs da MiG-21UM guda shida a cikin 1975 a lokacin zuwan gwamnatin Murtala-Obasanjo wacce ta maye gurbin gwamnatin Janar Yakubu Gowon. Yawancin waɗannan jiragen sama an tura su, suna mai da NAF ɗaya daga cikin manyan rundunonin sojan sama a Afirka a wannan lokacin. Jimi Peters ya rubuta: "... shirin ci gaban NAF na 1975-1980 ya sake fasalin tsarin NAF" a cikin rukunin (sojojin sama) waɗanda suka ba da rahoto ga hedkwatar rundunar sojan sama. Wannan tsari, ya ci gaba, an same shi da yawa, kuma ta haka ne aka kafa umarni biyu na tsakiya (tsarin soja) a cikin 1978: NAF Tactical Air Command da NAF Training Command. ===Shekarar 1980=== Daga shekara ta 1984, an kawo mayakan 18 na SEPECAT Jaguar (13 Jaguar SNs da 5 Jaguar BNs) kuma suna aiki daga Makurdi. Sun yi ritaya a shekarar 1991. Najeriya ta sayi masu horar da jiragen sama 24 na Aero L-39 Albatros a cikin 1986-87, bayan da ta yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan saman L-29 da aka ba da gudummawa ga Jamhuriyar Ghana Air Force a farkon ayyukan Yammacin Afirka (ECOMOG) a Laberiya. Wani yunkuri na gaba na fadada rundunar ta hanyar samun karin 27 a cikin 1991 ba a aiwatar da shi ba. ===Shekarar 2000=== A shekara ta 2005, a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Majalisar Najeriya ta ba da dala miliyan 251 don sayen jirgin yaki na Chengdu F-7 15 daga China. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da nau'ikan mayakan F-7NI guda 12 (NI-Nigeria), da kuma jirgin sama mai horar da FT-7NI guda uku. Kunshin dala miliyan 251 ya haɗa da dala miliyan 220 don jirgin sama 15, tare da dala miliyan 32 don makamai: PL-9C AAM mai rai, zagaye na horo na PL-9, rokoki marasa jagora, da bama-bamai na 250 / 500 kg. Direbobin NAF na farko a kan jirgin sun horar da su a kasar Sin a shekara ta 2008, yayin da aka fara isar da jirgin a shekara ta 2009. Najeriya a baya ta yi la'akari da yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 160 don sake farfado da rundunonin MiG-21 ta Aerostar / Elbit Systems, IAI, da RSK MiG. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da mafi tsada don zaɓin samun F-7s waɗanda suke sabo. Har ila yau, Najeriya ta fara gyare-gyare na bambancin F7, gami da shigar da wasu kayan aikin yamma da kayan aikin jirgin sama kuma saboda haka sunanta na hukuma a matsayin "F7-Ni" don nuna cewa bambancinsa ya bambanta a wasu fannoni daga F-7 na kasar Sin. Tare da wannan saye, an yi ritaya daga rundunar MiG 21s. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya a karkashin wannan izinin ta sami wasu jiragen sama na ATR Maritime Patrol, wanda EADS da Finmeccania / Alenia Aeronautica suka gina, suna haɓaka ikon sabis ɗin don aiwatar da manyan ayyukan leken asiri, sa ido da bincike (ISR) a ƙasa da nesa cikin teku. Daga watan Satumbar 2009, Najeriya ta fara sake fasalin wasu daga cikin jiragenta na C-130 wanda ya fara da NAF 917 wanda ya dawo da rai tare da goyon bayan Sojojin Sama na Amurka Afirka da 118th Airlift Wing. NAF daga baya ta kara inganta karfinta na cikin gida tare da karuwar damar yin amfani da jiragen sufuri da yawa. ===Shekarar 2010=== NAF ta tsara kuma ta gina UAV ta farko ta asali, "Gulma," wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Goodluck Jonathan ya bayyana a Kaduna, wanda ya ce "Gulm" zai zama da amfani a cikin hoton sama / taswirar, sadarwa, da kuma sa ido kan yanayi. A cewarsa, UAV yana da sauri ya zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki a cikin labarai, sa ido kan muhalli, da binciken mai da iskar gas. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, sabon jami'in Air Command Command na NAF Mobility Command, Air Vice Marshal John Aprekuma, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka kafa hedkwatar sabuwar rundunar Air Force Mobility Command a Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun Gwamnatin Tarayya don kare sha'awar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin Neja Delta, yana tabbatar da cewa kasancewar hedkwatar rundunar za ta kawo tsaro da kwanciyar hankali ga mutanen jihar. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Sojojin Sama na Najeriya sun ba da umarnin matukin jirgi na farko, Blessing Liman, biyo bayan umarnin da tsohon shugaban kasar Goodluck Jonathan ya ba da izinin tashi ga mata 'yan Najeriya, musamman tunda mata sun daɗe suna tashi jirgin sama na farar hula a kasar amma ba su sami damar tashi a cikin soja ba.[1] A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2019, NAF ta tashi da matukin jirgi na yaki na mata na farko, Flight Lieutenant Kafayat Sanni, da kuma matukin jirgidan jirgi na farko na yaki Lieutenant Tolulope Arotile. Sun kasance daga cikin wasu matukan jirgi goma sha uku kuma a wannan rana. ==Tsarin Hukumar== Sojojin Sama sun hada da hedkwatar sabis, manyan rassan ma'aikata 6, raka'a 4 na bayar da rahoto kai tsaye, da umarni 4 na aiki. Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama (CAS) shine babban ko mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa da kuma Ministan Tsaro da Shugaban Ma'aikata na Tsaro, kan batutuwan tsaro na iska. Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama ta Najeriya tana da alhakin kafa manufofi na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci da kuma tsara manufofi, aiwatar da tsare-tsare da hanyoyin samun zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, HQ na Sojojin Sama na Najeriya yana hulɗa da Sojojin Najeriya da Sojoyin Ruwa na Najeriya kan manufofi da tsare-tsaren aiki na hadin gwiwa. Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama na Najeriya ta ƙunshi ofishin Babban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama da ma'aikata 8 ko rassa wato; Sashin Manufofin da Shirye-shiryen, Sashin Ayyuka, Sashin Injiniyan Jirgin Sama, Sashin Daidaitawa, Sashin Gudanarwa, Asusun da Sashin Kasafin Kudi, Sashin Bincike da Sashin Sakataren Jirgin Sama bi da bi. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan rassan yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Air Marshal a matsayin shugaban reshe. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}} 1bsph2rc0gjm19q9d7ngkujs3po9izu Isabelle Ameganvi 0 96626 859463 667495 2026-06-17T16:31:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isabelle Djibgodi Améganvi Manavi''' (3 Satumba 1961) an haife ta a [[Kpalimé]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Isabelle Manavi Djigbodi Ameganvi {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/5137/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.africa-confidential.com |language=en}}</ref> Togo, [[lauya]] ce [[Togo|kuma]] [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]]. An zaɓe ta a majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007. Ta shahara da kitsa yajin aikin jima'i a watan Agustan 2012, inda ta nuna rashin amincewa da sake fasalin zaɓe da ya baiwa jam'iyyar da ke kan madafun iko. A shekarar 2013, an zaɓe ta a majalisar dokokin ƙasar karo na biyu. == Rayuwar farko da aikin shari'a == An haifi Améganvi a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 1961 a garin [[Kpalimé]], Togo, na shida cikin yara takwas.<ref name="actualite">{{cite web|title=Une Femme à la tête du groupe parlementaire ANC-ADDI|url=http://www.togoactualite.com/une-femme-a-la-tete-du-groupe-parlementaire-anc-addi/?print=print|website=Togo Actualite|accessdate=24 October 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114550/http://www.togoactualite.com/une-femme-a-la-tete-du-groupe-parlementaire-anc-addi/?print=print|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Evangelical Hanoukopé. Ta yi rajista a kwalejin Notre Dame des Apôtre da Tokoin Lycée a [[Lomé]], babban birnin Togo. Bayan haka, ta yi karatu a Lycée Jean-Baptiste Say a [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, kuma ta sami digiri abshekarar 1983. Améganvi ta sami digiri na shari'a a Jami'ar Paris I a shekarar 1989 kuma ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a [[Jami'ar Lomé|Jami'ar Benin]] a shekara mai zuwa. <ref name="actualite"/> Améganvi lauya ce mai horarwa a ƙarƙashin Ahlin K. Komlan a Lomé daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996. A cikin watan Fabrairu 1997, an kira ta zuwa Bar a Togo. A matsayinta na lauya, ta wakilci ɗalibai, fursunonin siyasa, 'yan jarida, kungiyoyin kwadago da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. A cikin shekarar 1990s, ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam ta Togo da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Mata. Daga baya Ameganvi ta yi aiki a kwamitin shari'a na Cocin Presbyterian Evangelical na Togo. <ref name="actualite"/> == Aikin siyasa == An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Togo a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007, mai wakiltar Union of Forces for Change (UFC). Sai dai a shekara ta 2010 an cire ta daga jam’iyyar ba bisa ka’ida ba kuma ta rasa kujerarta a majalisar. <ref name="actualite"/> Ita ce shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta kungiyar Mu Ceton Togo, kawancen kungiyoyin farar hula tara da jam'iyyun adawa da ƙungiyoyi bakwai. A wani gangamin da aka gudanar a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2012, wanda ya samu halartar dubban mutane, ta kira matan ƙasar Togo zuwa wani yajin aikin jima'i na tsawon mako guda, don nuna adawa da sauye-sauyen zaɓe na baya-bayan nan, wanda zai sauƙaƙa wa jam'iyyar shugaba [[Faure Gnassingbé|Faure Gnassingbe]] mai mulki samun nasarar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka shirya yi a watan Oktoban 2012.<ref name=bbc>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19389625 "Togo women call sex strike against President Gnassingbe"], ''BBC Online'', 27 August 2012. Accessed 23 October 2016.</ref> Iyalan Gnassingbe sun mulki Togo shekaru 45&nbsp;shekaru. Ta samu kwarin guiwar yajin aikin lalata da matan Laberiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], wacce a shekara ta 2003 ta yi amfani da wannan dabara wajen tura zaman lafiya a lokacin yaki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/413724/1/togolese-women-declare-sex-strike-to-get.html|title=Togolese women declare sex strike to get protest backing|newspaper=Modern Ghana|date=26 August 2012|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> Bugu daƙkari, Ameganvi ta kwaɗaitar da mata da su rika sanyawa a cikin jajayen wando kawai don ƙalubalantar ɗaure magoya bayan 'yan adawa 120. "Muna da ikon canza abubuwa. Ba ma son ci gaba da zama a cikin kicin, amma za mu iya ba da ra'ayinmu a siyasa," in ji Ameganvi.<ref name=voa>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/togo-women-sex-strike/1496144.html|title=Togo Opposition Leaders Call for Week-Long Sex Strike|last=Butty|first=James|newspaper=VOA|date=27 August 2012|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=cnn>[http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/26/world/africa/togo-sex-strike/index.html "Togo opposition vows sex strike amid anti-government protests"], ''CNN Online'', 26 August 2012. Accessed 23 October 2016.</ref> "Ba za mu iya tsayawa da hannu ba, saboda ana tsare 'ya'yanmu da mazajenmu a gidan yari." Ta yi korafin cewa mata sun sha wahala a matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Togo kuma ba sa son jure hakan. Amenganvi ta jagoranci wata zanga-zanga a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 2012 inda ta ƙarfafa mata su yi ado da ja. Wannan zanga-zangar ta nuna adawa da yanayin tattalin arzikin mata a Togo. An zaɓi launin ja ne saboda bisa ga al'ada matan Togo suna yin jajayen tufafi da kuma sayar da su a kasuwanni. Ameganvi mamba ce ta kwamitin gudanarwa na National Alliance for Change (ANC).<ref name="slate">{{cite news|title=La colère rouge des femmes togolaises|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/100835/togo-femmes-tete-contestation-politique|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=Slate Afrique|date=5 February 2013|archive-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024151827/http://www.slateafrique.com/100835/togo-femmes-tete-contestation-politique|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2013, ta yi murabus daga ANC. Ameganvi ta ba da misali da ɗimbin bacin rai da rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da kafa jerin sunayen ‘yan takara a zaɓen majalisar dokoki mai zuwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Isabelle AMEGANVI quitte l’ANC|url=http://news.alome.com/h/202.html|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=ALome|date=25 June 2013|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126165316/http://news.alome.com/h/202.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta shiga cikin Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development (ADDI) don zaɓen kuma an zaɓe ta a kujerar majalisar ta <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2013 |title=Togo : Isabelle Améganvi, une femme d’exception à la tête du groupe parlementaire ANC-ADDI |url=http://www.anctogo.com/togo-isabelle-ameganvi-une-femme-dexception-a-la-tete-du-groupe-parlementaire-anc-addi-10989 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085803/http://www.anctogo.com/togo-isabelle-ameganvi-une-femme-dexception-a-la-tete-du-groupe-parlementaire-anc-addi-10989 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |access-date=24 October 2016 |website=National Alliance for Change}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Uwa ce mara aure. <ref name="actualite"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] ggq021rr7k6ejwwmx8e13q53pi8vgxz Penny Siopis 0 97511 859778 837103 2026-06-18T07:13:08Z Zahrah0 14848 859778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Penny Siopis''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1953) yar wasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ce daga [[Cape Town]] . An haife ta ne a Vryburg da ke lardin Arewa maso Yamma daga iyayen Girka da suka ƙaura bayan sun gaji gidan burodi daga kakan Siopis. Siopis ta yi karatun Fine Arts a [[Jami'ar Rhodes|Jami’ar Rhodes]] da ke Makhanda, inda ta kammala digirinta na biyu a shekarar alif 1976, inda ta cigaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Polytechnic Portsmouth da ke Burtaniya. Ta koyar da Fine Arts a Technikon Natal a [[Durban]] daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1983. A cikin shekarar 1984 ta fara karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] a [[Johannesburg]]. A wannan lokacin ta kuma ziyarci jami'ar bincike a Jami'ar Leeds (1992 &#x2013; 93) da kuma farfesa mai ziyara a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Umeå a [[Sweden]] (2000) a matsayin wani ɓangare na musayar tsaka-tsaki. Tare da digiri na girmamawa daga [[Jami'ar Rhodes]], Makhanda - Siopis a halin yanzu farfesa ne mai daraja a Makarantar Michaelis na Fine Art, [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/artist/penny-siopis/biography |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=Stevenson}}</ref> == Shekarun farko == Ta yi suna a farkon shekarun 1980 tare da zane-zanen 'cake' dinta, wanda a zahiri ya kebanta kyawawan dabi'un mata a saman fenti mai kauri na impasto. Wadannan ayyukan sun biyo bayan 'zane-zane na tarihi' nata, wanda aka fassara a matsayin nau'i na tsayin daka da wariyar launin fata. Ayyukanta na tsaka-tsakin tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai na ƙasarta sun bincika tsayin daka da raunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ra'ayi na gaskiya da haɗa₦₦un abubuwan da ke tattare da tarihin mutum da na gama kai. Gwaji tare da kayan aiki da yawa da matakai, ta yi tunani game da siyasar jiki, baƙin ciki da kunya, ƙetare, ƙaura da kuma kwanan nan dangantaka tsakanin ɗan adam da ɗan adam a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siopis |first=Penny |title=Warm Water Imaginaries |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/3917 |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=Stevenson}}</ref> Duk bincikenta yana tabbatar da abin duniya da tsari a matsayin wanda ba zai iya rabuwa da ra'ayi ba, tare da halayenta na amfani da abubuwan da suka dace da kuma hanyoyin da za'a iya amfani da su don zama alamar sha'awarta ga 'kasidun raunin rauni'. Griselda Pollock ta ce, "Penny Siopis ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan wasan fasaha a duniya a yau waɗanda za su iya saƙa yanar gizo na alamomi, motsin rai, muryoyi, kalmomi, gano abubuwa da fentin fentin don haɗa manyan rukunan tarihi tare da zaren raunin ɗan adam". <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Griselda Pollock}}</ref> == Aiki == Siopis ya kafa kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha mafi kwarewa da kalubale a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da kuma bayan, ta hanyar yin aiki a kan zane-zane, shigarwa da fim, tare da haɗuwa da nassoshi daban-daban da kayan aiki a hanyoyi da ke damun iyakokin horo da binaries. [[Fayil:Obscure_White_Messenger,_2010,_Film_Still.png|thumb| Bahaushe Farin Messenger, 2010, Har yanzu Fim]] Tunanin lokaci yana gudana cikin dukkan ayyukanta sau da yawa yana bayyana a cikin ainihin canje-canjen jiki na kayanta; a farkon zanen cake ɗinta an sanya fentin mai ya zama abin da bai dace ba saboda nauyi, shekaru da lalata; a cikin fina-finanta ta yin amfani da lokacin hotunan kayan tarihi an yi alama sosai da tasirin shekaru akan celluloid kamar lokacin tarihin da aka kama a cikin share kyamara; A cikin tarin abubuwan da ta samu a cikin kayan aikinta, ra'ayoyin gadon sun fito a gaba tare da aikinta mai gudana ''Will (1997 - )'' - wanda ta ba da wasiyyar abubuwa ga masu cin gajiyar - kasancewar lokaci na ƙarshe ya zama cikakke a lokacin mutuwarta; manne da zanen tawada index jujjuyawar yayin da suke yin rikodin canjin kayan da ke faruwa lokacin da mannen manne da ɗanƙoƙi ya amsa da pigment, nauyi, motsin jikin mai zane, da bushewar iska. Siopis na ganin aikinta na fasaha a matsayin 'buɗaɗɗen sigar', tana aiki azaman ƙirar ƙima wacce za'a iya fitar da sauye-sauyen zahiri na kayanta zuwa babban ɗa'a na canji na sirri da na siyasa. A cewar Achille Mbembe wannan ingancin yana nuna sha'awarta game da aiwatarwa a matsayin madawwamin yanayin zama kuma ya haɗa da "ƙirƙirar alaƙar da ba ta da ƙarfi tsakanin tsari da rashin tsari, a cikin fahimtar cewa hanyar samun kuɗi ta hanyoyin da kusan koyaushe ba a iya faɗi ba kuma a wasu lokuta na haɗari" [[Fayil:Charmed_Lives_installation_by_Penny_Siopis,_Wits_Art_Museum,_2015.jpg|thumb| Charmed Lives shigarwa ta Penny Siopis, Wits Art Museum, 2015]] [[Fayil:Tentacular_Time_installation_by_Penny_Siopis,_Stevenson_Cape_Town,_2019.jpg|thumb| Lokacin Tentacular, Stevenson Cape Town, 2019]] === Zane-zane === ''"Tun daga farko, halinta game da zane-zane ya kasance mai zamani da zamani a lokaci guda a cikin rashin girmamawa ga tsarkin ayyukan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da na zahiri."'' ==== Zane-zanen cake ==== Tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 1984 Siopis ta haɓaka zane-zanen 'cake' dinta. Yin amfani da kayan aikin da ba na al'ada ba kamar bututun da sauran kayan adon kek don sanya babban taimako na zane-zane na impasto Siopis ta binciko ingancin fentin mai, yuwuwar sa a matsayin abu da haɗin gwiwa tare da alamun gargajiya na jikin mace. Wurin da ya wuce kima na impasto yana canzawa akan lokaci tare da bangon waje na bushewa tun kafin ciki, yana haifar da farfajiyar zuwa wrinkle da fashe. Wannan ya zama misali ga duk ainihin tasirin lokaci da yanayi a jiki. Siopis ya ƙalubalanci ƙa'idodin yammacin duniya na tunanin nama da kyau na mace. Yayin da jikin mace shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali akan waɗannan ayyuka, haɗin gwiwa tare da abinci da lalata suna sharhi game da manyan labarun zamantakewa na lalata waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin zane-zanen da ke biyo baya. Yin aiki tare da abubuwan rayuwa tare da ka'idodin mata Siopis ya bayyana yadda ta ''"na da sha'awar yin aiki a cikin sararin samaniya kuma yayin da nake aiki kayan abu ya zama abu mai mahimmanci"'' ==== Hotunan tarihi ==== Tsakanin shekarar 1985 zuwa 1995 Penny Siopis ta samar da wani nau'in aikin da ake kira 'zane-zane na tarihi'. Ko da yake sha'awarta game da kayan fenti da gwajin ta da wannan matsakaici ba ta daina ba, ayyukan da aka yi a wannan lokacin sun bambanta ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci daga zane-zane 'cake'. An riga an yi alamar canjin canji a cikin ''Rayuwarta ta Har yanzu tare da kankana da sauran Abubuwa'' (1985); ya ma fi bayyana a fili a ''Melancholia'' (1986). Gabatar da hangen nesa na mulkin mallaka a cikin raguwa, abin da ke faruwa a Melancholia duka biyun vanitas ne da zanen tarihi. Ya haɗu da alamomin manyan al'adun Turai da nassoshi ga [[Afirka]], dukansu suna taruwa a matsayin tarkacen tarihi a cikin sararin samaniya wanda ke nuna wuce gona da iri, lalacewa da rashin jin daɗi. A da ana kallon nau'in zanen tarihi a matsayin mafi girman nasarar da aka samu a al'adar tarihi ta fasahar Turai. Tambayoyin da Siopis ya yi game da sifarsa da akidarsa ya bayyana a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar ''Haƙuri akan abin tunawa: 'A History Painting''' (1988). A cikin ayyukan tarihi ta gabatar da dabarun haɗin gwiwa da haɗakarwa a matsayin wata hanya ta tarwatsa hoto kai tsaye da kuma kawo nassoshi game da wakilcin tarihin mulkin mallaka da aka kawo 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar littattafan tarihi. Wadannan fasahohin kuma sun ba ta damar sanya ma'anar abubuwa a matsayin alamar tarihi a nasu dama. Ta hanyar gabatar da abubuwa da hotuna da aka gano ayyukanta sun kalubalanci tsarin da ba a iya gani amma masu karfi a cikin tsarin akidar wariyar launin fata a daidai lokacin da takaddamar siyasa ta yi kamari a kasar. . Zane-zane tare da nuni ga abubuwan tarihi ==== Pinky Pinky ==== Jerin shekarun 2001–2004 shine hangen nesa na wani almara na birni na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Pinky Pinky. Matakan halitta na hadewar sifofin. Rabin mutum, rabin dabba, halitta mai jinsi guda biyu na kabilanci mara iyaka, Pinky Pinky tana farautar yara 'yan makaranta a bandaki kuma tana barazanar 'yan mata sanye da rigar ruwan hoda. Siopis ta fara bincike na sirri na Pinky Pinky, kuma bisa ga bayanan maganganun da yaran makaranta ta yi hira da su a kan batun, ta samar da sifofi na gani na wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in tsari wanda ba shi da kwanciyar hankali. Ci gaba da aiki a cikin sarrafa fenti da tsari don kwaikwayi fata da nama, Siopis yana ba da damar fenti ya tsaya a matsayin abin da ba a iya magana ba. Located in Freudian theory and Lacan's 'ainihin', Siopis ya binciko ikon 'yan adam na yin aiki-ta hanyar tunanin mutum wanda ya wuce harshe ta hanyar aiwatar da abubuwan da ba za ku iya yi a rayuwa ta ainihi ba, uwa da cikin almara, labari da fantasy. . A cikin ganinta na Pinky Pinky, Siopis ta sanya kayan aikin gyaran jikin mutum iri-iri a cikin ruwan hoda, fenti na jiki - sassan jikin filastik kamar idanu da lashes na karya; hakora da kusoshi. A cikin waɗannan 'ban tsoro na karya', Siopis yana bawa masu kallo damar jin alaƙa da nisanta da nasu fargaba. A cikin wata hira da Sipho Mdanda na shekarar 2004, Siopis ya rubuta yadda "Yawancin waɗannan kayan aikin prosthetics sune "al'ada" launi na jiki, wani nau'in ruwan hoda mai datti. Akwai baƙin ciki a nan, kamar yadda launin nama ba kawai nau'i ne na launi ba, amma ba kome ba ne fiye da ra'ayin yammacin yamma wanda fari (ruwan hoda) ya zama launi na duniya ga nama. Jerin yana binciken labarun sirri da na jama'a game da tsoro da rauni a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Misali ne na tsananin fargabar al'umma dangane da al'amuran talauci, kyamar baki, launin fata, da kuma laifuka a daidai lokacin da aka samu tsattsauran ra'ayi na zamantakewa da rashin tabbas bayan shekarar 1994. Jihohin Siopis : "Kamar yadda Pinky Pinky ya kasance mai aikata ta'addanci, shi ma yana da alama wanda aka azabtar da shi, kuma ya zama wanda aka azabtar da shi, tashin hankali, ayyuka marasa kyau - ginanniyar 'wani abu' don zargi ga matsalolin zamantakewa." ==== Zanen kunya ==== Siopis ya samar da zane-zanen Abin kunya tsakanin shekarar 2002 da 2005 a sakamakon Hukumar Gaskiya da Sasantawa ta Afirka ta Kudu yayin da yake binciko yanayin kunya da tunanin jama'a. Jerin zane-zane masu haɗe-haɗe-halayen ƙwaƙƙwaran mai zane-zane na kauri,gel ɗin lacquer gel wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sana'ar gida don ƙirƙirar gilashin tabo da tasirin madubi masu launi akan saman. Shirye-shiryen roba mai hatimin saƙon da ke cikin zane-zane yana nuna rawar harshe da yanayin 'marasa magana' na jin da ke cikin aikin zanen. Ayyukan daga jerin an fara nuna su a cikin shekarar 2003 a nune-nunen solo a Johannesburg da Athens. A cikin shekarar 2005 zane-zanen Kunya ya zama muhimmin fasalin shigarwar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na Siopis mai taken Rubuce-rubuce Uku akan Kunya a gidan kayan gargajiya na Sigmund Freud, sau ɗaya gidansa, a London[8.33]. Da yake amsawa ga littafin Freud Essays Uku akan ƙa'idar Jima'i, wanda aikin na shekarar 2005 ya nuna shekaru ɗari, Siopis' Shame shigarwa "ya danganta al'amurran jima'i da kunya ga tarihin mummunan tarihin ƙasarta". Ta hanyar shigar da nassoshi (rakodin murya da abubuwa) cikin sararin samaniya, aikin ya haifar da tattaunawa tsakanin ra'ayoyin Freud da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi mutum daban-daban a yayin gudanar da shari'ar Hukumar Gaskiya da Sasantawa ta Afirka ta Kudu, ta ɗaure alamun raunin ɗan adam da tasirin ban mamaki na share tarihin tarihi. Ya ƙunshi sassa uku da ke cikin binciken Freud, ɗakin cin abinci da ɗakin kwana, an canza ɗakuna don nuna kayan aikin Siopis mai taken Murya, Motsawa da Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa - ɗan ƙaramin zanen da aka sanya a kusa da gadon mutuwar Freud. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Red: Iconography of Color in Work of Penny Siopis'' a cikin shekarar 2009, an nuna zane-zane 90 daga jerin a KZNSA Gallery a Durban. Daga baya an haɗa zane-zanen Abin kunya a cikin nunin Siopis na shekarar 2014 na baya-bayan nan Time and Again, tare da sanya zane-zanen azaman grid a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a Cape Town, da Gidan kayan tarihi na Wits a [[Johannesburg]]. A lokacin nunin kan layi na baya-bayan nan don Art Basel: Majagaba, an baje kolin shigarwa na zane-zanen Abin kunya a Stevenson, Cape Town a cikin shekarar 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/5769}}</ref> tare da sabon fim ɗinta na baya-bayan nan mai suna ''Shadow Shame Again'', yana nuna alaƙa da cin zarafi na jinsi a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya tare da shekaru na aiki kan batun kunya. Daga cikin wannan baje kolin na baya-bayan nan, Pumla Dineo-Gqola ya rubuta yadda "Hotunan, kiɗa da tafawa a cikin fim ɗin, kamar zane-zane masu hankali da aka shirya a matsayin frieze, suna haifar da ma'ana tare, game da samar da tashin hankali na kunya, da kuma game da jinsi, jinsi da ma'anoni na tarihi". ==== Zanen tawada da manne ==== A cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata Penny Siopis ta kasance tana ba da sha'awarta game da abin duniya, dama da kuma abubuwan da za su iya; tsari da rashin tsari a cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da matsakaicin matsakaici na manne itace da tawada mara kyau. Ta nuna kwayoyin halitta suna raye, ƙirƙirar tsarin ruwa wanda matsakaicin shine wakili mai aiki a cikin yin aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/artist/penny-siopis/biography}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya haɗa da haɗa tawada da manne kuma wani lokacin ruwa ta hanyar zub da manne a kan zane wanda sai a motsa don daidaita magudanar ruwa. Bayar da kayan aiki don "haɗuwa, juyawa da daidaitawa cikin alamu da siffofi; mai zane-zane ya amsa hoton da ba a iya ganewa ba wanda ya fara ɗaukar siffar ''"ƙarfafa" ci gaban su, kuma wani lokacin zaɓar kada ya shiga tsakani.'' Siopis ya rubuta game da 'hukumar bayyananniyar' itace manne - wani abu na canji - fari, danko da ruwa, yana canzawa zuwa wuri mai wuya, m. Matsakaici na wanda ba ɗan adam ba tare da ikon canza yanayinsa da launi bisa ga ƙarfin da ke kewaye da shi, Siopis yana bincika 'rayuwa' na matsakaicin matsakaici. ''"Na yi imani cewa gamuwa da abubuwa masu rai na iya ladabtar da tunanina na ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam, da haskaka abubuwan gama gari na duk abin da ke tattare da shi, fallasa yawan rarraba hukuma da sake fasalin kai da muradunta"'' Halin da ba shi da tsari wanda saman ke nunawa yana ba ɗan adam faffadan fa'ida don haɗin kai. Ana gayyatar masu kallo don yin amfani da nasu hukumar wajen ƙirƙira hoto daga ragowar kayan da ke saman. A cikin wannan tsari ana iya kunna canji na mutum, kuma tsarin manne da tawada ya zama hanya ta zahiri ta tunani game da babban canji na zamantakewa [ayyukan kayan aiki]. Mbembe ya rubuta, "Al'amari yana ba da damar rayuwa. Yana kuma dagula rayuwa. Yana buɗewa zuwa zurfin fahimtar ɗan adam a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in nau'in nau'i." Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na solo na 2009 'Paintings' a Stevenson Gallery, Siopis ya haɓaka matsakaicin gaba tare da abubuwan da aka samo - wanda aka gani a cikin 2017 solo show mai taken ''Restless Republic'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/1975}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar mai zanen ta yi aiki a wurin zama a Cibiyar Maitland akan wani aiki mai suna ''Buɗe Form/Open Studio'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Penny Siopis Open Form / Open Studio – Maitland Institute |url=http://www.maitlandinstitute.com/2017/06/18/penny-siopis-open-form-open-studio/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |archive-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911191536/https://www.maitlandinstitute.com/2017/06/18/penny-siopis-open-form-open-studio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda ta ci gaba da bincikenta tare da manne da tawada akan manyan zane-zane kuma ta gayyaci jama'a zuwa sararin samaniya don shiga cikin tsarinta. Don nunin solo ɗinta na ''Dumi Ruwa Imaginaries'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/3917}}</ref> a cikin 2019, Siopis ya haɗa matsakaici tare da fenti mai a cikin shigar da ƙananan zane-zane 90 akan takarda tare da ɗaki na taron abubuwa mai taken ''Tentacular Time'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/3917/work/113}}</ref> da kuma yin fim ɗinta mai suna ''She Breathes Water'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/3917/work/129}}</ref> Siopis ya yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na yin don mayar da martani ga ɗimbin tarihin sauyin yanayi da rikitaccen yanayin ƙasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/3917}}</ref> An nuna cikakken fim ɗin kwanan nan tare da jerin manne na ''Atlas'' nata, tawada da zanen mai akan takarda a cikin Siopis' 2021 solo show ''In the Air <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stevenson |url=https://www.stevenson.info/exhibition/5417}}</ref>'' a Stevenson, Amsterdam wanda ya kara bincika jigogi na yanayi da cutar ta Covid-19. === Shigarwa === Ayyukan shigarwa na Penny Siopis sun ƙunshi tarin abubuwan da aka zana daga tarin masu fasaha da aka sanya a cikin nau'i daban-daban. "A koyaushe ina sha'awar abubuwa a matsayin masu ɗaukar ma'anoni fiye da kansu," Siopis ya rubuta, "su ne alamun lokaci na jiki, na rayuwar mutane da tarihin zamantakewa". <ref name=":1" /> Abubuwan suna ƙaura daga wannan shigarwa zuwa wani, "kamar tarihin, wanda nake amfani da shi kamar yadda nake amfani da fim ... fasaha ce ta gaske. Abubuwan da aka sauke kuma su sake zama kamar fenti". ''Charmed Lives'', wani aikin shigarwa da aka ƙirƙira don nunin Muryar 'Yanci a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Afirka a New York a 1999 sananne ne a cikin ayyukan Siopis a cikin wannan nau'in, ya zama samfuri don ƙarin shigarwa. Yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin wannan shigarwa suna cike da motsin rai wanda mai zane da masu kallo ke ba su suna bayyana nau'i-nau'i daban-daban a cikin mafi girman tunanin daga na sirri, zamantakewa da kuma tarihin fasaha, suna yin tambayoyi game da yanayin tarihin da kuma ainihin gaskiya na tarihin tarihi. Juyin halitta akai-akai na shigarwa da ma'anar da aka yi daga gare su suna aiki azaman ƙarfin haɓakawa a cikin aikin Siopis. "Wani abu yana kusa kusa da wani ko kuma ya faɗi akan wani, yana haifar da dangantaka marar iyaka. Ba su da iyaka waɗannan ƙananan dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa da abubuwa da sarari," in ji Siopis. ''Will (1997 –)'' wani shigarwa ne wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da mai zanen ya keɓance daga tarin tarinta kuma ya yi wasici ga daidaikun mutane a duk faɗin duniya. Aiki na tarihin rayuwa, wannan tarin musamman yana aiki azaman ma'ajin tarihi da kayan tarihi na sirri da na gama gari. "Gwargwadon za ta narke kuma gutsuttsura sun watse. Za a harbe su cikin sabuwar duniya ... Bayar da kanta tana nuna motsin ɗan adam wanda a cikin raina ya zama wani ɓangare na shigarwa". Jennifer Law ya rubuta game da wannan shigarwa da kuma yadda yake neman "kafa da kula da dangantaka tsakanin zamani da sararin samaniya". Kamar yadda duka fasaha da gado, Doka ta rubuta "Sopis's Will shine mafi kyawun lokaci ... Za mu iya duba baya kan tsarin rayuwa kuma mu gane batun kamar yadda aka yi ta tattaunawa, 'a matsayin aikin, wani abu da za a gina <nowiki>'</nowiki> . === Bidiyo/Fim === Siopis ta fara aiki tare da fim a 1994 tare da fim ɗinta ''Per Kind Permission: Fieldwork'' . Duk da haka, a cikin 1997 Siopis ya sami kyautar ta a cikin yin fim ta hanyar aikin ''My Lovely Day'' . Ta ci gaba da yin aiki tare da fim a duk lokacin aikinta kuma ta bayyana bidiyon a matsayin montages, yanke-da-manna hotuna waɗanda ke motsawa kuma suna bayyana akan lokaci. Haɗe da rubutu da kiɗa, fim yana ba da dama mai ban mamaki don ba da labari. A cikin ''Ƙaunar Rana ta'' Siopis ta yanke jerin jerin fina-finan gida na mahaifiyarta na mm 8 waɗanda ta ɗauki rayuwar danginsu a cikin 50s zuwa 60s, da ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a waɗanda aka kama a cikin sharer kyamarar ta. Ta haɗa waɗannan tare da kiɗa da kalmomin da aka tuna da kakarta, wanda aka gabatar a matsayin subtitles. Ta saka labarin zuriya uku na mata, a matsayin wani nau'in ɓacin rai. Labarin ya matsa lokacin tarihi zuwa kwana ɗaya. Lokaci na tarihi da ta ba da labari shi ne wariyar launin fata Afirka ta Kudu, amma abubuwan da ta ambata game da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da bala'o'i sun kasance a lokutan baya: 'musayar jama'a' biyo bayan rikicin Greco-Turkiyya na 1919-1922, ƙaura mai girma da ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya da farkon ƙaddamar da mulkin mallaka na Afirka. Fina-finan gidan mahaifiyarta sun jagoranci Siopis zuwa fina-finan gida na baƙo, waɗanda takan samu a kasuwannin ƙulle-ƙulle da shaguna a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma balaguron da take yi a ƙasashen waje. Yanzu tana da babban tarihin fim ɗin da take hakowa akai-akai. Siopis yana ganin fim ɗin a matsayin shirye-shiryen da ya kawo tarihinsa da mahallinsa a cikin wurin. Ta yanke jerin jerin fim ɗin da ta haɗa da rubutun a galibin hanyoyin da za a iya faɗi. Don haka, duk wanda ya gan shi zai siffanta labarin su ma. Duk faifan bidiyon suna ɗaukar wani labari na musamman daga tarihin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke da inganci na asali kuma yana magana fiye da yanayin tarihinsa; biyu daga cikinsu, ''Obscure White Messenger'' (2010) da kuma ''The Master is Drowning'' (2012), dubi ainihin da yunkurin kisan gillar da aka yi wa firaministan mulkin wariyar launin fata HF Verwoerd. Siopis ta zana hanyoyin adana bayanai daban-daban don gina labarin, kuma ta yi amfani da hanyoyin adireshi daban-daban, amma ta fi son mutum na farko. A cikin ''Oscure White Messenger'' ta yi amfani da tsarin tambaya da amsa, wanda ta zana daga rahoton likitan mahaukata na hirar da ya yi da Dimitrio Tsafendas, nan da nan bayan kisan. A farkon fim ɗin ba shi da sauƙi a gano wanda ke magana: wanene 'kai' kuma wanene 'Ni'?. == Solo nune-nunen == {{Columns-list|* 2025 National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens * 2021 Art Basel, Pioneers * 2020 Stevenson, Amsterdam * 2019 National Gallery of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe * 2018 Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa, Cape Town, South Africa * 2017 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2016 Erg Gallery, Brussels, Belgium * 2015 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2015 Wits Art Museum, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2014 Brandts Museum, Odense, Denmark * 2014 Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2011 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2010 Brodie/Stevenson, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2009 KZNSA Gallery, Durban, South Africa * 2009 Michael Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2007 Michael Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2005 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2005 Freud Museum, London, UK * 2003 University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2003 Kappatos Gallery, Athens, Greece * 2002 Gertrude Posel Gallery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2002 Tropen Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands * 2002 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2000 Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Makhanda, South Africa * 2000 Gasworks Artists' Studios, London, UK * 1998 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1994 Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1990 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1990 Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Makhanda, South Africa * 1990 Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 1987 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1983 Market Theatre Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1982 NSA Gallery, Durban, South Africa * 1980 Hiscock Gallery, Portsmouth, England * 1979 British Council Centre, London, UK * 1978 Hellenic Centre, Port Elizabeth, South Africa * 1978 South Africa Collector's Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa}} == Nunin ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa == {{Columns-list|* 2019 Nicodim Gallery, Bucharest, Romania; Los Angeles, California * 2018 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2018 Oaxaca, Mexico * 2018 Stevenson, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2018 Pérez Art Museum Miami, USA * 2018 The Glasgow School of Art, Scotland * 2017 Prospect.4 Biennial, New Orleans, USA * 2017 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2016 10th Taipei Biennial, Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taiwan * 2016 British Museum, London, UK * 2016 ICA Indian Ocean, Port Louis, Mauritius * 2016 Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2016 Stevenson Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa * 2016 Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2015 The Walther Collection, La Maison Rouge, Paris, France * 2015 Kunsthaus Dresden, Germany * 2015 Tate Modern, London, UK * 2015 Kunsthaus Dresden, Germany * 2015 Galerie Les Filles De Calvaire, Paris, France * 2015 Beirut Art Centre, Lebanon * 2014 New Church Museum, Cape Town, South Africa * 2014 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2014 Marian Goodman Gallery, Paris, France * 2014 Yerba Buena Center for the Arts,San Francisco, USA * 2014 Wits Art Museum, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2013 Former Tagesspiegel Building, Berlin, Germany; * 2013 Michaelis Gallery, University of Cape Town, South Africa * 2013 South African Pavillion, 55th Venice Biennale, Italy * 2013 Jeu de Paume, Paris, France * 2013 Michaelis Gallery, University of Cape Town, South Africa * 2012 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2012 Michaelis Galleries, University of Cape Town, South Africa * 2012 Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway * 2012 Khiasma, Les Lilas, Paris, France * 2012 Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre; * 2012 University of Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa * 2012 The New Church, Cape Town, South Africa * 2011 Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2011 Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town * 2011 École nationale supérieure des Beaux-arts, Paris, France * 2011 Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2011 Walther Collection, Neu-Ulm/Burlafingen, Germany * 2011 FADA Gallery, University of Johannesburg, South Africa * 2011 Iwalewa-Haus, University of Bayreuth, Germany * 2010 Tennis Palace Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland * 2010 Michael Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2010 7th Biennale of Sydney, Australia * 2010 Savannah College of Art and Design, Gutstein Gallery Savannah, Georgia, USA * 2010 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2009 Brodie/Stevenson, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2009 San Francisco Camerawork, San Francisco,USA * 2009 Den Hvide Kodby, Copenhagen, Denmark * 2008 Michael Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2008 Fowler Museum, Los Angeles, USA * 2008 Hood Museum, New Hampshire * 2008 Davis Museum, Wellesley, Massachusetts; San Diego * 2008 Museum of Art, San Diego, USA * 2008 3rd Guangzhou Triennial, China * 2007 L'oeil en cascade, Paris, France * 2007 Centre de Cultura Contemporania de Barcelona, Spain * 2007 Michael Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2007 Tate Gallery, Liverpool, England * 2007 Goodman Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2007 Cape '07, International Biennale, Cape Town, South Africa * 2007 Art Extra, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2007 Goodman Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2006 Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2006 Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2006 Belfast, Northern Ireland * 2006 Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa * 2005 Royal College of Art, London, UK * 2005 Print Center of New York, USA * 2005 FLAC, Centrum voor Kunsten en Kultuur in Gent, Belgium * 2005 Basis Gallery, Frankfurt, Germany * 2004 Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany * 2004 Feria Internacional de Arte Contemporáneo, Arco, Madrid, Spain * 2004 International Art Fair, Athens, Greece * 2004 Fortis Circustheater, Amsterdam, the Netherlands * 2004 MCH Messe, Basel, Switzerland * 2004 Kunsthaus, Basel, Switzerland * 2004 Michael Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2004 MTN Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2004 Klein Karoo Nationale Kunstefees, Oudtshoorn, South Africa * 2003 Tropen Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands * 2003 Arti et Amiciitiae, Amsterdam, the Netherlands * 2003 Michael Stevenson, Cape Town, South Africa * 2002 Davis Museum and Cultural Centre, Massachusetts; San Diego * 2002 Wellesley College, Boston, USA * 2001 Centre de Cultura Contemporania de Arte, Barcelona, Spain * 2001 Gertrude Posel Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2000 Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town; Gertrude Posel Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2000 XIII International AIDS conference, Durban, South Africa * 2000 Harvard AIDS Institute, Boston, USA * 1999 Villa Medici, Rome, Italy * 1999 Museum for African Art, New York; Austin * 1999 Museum of Art, Texas; Cantor Arts Center, Stanford University * 1999 Palo Alto, California * 1999 University of Arizona Gallery, Tucson, USA * 1999 Gertrude Posel gallery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1999 South African National Gallery, Cape Town; Bamako Festival of Photography, Mali * 1998 Fotofest, Houston, USA * 1998 Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Makhanda * 1998 Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town; Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1998 BildMuseet, Umea, Sweden * 1998 Grande Palais, Paris, France * 1998 Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town, South Africa * 1998 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1997 The National Touring Exhibitions, Oslo, Norway * 1997 6th Havana International Biennial, Havana, Cuba * 1997 2nd Johannesburg International Biennale, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1997 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1996 Gertrude Posel Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1996 Arnolfini, Bristol, UK * 1996 Adelson Galleries, New York, USA * 1996 The Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town, South Africa * 1996 Culturgest, Lisbon, Portugal * 1995 1st Johannesburg International Biennale * 1995 Wits Galleries, Africus – 1st Johannesburg International Biennale * 1995 Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa * 1995 South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 1995 Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Makhanda, South Africa * 1995 Meridian Center, Washington DC, USA * 1995 City Museum and Art Galleries, Birmingham, UK * 1995 Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London, UK * 1995 Center for the Arts, San Francisco * 1995 1st Gwanju Biennale, South Korea * 1995 Delfina Studio Trust, London, UK * 1995 National Arts Festival, Makhanda, South Africa * 1995 Meridian Center, Washington DC, USA * 1994 5th Havana International Biennale, Cuba * 1994 Art First Gallery, London, UK * 1994 Block Gallery, Evanston, USA * 1993 XLV Venice Biennale, Palazzo * 1994 Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands * 1994 Giustinian Lolin, Fondazione Levi, Venice, Italy * 1994 Sala 1 Gallery, Rome, Italy * 1994 Leeds City Art Gallery, Leeds, England * 1992 Cité Internationale des Arts, Paris, France * 1992 Alliance Française Gallery, Durban, South Africa * 1991 Cape Town Triennial, Iziko South African National Gallery * 1991 Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Albany Museum, Makhanda * 1991 Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1991 Newtown Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1990 Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, UK * 1990 SOHO 20 Gallery, New York, USA * 1989 The Portsmouth Collection, Aspex Gallery, Portsmouth, UK * 1988 Market Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1988 Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa * 1988 Cape Town Triennial, Iziko South African National Gallery * 1987 Oosterkerk, Amsterdam, the Netherlands * 1986 Volkskas Atelier Award Exhibition, South African Association of Arts, Pretoria * 1985 Africana Museum, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1985 South African National Gallery, Cape Town * 1985 Durban Art Museum, South Africa * 1985 Cape Town Triennial, South African National Gallery, Cape Town * 1984 South African Association of Arts, Pretoria * 1983 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg * 1983 University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg * 1982 Cape Town Triennial, South African National Gallery, Cape Town * 1977 Settler’s Museum, Makhanda, South Africa}} == Tari == Ana wakilta aikin mawaƙin a cikin manyan tarin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu; tarin duniya sun haɗa da Cibiyar Pompidou, Paris; Cibiyar Smithsonian, Washington; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; da Tate, London. == Kyauta == * 2016 Arts & Culture Trust Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa, Afirka ta Kudu * 2015 Helgaard Steyn Prize, Afirka ta Kudu * 2002 Klein Karoo Nationale Kunsfees: Kyautar Mawallafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kallon, Afirka ta Kudu * 1995 Vita Art Yanzu, Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Quarterly, Afirka ta Kudu * 1991 Vita Art Yanzu, Kyautar Kyauta ta Musamman, Afirka ta Kudu * 1988 Vita Art Yanzu, Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwata-kwata, Afirka ta Kudu * Vita Art Yanzu, Kyautar Kyauta, Afirka ta Kudu * 1986 Volkskas Atelier Award, Afirka ta Kudu * 1985 Cape Town Triennial, Kyautar Kyauta, Afirka ta Kudu == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Sue Williamson, ''Resistance Art in South Africa''. Cape Town: David Philip, 1989. * Colin Richards, 'For want of (An)Other World', in ''Penny Siopis'', Johannesburg: The Artists Press, 1994. * Clive van den Berg (ed) ''Panoramas of Passage: Changing Landscapes of South Africa'', Washington and Johannesburg: Meridian Center and Wits Art Galleries, 1995. * Okwui Enwezor (ed) ''Trade Routes: History and Geography'', Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council, 1997. * Frank Herremen & Mark D'Amato, ''Liberated Voices: Contemporary Art from South Africa'', London and New York: Museum for African Art: Prestel, 1999. * Jennifer A Law, 'The Story Teller: Penny Siopis', in ''Liberated Voices: Contemporary Art from South Africa'' Frank Herreman (ed), New York: Museum of African Art, New York and Prestel, 1999. * Brenda Atkinson and Candice Breitz (eds) ''Grey Areas: Representation, Identity and Politics in Contemporary South African Art'', Johannesburg: Chalkham Hill Press, 1999. * Olu Oguibe and Okwui Enwezor, (eds) ''Reading the Contemporary: African Art from Theory to the Marketplace'', London: Iniva and MIT Press, 2000. * Jennifer Law, ''Penny Siopis: Sympathetic Magic''. Johannesburg: University of Witswaterstrand, 2002. * Kathryn Smith (ed) ''Penny Siopis'', Johannesburg: Goodman Gallery, 2005. * Colin Richards, 'Prima Facie: Surface as Depth in the Work of Penny Siopis' in Kathryn Smith (ed) ''Penny Siopis'', Johannesburg: Goodman Gallery, 2005. * Griselda Pollock, 'Painting, Difference and Desire in History: The Work of Penny Siopis 1985–1994' in Kathryn Smith (ed) ''Penny Siopis'', Johannesburg: Goodman Gallery, 2005. * Jennifer Law, ''Three Essays on Shame'', London: Freud Museum, 2005. * Penny Siopis, 'Shame in Three Parts at the Freud Museum' in Claire Pajaczkowska and Ivan Ward (eds), ''Shame and Sexuality: Psychoanalysis and Visual Culture'', London: Routledge, 2008. * Sarah Nuttall, ''Entanglement: Literary and Cultural Reflections on Post- Apartheid'', Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2009. * Brenton Maart (ed), Red, The Iconography of Colour in the work of Penny Siopis, Durban: KZNSA Gallery, 2009. * Sarah Nuttall & Penny Siopis, ''An Unrecoverable Strangeness: some reflections on selfhood and otherness in South African Art'', Critical Arts 24:3, 2010. * Colin Richards, 'In Human History: Pasts and Prospects in South African Art today' in Thembinkosi Goniwe, Mario Pisarra (eds), ''Visual Century: South African Art in Context 1907–2007'', Vo 4, Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2011. * Sue Williamson, ''South African Art Now''. New York: HarperCollins, 2011. * Penny Siopis and Kim Miller, ''Whose Afraid of the Crowd'', Catalogue 57. Cape Town: Stevenson, 2011. * Corinne Diserens, ''Appropriated Landscapes: Contemporary African Photography from The Walther Collection'', Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. * Penny Siopis, 'The Hooks of History – Three Films' in Marie-Hélène Gutberelet, Cara Snyman (eds) ''Shoe Shop'', Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2012. * Brenton Maart (ed), ''Contemporary South African Art and the Archive'', Makhanda: National Arts Festival, 2013. * Gerrit Oliver (ed), Penny Siopis: ''Time and Again'', Wits University Press: Johannesburg, 2014. * Griselda Pollock, 'Remembering Three Essays on Shame, Penny Siopis, Freud Museum, London 2005' in Gerrit Oliver (ed), ''Penny Siopis: Time and Again'', Wits University Press: Johannesburg, 2014. * Penny Siopis, ''Grief'', Stevenson: Cape Town, 2016. * Penny Siopis, ''Shame'', Stevenson: Cape Town, 2016. * Penny Siopis, ''Material Acts'' , Stevenson: Cape Town, 2019. * Karen Milbourne, ''I Am...Contemporary Women Artists of Africa'', Washington DC: Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, 2019. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |title=Artist Website |url=https://pennysiopis.com/ |website=Penny Siopis}} * {{Cite web |title=SAHO – Pippy Siopis |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/penny-siopis |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Sahistory.org.za}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jh34vdquu1g1xbcy2y19xf2frf0z3cp Jeanne Gervais 0 98534 859729 610960 2026-06-18T03:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeanne Gervais''', ''née'' '''Jeanne Ahou Siefer-N'Dri''' (Yuni 6, 1922 - Disamba 9, 2012) 'yar siyasa ce [[Ivory Coast|ta Ivory Coast]] kuma mace ta farko minista a Côte d'Ivoire. An haife ta a Grand-Bassam, Gervais mahaifinta ɗan [[Faransa]] ne da mahaifiyarta 'yar Baoulé. <ref name="abidjan.net">{{Cite web |title=Jeanne Gervais, première femme ivoirienne ministre tire sa révérence |url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/446802.html |access-date=29 September 2017 |publisher= |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909222942/http://news.abidjan.net/h/446802.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsohuwar memba a jam'iyyar Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire - African Democratic Rally, <ref>{{Cite web |title=rti.ci – Actualité |url=http://rti.ci/actualite-2346-hommage-du-pdci-rda-a-la-premiere-femme-ministre-en-cote-d-ivoire..html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319111316/http://rti.ci/actualite-2346-hommage-du-pdci-rda-a-la-premiere-femme-ministre-en-cote-d-ivoire..html |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=rti.ci}}</ref> ta halarci tattakin mata a garinsu a shekarar 1949. An horar da ita a matsayin malama a École normal de Rufisque, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Germaine Le Goff – L'Africaine blanche (1891-1986) |url=https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/revieweng_legoff09.html |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au}}</ref> ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata uku, tare da [[Hortense Aka-Anghui]] da [[Gladys Anoma]], wanda aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. Ta yi aiki a wannan jikin daga shekarun 1965 har zuwa 1980. <ref name="abidjan.net" /> A cikin shekarar 1976, an naɗa ta shugabar [[Ministry of Women's Affairs (Ivory Coast)|ma'aikatar harkokin mata]], ta ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan muƙamin har zuwa shekara ta 1984 kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Ivory Coast. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki tsawon shekaru a matsayin shugabar kungiyar des Femmes Ivoiriennes. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] goiev8t1bvhtn84md2xt4qkx1ru1o5n Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio 0 100491 859730 619991 2026-06-18T03:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1951)<ref name="CV">[http://www.gouv.ci/doc/CV_Me_Jeannot_AHOUSSOU_KOUADIO__24062011.pdf Official CV at government website] {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> dan siyasa ne dan kasar Ivory Coast wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Ivory Coast daga Maris 2012 zuwa Nuwamba 2012. A watan Afrilun 2018, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattawan Ivory Coast kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa Oktoba 2023.<ref name="parline">{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Senate |url=https://data.ipu.org/parliament/ci?chamber_id=13373 |publisher=IPU}}</ref> A baya ya kasance Ministan Masana'antu daga 2002 zuwa 2005 kuma Ministan Shari'a daga 2010 zuwa 2012. Ahoussou-Kouadio dan jam'iyyar ''Democratic Party of Ivory Coast'' ne- African ''Democratic Rally'' (PDCI-RDA), jam'iyyar da tsohon shugaban kasar Henri Konan Bédié ke jagoranta.<ref name="Nomme">[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120313-jeannot-ahoussou-kouadio-premier-ministre-cote-ivoire-ouattara-bedie-soro "Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio nommé Premier ministre en Côte d'Ivoire"], Radio France Internationale, 13 March 2012 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Tun da ya bar ofis a matsayin firaminista, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisar yankin Bélier[1] kuma a matsayin Ministan Jiha a Fadar Shugaban Kasa don Tattaunawar Siyasa da Hulɗa da Cibiyoyi. Lokacin da aka kirkiro sabon matsayi na shugaban majalisar dattawa a cikin 2018, Ahoussou-Kouadio an nada shi don cike shi. == Ayyuka == An haifi Ahoussou-Kouadio a Raviart, dake cikin yankin Tie-N'Diekro. Lauyan kasuwanci a fannin sana'a, ya kasance memba na PDCI-RDA na tsawon lokaci kuma ya rike mukaman jam'iyya daban-daban. An nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Ivory Coast a shekarar 1999, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin kasar Ivory Coast a zaben majalisar dokokin da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000, mai wakiltar mazabar Didievi da Tie-N'Diekro. A taron PDCI-RDA na 11, wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 2002, an nada shi a matsayin mataimakin babban sakatare mai kula da harkokin shari’a.<ref name="CV"/> A karkashin Shugaba [[Laurent Gbagbo]], an nada Ahoussou-Kouadio a matsayin Ministan Masana'antu da Inganta Sashin Masu zaman kansu a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2002 <ref name="CV"/> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa. <ref name="Continuite">[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120314-ahoussou-kouadio-1er-ministre-continuite-cote-ivoire "Ahoussou-Kouadio, Premier ministre: le changement dans la continuité en Côte d'Ivoire"], Radio France Internationale, 14 March 2012 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Ya kasance a wannan mukamin har zuwa Disamba 2005.<ref name="CV" /> Shi ne darektan yakin neman zaben Bédié a zagayen farko na zaben shugaban kasa na Oktoba – Nuwamba 2010; bayan da Bédié ya zo na uku kuma ya ba Alassane Ouattara goyon baya, Ahoussou-Kouadio ya zama mataimakin darektan yakin neman zaben Ouattara na zagaye na biyu.<ref name="Continuite" /> Gbagbo da Ouattara sun yi ikirarin nasara a zagaye na biyu; Ouattara ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya nada Ahoussou-Kouadio a matsayin karamin ministan shari'a da kare hakkin dan adam a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2010. <ref name="CV" /> Shugaba Ouattara ne ya nada Ahoussou-Kouadio a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, yana cika alkawarin Ouattara na nada memba na jam'iyyar Bédié a matsayin Firaminista. A matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, ya ci gaba da rike mukamin shari'a.<ref name="Nomme"/> Koyaya, ya kasance a ofis na kasa da shekara guda; a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2012, Shugaba Ouattara ya nada Ministan Harkokin Waje [[Daniel Kablan Duncan]], wanda shi ma memba ne na PDCI, don maye gurbin Ahoussou-Kouadio. An nada Ahoussou-Kouadio a matsayin Ministan Jiha a Shugaban kasa a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013.<ref>Patrick N'Guessan, [http://news.abidjan.net/h/448567.html "Retour d’Ahoussou au Gouvernement : Les dessous d’une nomination - Sa nouvelle mission"], ''Le Mandat'', 11 January 2013 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Ahoussou-Kouadio has been the president of the Regional Council of Bélier since 2013. In the government appointed on 12 January 2016, he held the post of Minister of State at the Presidency for Political Dialogue and Relations with the Institutions.<ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/578885.html "Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement"], Abidjan.net, 12 January 2016 {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> Ya zama shugaban majalisar dattijai na farko a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Côte d’Ivoire: L’ancien Premier ministre Jeannot Ahoussou affirme avoir "l’expérience" pour occuper la présidence du sénat |url=https://news.abidjan.net/h/634454.html |publisher=Abidjan.net |language=fr |access-date=23 May 2025 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917212305/http://news.abidjan.net/h/634454.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan tafiya zuwa Turai a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2020 don duba lafiyar yau da kullun, Ahoussou-Kouadio ya gwada inganci don COVID-19 a Jamus a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Two senior officials test positive for COVID-19 in Cote d'Ivoire |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2020-07/13/content_76267820.htm |publisher=Xinhua}}</ref> Ba a sake zaben shi ba a majalisar dattawa ba a zaben watan Satumban 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Former Ivorian Foreign Minister Kandia Camara elected President of Senate |url=https://wadr.org/former-ivorian-foreign-minister-kandia-camara-elected-president-of-senate/ |website=WADR}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 6ep2k2xc24tsmeghjqqp4tl819w05u8 Ilana Harris-Babou 0 100548 859344 620324 2026-06-17T13:02:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilana Harris-Babou''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) yar sculptor [[Amurkawa|ɗan Amurka]] ce kuma mai zane. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ilana Harris-Babou |url=https://madmuseum.org/learn/ilana-harris-babou |website=madmuseum.org}}</ref> An haifi Harris-Babou a Brooklyn, [[New York]]. An tattauna tarbiyyar ta a cikin wata hira akan ''Nunin Amy Beecher'' a watan Agusta na shekara 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Episode 30: Ilana Harris-Babou — The Amy Beecher Show - Podcast |url=https://amybeecher.show/Episode-30-Ilana-Harris-Babou |access-date=2020-02-29 |website=amybeecher.show |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita mataimaƙiya kuma farfesa ce a fannin fasaha kuma Luther Gregg Sullivan Fellow a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Wesleyan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilana Yacine Harris-Babou |url=https://www.wesleyan.edu/academics/faculty/iharrisbabou/profile.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=wesleyan.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan fasaha == Harris-Babou sau da yawa tana amfani da bidiyon kiɗa, nunin dafa abinci, da gidan talabijin na inganta gida a matsayin abu a cikin aikinta, sau da yawa tana rarraba ra'ayi na Mafarkin Amurka . Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ra'ayoyi game da kusanci, ƙin tashin hankali, da cin abinci. <ref name=":0"/> Harris-Babou tana magana da masu sauraronta ta hanyar ban dariya da sake gina al'adun mabuƙata. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ilana Harris-Babou: Decision Fatigue {{!}} February 20 - March 21, 2020 |url=https://hesseflatow.com/exhibitions/12-ilana-harris-babou-decision-fatigue/overview/ |access-date=2020-02-29 |website=Hesse Flatow |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana aikinta a cikin hira da ''PIN-UP'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The only biannual Magazine for Architectural |title=INTERVIEW: Artist Ilana Harris-Babou On Power Dynamics Of Domestic Aspirations |url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/interview-artist-ilana-harris-babou-jeremy-o-harris-pu27 |access-date=2020-02-29 |website=pinupmagazine.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018, ta ƙirƙiri kantin sayar da kayan aikin karya a Larrie Gallery a cikin [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . Wannan aikin, mai suna "Hardware Reparation", yana fasalta kayan da aka kwato don ƙirƙirar sassaka waɗanda ke nuna ra'ayin sake yin tsohon sabo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=Ilana Harris-Babou and the Narrative of the Anomaly |url=https://www.culturedmag.com/ilana-harris-babou/ |access-date=2020-02-29 |website=Cultured Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kan "Hardware Reparation" suna sukar ma'auni biyu da manufofin Amurka na zamani na rayuwa a cikin gida. Ta kuma gabatar da sakwannin siyasa da ke nuna ' yanci da dai-daiton [[Afirkawan Amurka|Amurkawa-Amurkawa]] a Amurka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bauer |first=S. |last2=Bock |first2=Katinka |last3=Brownsword |first3=Neil |last4=Cobbing |first4=William |last5=Grau |first5=A. |last6=Harris-Babou |first6=Ilana |last7=Hart |first7=E. |last8=Hopf |first8=Judith |last9=Hüner |first9=Emre |date=2018 |title=Further Thoughts on Earthy Materials 11 September – 25 November 2018 |url=https://kunsthaushamburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Besucherblatt_Homepage_englisch_reduced.pdf |website=Kunsthaus Hamburg |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227094822/https://kunsthaushamburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Besucherblatt_Homepage_englisch_reduced.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harris-Babtar ta baje ko'ina a cikin Amurka da Turai, tare da nune-nunen nune-nunen a The Museum of Arts & Design a New York da Vox Populi Gallery a [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] . Ta kuma nuna a gidan kayan gargajiya na de Young a San Francisco, Abrons Art Center a New York, Zuckerman Museum of Art a Kennesaw, Jojiya, Le Doc a [[Faris|Paris, Faransa]], Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa a New York, & SculptureCenter a Long Island City . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilana Harris-Babou {{!}} Bennington College |url=https://www.bennington.edu/academics/faculty/ilana-harris-babou |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=www.bennington.edu}}</ref> Nunin nata na baya-bayan nan mai taken "Gajiya ta yanke hukunci" kuma an nuna shi a Hesse Flatow a cikin birnin [[New York]] daga 20 ga Fabrairu zuwa 21 ga Maris na shekara ta 2020. Wannan nuni yana nuna bidiyon mahaifiyar Harris-Babou, Sheila Harris tana gudanar da koyawa ta kayan shafa. Mahaifiyar mai zane ta yi tunani a kan zaɓinta don bayyana matashi da lafiya, tana tambayar gaskiyar ƙuruciyarta. Harris-Babou yana amfani da wannan bidiyon don bincika yadda ake ɓoye matsalolin tsarin wani lokaci azaman zaɓi na sirri. Nunin ya kuma ƙunshi sassaƙaƙen sassaka waɗanda suke kama da abubuwan da aka samo a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki amma sun canza zuwa ga rashin dai-daituwa <ref name=":2"/> === Nunin da aka zaɓa === * 2016 - A Amsa: Unorthodox - Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa, Birnin New York <ref>{{Cite web |title=March 2016 Programs at the Jewish Museum Feature Albert Einstein, Artists Responding to Unorthodox, Artist Omer Fast, and More |url=https://thejewishmuseum.org/index.php/press/press-release/march-2016-programs-release |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=The Jewish Museum}}</ref> * 2017 - Mummunan Girke-girke guda ɗaya - Gidan kayan gargajiya na fasaha da ƙira, Birnin New York <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fellow Focus: Ilana Harris-Babou: One Bad Recipe |url=https://madmuseum.org/exhibition/fellow-focus-ilana-harris-babou |website=madmuseum.org}}</ref> * 2018 - Hardware na Gyara - Larrie, Birnin New York <ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The only biannual Magazine for Architectural |title=REPARATION HARDWARE: ILANA HARRIS-BABOU'S TAKE ON THE AMERICAN DREAM |url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/reparation-hardware-ilana-harris-babou |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=pinupmagazine.org}}</ref> * 2018 - Ƙarin Tunani akan Abubuwan Duniya - Kunsthaus Hamburg, [[Hamburg]], Jamus. <ref name=":3"/> * 2019 - 2019 Whitney Biennial, Rujeko Hockley da Jane Panetta ne suka gyara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinhauer |first=Jillian |date=February 25, 2019 |title=The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/arts/design/2019-whitney-biennial.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> * 2019 - ''M madaukai'' - Artspace, New Haven, [[Connecticut|CT]] . Johannes DeYoung da Federico Solmi ne suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strange Loops |url=https://artspacenewhaven.org/exhibitions/strange-loops/}}</ref> * 2020 - Gajiya ga yanke shawara - Hesse Flatow, Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilana Harris-Babou: Decision Fatigue {{!}} February 20 - May 16, 2020 - Overview |url=https://hesseflatow.com/exhibitions/12-ilana-harris-babou-decision-fatigue/overview/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Hesse Flatow}}</ref> == Kyauta == * 2017 Mawaƙin Haɗin kai na Al'umma, Gidauniyar Rema Hort Mann, Birnin New York <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilana Harris-Babou – Rema Hort Mann Foundation |url=http://www.remahortmannfoundation.org/project/ilana-harris-babou-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119191528/http://www.remahortmannfoundation.org/project/ilana-harris-babou-2/ |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> * 2017 Van Lier Fellow, Museum of Arts and Design, New York City <ref name=":1"/> * Zama na 2018, Art Recess, Birnin New York * Kyautar Jorge M. Pérez Foundation Foundation na 2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://ilanahb.com}} * [http://artviewer.org/tag/ilana-harris-babou/ Ilana Harris-Babou – artviewer.org] * [https://bombmagazine.org/articles/the-deferral-of-pleasure-ilana-harris-babou-interviewed/ Aspiration and the Deferral of Pleasure: Ilana Harris-Babou – Interviewed by Rebecca Schultz – BOMB Magazine] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jtdk3kyvntan86kgj251og7trj9k7s3 James Riley 0 100717 859653 703163 2026-06-17T21:19:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''James Riley''' (Oktoba 27, 1777 - Maris 13, 1840) shi ne kyaftin na jirgin ruwan Commerce [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]].<ref name="skeletons">{{cite book | last = King | first = Dean | title = Skeletons on the Zahara | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-316-83514-5 | title-link = Skeletons on the Zahara }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi James Riley a Middletown, [[Connecticut]] a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1777. <ref>{{Cite web |title=James Riley |url=http://www.onlinebiographies.info/oh/merc/riley-j-jw.htm |website=Online Biographies |access-date=2025-05-27 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304202438/http://www.onlinebiographies.info/oh/merc/riley-j-jw.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana da shekaru 15, ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan gida a kan wani jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci a yammacin Indies. Lokacin da ya kai shekara 20 ya zama kyaftin na jirgin ruwa.<ref name=Mercer>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA313 |title=History of Mercer County, Ohio, and Representative Citizens |volume=1 |editor-first=S. S. |editor-last=Scranton |publisher=Biographical Publishing Company |location=Celina, Ohio |pages=313–314 |year=1907 |access-date=2020-08-11 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ya auri Phebe Miller a cikin Janairu 1802, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyar. == ''Wahala a Afirka'' == Riley ya jagoranci ma’aikatansa ta cikin [[Sahara|hamadar Sahara]], bayan da jirgin ya nutse a gabar tekun [[Yammacin Sahara|yammacin Saharar]] a cikin watan Agustan 1815, kuma ya rubuta abin tunawa game da wahalar da suka sha. Wannan labari na gaskiya ya bayyana yadda jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse da wahalar da suka sha a cikin sahara. Littafin, wanda aka buga a cikin 1817 kuma asalinsa mai suna ''Sahihin Labari na Asarar Brig 'Kasuwanci' na 'Late Master and Supercargo' James Riley'', an sake buga shi a zamanin yau azaman ''Wahala a Afirka''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Riley, James|title=Sufferings in Africa|isbn= 978-1-59048-108-0|date=1817|publisher=Long Riders' Guild Press }}</ref> An rasa a cikin wannan duniyar da ba a sani ba, Kyaftin Riley ya ji alhakin ma'aikatansa da amincin su. Ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka kai ga kame su da ‘yan fashin ‘yan asalin [[Sahrawis|kasar Sahrawi]] suka rike su a matsayin bayi. Mummunan wulakanci, an buge su, sun kone su, sun ji yunwa, aka tilasta musu shan fitsarin nasu da na rakumi . Za a yi aikin bawa har ya kusa mutuwa sannan a yi ciniki ko a kashe shi. [[Fayil:A_Map_of_part_of_Africa_-_drawn_by_the_latest_authorities_to_illustrate_the_narrative_of_Captain_James_Riley_LOC_2009583840.jpg|thumb|431x431px]] Daga karshe Riley ya rinjayi wani Balarabe, Sidi Hamet, da ya siya shi da abokan aikinsa, ya kai su wani tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mai nisa daga arewa, inda Riley ke fatan samun ‘yancinsu. Ya gaya wa Hamet karya cewa yana da abokinsa a garin da zai saka wa Hamet tukuicin sakinsu. Bayan isowarsu, Riley ya rubuta takarda zuwa ga jakadan Burtaniya na gida, wanda ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin abokin Riley da ya dade ya rasa kuma ya tabbatar da sakin Amurkawan da aka yi bauta. == Bayan haka == Da zarar ya koma bakin tekun Amurka, Riley ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|yaki da bautar]] amma daga baya ya koma rayuwa a teku.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cromwell Native's Voyage Was Grist for a Bestseller |url=https://www.courant.com/1998/06/03/cromwell-natives-voyage-was-grist-for-a-bestseller/ |work=Hartford Courant |date=3 June 1998}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1840, a kan jirginsa Brig ''William Tell'' wanda ya tashi daga New York zuwa "St. Thomas a cikin Caribbean" {{Efn|The relevant "Saint Thomas" is not clearly specified in available sources: it may be [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas Island]], now in the U.S. Virgin Islands.}} "cutar da ta haifar da wahala mara misaltuwa fiye da shekaru ashirin da suka wuce a lokacin da jirginsa ya rushe da kuma bauta a hamadar Sahara".<ref name=Mercer/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Josiah Riley|title=Obituary of Capt. Riley|work=Alton Weekly Courier|via=Newspapers.com|date=3 June 1853}}</ref> An kiyaye rayuwar ma'aikatansa, ko shakka babu, daga matsalolin da suke fuskanta a cikin hamadar Afirka. Ma’aikacin jirgin na karshe da ya tsira shi ne yaron gidan, wanda ya rayu yana da shekaru 82.<ref>{{cite book|date=1851|publisher=G. Brewster|author1=Riley, James |author2=Riley, William Willshire |title=Sequel to Riley's Narrative: Being a Sketch of Interesting Incidents in the Life, Voyages and Travels of Capt. James Riley, from the Period of His Return to His Native Land, After His Shipwreck, Captivity and Sufferings Among the Arabs of the Desert, as Related in His Narrative, Until His Death|url=https://archive.org/details/sequeltorileysn00rilegoog}}</ref> A shekara ta 1851, shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan mutuwar Riley a teku, kamfanin buga G. Brewster ya fitar da littafin ''Mabiyi na Riley's Narrative: Being a Sketch of Interesting Incidents in the Life, Voyages and Travels of Capt. James Riley{{Spaces}}''[...] == Tasiri == Riley ya kafa ƙauyen tsakiyar yammacin Willshire, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], wanda ya sanya wa suna William Willshire, mutumin da ya fanshe shi daga bauta. [[Abraham Lincoln]], wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Amurka, ya lissafta ''Wahaloli a Afirka'' a matsayin daya daga cikin ayyuka uku masu tasiri da suka tsara akidar siyasarsa, musamman ma ra'ayinsa kan bauta. Sauran su ne [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] da ''Ci gaban Alhazai'' (1678). == Buga asusun == * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8469656z {{Lang|fr|Carte d'une partie de l'Afrique dessinée d'après les dernières découvertes pour servir à l'intelligence de la relation du capitaine James Riley}}], New York: John H. Eddy, zane-zane; Collin, graveur; 1816 [Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica]. * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8469656z {{lang|fr|Carte d'une partie de l'Afrique dessinée d'après les dernières découvertes pour servir à l'intelligence de la relation du capitaine James Riley}}], New York: John H. Eddy, cartographe; Collin, graveur; 1816 [Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica]. * {{cite book|isbn=1585740802 |title= Suffering Africa - Astonishing Enslaved African|last1=Riley |first1=James |date=2000 |publisher= Lyons Press}} Reissue of the original. * {{cite book|isbn=0316835145 |title=Skeletons on the Zahara: A True story of survival |last1=King |first1=Dean |year=2004 |publisher=Little, Brown }} * {{cite news|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6619/|work=History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course|title='I found him to be a very intelligent and feeling man': Enslaved James Riley Encounters an Arab Trader, 1815|access-date=2025-05-27|archive-date=2025-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627043543/https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6619|url-status=dead}} Brief summary of the historical context of Riley's ordeal, as introduction to an extract from ''Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig "Commerce"'', an 1817 edition of Riley's memoir. * {{cite book |last1=Maislish |first1=David |title=White Slave: Based on the Journal of James Riley; Wrecked with His Crew Off the Coast of Africa, Enslaved and Seeking Redemption in the Desert |date=2005 |publisher=Pen Press |isbn=978-1-904754-98-5 |edition=First |language=English}} Based on the original account, rewritten for modern readers; with additional explanatory material. * {{cite book |last=Winchester |first=Simon |title=Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms, and a Vast Ocean of a Million Stories |date=2010|publisher=Harper |isbn=978-0-06-170258-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlanticgreatsea00winc_0/page/239 239] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticgreatsea00winc_0/page/239}} == Manazarta == {{Notelist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] 8w5wx3lmkg066s1tt0423p7kr1ztuwu Taron Tarayyar Afirka 0 103729 859372 806825 2026-06-17T13:43:41Z Sikander 9214 /* Membobi */ 859372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka''' wadda aka fi sani da '''Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen Afirka''' ( '''AU-AHSG''' ), tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi masu yanke shawara da dama a cikin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] . Sauran hukumomin su ne [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka|Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ; Majalisar zartaswa, ta ƙunshi ministocin harkokin waje na ƙasashe membobin AU; da [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]] . Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta kunshi shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci 55 na kasashen. Majalisar tana yin taro sau ɗaya a shekara. Shugabar Majalisar ita ce ke jagorantar taron kolin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka na shekara-shekara da kuma majalisar wakilan kasashen Afirka a lokacin zabe da kuma rantsar da shugaban majalisar Pan-African. == Tarihi == Majalisar ta kafa ta ne a ranar 25 ga Mayun 1963, a matsayin wani bangare na amincewa da kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU). Da farko dai Majalisar ta kunshi membobi 32 masu zaman kansu, shugabannin kasashen Afirka da suka samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1963. Har zuwa 2001, kundin tsarin mulki na Majalisar shine Yarjejeniya ta OAU. Majalisar yanzu tana karkashin dokar kungiyar da ta kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] . == Ayyuka == Majalisar tana da ayyuka na asali guda tara: # Saita manufofin kungiyar. # Yanke shawarar matakin da zaku ɗauka bayan la'akari da rahotanni da shawarwari daga sauran sassan ƙungiyar. # Yi la'akari da buƙatun zama memba a cikin Ƙungiyar. # Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi don Ƙungiyar. # Kula da aiwatar da manufofi da yanke shawara na Ƙungiyar tare da tabbatar da bin duk ƙasashe membobin. # Ƙirƙirar kasafin kuɗin Ƙungiyar. # Bayar da jagoranci ga Majalisar Zartaswa game da rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe da sauran yanayi na gaggawa da maido da zaman lafiya. # Zabi alƙalai da kuma janye alkalan kotun shari'a. # A nada Shugaban Hukumar, Kwamishinonin Hukumar, da dukkan mataimakansu tare da tantance tsawon lokacin da za su yi aiki da irin ayyukan da za su yi. == Yanke shawara == [[Fayil:50th_Anniversary_African_Union_Summit_in_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| Taron kolin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka karo na 50 a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha, 25 ga Mayu, 2013]] QMajalisar za ta yanke shawararta ta hanyar yarjejeniya ko, in ba haka ba, da kashi biyu bisa uku na Membobin Kungiyar. Koyaya, al'amuran tsari, gami da tambayar ko al'amari na kan hanya ne ko a'a, za a yanke hukunci da rinjaye mai sauƙi. Kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan membobin kungiyar za su samar da adadin kuri'u a kowane taro na Majalisar. Majalisar na iya ba da duk wani iko da ayyukanta ga kowace sashe na Ƙungiyar. == Membobi == Majalisar ta AU ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen AU ta kunshi shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci 55. Majalisar na yin taro sau daya a shekara a taron AU. Shugaban Majalisar na yanzu shine shugaban kasar Chadi Moussa Faki. Membobin AU-AHSG na yanzu sune: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:white;" width=100% |- !align=left|Ƙasar Memba !align=left|Wakili !align=left|Matsayi !align=left|Memba tun daga !class="unsortable" width=50px|Hoto |- |{{flag|Algeria}} |Abdelmadjid Tebboune |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|12|19}} |[[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg|frameless|140x140px]] |- |{{flag|Angola}} |João Lourenço |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|9|26}} |[[File:2018-07-04 President João Lourenço-0555.jpg|100x180px]] |- |{{flag|Benin}} |Patrice Talon |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|4|6}} |[[File:Patrice Talon at the 52nd African Development Bank Annual Meeting in Gandhinagar (Cropped).jpg|121x121px]] |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |Duma Boko |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|1}} |[[File:Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|132x132px]] |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|1|31}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso.svg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Burundi}} |Évariste Ndayishimiye |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|6|18}} |[[File:Evariste Ndayishimiye (cropped).jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|Cabo Verde}} |José Maria Neves |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|11|9}} |[[File:José Maria Neves.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Cameroon}} |Paul Biya |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1982|11|6}} |[[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Central African Republic}} |Faustin-Archange Touadéra |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|2|30}} |[[File:Faustin Touadera.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Chad}} |Mahamat Déby Itno |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|20}} |[[File:Participation of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, in the 6th European Union Africa Union Summit (cropped).jpg|100px]] |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |Azali Assoumani |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|26}} |[[File:President Azali Assoumani.jpg|100x150px]] |- |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |Félix Tshisekedi |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|24}} |[[File:Félix Tshisekedi (september 2018).jpg|114x114px]] |- |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}} |Denis Sassou Nguesso |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1997|8|25}} |[[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.png|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |Alassane Ouattara |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|4}} |[[File:President Alassane Ouattara in Washington - 2017 (38244569701) (cropped).jpg|143x143px]] |- |{{flag|Djibouti}} |Ismail Omar Guelleh |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1999|5|8}} |[[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2018.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Egypt}} |Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2014|6|8}} |[[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1979|8|3}} |[[File:Teodoro Obiang.png|100x130px]] |- |{{flag|Eritrea}} |Isaias Afwerki |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1993|5|24}} |[[File:Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg|100x150px]] |- |{{flag|Eswatini}} |Mswati III |Sarki |{{dts|format=dmy|1986|4|25}} |[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|Ethiopia}} |Abiy Ahmed |Firayim Minista |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|2}} |[[File:The state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018 (6810) (cropped).jpg|131x131px]] |- |{{flag|Gabon}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|8|31}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Gabon.svg|99x99px]] |- |{{flag|The Gambia}} |Adama Barrow |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|19}} |[[File:Adama Barrow - 2018 (39774084330) (cropped).jpg|127x127px]] |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |John Mahama |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|7}} | |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|9|10}} |[[File:Coat of Arms of Guinea.svg|100x100px]] |- |{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |Umaro Sissoco Embaló |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|2|27}} |[[File:Umaro Sissoco Embaló (51315757792).jpg|141x141px]] |- |{{flag|Kenya}} |William Ruto |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|9|13}} |[[File:William Ruto 2023.jpg|137x137px]] |- |{{flag|Lesotho}} |Sam Matekane |Firayim Minista |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|10|28}} |[[File:Sam Matekane.jpg|125x125px]] |- |{{flag|Liberia}} |Joseph Boakai |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|1|22}} |[[File:President-elect Joseph Boakai (cropped).jpg|126x126px]] |- |{{flag|Libya}} |Mohamed al-Menfi |Shugaban Kwamitin Shugabanci |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|3|15}} | |- |{{flag|Madagascar}} |Andry Rajoelina |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|19}} |[[File:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd (cropped).jpg|141x141px]] |- |{{flag|Malawi}} |Lazarus Chakwera |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|6|28}} |[[File:Lazarus Chakwera 2017.jpg|150x150px]] |- |{{flag|Mali}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|6|2}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Mali.svg|100x100px]] |- |{{flag|Mauritania}} |Mohamed Ould Ghazouani |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|8|1}} |[[File:Hi Excellency Mohammed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, President of Mauritania, at the UK-Africa Investment Summit, 20 January 2020 (cropped).jpg|126x126px]] |- |{{flag|Mauritius}} |Navin Ramgoolam |Firayim Minista |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|13}} |[[File:Mr. Navin Ramgoolam 2018 (cropped).jpg|128x128px]] |- |{{flag|Morocco}} |Mohammed VI |Sarki |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|31}} |[[File:Pedro Sánchez se reúne con el rey de Marruecos, Mohamed VI (1) (cropped).jpg|125x125px]] |- |{{flag|Mozambique}} |Daniel Chapo |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|15}} |[[File:Daniel Chapo 2016 (Cropped).jpg|124x124px]] |- |{{flag|Namibia}} |Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2025|3|21}} |[[File:Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Namibia's Deputy Prime Minister (cropped).jpg|133x133px]] |- |{{flag|Niger}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|26}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Niger.svg|100x100px]] |- |{{flag|Nigeria}} |Bola Tinubu |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|29}} |[[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|125x125px]] |- |{{flag|Rwanda}} |Paul Kagame |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2000|3|24}} |[[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}} |Brahim Ghali |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|7|12}} |[[File:Brahim Ghali.jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} |Carlos Vila Nova |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|10|2}} |[[File:WSIS FORUM 2015 Day 2 - Carlos Vila Nova (cropped).jpg|119x119px]] |- |{{flag|Senegal}} |Bassirou Diomaye Faye |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|4|2}} |[[File:Bassirou Diomaye Faye - 2024 (cropped).jpg|149x149px]] |- |{{flag|Seychelles}} |Wavel Ramkalawan |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|26}} |[[File:Wavel Ramkalawan (face) 2020.jpg|121x121px]] |- |{{flag|Sierra Leone}} |Julius Maada Bio |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|4}} |[[File:Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |- |{{flag|Somalia}} |Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|5|23}} |[[File:His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg|117x117px]] |- |{{flag|South Africa}} |Cyril Ramaphosa |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|2|15}} |[[File:Cyril Ramaphosa.jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|South Sudan}} |Salva Kiir Mayardit |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2011|7|9}} |[[File:Salva Kiir Mayardit at the White House (cropped).jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|10|26}} |[[File:Emblem of Sudan.svg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Samia Suluhu Hassan |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|3|19}} |[[File:Samia Suluhu at the XXIX St Petersburg International Economic Forum - 2026 (cropped).jpg|118x118px]] |- |{{flag|Togo}} |Faure Gnassingbé |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2005|5|4}} |[[File:Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Tunisia}} |Kais Saied |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|10|23}} |[[File:President Kais Saïed cropped.jpg|133x133px]] |- |{{flag|Uganda}} |Yoweri Museveni |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1986|1|26}} |[[File:Museveni July 2012 Cropped.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Zambia}} |Hakainde Hichilema |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|8|21}} |[[File:President of Zambia Hakainde Hichilema at the US SFRC (cropped).jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |Emmerson Mnangagwa |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|11|24}} |[[File:Emmerson Mnangagwa (2019-01-15).jpg|136x136px]] |} aci8bc1ad8rb8j9b5z1d0zikp6n9u9v John-Joe O'Toole 0 106541 859308 859306 2026-06-17T12:01:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole''' (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21. == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5akbt8z3wq999hed8vng5m017qe0932 859310 859308 2026-06-17T12:04:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21. == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] fiu25bzyzyqa5623u9ox0mf1a5k6gbs 859312 859310 2026-06-17T12:08:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21. == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5w0w5df55k982wlxiv4h01bybufrf0g 859313 859312 2026-06-17T12:10:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21. == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da Tranmere Rovers. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] lf2het97nfyvpbmjhihakjz8xyaudnq 859314 859313 2026-06-17T12:11:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da Tranmere Rovers. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] l88tjg5lhjj765yrrrjh7ph9hucj3ws 859317 859314 2026-06-17T12:15:14Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da Tranmere Rovers. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] h8zrizcl7bh7lpsl8r2gyaywv3xqvwv 859327 859317 2026-06-17T12:23:32Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] qdi2txnqhf1g2kohb9iz1fiieegn72h 859328 859327 2026-06-17T12:24:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] qii7h1sjfo6jswxo6izpdxae5mkl587 859329 859328 2026-06-17T12:25:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] mi9k6rmpo4749tobmnkoq5aai7mk4sr 859330 859329 2026-06-17T12:26:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014. === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] lz3jim98uby2ts7xslp0iiio82l6t2x 859331 859330 2026-06-17T12:27:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014. === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 6fnplt9kzgpdmnn4sndxkksfvjqabgp 859338 859331 2026-06-17T12:55:30Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 2ke7qm77rdi37kclyrjorcabr7027ga 859340 859338 2026-06-17T12:57:29Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] s0a7nq4a2k7wo7txsvkvrrwhi8qzrcq 859341 859340 2026-06-17T13:00:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] oxcdecv3n3ekjkw1pz0uiewm83xq06r 859345 859341 2026-06-17T13:02:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako. == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. === AFC Wimbledon === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, O'Toole ya koma ƙungiyar League Two AFC Wimbledon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, O'Toole ya amince ya koma AFC Wimbledon na dindindin bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Mansfield Town. === AFC Rushden & Diamonds === A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Division One Midlands da ke buga gasar AFC Rushden & Diamonds. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] cwootv119vyyz8eqgewpznr0bedznt8 859346 859345 2026-06-17T13:03:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=47180</ref> == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48353318</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. === AFC Wimbledon === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, O'Toole ya koma ƙungiyar League Two AFC Wimbledon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, O'Toole ya amince ya koma AFC Wimbledon na dindindin bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Mansfield Town. === AFC Rushden & Diamonds === A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Division One Midlands da ke buga gasar AFC Rushden & Diamonds. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ibymhv500jct2ku0zv7wzujbqrwrg6k 859348 859346 2026-06-17T13:05:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=47180</ref> == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48353318</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. === AFC Wimbledon === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, O'Toole ya koma ƙungiyar League Two AFC Wimbledon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, O'Toole ya amince ya koma AFC Wimbledon na dindindin bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Mansfield Town. === AFC Rushden & Diamonds === A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Division One Midlands da ke buga gasar AFC Rushden & Diamonds. === Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 0zpoej4oeev6m6wt584sn2w39zkogik 859349 859348 2026-06-17T13:06:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=47180</ref> == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48353318</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. === AFC Wimbledon === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, O'Toole ya koma ƙungiyar League Two AFC Wimbledon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, O'Toole ya amince ya koma AFC Wimbledon na dindindin bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Mansfield Town. === AFC Rushden & Diamonds === A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Division One Midlands da ke buga gasar AFC Rushden & Diamonds. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == O'Toole qualifies for the Republic of Ireland through his grandparents, who were born in County Mayo. He made his under-21 debut in a 1–0 away loss to Montenegro on 23 November 2007. Four days later he came on as an 83rd-minute substitute against Bulgaria and scored with a header in the 93rd minute, securing a 1–0 win. His third appearance came against England on 5 February 2008, a 3–0 defeat in which he played the entire game. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5wclrk810jj432xv6meje3d9yzjk3ot 859350 859349 2026-06-17T13:06:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=47180</ref> == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48353318</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. === AFC Wimbledon === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, O'Toole ya koma ƙungiyar League Two AFC Wimbledon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, O'Toole ya amince ya koma AFC Wimbledon na dindindin bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Mansfield Town. === AFC Rushden & Diamonds === A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Division One Midlands da ke buga gasar AFC Rushden & Diamonds. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == O'Toole qualifies for the Republic of Ireland through his grandparents, who were born in County Mayo. He made his under-21 debut in a 1–0 away loss to Montenegro on 23 November 2007. Four days later he came on as an 83rd-minute substitute against Bulgaria and scored with a header in the 93rd minute, securing a 1–0 win. His third appearance came against England on 5 February 2008, a 3–0 defeat in which he played the entire game. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] keufh3avrj6ze22l79kokqd3bkvdc9b 859946 859350 2026-06-18T11:29:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Joe_O%27Toole</ref> (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21.<ref>https://www.11v11.com/players/john-joe-otoole-227194/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Watford === An haife shi a Harrow, Greater London, O'Toole ya shafe kakar wasa ta 2006-07 a matsayin aro a Wealdstone a gasar Premier League ta Southern Football Division inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko a Watford ya kasance ne da Southend United a gasar League Cup a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 71 a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007. Ya fara buga gasar a karon farko a gasar a minti na 88 a wasan da suka yi da Ipswich Town. A watan Satumba na 2007 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, kwantiragin shekara daya.<ref>http://www.thestar.co.uk/sport/sheffield-united/Our-new-39strike39-ace.5047847.jp The Star. Sheffield. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Watford a gida a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2007. Ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 82, ya zura kwallo a raga mintuna uku bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallo 1-1, duk da cewa Watford ta sha kashi 1-2. A wasan da ya biyo baya ya fara da kyaftin Gavin Mahon kuma ya sake zura kwallo, wani kuma a kai, a wasan da suka yi da Colchester United a wasan da suka tashi 2-3. Kwallo ta uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2008 a wasan da Wolverhampton Wanderers ta sha kashi da ci 4-1 a gida a zagaye na huɗu na Kofin FA. Wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen mako, wanda ya sake bugawa Wolves a gida, ya sa ya sami gurbi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mako.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=47180</ref> == Lamuni == O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku ga Sheffield United a watan Fabrairun 2009, inda ya fara wasa a makonni biyu bayan haka a wasan da suka yi da Coventry City a waje da ci 2-1. O'Toole ya buga wasanni tara ga The Blades a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan hamayya da Barnsley a farkon watan Afrilu. Ya samu rauni a filin atisaye a makon karshe na kakar wasa, don haka bai samu damar bugawa tare da Sheffield United a wasan karshe na share fage a Wembley ba. Ganin cewa Sheffield United ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar, O'Toole ya koma Watford a karshen lokacin aronsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48353318</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009, O'Toole ya koma Colchester United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni uku har zuwa Janairun 2010. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 0-0 da Southampton, kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci 1-1 da [[Tranmere Rovers]]. === Colchester United === O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta dindindin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2010, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ci gaba da kasancewa a Colchester har zuwa 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga Janairu da Gillingham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. O'Toole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matsayin cikakken dan wasan Colchester a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun Bristol Rovers. O'Toole ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa a kan Charlton wanda ya sa bai buga wasa ba na tsawon watanni 9, bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa. Matsalolin kugu sun takaita shi ga wasanni 16 kacal a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, amma a ranar 7 ga Yunin 2012, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyu, inda ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan tsakiya a kulob din har zuwa 2014.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 31 ga Disamba 2012, O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a Bristol Rovers ta ƙungiyar League Two, da farko kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya. Wannan matakin ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar da tsohon kocin Colchester John Ward, wanda ya koma Rovers kwanan nan. Ya fara buga wasa washegari a wasan da suka doke Plymouth Argyle da ci 2-1. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 3-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2013 da bugun yadi 18 don tabbatar da nasarar. Ya kuma zura ƙwallo a wani wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci 3-0 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga nesa. A wasansa na ƙarshe na aro, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham & Redbridge da ci 4-2. O'Toole ya buga wasanni 18 tare da zura ƙwallo uku a ƙungiyar a wani wasan aro wanda daga ƙarshe aka tsawaita shi har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2013. Manaja Ward ya nuna sha'awarsa ta sayensa har abada a lokacin bazara, inda O'Toole har yanzu yana da shekara ɗaya da zai kammala kwangilarsa da Colchester.<ref>http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/story-18577109-detail/story.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} This is Bristol. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Bayan dogon lokaci na musayar 'yan wasa, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Bristol Rovers, inda ya koma kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2013. Kakar wasa ta yi wa O'Toole daɗi sosai. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a Rovers da kwallaye 15 kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta shekara a gasar League Two amma Rovers ta sha kaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko tun bayan shigarsu a 1920. Wannan ya biyo baya da O'Toole ya kunna yarjejeniyar sakinsa da Rovers wanda ya ba shi damar shiga sabuwar ƙungiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014. === Northampton Town === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya zama babban mutum a ƙungiyar, inda magoya bayanta ke sanye da wigs irin na dogon gashinsa mai duhu. === Burton Albion === O'Toole ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One na Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu bayan ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuwar kwangila da Northampton. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Burton a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-3 a hannun Wigan Athletic a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020.<ref>https://www.wfchistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20070821_Wealdstone_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Match_Programme_Compressed.pdf</ref> A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021 aka sanar da cewa zai kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 12 da za su bar Burton a karshen kakar wasa. === Mansfield Town === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, O'Toole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama a Mansfield Town ta League Two a kan kwantiragin har zuwa Janairu 2022. === AFC Wimbledon === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, O'Toole ya koma ƙungiyar League Two AFC Wimbledon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, O'Toole ya amince ya koma AFC Wimbledon na dindindin bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Mansfield Town. === AFC Rushden & Diamonds === A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2026, ya koma ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Division One Midlands da ke buga gasar AFC Rushden & Diamonds. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == O'Toole qualifies for the Republic of Ireland through his grandparents, who were born in County Mayo. He made his under-21 debut in a 1–0 away loss to Montenegro on 23 November 2007. Four days later he came on as an 83rd-minute substitute against Bulgaria and scored with a header in the 93rd minute, securing a 1–0 win. His third appearance came against England on 5 February 2008, a 3–0 defeat in which he played the entire game. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] fx1k39fetekf7vxpxhax9m24hob247z James Pogue 0 108022 859652 793161 2026-06-17T21:17:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Pogue''' mawallafi, Ba'amurke ne kuma ɗan jarida. Shi ne mai ba da rahoto na musamman a ''Vanity Fair ,'' Mawallafin Ra'ayi mai Ba da Gudunmawa a ''[[New York Times]] ,'' da kuma edita mai ba da gudummawa a mujallar ''Harper'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanity Fair Masthead |url=https://vanityfair-staging.azurewebsites.net/article/2025/5/vanity-fair-2 |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Vanity Fair |publisher=Conde Nast |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616064152/https://vanityfair-staging.azurewebsites.net/article/2025/5/vanity-fair-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pogue |first=James |title=Maga's bit tech divide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/28/opinion/ezra-klein-podcast-james-pogue.html |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=New York Times}}</ref> <ref name="Pulitzer">{{Cite web |title=James Pogue |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/es/node/2561 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Grantee Bio |publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting}}</ref> Shi ne marubucin ''Zaɓaɓɓen Ƙasa: Tawaye a Yamma'', labarin mutum na farko na rikici kan filayen jama'a a yammacin Amurka. == Aikin Jarida == Pogue ya rubuta don wallafe-wallafen ciki har da ''Vanity Fair ,'' ''Harper's'', ''[[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]]'', ''The New York Times Magazine, da'' London Review of Books ''. <ref name="Pulitzer"/>'' Pogue ya girma ne a Cincinnati, Ohio, kuma ya yi rubutu akai-akai game da siyasar tsakiyar yamma. An tattara makalarsa game da tarihin siyasar birni a cikin ''Birni'', wanda [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux|FSG]] ta buga .. Labarin ''Harper'' nasa na 2019 game da kisan gillar gonaki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ana yawan ambatonsa a cikin adabin ilimi. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce game da ɓangarorin rundunonin Sojan Republican na Irish a Arewacin Ireland <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pogue |first=James |date=3 May 2016 |title=Republicans |url=https://granta.com/republicans/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Granta |publisher=Granta}}</ref> kuma akai-akai game da ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa a ƙauyen Amurka ta yamma. Ayyukansa a kan siyasa masu maƙamai suna yawan haɗuwa tare da bayar da rahoto game da al'amuran muhalli. Pogue ya ba da gudummawar rahotanni da ra'ayi ga [[Los Angeles Times]] game da manufofin muhalli, kuma ya rubuta akai-akai game da gandun daji da wuta a California. == Littattafai == Pogue shine marubucin ''Zaɓaɓɓen Ƙasa: Tawaye a Yamma'' . An kira littafin "mai ban sha'awa halarta a karon" ta NPR, kuma an yaba shi a cikin New York Review of Books, The Los Angeles Review of Books da sauran wallafe-wallafe. Wasu wallafe-wallafen sun soki shi saboda labarinsa na kashin kansa da rugujewar rubutunsa. Kirkus ya kira littafin "mai jaruntaka," amma ya ambaci "wasu wuce gona da iri da rashin dacewa." == Nasara da karramawa == Ayyukan Pogue sun sami goyan bayan Cibiyar Pulitzer da Fellowship na Alicia Patterson, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alicia Patterson Fellows |url=https://aliciapatterson.org/content/57th-annual-competition-fellowship-winners-2022 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Alicia Patterson Foundation |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521224830/https://aliciapatterson.org/content/57th-annual-competition-fellowship-winners-2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma rubutunsa na 2019 game da gandun daji a California ya kasance zaɓin "sannu" a cikin shekara ta 2020 edition na Mafi kyawun Kimiyyar Amurka da Rubutun Halitta. Ya bayyana akan ainihin lokacin HBO tare da Bill Maher, MSNBC's Duk In Tare da Chris Hayes, da kuma NPR's A Yau Yayi Bayani . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Time with Bill Maher Ep 3: January 29, 2021: Heather Heying & Bret Weinstein, Van Jones {{!}} Official Website for the HBO Series {{!}} HBO.com |url=https://www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher/season-19/3-january-29-2021-heather-heying |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.hbo.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript: All In with Chris Hayes, 4/26/22 |url=https://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/all-in/transcript-all-chris-hayes-4-26-22-n1294962 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114032329/https://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/all-in/transcript-all-chris-hayes-4-26-22-n1294962 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Today, Explained |url=https://www.vox.com/today-explained |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.vox.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://pulitzercenter.org/people/james-pogue Shafin Ba da kyauta a Cibiyar Pulitzer] * [https://thebaffler.com/authors/james-pogue Shafin marubuci a The Baffler] * [https://harpers.org/author/jamespogue/ Shafin marubuci a ''Harper's''] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7h7p3wfid240pc4hvchcyuh7b10f5zj Jerin barkewar cutar Legionnaires 0 109773 859737 814044 2026-06-18T05:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen barkewar cutar Legionnaires ne; [[Legionnaire's]] wata cuta ce mai yaduwa mai yuwuwa ta hanyar Gram negative, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] na aerobic na jinsin ''Legionella''. Farkon barkewar cutar da aka ruwaito ya kasance a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania a [[1976]] a lokacin Yarjejeniyar Legionnaires a Otal din Bellevue-Stratford . An bayyana barkewar cutar a matsayin lokuta biyu ko fiye inda farawar cutar ke da alaƙa da lokaci (makonni maimakon watanni) '''''da kuma''''' sararin samaniya, inda akwai tuhuma, ko shaidar, tushen kamuwa da cuta, tare da ko ba tare da goyon bayan microbiological ba (''watau'' wuri na sararin samaniya na lokuta daga tarihin tafiye-tafiye). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legionella Outbreak Toolbox |url=https://legionnaires.ecdc.europa.eu/?pid=205 |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=legionnaires.ecdc.europa.eu}}</ref> == Jerin duniya ta shekara == === Shekaru na 1960 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Birni !Wurin da ake ciki !Tushen !Shari'o'i !Mutuwa !Yawan mutuwa !Bayani |- |1965 |[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |Asibitin St. Elizabeths |Ba a sani ba |94 |16 |17% |Cutar ta faru ne a shekarar 1965, amma ba a gano ta a matsayin cutar legionnaires ba har sai an fallasa kwayar cutar da aka adana ga samfurori na ƙwayoyin cuta daga barkewar cutar Legionnaires ta Philadelphia ta 1976. |- |} === Shekaru na 1970 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Birni !Wurin da ake ciki !Tushen !Shari'o'i !Mutuwa !Yawan mutuwa !Bayani |- |1973,1977 |Benidorm, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Otal din Rio Park |Jirgin wanka |akalla 4 |{{Sort|04|4}} |ba a sani ba |Farkon barkewar cutar a Otal din Rio Park ya faru ne a shekarar 1973, masu yawon bude ido hudu sun mutu, amma a lokacin ba a gane shi a matsayin cutar Legionnaires ba har sai barkewar cutar ta gaba a wannan otal din a shekarar 1977. |- |1976 |Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |1976 Yaduwar cutar Legionnaires ta Philadelphia |[[Yanayin iska]] |{{Sort|221|221}} |{{Sort|034|34}} |15.4% |Wannan shine farkon barkewar legionellosis, kodayake daga baya aka gano lokuta na legionellosus da suka gabata sun faru tun daga 1947. Yaduwar cutar ta Philadelphia, duk da haka, ta sami mafi girman mutuwar.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDade JE, Brenner DJ, Bozeman FM |date=April 1979 |title=Legionnaires' disease bacterium isolated in 1947 |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=659–61 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-90-4-659 |pmid=373548}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, Parkin WE, Beecham HJ, Sharrar RG, Harris J, Mallison GF, Martin SM, McDade JE, Shepard CC, Brachman PS |date=December 1977 |title=Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=297 |issue=22 |pages=1189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197712012972201 |pmid=335244}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tsai TF, Finn DR, Plikaytis BD, McCauley W, Martin SM, Fraser DW |date=April 1979 |title=Legionnaires' disease: clinical features of the epidemic in Philadelphia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=509–17 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-90-4-509 |pmid=434627}}</ref> |- |1978 |[[Memphis, Tennessee]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |Asibitin Tunawa da Baptist-Memphis (1912-2000) |Hasumiyar sanyaya iska |44 | | |[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7351928/ 1978 Yaduwar Cutar Sojojin Memphis] |- |- |1979 |[[Melbourne]], Ostiraliya |gine-ginen masana'antu mai sauƙi |Matsakaicin girman evaporative condenser | | | | |- |1979 |Ballarat, Ostiraliya |Asibitin mahaukaci |tsarin ruwan wanka | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |} === Shekaru na 1980 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Birni !Wurin da ake ciki !Tushen !Shari'o'i !Mutuwa !Yawan mutuwa !Bayani |- |1985 |Wollongong, Ostiraliya |Ginin kulob din zamantakewa |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya | | | | |- |1985 |Stafford, Ingila |Asibitin Gundumar Stafford |[[Yanayin iska]] |{{Sort|175|175}} |{{Sort|028|28}} |16% |A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1985, an kwantar da marasa lafiya 175 a asibitocin Gundumar ko Kingsmead Stafford tare da kamuwa da kirji ko cutar huhu. Jimillar mutane 28 sun mutu. Binciken likita ya nuna cewa cutar Legionnaires ce ke da alhakin kuma binciken yaduwar cututtuka na gaggawa ya gano tushen kamuwa da cutar zuwa hasumiyar sanyaya iska a rufin asibitin gundumar Stafford. |- |1986 |[[Adelaide]], Ostiraliya |al'umma |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya a asibiti | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |1987 |Wollongong, Ostiraliya |Cibiyar cin kasuwa |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya a shagon | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |1988 |[[Adelaide]], Ostiraliya |al'umma |cakuda tukwane | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |1988 |Westminster, Ingila |Hedikwatar [[BBC]] |hasumiyar sanyaya a Gidan watsa shirye-shirye | | | | |- |1989 |[[Sydney]], Ostiraliya |kulob din bowling |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |1989 |Burnie, Ostiraliya |al'umma |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya a asibiti | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |} === Shekaru na 1990 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Birni !Wurin da ake ciki !Tushen !Shari'o'i !Mutuwa !Yawan mutuwa !Bayani |- |1992 |[[Sydney]], Ostiraliya |Cibiyar cin kasuwa |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya | | | | |- |1994 |Sunshine Coast, Ostiraliya |Gidan hutun |tafkin wanka mai zaman kansa | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |1995 |[[Sydney]], Ostiraliya |Cibiyar cin kasuwa |ƙaramin hasumiyar sanyaya a asibiti | | | |<ref name="Broadbent" /> |- |1999 |Bovenkarspel, Netherlands |1999 barkewar cutar Bovenkarspel legionellosis |Ruwa mai zafi |{{Sort|318|318}} |{{Sort|032|32}} |10% |A watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, barkewar cutar ta faru a [[Holand|Netherlands]] a lokacin baje kolin furen Westfriese Flora a Bovenkarspel . Mutane 318 sun yi rashin lafiya kuma akalla mutane 32 sun mutu. Akwai yiwuwar cewa mutane da yawa sun mutu daga shi (wanda zai iya sa ya zama mafi munin barkewar da aka rubuta), amma an binne waɗannan mutane kafin a gane cutar ''Legionella''. Tushen kwayar cuta shine tub mai zafi a yankin nune-nunen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Westfriese Flora flower exhibition and fair |url=http://www.q-net.net.au/~legion/Legionnaires%60_Disease_Netherlands_1999.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302015541/http://www.q-net.net.au/~legion/Legionnaires%60_Disease_Netherlands_1999.htm |archive-date=2009-03-02 |access-date=2010-09-11 |publisher=Q-net.net.au}}</ref><ref name="zwaailichten">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=25 februari 1999: Legionellabesmetting Westfriese Flora, Bovenkarspel |url=http://www.zero-meridean.nl/c_bovenkarspel_250299.html |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=Zwaailichten disaster website |language=nl}}</ref> |- |} === Shekaru na 2000 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Birni !Wurin da ake ciki !Tushen !Shari'o'i !Mutuwa !Yawan mutuwa !Bayani |- |2000 |[[Melbourne]], Ostiraliya |Rayuwar Ruwa Melbourne Aquarium |Hasumiyar sanyaya |{{Sort|125|125}} |{{Sort|004|4}} |3.2% |A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2000, barkewar cutar ''''legionella'' pnemophila'' serogroup 1 ta faru a [[Melbourne]], Australia. Cutar ta haifar da tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar Legionnaire 125, tare da 95 (76%) a asibiti. An bayar da rahoton cewa 4 sun mutu daga barkewar cutar. Binciken ya gano tushen kamuwa da cuta zuwa hasumiyar sanyaya a sabon akwatin kifaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greig JE, Carnie JA, Tallis GF, Ryan NJ, Tan AG, Gordon IR, Zwolak B, Leydon JA, Guest CS, Hart WG |date=June 2004 |title=An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease at the Melbourne Aquarium, April 2000: investigation and case-control studies |url=https://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/180_11_070604/gre10735_fm.html |journal=[[Medical Journal of Australia]] |volume=180 |issue=11 |pages=566–72 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06093.x |pmid=15174987 |s2cid=15441893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tun lokacin da wannan barkewar cutar ta barke, ana buƙatar kididdigar kamuwa da cutar legionella ta ruwaito ta gwamnatin jihar a matsayin cuta mai sanar da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legionella pneumophila cases |url=http://docs2.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/F268771876D8B028CA257ACA0012BB28/$FILE/cts_ehindicators.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204110407/http://docs2.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/F268771876D8B028CA257ACA0012BB28/$FILE/cts_ehindicators.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-04 |access-date=2015-08-30 |publisher=Docs2.health.vic.gov.au}}</ref> Jiha ta gabatar da ka'idoji don sarrafa legionella a cikin shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health (Legionella) Regulations 2001 S.R. No. 13/2001 |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/93eb987ebadd283dca256e92000e4069/5d04907fa02c7983ca256e5b0021a910/$FILE/01-013sr.pdf |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> |- |2000 |Vizela, [[Portugal]] |Yankin jama'a |Ruwan ado |{{Sort|11|11}} |{{Sort|000|0}} |0% |A watan Agustan 2000, barkewar cutar Legionnaires ta faru a Vizela, Arewacin Portugal . An kwantar da jimlar mutane 11 da ke fama da cutar Legionnaires a asibitin.<ref name="Correia 2001">{{Cite journal |last=Correia |first=AM |last2=Gonçalves |first2=G |last3=Reis |first3=J |last4=Cruz |first4=JM |last5=Castro e Freitas |first5=JA |date=July 2001 |title=An outbreak of legionnaires disease in a municipality in northern Portugal. |journal=Euro Surveill |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=121–4 |doi=10.2807/esm.06.07.00228-en |pmid=12631957 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babu wadanda suka mutu. Dukkanin marasa lafiya sun kasance a babban filin Vizela a daren Agusta 11-12, 2000, inda ake gudanar da bukukuwan shekara-shekara na gari.<ref name="Porto Canal 2014" /> Masu bincike sun gano tushen barkewar cutar zuwa wani maɓuɓɓugar kayan ado da ke cikin filin.<ref name="Correia 2001" /> |- |2001 |Murcia, Spain |Asibiti |Hasumiyoyin sanyaya <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=García-Fulgueiras A, Navarro C, Fenoll D, García J, González-Diego P, Jiménez-Buñuales T, Rodriguez M, Lopez R, Pacheco F, Ruiz J, Segovia M, Balandrón B, Pelaz C |date=August 2003 |title=Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Murcia, Spain |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=915–21 |doi=10.3201/eid0908.030337 |pmc=3020623 |pmid=12967487}}</ref> |{{Sort|800|800}}+ |{{Sort|006|6}} |0.8% |Babban barkewar cutar Legionnaires a duniya ya faru ne a watan Yulin 2001 tare da marasa lafiya da suka bayyana a asibiti a ranar 7 ga Yuli, a Murcia, [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. Fiye da mutane 800 da ake zargi da kamuwa da cutar an rubuta su a lokacin da aka kula da cutar ta ƙarshe a ranar 22 ga Yuli; an kiyasta 636-696 daga cikin waɗannan shari'o'in kuma an tabbatar da 449 (don haka, akalla mutane 16,000 sun fallasa kwayar cutar) kuma 6 sun mutu. Adadin masu kamuwa da cutar kusan kashi 1 cikin 100.<ref name=":3" /> |- |2002 |Barrow-in-Furness, Ingila |2002 Barrow-in-Furness legionellosis barkewar |[[Yanayin iska]] |{{Sort|172|172}} |{{Sort|007|7}} |4.1% |A shekara ta 2002, Barrow-in-Furness a Ingila ya kamu da cutar Legionnaires. Mata shida da mutum daya sun mutu sakamakon cutar; wasu mutane 172 ma sun kamu da cutar. An gano dalilin ya zama hasumiyar sanyaya mai gurbata a cibiyar zane-zane ta Forum 28 ta garin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=legionnaires disease, Barrow-in-Furness |url=http://www.multiline.com.au/~mg/legionnaires_disease_Barrow-in-Furness.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20020816113347/http://www.multiline.com.au/~mg/legionnaires_disease_Barrow-in-Furness.html |archive-date=2002-08-16 |access-date=2013-08-30}}</ref> Majalisar Barrow Borough daga baya ta zama ta farko a Burtaniya da za a tuhume ta da kisan kai na kamfanoni amma an wanke su. Duk da haka, an ci su, tare da [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masanin gine-gine]] Gillian Beckingham, saboda keta ka'idojin Lafiya da Tsaro a cikin shari'ar da ta ƙare a shekara ta 2006. |- |2003-2004 |Pas-de-Calais, Faransa |Shuka mai amfani da sinadarai |Hasumiyar sanyaya |{{Sort|86|86}} |{{Sort|018|18}} |20.93% |Wannan shine mafi munin barkewar Legionnaires a tarihin Faransa.<ref name="Healthcare Business & Technology">{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2012 |title=The 12 Worst Legionnaires Outbreaks in the World |url=http://www.healthcarebusinesstech.com/the-12-worst-legionnaires-outbreaks-in-the-world/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=Healthcare Business & Technology}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen TM, Ilef D, Jarraud S, Rouil L, Campese C, Che D, Haeghebaert S, Ganiayre F, Marcel F, Etienne J, Desenclos JC |date=January 2006 |title=A community-wide outbreak of legionnaires disease linked to industrial cooling towers--how far can contaminated aerosols spread? |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=193 |issue=1 |pages=102–11 |doi=10.1086/498575 |pmid=16323138 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |2004 |[[Zaragoza]], Spain |Asibiti |Hasumiyar sanyaya |{{Sort|27|27}} |{{Sort|007|7}} |26% |Biyar daga cikin bakwai daga cikin wadanda suka mutu sun wuce shekaru 50.<ref name="Healthcare Business & Technology" /> |- |2005 |[[Toronto]], Kanada |Gidan Oaks Bakwai na Tsofaffi |Hasumiyar sanyaya |{{Sort|127|127}} |{{Sort|021|21}} |16.5% |A ƙarshen Satumba, 2005, mazauna 127 na gidan jinya sun yi rashin lafiya da ''Legionella pneumophila'' . A cikin mako guda, ashirin da daya daga cikin mazauna sun mutu. Sakamakon al'adu da farko ba shi da kyau. An gano tushen barkewar ne a cikin hasumiyoyin sanyaya iska a kan rufin gidan tsofaffi. |- |2005 |Fredrikstad, Norway |Masana'antu |Mai tsabtace iska |{{Sort|103|103}} |{{Sort|010|10}} |9.7% |Akalla mutane 103 sun yi rashin lafiya kuma goma sun mutu daga cutar Legionnaires ta haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke girma a cikin iska mai tsabtace iska na masana'antar da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simonsen Ø, Wedege E, Kanestrøm A, Bolstad K, Aaberge IS, Ragnhildstveit E, Ringstad J |date=March 2015 |title=Characterization of the extent of a large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease by serological assays |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=15 |doi=10.1186/s12879-015-0903-2 |pmc=4383209 |pmid=25887275 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |2007 |Jastrzębie Zdrój, [[Poland]] |Asibitin Kwararru na Gundumar na 2, Ophthalmic Ward |Tsarin ruwa |4 |3 |75% |A watan Janairun 2007 a asibitin kwararru na gundumar 2 a Jastrzębie-Zdrój marasa lafiya biyu a asibitar ido sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani. An lura cewa ba zato ba tsammani suna da zazzabi mai tsanani, [[tari]] da hallucinations. Da farko an tura su zuwa asibitin Cututtukan cututtuka na wasu sa'o'i tare da zargin cutar huhu, daga baya an tura su cikin kulawa mai tsanani. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa marasa lafiya biyu suna da legionellosis. Cutar ta zama sanadin mutuwar daya daga cikin marasa lafiya, ɗayan kuma yana da gazawar jini. An gano kwayar cutar da ke da alhakin legionellosis a cikin marasa lafiya huɗu daga wannan asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ideo.pl |first=Ideo Sp. z o.o. - |title=Legionellosis case in Jastrzębie-Zdrój will be included in subject literature {{!}} News {{!}} Science & Scholarship in Poland |url=http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,17022,legionellosis-case-in-jastrzebie-zdroj-will-be-included-in-subject-literature.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802130858/http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,17022,legionellosis-case-in-jastrzebie-zdroj-will-be-included-in-subject-literature.html |archive-date=2017-08-02 |access-date=2017-08-02 |website=scienceinpoland.pap.pl}}</ref> Gabaɗaya barkewar cutar ta haifar da mutuwar mutane uku <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wyborcza.pl |url=http://wyborcza.pl/TylkoZdrowie/1,137474,16398712,Klimatyzacja_nas_wykancza__Kryje_sie_w_niej_grozna.html?disableRedirects=true |access-date=2017-08-02 |website=wyborcza.pl}}</ref> |- |2008 |New Brunswick, New Jersey, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |Asibitin Jami'ar Saint Peter |Ruwa mai sha |{{Sort|006|6}} |{{Sort|002|2}} |33.3% |Chlorination a cikin tsarin ruwa ya sauka ƙasa da matakan tasiri. |- |} === Shekaru na 2010 === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Year !City !Venue !Source !Cases !Deaths !Fatality rate !Notes |- |2010 |[[Wales]] |South Wales Valleys |Likely cooling towers |{{Sort|022|22}} |{{Sort|002|2}} |9% |Thought to be cooling towers in local industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2010 |title=South Wales legionnaires' disease outbreak declared over |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/news/17248 |access-date=6 June 2012 |publisher=[[NHS Wales]] |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321022736/http://www.wales.nhs.uk/news/17248 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2011 |Dayton, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Dayton |Hospital air conditioning |{{Sort|011|11}} |{{Sort|005|5}} |45% |Was the largest outbreak in Ohio since 1994 at the time.<ref name="Healthcare Business & Technology"/> |- |2012 |[[Kebek (birni)|Québec City]], [[Kanada|Canada]] |Lower Québec City |Possibly cooling towers |{{Sort|180|180}} |{{Sort|013|13}} |7.22% |180 confirmed cases as of September 14, 2012, probably due to contaminated water in industrial cooling towers. |- |2012 |Calp, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |AR Diamante Beach Hotel |Plumbing system |{{Sort|018|18}} |{{Sort|003|3}} |17% |Large hotel with solar water heating system for spa and domestic hot water. A month before the deaths, local government authorities may have known about the problem, but were accused of not alerting the public to avoid disruption of the tourism industry. |- |2012 |[[Edinburgh]], Scotland |South west of Edinburgh |Possibly cooling towers |{{Sort|092|92}} |{{Sort|004|4}} |3% |56 confirmed cases, with a further 36 suspected cases, bringing the total number of people affected to 92. Four people are known to have died from the outbreak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=Legionnaires' Disease outbreak: Third death reported |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-18693873 |access-date=3 July 2012 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |- |2012 |[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States |JW Marriott Hotel |Decorative Lobby Fountain |{{Sort|10|10}} |{{Sort|003|3}} |30% |8 confirmed cases with people who stayed at the JW Marriott Chicago during July–August 2012. |- |2012 |[[Auckland]], New Zealand |Unknown |Water Source and/or [[Yanayin iska|Air Conditioning]] |{{Sort|011|11}} |{{Sort|001|1}} |9% |The number of people affected in a major outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Auckland, which has claimed one life, has risen to 11. |- |2012 |Stoke-on-Trent, [[Ingila|England]] |Warehouse, Fenton |Hot tub |{{Sort|019|19}} |{{Sort|001|1}} |5.2% |Infection began in warehouse hot tub. Seventeen of the confirmed cases visited the warehouse a couple of weeks before becoming ill. |- |2012 |Pittsburgh, [[Pennsylvania]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Veteran's Administration Hospital |unknown |{{Sort|022|22}} |{{Sort|006|6}} |27% |2012 Pittsburgh legionellosis outbreak<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noah Brode |date=23 April 2013 |title=Investigation Reveals Failures of Pittsburgh VA Hospital in Legionnaires' Outbreak |url=http://wesa.fm/post/investigation-reveals-failures-pittsburgh-va-hospital-legionnaires-outbreak |website=wesa.fm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Families of Legionnaires' victims outraged by report on VA outbreak |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2014/03/13/Families-of-Legionnaires-victims-outraged-by-report-on-VA-outbreak/stories/201403130225 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> |- |2014 |[[Portugal]] |2014 Legionella outbreak in Portugal |Cooling tower<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 November 2014 |title=Joint Communication — Preliminary report of Legionnaries' disease 07 to 21 November 2014 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/a-direccao-geral-da-saude/comunicados-e-despachos-do-director-geral/surto-de-infecao-por-legionella-pdf8.aspx |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[:pt:Direção-Geral da Saúde|Direção-Geral da Saúde]]}}</ref> |{{Sort|375|375}} |{{Sort|012|12}} |3.2% |A widespread outbreak in Vila Franca de Xira district, Portugal.<ref name="rrsapo">{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2014 |title=Extinto o surto de legionella |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=25&did=169622 |access-date=November 23, 2014 |website=rr.sapo.pt |language=pt |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082347/http://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=25&did=169622 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2015 |Bronx, New York, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Co-op City, South Bronx, and Morris Park |Cooling Towers in the Bronx, such as Co-op City, Lincoln Hospital, and Concourse Plaza. |{{Sort|140|140}} |{{Sort|013|13}} |9.3% |12 people sickened in January 2015. No fatalities reported.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-13 |title=Co-op City towers contaminated with Legionnaires' Disease |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/co-op-city-towers-contaminated-legionnaires-disease-article-1.2076175/ |access-date=2015-08-29 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> The 2015 New York Legionnaires' disease outbreak was investigated the New York City Health Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legionnaires' Disease Bacteria Found in A/C on Bronx Hospital, Mayor says |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150730/civic-center/legionnaires-disease-bacteria-found-ac-of-bronx-hospital-mayor-says/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133024/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150730/civic-center/legionnaires-disease-bacteria-found-ac-of-bronx-hospital-mayor-says |archive-date=2015-08-01 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David Shortell |date=2 August 2015 |title=There have been 65 cases since mid-July |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/01/health/new-york-legionnaires-disease/ |website=[[CNN News]]}}</ref> Out of 17 buildings with cooling towers, five tested positive for the disease, including cooling towers in the Concourse Plaza Hotel and Lincoln Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City confirms 71 cases of Legionnaire's Disease |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/08/8573205/city-confirms-71-cases-legionnaires-disease |website=capitalnewyork.com}}</ref> The Opera House Hotel in the South Bronx is also considered a source of the outbreak. The outbreak is currently being investigated by the New York City Health Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legionnaires' Disease |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/diseases/cdlegi.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007070021/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/diseases/cdlegi.shtml |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |access-date=October 6, 2015 |website=Department of Health and Mental Hygiene |publisher=City of New York}}</ref> "Environmentalists sampled 35 cooling towers in the Morris Park area, and 15 came back with positive results." In total 52 buildings were sampled and 20 of them came back positive. |- |2015 |Northland, New Zealand |Pahiatua Fonterra Plant |Unknown |3 |0 |Unknown |This outbreak occurred at one of Fonterra's milk plants in Northland, New Zealand, in November 2015. Currently three cases have been reported, though currently no deaths. |- |2015 |Quincy, Illinois, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Veterans home |Unknown |{{Sort|58|58}} |{{Sort|13|13}} |27.7% |The outbreak investigation is ongoing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-10 |title=Illinois is spending $2.3M to fix a Legionnaires disease outbreak in Quincy |url=http://www.pjstar.com/article/20151019/NEWS/151019368 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Journal Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-17 |title=Death toll stands at 13 after Quincy Legionnaires' outbreak |url=http://abc7chicago.com/health/death-toll-stands-at-13-after-quincy-legionnaires-outbreak/989129/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Abc7chicago.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2016 |Flint, Genesee County, Michigan, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Countywide |McLaren Regional Medical Center |{{Sort|87|87}} |{{Sort|12|12}} |13.8% |Investigation by <nowiki><i id="mwA5c">Frontline</i></nowiki> also examined cases diagnosed as pneumonia that could have been misdiagnosed and diagnosed as Legionnaires' Disease. McLaren and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is being sued for $100 million in regards to the outbreak. See also Flint water crisis, possibly linked to legionnaires disease |- |2016 |[[Sydney]], Australia |Sydney Town Hall |Suspected cooling tower |at least 4 |0 | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-09 |title=Town Hall area cooling tower suspected after four men contract Legionnaires disease |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/health/town-hall-area-cooling-tower-suspected-after-four-men-contract-legionnaires-disease-20160309-gnemfn.html |access-date=2016-03-10 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> |- |2016 |Hopkins, Minnesota, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Citrus Systems, Inc. |Cooling tower |23 |1 |4.3% |Confirmed by Minnesota Department of Health. 23 people became sick, 17 were hospitalized, and one person died. |- |2017 |Manhattan, New York, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Lenox Hill |TBD |7 |1 |14.3% | |- |2017 |[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Rio Hotel and Casino |Water system |2<ref name="nytimes1" /> |0 |0 | |- |2017 |Round Rock, Texas, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |SpringHill Suites hotel |Swimming pool and hot tub |6 |0 |0 | |- |2017 |Anaheim, California, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Disneyland |Cooling towers |22 |1 |4.5% | |- |2017 |[[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] |[[:pt:Hospital de São Francisco Xavier|São Francisco Xavier Hospital]] |Cooling tower |{{Sort|056|56}} |{{Sort|006|6}} |11% |In November 2017, an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in [[:pt:Hospital de São Francisco Xavier|São Francisco Xavier Hospital]], in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]. The outbreak resulted in 56 confirmed cases of Legionnaire's disease, of which 6 died.<ref name="DGS 2017-12-03">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=3 December 2017 |title=Comunicado — 03/12/2017 |trans-title=Communiqué — 3 December 2017 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/a-direccao-geral-da-saude/comunicados-e-despachos-do-director-geral/doenca-dos-legionarios-no-hospital-sao-francisco-xavier-pdf10.aspx |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[:pt:Direção-Geral da Saúde|Direção-Geral da Saúde]] |language=pt}}</ref> The investigation traced the source of the infection to a cooling tower in the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Alexandra |date=17 November 2017 |title=Torre de arrefecimento do S. Francisco Xavier tinha estirpe fatal de Legionella |trans-title=Cooling tower in S. Francisco Xavier Hospital had the fatal strain of ''Legionella'' |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/11/17/sociedade/noticia/uma-torre-de-arrefecimento-do-hospital-tera-sido-foco-de-legionella-1792844#gs.cvEDRSel |access-date=5 March 2019 |publisher=Público |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David Cardoso |first=Margarida |date=29 November 2017 |title=Torre de refrigeração na origem do surto tinha manutenção deficiente, diz DGS |trans-title=Cooling tower at the origin of the outbreak had poor maintenance, says Directorate General for Health |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/11/29/sociedade/noticia/torre-de-refrigeracao-na-origem-do-surto-tinha-manutencao-deficiente-diz-dgs-1794326#gs.g3NHjj15 |access-date=5 March 2019 |publisher=Público |language=pt}}</ref> |- |2018 |Bloomsbury, [[Landan|London]] |University College London |Water cooler |1 |0 | | |- |2018 |Washington Heights, [[New York (jiha)|New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |The Sugar Hill Project (Building)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=pr065-18 |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2018/pr065-18.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124539/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2018/pr065-18.page |archive-date=2018-09-06 |access-date=2018-09-06 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}</ref> |Cooling towers<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> |27<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Notice to Residents of Lower Washington Heights |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/cd/legionnaires-wash-cluster-faq.pdf |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=NYC Department of Heath |publisher=NYC Department of Health |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205716/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/cd/legionnaires-wash-cluster-faq.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |1<ref name=":1" /> |3.7% | |- |2019 |Westminster, London, England |Dolphin Square |Water System |3 |0 |0% |First case confirmed by NHS England 20 March 2019.<ref name="2019-ds-1">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=Health officials probe case of deadly Legionnaires' Disease at one of London's most famous apartment blocks |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/health-officials-probe-case-of-deadly-legionnaires-disease-at-one-of-londons-most-famous-apartment-a4096926.html |access-date=18 June 2019 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> Samples taken from the flexible shower hose and bathroom sink of the affected resident's flat, showed legionella bacteria present in those specific locations. Third case confirmed by Public Health England 1 July 2019. |- |2019 |Evergem, [[Beljik|Belgium]] |Ghent/Evergem Port<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=5 positieve stalen met legionella in Evergem |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190520_04412943 |access-date=2019-05-20 |website=Het Nieuwsblad |language=nl-BE}}</ref> Stora Enso<ref>{{Cite web |title=karton- en papierfabrikant Stora Enso |url=https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/papierfabrikant-uit-gent-is-verantwoordelijk-voor-legionella-uitbraak~a91bf405/}}</ref> |Cooling Towers<ref name=":6" /> |32<ref>{{Cite web |last=lla |first=SVG |date=29 May 2019 |title=Overeenkomst gevonden tussen vijf legionellapatiënten en koeltoren, mogelijk raakten nog meer mensen besmet |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190529_04436917 |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Het Nieuwsblad Mobile |language=nl-BE}}</ref> |2<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maes |first=Thierry Goeman en Cédric |date=14 May 2019 |title=50-jarige man eerste dodelijk slachtoffer legionella-uitbraak: "Op het laatste had hij 2 procent longcapaciteit" |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190513_04398288 |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=Het Nieuwsblad Mobile |language=nl-BE}}</ref> |6.7% |Five samples collected from 17 initially suspected cooling towers at the Port of Ghent near Evergem, tested positive for Legionella pneumophila, 3 with average and 2 in high quantities.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legionella gevonden in stalen Gentse haven |url=https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/legionella-gevonden-in-stalen-gentse-haven~a369f4df/}}</ref> Genetic testing confirmed 1 of 2 towers with high quantities to have links with the patients.<ref>{{Cite web |last=lla |first=SVG |date=29 May 2019 |title=Overeenkomst gevonden tussen vijf legionellapatiënten en koeltoren, mogelijk raakten nog meer mensen besmet |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190529_04436917 |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Het Nieuwsblad Mobile |language=nl-BE}}</ref> Swedish-Finnish Stora Enso admitted to be responsible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tg |date=4 June 2019 |title=Papierfabrikant veroorzaakte legionella in Gents havengebied |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190604_04444140 |access-date=2019-06-14 |website=Het Nieuwsblad |language=nl-BE}}</ref> |- |2019 |[[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Michigan]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Multiple locations |Not yet determined Flint MI Water Crisis |32 |6 |18.75% |As of June 4, 2019, 32 have fallen sick during the outbreaks across the states of [[New Jersey]] and [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]]. Many have fallen sick and died from drinking or being near the contaminated water in Flint, Mi. |- |2019 |Atlanta, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Sheraton downtown | |11 |0 | |[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/29/us/legionnaires-disease-sheraton-atlanta.html Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak May Have Sickened Dozens in Atlanta] |- |2019 |Fletcher, North Carolina, [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |North Carolina Mountain State Fair |hot tub display |141 |4 | | ''[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/olivianiland/hot-tub-north-carolina-legionnaires-disease-outbreak Four People Have Died From A Legionnaires' Outbreak Linked To A Hot Tub Display At A State Fair]'' ''[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/15/legionnaires-disease-outbreak-kills-third-north-carolina-fairgoer/3993542002/ Legionnaires' outbreak linked to hot tub display kills third North Carolina fairgoer]'' ''[https://www.npr.org/2019/10/04/767210215/n-c-officials-trace-124-legionnaires-disease-cases-to-hot-tub-at-a-fair N.C. Officials Trace 124 Legionnaires' Disease Cases To Hot Tub At A Fair]'' ''[https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/legionellosis/outbreak.html Investigation of an Outbreak of Legionellosis in Western North Carolina]'' |} === Shekaru na 2020 === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Shekara !Birni !Wurin da ake ciki !Tushen !Shari'o'i !Mutuwa !Adadin mutuwa !Bayani |- |2020 |[[Illinois]]" id="mwBOE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vernon Hills, Illinois">Vernon Hills, Illinois, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |Brookdale Senior Living |A karkashin bincike |5 |1 |20% |Yaduwar cutar Legionnaires har zuwa biyar da aka ruwaito a cibiyar zama ta Vernon Hills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=James T. |date=17 February 2020 |title=Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease up to five reported cases at Vernon Hills senior living center |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/vernon-hills/ct-vhr-senior-center-investigating-legionnaires-tl-0220-20200217-ven5t3jy7rgu7lnyaiys52ksru-story.html |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Adadin Ma'aikatan Legionnaires ya tashi zuwa biyar a Brookdale Vernon Hills Senior Living Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Number Of Legionnaires Cases Rises To Five At Brookdale Vernon Hills Senior Living Facility |url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2020/02/20/legionnaires-disease-vernon-hills-brookdale/ |access-date=2020-07-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |Vila do Conde, Póvoa do Varzim, Matosinhos, Gundumar Porto, [[Portugal]] |Wuraren da yawa |A karkashin bincike |88 |15 |17% |88 masu kamuwa da cutar da kuma mutuwar 15 (11 daga cikin wadannan sun kamu da SARS-CoV-2). Har yanzu ba a san asalin kwayar cutar ba. Yaduwar Legionella mafi muni a Portugal, an ayyana shi a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2021. |- |2022 |San Miguel na Tucumán, Lardin Tucumán da [[Argentina]] |Asibitin kiwon lafiya |A karkashin bincike |22 |6 |27% |Rukunin cututtukan huhu da ke da alaƙa da asibitin kiwon lafiya. 22 masu kamuwa da cutar da 6 masu mutuwa (duk tare da cututtukan cututtuka). Har yanzu ba a san asalin kwayar cutar ba. |- |2023 |Rzeszów, yankin Subcarpathian, [[Poland]] |Wuraren da yawa |A karkashin bincike |164 |41 |25% |Yaduwar cutar da ke ci gaba. An yi zargin cewa tushen kwayar cuta shine tushen ruwa mai gurbatawa. |- |2024 |[[New Hampshire]]">Lincoln, New Hampshire, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |Gidan shakatawa na RiverWalk |Hasumiyar sanyaya |5 |0 |0% |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callery |first=Tim |date=2024-08-16 |title=Officials wait for more test results after Legionnaires' disease cases in Lincoln |url=https://www.wmur.com/article/legionnaires-disease-testing-lincoln-81624/61900707 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=WMUR |language=en}}</ref> |} == Gudanar da gwamnati don hana barkewar cutar == === Ka'idoji da dokoki === Jagoran da Hukumar Lafiya da Tsaro ta Burtaniya (HSE) ta bayar yanzu ya ba da shawarar cewa sa ido kan microbiological don tsarin sanyaya mai laushi, ta amfani da [[dipslide]], ya kamata a yi shi kowane mako. Jagoran yanzu ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa a gudanar da gwajin yau da kullun don ƙwayoyin cuta na legionella a cikin tsarin sanyaya mai laushi aƙalla kwata-kwata, kuma sau da yawa lokacin da ake ba da umarni ga tsarin, ko kuma idan an gano ƙwayoyin a wani lokaci na baya. Ƙarin jagororin Burtaniya marasa doka daga Tsarin Ba da Shawara na Dokokin Ruwa yanzu ya wanzu don kafin dumama ruwa a aikace-aikace kamar tsarin dumama ruwa na hasken rana<ref name="Makin2014">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Preheated Domestic Hot Water: Storage of Preheated Domestic Hot Water and Possible Growth of Legionella Bacteria |url=https://www.wras.co.uk/downloads/public_area/publications/general/preheated_water_Nov_2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108122407/https://www.wras.co.uk/downloads/public_area/publications/general/preheated_water_Nov_2014.pdf/ |archive-date=2017-01-08 |access-date=2017-07-01 |publisher=The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme}}</ref> == Manazarta == g4x1c9qv6nta3jniygqe9pdgytk33t8 Jimmie Durham 0 110175 859870 743300 2026-06-18T09:41:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859870 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Jimmie Bob Durham''' ( Goma 10 ga watan Yuli, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in 1940 - sha bakwai 17 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, marubuci kuma mawaki. Ya kasance mai aiki a Amurka a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na 'yan Afirka na Afirka da' yan asalin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, yana aiki a babban majalisa na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] (AIM). Ya koma aiki a fannin fasaha yayin da yake zaune a Birnin New York. An nuna aikinsa sosai. Durham kuma ta sami Günther-Peill-Preis (2003), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peill Stiftung - Jimmie Durham |url=http://www.peill-stiftung.de/preis/preistraegerinnen/jimmie-durham/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.peill-stiftung.de}}</ref> Gidauniyar Harkokin Kasuwanci na Robert Rauschenberg Award (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmie Durham :: Foundation for Contemporary Arts |url=https://www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org/recipients/jimmie-durham |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org}}</ref> da kuma 58th Venice Biennale's Golden Lion don nasarorin rayuwa (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-04 |title=Biennale Arte 2019 {{!}} Jimmie Durham Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/news/jimmie-durham-golden-lion-lifetime-achievement |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}</ref> Ya daɗe yana da'awar cewa shi Cherokee ne amma wakilan kabilanci sun musanta wannan da'awar: "Durham ba ya shiga kuma bai cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin kowane ɗayan ƙabila uku da aka amince da su da kuma tarihin Cherokee: Gabashin Gabashin Indiyawan Cherokee, Ƙungiyar United Keetoowah ta Indiyawan Cherogee na Oklahoma, da Ƙasar Cherokee". Ba shi da "ba da wata alaƙa da aka sani da kowane al'ummar Cherokee ba". <ref name="Outs">{{Cite web |last=Steve Russell, Editorial |date=1 July 2015 |title=Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time? |url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/native-news/rachel-dolezal-outs-andrea-smith-again-will-anybody-listen-this-time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528165436/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/rachel-dolezal-outs-andrea-smith-again-will-anybody-listen-this-time-h7m2k-3PP0qPj7n0fH5Pcw/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=10 January 2016 |website=Indian Country Today Media Network}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi [[Jimmie Johnson|Jimmie]] Durham a ranar goma 10 ga watan Yuli, shekarar dubu daya da ɗari tara da arba'in 1940, a [[Houston]], Harris County, [[Texas]], kodayake ya yi iƙirarin an haife shi a Nevada County, [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]], ko Washington, Hempstead County, Ar Kansas. Iyayensa sune Jerry Loren Durham da Ethel Pauline Simmons Durham, dukansu an haife su ne a Arkansas kuma an binne su a Texas. A cikin 1960s Durham ya zama mai ƙwazo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|yancin ɗan adam]] a cikin 1960s. A cikin 1965 ya koma [[Austin]], inda ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Texas a Austin kuma ya fara baje kolin aikinsa. Baje kolin solo na farko a Austin shine a cikin 1965. A cikin 1969 Durham ya koma [[Geneva]], Switzerland, inda ya yi karatu a L' École des Beaux-Arts{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}} . <ref name="j110" /> <ref name="nfic" /> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A shekara ta 1973, Durham ya koma [[Amurka]] kuma ya shiga cikin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] (AIM). Daga 1973 har zuwa 1980 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya siyasa tare da AIM, ya zama memba na Majalisar Tsakiya ta motsi kuma yana wakiltar kansa a matsayin 'yan asalin Amurka. Yawancin lokaci yana da'awar cewa shi Cherokee ne kuma ya rubuta a madadin kungiyar. <ref name="Outs"/><ref>{{Cite web |title="The Process of Coming Back into the World": An American Indian Movement (A.I.M.) Activist Advocates Cultural and Political Unification |url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6904/ |access-date=11 September 2016 |website=History Matters |publisher=American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning (Graduate Center, CUNY) |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821042817/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6904 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1974, ya [[halarci]] taron Majalisar [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Yarjejeniyar]] Indiya ta Duniya (IITC) a Cibiyar Indiya ta Standing Rock . Daga baya ya zama babban mai gudanarwa na IITC <ref name="t72" /> kuma ya yi aiki ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] yana ba da matsayin IITC a matsayin "Mai sa ido na ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na II kuma mai ba da shawara a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a. " Durham ta yi abota da Winona LaDuke (White Earth Ojibwe) kuma ta karfafa gwagwarmayarta. Paul Chaat Smith (Comanche) da Durham sun yi murabus daga IITC da AIM a 1979 saboda rashin jituwa game da goyon bayan AIM ga Cuba da sauran abokan Soviet. [[Fayil:Museu_de_Serralves_-_exposição.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Hoton Jimmie Durham a cikin Fundação de Serralves, 2007, a [[Porto|Porto, Portugal]]]] Bayan ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], Durham ya mayar da hankali ga fasahar gani. Ya kirkiro siffofi waɗanda suka kalubalanci wakilcin al'ada na Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka. Ya nuna kuma ya buga rubutun akai-akai. Daga shekarar Alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 zuwa shekarar Alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da tamanin da ukku 1983 ya jagoranci Gidauniyar Al'umma ta Masu Fasaha a New York . A cikin 1983 West End Press ta buga Columbus Day, littafin [[Waƙoƙin Bishara na Baƙaƙen Fata|waƙoƙinsa]]. An haɗa waƙoƙinsa a cikin ''Harper's Anthology of 20th Century Native American Poetry'' (1988). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Harper's Anthology of Twentieth Century Native American Poetry - Duane Niatum |url=https://www.harperacademic.com/book/9780062506665/harpers-anthology-of-twentieth-century-native-american-poetry/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2025-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224215213/https://www.harperacademic.com/book/9780062506665/harpers-anthology-of-twentieth-century-native-american-poetry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1987, Durham ya koma Cuernavaca, [[Mexico]]. A lokacin lokacinsa a Mexico, Durham ya nuna yadu, ciki har da a Whitney Biennial, documenta IX, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, [[Landan|London]] ; Fita Art, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Antwerp ; da Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels . Har ila yau, ya buga kasidu da dama a cikin lokaci-lokaci, ciki har da ''Dandalin Fasaha'', ''Art Journal (CAA)'', da ''Rubutu na Uku'' . A cikin 1993, Kala Press ya buga tarin kasidun nasa, ''Wani Rashin Haɗin Kai.'' Bayan shekaru da a Mexico, Durham ya koma Turai a 1994, da farko ya koma [[Berlin]] sannan [[Napoli|Naples]]. Bayan haka, ya mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gine-gine, abubuwan tarihi, da labarun ƙasa. Hotunansa na anti-architectural, wasan kwaikwayo, da bidiyo suna neman 'yantar da kayan aikin gine-gine, dutse, daga alaƙar da ke tattare da shi tare da abin tunawa, kwanciyar hankali da dindindin. Nuni da ya yi a Turai sun haɗa da wuraren kamar {{Interlanguage link|Kunstverein in Hamburg|de}}, [[Fonds régional d'art contemporain|FRAC]] a [[Reims]], [[Haus Wittgenstein]] a [[Vienna]], [[Kunstverein München]], da Venice Biennale, da sauransu da yawa.[de] Ya shiga cikin A Grain of Dust A Drop of Water: The 5th Gwangju Biennale a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2005 Durham ya shirya tare da Richard William Hill The American West, wani hari kan cowboy da tatsuniyoyin Indiya, a [[Compton Verney]], United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006 ya kuma nuna ayyuka daban-daban a [[Serralves Foundation|Gidauniyar Serralves]], a [[Porto]], [[Portugal]]. A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da wani zane-zane na dindindin na Durham, Serpentine rouge, a [[Indre]], Faransa, tare da Kogin [[Loire]]. A cikin 2010 Durham ya gabatar da Rocks Encouraged a cikin zauren baje kolin [[Portikus]] a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt da Main]], [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Jimmie Durham: Rocks Encouraged |url=http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/jimmie-durham-rocks-encouraged-and-haegue-yang-siblings-and-twins/ |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=e-flux |archive-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731030732/http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/jimmie-durham-rocks-encouraged-and-haegue-yang-siblings-and-twins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2016 an ba shi kyautar [[Goslarer Kaiserring]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goslarer Kaiserring 2016 an Jimmie Durham verliehen |url=https://www.goslar.de/accommodaties/151-presse/pressemitteilungen/goslar-specials/884-goslarer-kaiserring-2016-an-jimmie-durham-verliehen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524235654/https://www.goslar.de/accommodaties/151-presse/pressemitteilungen/goslar-specials/884-goslarer-kaiserring-2016-an-jimmie-durham-verliehen |archive-date=2019-05-24 |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> A cikin 1995 Phaidon Press ya buga ''Jimmie Durham'', wani cikakken bincike game da fasaharsa, tare da gudummawar Laura Mulvey, Dirk Snauwaert, da Mark Alice Durant. A cikin 2003, an sake nazarin aikinsa, mai suna ''Daga Yammacin Pacific zuwa Gabashin Atlantic'', an nuna shi a MAC a [[Marseille]], Faransa, da kuma GEM a [[Hague]], Netherlands. A cikin 2009, Durham yana da mai suna ''Pierre Rejetées ...'' a Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris a [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa. A cikin 2012, wani sake dubawa, ''Al'amarin Rayuwa da Mutuwa da Waƙa'', wanda Bart De Baere da Anders Kreuger suka yi, an nuna su a MuHKA a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], Belgium. A cikin 2017 an buɗe ''Jimmie Durham: A Cibiyar Duniya,'' wanda Anne Ellegood ta tsara, a Gidan Tarihi na Hammer a [[Los Angeles]] kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker a Minneapolis, Gidan Tarihin Whitney na Fasaha ta Amurka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], da Remai Modern a [[Saskatoon]] . Binciken ya sake haifar da muhawara game da ikirarin Durham game da kakannin Cherokee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-07 |title=Why It Matters That Jimmie Durham Is Not a Cherokee |url=https://news.artnet.com/opinion/jimmie-durham-america-meredith-1014164 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Da'awar asalin Cherokee == Durham ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi Cherokee ne mai jini huɗu kuma ya girma a cikin al'ummar da ke magana da Cherokee. Ya girma ne a Texas, [[Louisiana]], da [[Oklahoma]], yayin da mahaifinsa ya yi tafiya neman aiki. A cewar lauyan Cherokee, farfesa na shari'a da shari'a Steve Russell, Durham na daga cikin "masu sana'a" waɗanda suka yi kama da Cherokee da 'Yan asalin Amurka don dalilai na ci Gidan aiki. An bayyana Durham a matsayin wanda "ya yi aiki na kasancewa Cherokee ba tare da wata alaƙa da aka sani da kowane al'umma na Cherokee, kodayake ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne Wolf Clan kuma an haife shi tare da Cherokee a matsayin yare na farko".<ref name="Outs"/> A watan Yunin 2017, wakilan kabilar Cherokee goma, masu zane-zane, da malamai sun buga wata wasika game da Durham, mai taken, "Ƙaunataccen Jama'a, Jimmie Durham Yana da Trickster - asalin asalin Jimmie Durhan koyaushe ƙirƙira ne kuma ya kasance ɗaya": <blockquote>Durham ba ta da rajista ko kuma ta cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin ƙabila uku na Cherokee da aka amince da su a tarayya da kuma tarihi: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, United Keetoowah Band of Cherogee Indians of Oklahoma, da Cherokee Nation. Wadannan da'awar ƙarya suna da lahani yayin da suke nuna 'yan asalin ƙasar, suna lalata ikon mallakar kabilanci, kuma suna rage muhimmiyar aikin da masu zane-zane da shugabannin al'adu suka yi.</blockquote>Sun ci gaba da bayyana cewa ta hanyar da'awar nuna aikinsa a matsayin mutumin Cherokee, Durham ya saba wa Dokar Fasaha da Ayyuka ta Indiya. Wasu cibiyoyin sun dauki bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru don tattauna waɗannan batutuwan, kamar Walker Art Center a Minneapolis <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Schmelzer |date=Oct 12, 2017 |title=How Can Contemporary Art Be More Inclusive of Native Voices? |url=http://walkerart.org/magazine/inclusion-native-american-art-panel-discussion |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=walkerart.org |language=en-US}}</ref> da Whitney Museum of American Art a Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Jimmie Durham: Contemporary Native American Art and Identity |url=https://whitney.org/Events/BeyondJimmieDurham |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324003448/https://whitney.org/Events/BeyondJimmieDurham |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=whitney.org |language=en}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Durham ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2021, a Berlin, Jamus, yana da shekaru 81. == Bayanan littattafai == * Durham, Jimmie. (1983) ''Ranar Columbus''. Albuquerque, New Mexico: West End Press. * Durham, Jimmie. (1992) "Geronimo!", a cikin Partial Recall: Hotuna na 'yan asalin Arewacin Amirka. [Hasiya] New York: New Press. shafi na 55-58.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (1993) ''Wani Rashin Haɗin Kai: Rubuce-rubuce kan Fasaha da Siyasa ta Al'adu''. Jean Fisher (ed.), London: Kala Press. * Durham, Jimmie. (1993) ''Jimmie Durham: Littafin na, The East London Coelacanth'' . London: ICA Book Works. * Durham, Jimmie. (1994) "Aboki na ya ce Art wani abu ne na Turai", a cikin Global Visions, Toward a New Internationalism in the Visual Arts, London: Kala Press. * Durham, Jimmie. (1994) "Jimmie Durham: Mark Gisbourne ya yi hira da shi", Art Monthly Fabrairu. 173. shafi na 7-11.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (1995) "Gara ga Kalmomi da Ƙasusuwa: Tattaunawa da Jean Fisher", Art da Design. tashi. 10, shafi na 7-8. 47-55.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (1996) ''Eurasian Project, Mataki na Ɗaya: Ƙofar Turai (Les Bourgeois de Calais, La Leon d'Anatomie. A Progress Report) ''. Champagne-Ardenne, Calais, Antwerp: Kolejin Editions, Galerie de l'Ancienne Poste, Galerie Micheline Szwajcer. * Durham, Jimmie. (1996) Der Verführer und der Steinerne Gast. Vienna: Springer Verlag. * Durham, Jimmie. (1998) ''Jimmie Durham: Tsakanin Kayan Gida da Ginin (Tsakanin Dutse da Hard Place) ''. Munich: Kunstverein München. * Durham, Jimmie. (1998) "Cibiyar Duniya tana da wurare da yawa (Sashe na I & II)." Tattaunawar Beverly Koski da Richard William Hill (Berlin, Fabrairu 1998). FUSE Magazine Vol. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] shafi na 24-33 da 46-53, bi da bi.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (2001) ''Zuciya ta Dutse''. Kitakyushu, Japan: Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, Kitakyushu . * Durham, Jimmie. (2001) "Bangaskiya a Turai", a cikin S. Hassan & I. Dadi (ed.). Rage Turai. Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen/Nai Publishers, shafuffuka 290-293.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (2004) "Situations", a cikin C. Doherty (ed.). ''Fasahar zamani: daga Studio zuwa Yanayi''. London: Black Dog Publishing, shafi na 177-183.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (2004) "Stones Rejected by the Builder", a cikin G. Di Pietrantonio, ''da sauransu.'' ''Jimmie Durham'' Milan: Charta, Fondazione Antonio Ratti, shafuffuka 117-130.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (2005) Ka'''Ka'idar Wave ta Biyu. '' . Kamar yadda aka yi a kan Bankunan Kogin Wear, Dutsen Dutse daga S'Underland da Durham Cathedral. Sunderland, Burtaniya / Banff: Jami'ar Sunderland / Walter Phillips Gallery. * Durham, Jimmie. (2005) "Abubuwa daban-daban na Rayuwar Cowboy" & "Dangantaka da Cherokee-Amurka", a cikin ''Yammacin Amurka''. Compton Verney, Warwickshire: Compton Verne House Trust. shafi na 9-22 da 51-59 bi da bi.&nbsp; * Durham, Jimmie. (2011) Amoxohtli/Littafin Hanya/Littafi na Hanya. Köln: Walther König. * Durham, Jimmie. (2012) ''Waƙoƙin da ba sa tafiya tare''. Berlin, London: Wiens Verlag da Edition Hansjörg Mayer . * Durham, Jimmie. (2013) "Vandalismo", a cikin ''[http://www.forumdoc.org.br/catalogos/catalogo_forumdoc_2013.pdf Forumdoc 2013].'' * {{Cite book|edition=Jean}} *: == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ttv6ab1bnt3nwy9psmags3flkqnjuck Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2020 0 113355 859738 840386 2026-06-18T05:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859738 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Wannan sune jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2020. Girgizar ƙasa mai girma 6 ko sama da haka sun faru, sai dai sun haifar da lalacewa da kuma asarar rayuka, ko kuma sanannun saboda wasu dalilai. An jera duk ranaku bisa ga lokacin UTC. Ana nuna mafi girman ƙarfin akan ma'aunin ƙarfin Mercalli da aka gyara kuma an samo su daga bayanan ShakeMap na Amurka (USGS). A cikin shekara ta biyu a jere, ayyukan sun yi kasa da matsakaita, tare da manyan girgizar ƙasa guda tara kacal, kuma shekara ce ta farko tun daga shekarar 2016 ba tare da girgizar kasa mai girman 8.0+ ba. Sama da mutane 200 ne aka bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane, wannan ita ce shekarar da aka fi samun asarar rayuka a karni na 21 a girgizar ƙasar, amma kusan dukkaninsu sun fito ne daga kasar Turkiyya, sakamakon munanan abubuwa uku. A cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na shekara, Croatia ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mafi ƙarfi a tarihinta, tare da asarar rayuka da lalacewa. == Idan aka kwatanta da sauran shekaru == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Yawan girgizar ƙasa a duk duniya don 2010-2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Real-time Earthquake Map with exact dates and live earthquake reports |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/ |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earthquake Statistics |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/browse/stats.php |access-date=10 May 2017 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> !Girma !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 ! style="background:#efefef;" |''2020'' |- !8.0–9.9 |1 |1 |2 |2 |1 |1 |0 |1 |1 |1 | style="background:#efefef;" |0 |- !7.0–7.9 |23 |19 |14 |17 |11 |18 |16 |6 |16 |9 | style="background:#efefef;" |9 |- !6.0–6.9 |151 |187 |117 |123 |143 |127 |131 |104 |118 |135 | style="background:#efefef;" |112 |- !5.0–5.9 |2,220 |2,486 |1,546 |1,460 |1,580 |1,413 |1,550 |1,447 |1,671 |1,484 | style="background:#efefef;" |1,315 |- !4.0–4.9 |10,138 |13,129 |10,955 |11,877 |15,817 |13,777 |13,700 |11,544 |12,782 |11,897 | style="background:#efefef;" |12,216 |- !Jimillar |12,536 |15,822 |12,635 |13,480 |17,552 |15,336 |15,397 |13,102 |14,589 |13,530 | style="background:#efefef;" |13,654 |} Karin yawan girgizar kasa da aka gano ba lallai bane ya wakilci karuwar girgizar ƙasa ''da kansa''. Karin yawan jama'a, yaduwar mazauna, da ci gaba a fasahar gano girgizar ƙasa duk suna ba da gudummawa ga yawan girgizar kasa da aka rubuta a tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Myths |url=http://www.usgs.gov/faq/taxonomy/term/9830 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319120417/http://www.usgs.gov/faq/taxonomy/term/9830 |archive-date=19 March 2016 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> == Ta hanyar yawan wadanda suka mutu == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Matsayi !Yawan mutanen da suka mutu !Girma !Wurin da yake !MMI !Rashin zurfi (kilomita) !Ranar !Abin da ya faru |- |1 |119 |7.0 |, [[North Aegean|Arewacin Aegean]] a bakin teku{{Flag|Greece}}| {{MMI-ts|VIII|desc=1}} |21.0 |30 October |'''Girgizar kasa ta Tekun Aegean 2020''' |- |2 |41 |6.7 |[[Turkiyya]], [[Elazığ Province|Elazığ]]{{Flagicon|Turkey}}| {{MMI-ts|IX|desc=1}} |10.0 |24 January |'''2020 Girgizar ƙasa ta Elazığ''' |- |3 |10 |7.4 |, [[Oaxaca]]{{Flag|Mexico}}| {{MMI-ts|IX|desc=1}} |20.0 |23 June |'''Girgizar kasa ta 2020 a Oaxaca''' |- |3 |10 |5.8 |, [[West Azarbaijan province|Yammacin Azarbaijan]]{{Flag|Iran}}| {{MMI-ts|VII|desc=1}} |10.0 |23 February |'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Iran da Turkiyya ta 2020''' |- |} An lissafa girgizar ƙasa tare da akalla mutane 10 da suka mutu. {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Matsayi !Girma !Yawan mutanen da suka mutu !Wurin da yake !MMI !Rashin zurfi (kilomita) !Ranar !Abin da ya faru |- |1 |7.8 |0 |Amurka, [[Alaska]] a bakin teku{{Flagicon|United States}}| {{MMI-ts|VII|desc=1}} |28.0 |22 July |'''Yulin 2020 Girgizar kasa ta yankin Alaska''' |- |2 |7.7 |0 | a bakin teku{{Flag|Cayman Islands}}| {{MMI-ts|VI|desc=1}} |14.9 |28 January |'''Girgizar kasa ta Caribbean ta 2020''' |- |3 |7.6 |0 |, [[Alaska]] a bakin teku{{Flag|United States}}| {{MMI-ts|VII|desc=1}} |28.4 |19 October |'''Girgizar kasa ta Oktoba 2020 Alaska Peninsula''' |- |4 |7.5 |1 |Rasha, [[Kuril Islands|Tsibirin Kuril]] a bakin teku{{Flagicon|Russia}}| {{MMI-ts|V|desc=1}} |56.7 |25 March | - |- |5 |7.4 |10 |, [[Oaxaca]]{{Flag|Mexico}}| {{MMI-ts|IX|desc=1}} |20.0 |23 June |'''Girgizar kasa ta 2020 a Oaxaca''' |- |5 |7.4 |0 |New Zealand, [[Kermadec Islands|Tsibirin Kermadec]] a bakin teku{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}| {{MMI-ts|VII|desc=1}} |10.0 |18 June | - |- |7 |7.0 |119 |, [[North Aegean|Arewacin Aegean]] a bakin teku{{Flag|Greece}}| {{MMI-ts|VIII|desc=1}} |21.0 |30 October |'''Girgizar kasa ta Tekun Aegean 2020''' |- |7 |7.0 |1 |[[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], Oro a bakin teku{{Flagicon|Papua New Guinea}}| {{MMI-ts|VII|desc=1}} |73.0 |17 July | - |- |7 |7.0 |0 |Rasha, [[Kuril Islands|Tsibirin Kuril]] a bakin teku{{Flagicon|Russia}}| {{MMI-ts|VI|desc=1}} |144.0 |13 February | - |- |- |} An lissafa girgizar ƙasa tare da akalla 7.0 magnitude. == Ta wata == === Janairu ===   [[Fayil:Elazığ_Depremi_kurtarma_çalışmaları.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Lokacin da ake ceto mutane a karkashin rushewar bayan girgizar kasa a Elazığ, [[Turkiyya]].]] [[Fayil:Landslide_triggered_by_M6.4_earthquake_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Rushewar ƙasa bayan girgizar ƙasa ta Puerto Rico .]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |2<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.5 – 81&nbsp;km SW of Tāybād, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006tev/executive |access-date=2020-01-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Razavi Khorasan province|Khorasan-e Razavi]], 81&nbsp;km southwest of [[Taybad]] |5.5 |10.0 |VII |At least 100 houses were damaged,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=زلزله به یکصد واحد مسکونی خواف خسارت وارد کرد |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/83618996/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF |access-date=3 May 2023 |language=fa |agency=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]]}}</ref> some of them seriously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Rodrigo Contreras |date=2020-01-02 |title=terremoto magnitud 5.8 genera daños al noreste de Irán |url=https://www.alertageo.org/2020/01/02/terremoto-magnitud-5-8-genera-danos-al-noreste-de-iran/ |access-date=2020-01-02 |website=Alerta Geo |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.9 – 3&nbsp;km W of Reforma de Pineda, Mexico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006uwq/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Oaxaca]], 3&nbsp;km west of [[Reforma de Pineda]] |5.9 |87.0 |V |Some homes suffered minor damage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-05 |title=Reportan daños menores por sismo de magnitud 6 en Oaxaca |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/sismo-en-oaxaca-reportan-danos-menores-por-sismo-de-magnitud-6 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.8 – 14&nbsp;km S of Indios, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pr2020006006/executive |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}, [[Guayanilla, Puerto Rico|Guayanilla]] offshore, 14&nbsp;km south of [[Indios, Guayanilla, Puerto Rico|Indios]] |5.8 |6.0 |VI |  | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 14&nbsp;km S of Sinabang, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006vkq/executive |access-date=2020-01-07 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]] offshore, 14&nbsp;km south of [[Sinabang]] |6.3 |17.0 |VI |Cracks in walls or broken windows were observed in some buildings in Sinabang. | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 13&nbsp;km SSE of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006vll/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}, [[Guayanilla, Puerto Rico|Guayanilla]] offshore, 13&nbsp;km south of [[Carenero|María Antonia]] |6.4 |9.0 |VIII |  |3 |8 |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 130&nbsp;km ENE of Kimbe, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006vvr/executive |access-date=2020-01-07 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East New Britain Province|East New Britain]], 130&nbsp;km east northeast of [[Kimbe]] |6.0 |117.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.9 – 13&nbsp;km SE of Borāzjān, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006w5q/executive |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Bushehr province|Bushehr]], 13&nbsp;km southeast of [[Borazjan|Borajzan]] |4.9 |10.0 |VI |Some damage was caused and seven people were injured. This earthquake struck near the Bushehr nuclear plant, but did not damage it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earthquake hits near Iran nuclear plant, injuring 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/earthquake-hits-near-iran-nuclear-plant-injuring-7/ |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> | - |7 |- |- |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – Chukotskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006wuf/executive |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], 341&nbsp;km northeast of [[Tilichiki]] |6.4 |10.0 |VII |– | - | - |- |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.2 – 4&nbsp;km S of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pr2020010060/executive |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}, [[Guánica, Puerto Rico|Guánica]] offshore, 4&nbsp;km south of [[Carenero|María Antonia]] |5.2 |9.0 |VI |  |1 | - |- |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.9 – 5&nbsp;km SE of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pr2020011010/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}, [[Guayanilla, Puerto Rico|, Guayanilla]] offshore, 5&nbsp;km southeast of [[Carenero|María Antonia]] |5.9 |5.0 |VII |  | - | - |- |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.7 – 3&nbsp;km SSW of Talisay, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007et9/executive |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Calabarzon]], 3&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Lipa|Talisay]] |4.7 |10.0 | - |It was the first of the three largest earthquakes in a swarm related to the eruption of the Taal Volcano. Several houses were damaged in Lemery. | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 17&nbsp;km NNW of San Martín, Argentina |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000708k/executive |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Argentina}}, [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], 17&nbsp;km north northwest of [[San Martín, Mendoza|San Martín]] |4.5 |40.0 |III |Light damage was observed in the city of [[Mendoza]]. One person fainted from fear during a live TV show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villegas |first=Rosana |date=15 January 2020 |title=El temblor en Mendoza generó una grieta en un edificio de Ciudad y debió acudir Defensa Civil |url=https://www.diariouno.com.ar/sociedad/temblor-mendoza-genero-grieta-edificio-ciudad-debio-acudir-defensa-civil-01152020_Hkf-jhnlI |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Diario Uno |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Temblor en Mendoza: susto y desmayo en vivo durante un programa de TV |url=https://www.diariouno.com.ar/sociedad/temblor-mendoza-susto-desmayo-vivo-durante-programa-tv-01152020_r1ZYS22eU |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Diario Uno |language=es}}</ref> | - |1 |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.2 – 6&nbsp;km NE of Ixtepec, Mexico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us700071ey/executive |access-date=2020-01-17 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Oaxaca]], 6&nbsp;km northeast of [[Ixtepec, Oaxaca|Ixtepec]] |5.2 |17.5 |VI |Various adobe houses and a church were damaged. The earthquake also caused some landslides and falling rocks blocked roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De 2020 |first=17 De Enero |date=17 January 2020 |title=Sismo de magnitud 5.3 grados en Oaxaca dejó daños en el Istmo de Tehuantepec |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/01/17/sismo-de-magnitud-53-grados-en-oaxaca-dejo-danos-en-el-istmo-de-tehuantepec/ |access-date=2020-01-17 |website=Infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 146&nbsp;km W of Abepura, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007a3h/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Papua (province)|Papua]], 146&nbsp;km west of [[Jayapura|Abepura]] |6.0 |44.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |19<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 104&nbsp;km ENE of Kashgar, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007anp/executive |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|China}}, [[Xinjiang]], 104&nbsp;km east northeast of [[Kashgar]] |6.0 |5.6 |VIII |  |1 |2 |- |19<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 108&nbsp;km SE of Gorontalo, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007arp/executive |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Sulawesi]] offshore, 108&nbsp;km southeast of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]] |6.1 |121.7 |IV | - | - | - |- |19<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 2&nbsp;km W of South Hutchinson, Kansas |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007att/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Kansas]], 2&nbsp;km west of [[South Hutchinson, Kansas|South Hutchinson]] |4.5 |5.0 |VI |There were reports of bricks breaking off chimneys and sidewalks cracking in the Hutchinson area.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> | - | - |- |20<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – South Sandwich Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007b5x/executive |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} offshore, 25&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Bristol Island]] |6.1 |93.0 |V | - | - | - |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.6 – 15&nbsp;km ESE of Kırkağaç, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007d2r/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Manisa Province|Manisa]], 15&nbsp;km east southeast of [[Kırkağaç]] |5.6 |5.6 |VII |A few structures collapsed, with people running outside for safety. Four people were injured. The earthquake was felt in [[Istanbul]] and [[Izmir|İzmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Two earthquakes strike western, central Turkey |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/two-earthquakes-strike-western-central-turkey-151312 |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=Hürriyet Daily News}}</ref> | - |4 |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 84&nbsp;km W of Adak, Alaska |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007djn/executive |access-date=2020-01-23 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, [[Aleutian Islands]], 84&nbsp;km west of [[Adak, Alaska|Adak]] |6.2 |10.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.7 – 13&nbsp;km N of Doğanyol, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007ewc/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Elazığ Province|Elazığ]], 13&nbsp;km north of [[Doğanyol]] |6.7 |10.0 |IX |  |41 |1,631 |- |26<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 240&nbsp;km WSW of Adak, Alaska |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007g8m/executive |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, [[Aleutian Islands]], 240&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Adak, Alaska|Adak]] |6.1 |17.0 |V |It was an aftershock of the 6.2 quake two days prior. | - | - |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 102&nbsp;km WNW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007gyx/executive |access-date=27 January 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}, [[Makira-Ulawa Province|Makira-Ulawa]] offshore, 102&nbsp;km west northwest of [[Kirakira, Solomon Islands|Kirakira]] |6.3 |21.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.7 – 123&nbsp;km NNW of Lucea, Jamaica |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007idc/executive |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}} offshore, 123&nbsp;km north northwest of [[Lucea, Jamaica|Lucea]], [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |7.7 |14.9 |VI |  | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 55&nbsp;km SE of East End, Cayman Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007iig/executive |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}}, [[Grand Cayman]] offshore, 55&nbsp;km southeast of [[East End, Cayman Islands|East End]] |6.1 |10.0 |V |It was an aftershock of the 7.7 earthquake a few hours earlier. | - | - |- |29<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 70&nbsp;km W of Kirakira, Solomon Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007j2w/executive |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}, [[Makira-Ulawa Province|Makira-Ulawa]] offshore, 70&nbsp;km west of [[Kirakira, Solomon Islands|Kirakira]] |6.0 |85.0 |V |It was an aftershock of the 6.3 quake two days prior. | - | - |} === Fabrairu ===   {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 113&nbsp;km NNE of Bangkalan, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007j6z/executive |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[East Java|Gabashin Java]] bakin teku, kilomita 113 arewa maso gabashin [[Bangkalan]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.2 |592.4 |Na | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 109&nbsp;km SSE of Pondaguitan, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007jwn/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[North Sulawesi|Arewacin Sulawesi]] bakin teku, kilomita 13 kudu da [[Miangas]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.0 |19.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.7 – 29&nbsp;km NE of Bāgeshwar, India |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007lc7/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Uttarakhand]], kilomita 29 arewa maso gabashin [[Bageshwar]]{{Flag|India}}&nbsp; |4.7 |18.8 |Na huɗu |Wasu gidaje sun lalace, kuma daya ya rushe a Gundumar Bageshwar. Mutane biyu sun ji rauni daga rushewar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-08 |title=Earthquake caused havoc in Uttarakhand, many houses damaged |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/earthquake-tremors-felt-in-uttarakhand-today-morning-one-house-collapsed-mc23-nu-1068661-1.html |access-date=2020-02-13 |website=News Track |language=en}}</ref> | - |2 |- |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – South Sandwich Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007lik/executive |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> |, kilomita 113 kudu maso gabashin [[Bristol Island|Tsibirin Bristol]]{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}&nbsp; |6.0 |16.0 |Na Uku | - | - | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 127&nbsp;km S of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007lwy/executive |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> |, Gabashin New Britain bakin teku, kilomita 127 kudu da [[Kokopo]]{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp; |6.1 |34.0 |Na shida | - | - | - |- |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.0 – 95&nbsp;km ENE of Kuril'sk, Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007pa9/executive |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> |, [[Kuril Islands|Tsibirin Kuril]] a bakin teku, kilomita 95 a gabashin arewa maso gabashin [[Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}}&nbsp; |7.0 |143.0 |Na shida | - | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.3 – 12&nbsp;km SSE of Ardab?l, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007r0p/executive |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref> |, [[Ardabil province|Ardabil]], kilomita 12 kudu maso gabashin [[Ardabil]]{{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp; |4.3 |10.0 | - |An haifar da wasu lalacewa, kuma mutane 27 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2020 |title=Dozens injured in earthquake in north-west Iran |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/02/dutzende-verletzte-bei-erdbeben-im-nordwesten-des-iran/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |27 |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.8 – 41&nbsp;km NW of Salmās, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007v29/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[West Azerbaijan province|Yammacin Azerbaijan]], kilomita 30 kudu maso gabashin [[Salmas]]{{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp; |5.8 |10.0 |VII | rowspan="2" |  |10 |141 |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 37&nbsp;km ESE of Özalp, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007v9g/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[West Azerbaijan province|Yammacin Azerbaijan]], kilomita 37 gabashin kudu maso gabashin [[Özalp, Van|Özalp]], [[Turkiyya]]{{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp; |6.0 |10.0 |VII | - | - |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 2&nbsp;km E of San Vincenzo la Costa, Italy |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007vtm/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Calabria]], kilomita 2 a gabashin [[San Vincenzo La Costa]]{{Flag|Italy}}&nbsp; |4.8 |10.0 |Na shida |Gine-gine daban-daban sun lalace kuma daya ya rushe a Lardin Cosenza. Mutum daya ya ji rauni a lokacin ofishin addini ta hanyar faduwar tubali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madrigrano |first=Elvira |date=2020-02-24 |title=Terremoto a Rende, paura danni e lesioni ad alcuni palazzi. Il video della scossa |url=https://www.quicosenza.it/news/le-notizie-dell-area-urbana-di-cosenza/rende/341407-terremoto-a-rende-paura-danni-e-lesioni-ad-alcuni-palazzi-il-video-della-scossa |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=QuiCosenza.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=2020-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225133216/https://www.quicosenza.it/news/le-notizie-dell-area-urbana-di-cosenza/rende/341407-terremoto-a-rende-paura-danni-e-lesioni-ad-alcuni-palazzi-il-video-della-scossa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=Terremoto nel Cosentino, si stacca l'intonaco in una chiesa a Castiglione: un ferito |url=https://lacnews24.it/cronaca/terremoto-nel-cosentino-chiesa-lesionata_111219/ |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=Lacnews24.it |language=it}}</ref> | - |1 |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.0 – 21&nbsp;km WNW of Do?anyol, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us600084bs/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Malatya Province|Malatya]], kilomita 21 arewa maso gabashin [[Doganyol]]{{Flag|Turkey}}&nbsp; |5.0 |10.0 |Na huɗu |An haifar da ƙananan lalacewa, kuma mutane shida sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=Türkei: Mehrere Verletzte bei Nachbeben in Malatya |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/02/tuerkei-mehrere-verletzte-bei-nachbeben-in-malatya/ |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=Malatya'da 4,9 büyüklüğünde deprem |url=https://www.trthaber.com/m/?news=malatyada-49-buyuklugunde-deprem&news_id=463211&category_id=2 |publisher=trthaber.com |language=tr}}</ref> | - |6 |- |26<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 273&nbsp;km SW of Tual, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us600084gu/executive |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] bakin teku, kilomita 273 kudu maso yammacin [[Tual]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.0 |54.0 |V | - | - | - |}   [[Fayil:Oštećena_zgrada_Ilica.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Wani gini a titin Ilica, [[Zagreb]] wanda girgizar kasa ta lalata a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 250px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 6&nbsp;km NNW of Guindapunan, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us600087il/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Eastern Visayas]] offshore, 6&nbsp;km north northwest of [[Guindapunan]] |5.4 |10.0 |VI |Many buildings were damaged in Leyte. Five schools were damaged in the town of Capoocan, causing class suspensions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School buildings damaged due to 5.5-magnitude quake |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/2/earthquake-leyte.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302030829/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/2/earthquake-leyte.html |archive-date=2 March 2020 |access-date=2 March 2020 |publisher=CNNPhilippines}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|title=UB: 5 paaralan, napinsala ng magnitude 5.7 na lindol sa Capoocan, Leyte}}</ref> | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 116&nbsp;km W of Bhamo, Myanmar |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008937/executive |access-date=2020-04-16 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]], 116&nbsp;km west of [[Bhamo]] |4.8 |10.0 | - |Religious buildings were damaged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=Quake damages religious buildings in Myanmar |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/03/05/quake-damages-religious-buildings-in-myanmar |access-date=2020-04-16 |website=The Star}}</ref> | - | - |- |6<ref name="CHINASICHUAN">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=Schadensbeben in Sichuan |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/schadensbeben-in-sichuan/ |access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref> |{{Flag|China}}, [[Sichuan]] |3.9 |13.0 | - |Minor damage was observed in the epicentral area.<ref name="CHINASICHUAN" /> | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – Southwest Indian Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008ay3/executive |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Southwest [[Ridge|Indian Ridge]] |6.0 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.5 – 71&nbsp;km SE of Estacion Coahuila, B.C., MX |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci38385946/executive |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Baja California]] offshore, 71&nbsp;km southeast of [[Estación Coahuila]] |5.5 |10.0 |VII |Minor damage were observed, such as falling objects and rockfalls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2020 |title=Starkes Erdbeben in Sonora |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/starkes-erdbeben-in-sonora/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 27&nbsp;km S of Caniço, Portugal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008brw/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Portugal}}, [[Madeira]] offshore, 27&nbsp;km south of [[Caniço]] |5.3 |10.0 |V |Minor damage was reported in Funchal, like cracks in walls and fallen plaster. At least three roads were partially blocked by landslides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2020 |title=Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Madeira |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/starkes-erdbeben-erschuettert-madeira/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.0 – 11&nbsp;km W of Cicurug, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008d3j/executive |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], 11&nbsp;km west of [[Cicurug]] |5.0 |10.0 |VI |Around 90 houses were damaged in Sukabumi, and two people were slightly injured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BeritaSatu.com |date=10 March 2020 |title=Gempa Sukabumi, Tidak Ada Korban Jiwa |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/607417/gempa-sukabumi-tidak-ada-korban-jiwa |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=beritasatu.com |language=id}}</ref> | - |2 |- |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 26&nbsp;km NNW of Nanao, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008egj/executive |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]], 26&nbsp;km north northwest of [[Nanao, Ishikawa|Nanao]] |5.3 |10.0 |VII |One person was injured after suffering a fall during the quake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Japan: Starkes Erdbeben auf Honshu – Ein Verletzter |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/japan-starkes-erdbeben-auf-honshu/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |1 |- |14<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – Kermadec Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008fl8/executive |access-date=2020-03-14 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Kermadec Islands]] offshore, 298&nbsp;km northeast of [[Raoul Island]] |6.4 |10.0 |III | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 94&nbsp;km WNW of Bandar Abbas, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008g7m/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Hormozgan province|Hormozgan]], 94&nbsp;km northwest of [[Bandar Abbas]] |5.4 |10.0 |VI |Minor damage was caused to many buildings and one partially collapsed in Hormozgan province. Two people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Zwei Verletzte bei Erdbeben in Hormozgan |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/zwei-verletzte-bei-erdbeben-in-hormozgan/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |2 |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 171&nbsp;km E of Hihifo, Tonga |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008h76/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Niuatoputapu]] offshore, 171&nbsp;km east of [[Hihifo]] |6.0 |10.0 |IV |[[Samoa]] was shaken, although the epicentre was in Tonga. | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 99&nbsp;km NW of Sola, Vanuatu |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008hkg/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Vanuatu}}, [[Torba Province|Torba]] offshore, 99&nbsp;km northwest of [[Sola, Vanuatu|Sola]] |6.1 |176.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 5&nbsp;km NNE of Magna, Utah |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/uu60363602/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Utah]], 5&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Magna, Utah|Magna]] |5.7 |11.9 |VII |  | - |Several |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 249&nbsp;km S of Nusa Dua, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60008hzl/executive |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Bali]] offshore, 249&nbsp;km south of [[Nusa Dua]] |6.2 |20.7 |VI | - | - | - |- |20<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 85&nbsp;km NE of Lobujya, Nepal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008cld/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet]], 85&nbsp;km northeast of [[Lobujya]], [[Nepal]] |5.7 |10.0 |VII |More than 300 buildings were damaged, affecting 67 villages. At least 2,855 people were evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Starkes Erdbeben in Tibet – Hunderte Gebäude beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/starkes-erdbeben-in-tibet/ |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=西藏自治区启动日喀则市定日县"3·20"地震灾害IV级救助应急响应 |url=http://yjt.xizang.gov.cn/sitesources/xzajj/page_pc/sylm/hzfz/article9cc37dec59c94fb69f63ea1ca8266379.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=yjt.xizang.gov.cn |language=zh |archive-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306005807/http://yjt.xizang.gov.cn/sitesources/xzajj/page_pc/sylm/hzfz/article9cc37dec59c94fb69f63ea1ca8266379.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | - | - |- |20<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.5 – 178&nbsp;km WSW of Altai, Mongolia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008cmt/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Mongolia}}, [[Govi-Altai]], 178&nbsp;km southwest of [[Altai City|Altai]] |5.5 |10.0 |VII |Minor damage was caused to many structures, including a government building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Starkes Erdbeben in der Mongolei |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/03/starkes-erdbeben-in-der-mongolei/ |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Тонхил суманд дөрвөн удаагийн давтамжтай газар хөдөллөө |url=https://www.montsame.mn/mn/read/219585 |access-date=2022-03-06 |publisher=[[Montsame]] |language=mn}}</ref> | - | - |- |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 14&nbsp;km NNE of Kanaláki, Greece |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008db1/executive |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], 14&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Fanari, Preveza|Kanallaki]] |5.7 |10.0 |VII |Some old buildings were damaged and some also collapsed in Kanallaki. Three people were slightly injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2020 |title=Magnitude 5.6 Earthquake Strikes North-Western Greece |url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2020/03/21/magnitude-5-6-earthquake-strikes-north-western-greece/ |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=greece.greekreporter.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three injured, houses damaged after quake shakes western Greece – China.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2020-03/21/content_75843166.htm |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=china.org.cn}}</ref> | - |3 |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 5&nbsp;km E of Gornja Bistra, Croatia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008dx7/executive |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Croatia}}, [[Zagreb]], 5&nbsp;km east of [[Gornja Bistra]] |5.3 |10.0 |VII |  |1 |26 |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – central East Pacific Rise |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008e91/executive |access-date=2020-03-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Central [[Pacific Ocean|East Pacific]] Rise |6.1 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.5 – 221&nbsp;km SSE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/at00q7qai7/executive |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kuril Islands]] offshore, 221&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Severo-Kurilsk]] |7.5 |57.8 |V |Following this earthquake, tsunami warnings were issued at first, but were later rescinded, with tsunami heights of 0.5 m observed in Severo-Kurilsk. One person died, trying to evacuate from the tsunami. |1 | - |- |26<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 27&nbsp;km SW of Burias, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008ghw/executive |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Soccsksargen|Soccksargen]] offshore, 27&nbsp;km southwest of [[Glan|Burias]] |6.1 |59.0 |VI |Some minor damage was observed, like cracks in walls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No major damage in GenSan, Sarangani from magnitude 6.1 quake |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1097978 |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=pna.gov.ph}}</ref> | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.9 – 73&nbsp;km WSW of Poso, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008hvb/executive |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], 73&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Poso]] |5.9 |10.0 |VII |At least three people were injured. 33 houses and several public facilities were damaged. Power outage was reported in some affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Indonesia – Central Sulawesi Province Earthquake (ECHO Daily Flash of 30 March 2020) – Indonesia |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-central-sulawesi-province-earthquake-echo-daily-flash-30-march-2020 |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> | - |3 |- |31<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.5 – Stanley, Idaho |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008jr5/executive |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Idaho]], 31&nbsp;km north northwest of [[Stanley, Idaho|Stanley]] |6.5 |12.1 |VIII |  | - | - |- |} === Afrilu ===   {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 255px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |1<ref name="CHINA">{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 274&nbsp;km NE of Qamdo, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008kd8/executive |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Qinghai]], kilomita 274 arewa maso gabashin [[Qamdo]]{{Flag|China}}&nbsp; |5.4 |10.0 |VII |Wasu gidaje sun lalace a Serxu . <ref name="CHINA" /> | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 124&nbsp;km WNW of Ternate, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008peg/executive |access-date=2020-04-05 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[North Maluku|Arewacin Maluku]] bakin teku, kilomita 124 yammacin arewa maso yammacin [[Ternate]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.0 |42.0 |V | - | - | - |- |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – Mid-Indian Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008um8/executive |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> | a bakin teku, kilomita 96 a arewacin [[Île Amsterdam|Tsibirin Amsterdam]]{{Flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}&nbsp; |6.1 |10.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |14<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – Kermadec Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008vsp/executive |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Kermadec Islands|Tsibirin Kermadec]] a bakin teku, kilomita 194 kudu maso gabashin [[Raoul Island|Tsibirin Raoul]]{{Flag|New Zealand}}&nbsp; |6.0 |31.0 | - | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 13&nbsp;km NNE of Pinillos, Colombia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008wpb/executive |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]], kilomita 13 arewa maso gabashin [[Pinillos]]{{Flag|Colombia}}&nbsp; |5.7 |53.0 |V |Wasu tsofaffin gidaje sun sami lalacewa a Sashen Cesar. A Magdalena, gidaje uku sun rushe kuma yaro daya ya ji rauni kadan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-15 |title=Temblor dejó daños en el Cesar |url=https://portalenlace.com.co/temblor-dejo-danos-en-el-cesar/ |publisher=Portal Enlace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Colapsan tres casas en área rural de El Banco tras sismo de 5,7 |url=https://www.elheraldo.co/magdalena/colapsan-tres-casas-en-area-rural-de-el-banco-tras-sismo-de-57-717811 |access-date=2020-04-16 |website=EL HERALDO |language=es}}</ref> | - |1 |- |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 2&nbsp;km SE of Marsaglia, Italy |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008xgd/executive |access-date=2020-04-23 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Emilia-Romagna, kilomita 2 kudu maso gabashin [[Marsaglia]]{{Flag|Italy}}&nbsp; |4.5 |10.0 |V |An haifar da wasu lalacewa a Cerignale. Gine-gine daban-daban sun sami raguwa a cikin ganuwar, kuma coci ya ɗan lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Cittadini terrorizzati in strada, il terremoto ha scatenato il panico": parlano i sindaci dei comuni colpiti – Libertà Piacenza |url=https://www.liberta.it/news/cronaca/2020/04/16/cittadini-terrorizzati-in-strada-il-terremoto-ha-scatenato-il-panico-parlano-i-sindaci-dei-comuni-colpiti/ |access-date=2020-04-23 |website=Liberta.it |language=it}}</ref> | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 59&nbsp;km NNE of Savannah Bight, Honduras |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008xeb/executive |access-date=2020-04-16 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Bay Islands bakin teku, 59 km arewa maso gabashin [[Guanaja|Savannah Bight]]{{Flag|Honduras|1949}}&nbsp; |6.1 |12.0 |V | - | - | - |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.9 – 38&nbsp;km ESE of Falam, Myanmar |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008xhp/executive |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Sagaing, kilomita 39 gabas kudu maso gabashin [[Falam]]{{Flag|Myanmar}}&nbsp; |5.9 |10.0 |VII |Gine-gine daban-daban sun lalace, gami da makarantu da yawa, pagoda, da tashar wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MYAT MOE AUNG |date=2020-04-17 |title=ချင်းပြည်နယ် ငလျင် အကြီးစားပျက်စီးဆုံးရှုံးမှု မရှိ |trans-title=No major damage in Chin State |url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/news/138350.html |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=[[The Myanmar Times]] |language=my}}</ref> | - | - |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 27&nbsp;km N of Tasiilaq, Greenland |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70008yib/executive |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Sermersooq]], kilomita 27 a arewacin [[Tasiilaq]]{{Flag|Greenland}}&nbsp; |4.6 |10.0 | - |Wasu gine-gine sun sami karamin lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earthquake Review 2020 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Earthquake%20Review%202020.pdf |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref> | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.6 – Bonin Islands, Japan region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/at00q8z62q/executive |access-date=2020-04-18 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Bonin Islands|Tsibirin Bonin]] a bakin teku, kilomita 209 a yammacin [[Chichijima]]{{Flag|Japan}}&nbsp; |6.6 |453.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |19<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 31&nbsp;km SE of Ōfunato, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000903m/executive |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] bakin teku, kilomita 31 kudu maso gabashin [[Ōfunato]]{{Flag|Japan}}&nbsp; |6.3 |38.0 |Na shida | - | - | - |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 7&nbsp;km WSW of Orzu, Tajikistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60009bvd/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Khatlon Region|Khatlon]], kilomita 7 kudu maso yammacin [[Orzu, Tajikistan|Orzu]]{{Flag|Tajikistan}}&nbsp; |4.8 |10.0 | - |An haifar da mummunar lalacewa a Orzu.<ref name="ORZU">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2020 |title=Erdbebenserie in Tadschikistan |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/04/erdbebenserie-in-tadschikistan/ |language=de}}</ref> Wannan shi ne mafi karfi a cikin girgizar kasa.<ref name="ORZU" /> | - | - |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 140&nbsp;km W of Panguna, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60009c06/executive |access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]] bakin teku, kilomita 140 kudu da [[Panguna]]{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp; |6.1 |19.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.0 – 40&nbsp;km ESE of Padangsidempuan, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us700097e2/executive |access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> |, [[North Sumatera|Arewacin Sumatra]], kilomita 40 gabas kudu maso gabashin [[Padangsidempuan]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |5.0 |17.1 |V |Wasu gine-gine, ciki har da gidaje, masallatai da makarantu, sun lalace a Kudancin Tapanuli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=Gempa M 5,6 Guncang Tapanuli Selatan, Rumah Warga, Masjid dan Sekolah Rusak. |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/30/23553781/gempa-m-56-guncang-tapanuli-selatan-rumah-warga-masjid-dan-sekolah-rusak |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=Kompas.com |language=id}}</ref> | - | - |- |} === Mayu ===   {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 265px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 6&nbsp;km SW of Rakovski, Bulgaria |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009865/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Plovdiv Province|Plovdiv]], kilomita 6 kudu maso yammacin [[Rakovski (town)|Rakovski]]{{Flag|Bulgaria}}&nbsp; |4.5 |10.0 |V |An lura da lalacewar gine-gine kamar murhu da ya rushe, fashewar gyare-gyare, da tsagewa a bangon a Plovdiv.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Земетресение край Пловдив, има леки материални щети |url=https://nova.bg/amp/news/view/2020/05/01/286700/%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=nova.bg |language=bg}}</ref> | - | - |- |2<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 6&nbsp;km S of Tallaboa, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pr2020123010/executive |access-date=2020-05-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Peñuelas, Puerto Rico|Peñuelas]] bakin teku, kilomita 6 kudu da yankin Tallaboa{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}&nbsp;[[Encarnación, Peñuelas, Puerto Rico#Tallaboa|Al'ummar Tallaboa]] |5.4 |9.0 |VII |Wasu gine-gine sun lalace a Ponce, kuma an yanke wutar lantarki a birane daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Se registran daños estructurales en Ponce tras sismo de 5.4 |url=https://www.noticel.com/ahora/top-stories/20200502/se-registran-danos-estructurales-en-ponce-tras-sismo-de-5-2/ |access-date=2020-05-02 |website=noticel.com |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |2<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.5 – 91&nbsp;km S of Néa Anatolí, Greece |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us700098qd/executive |access-date=2020-05-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri, kilomita 91 a kudancin Néa [[Anatoli]]{{Flag|Greece}}&nbsp; |6.5 |10.0 |Na shida |An bayar da gargadi na tsunami, kuma an auna karamin tsunami na 20 cm a Ierapeetra. An lura da wasu rushewar ƙasa a kan hanyoyi.&nbsp; | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 10&nbsp;km WNW of Aleshtar, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009axp/executive |access-date=2020-05-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Lorestan province|Lorestan]], kilomita 10 yammacin arewa maso yammacin [[Aleshtar]]{{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp; |4.8 |10.0 |V |Wasu gine-gine sun lalace, kuma mutane 25 sun sami raunuka masu sauƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-06 |title=Several Wounded as Magnitude 5.1 Quake Hits Western Iran |url=https://ifpnews.com/several-wounded-as-magnitude-5-1-quake-hits-western-iran |access-date=2020-05-06 |website=Iran Front Page |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920052516/https://ifpnews.com/several-wounded-as-magnitude-5-1-quake-hits-western-iran |url-status=dead }}</ref> | - |25 |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.8 – Banda Sea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009b14/executive |access-date=2020-05-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] bakin teku, 205 km arewa maso yammacin [[Saumlaki]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.8 |96.0 |Na shida | - | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 215&nbsp;km NNW of Arawa, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009bn4/executive |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]] bakin teku, 215 km arewa maso yammacin [[Arawa, Bougainville|Arawa]]{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp; |6.1 |471.2 |Na biyu | - | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 3&nbsp;km NNW of Damāvand, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009bxr/executive |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Tehran province|Tehran]], kilomita 3 arewa maso yammacin [[Damavand]]{{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp; |4.6 |10.0 |V |An haifar da wasu ƙananan lalacewa a babban birnin [[Tehran]]. Wani mutum a Damavand ya mutu daga raunin kai, yayin da wani ya mutu a Tehran daga ciwon zuciya. Wasu 38 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two killed, 38 injured as earthquake hits northern Iran |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2020/05/08/two-killed-38-injured-as-earthquake-hits-northern-iran |website=Gulf Today}}</ref> |2 |38 |- |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.6 – 175&nbsp;km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/at00qa8poq/executive |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Santa Cruz Islands|Tsibirin Santa Cruz]] na bakin teku, 175 km kudu maso gabashin [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]]{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}&nbsp; |6.6 |107.0 |Na shida | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.5 – Monte Cristo Range, NV Earthquake |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nn00725272/executive |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Nevada]], kilomita 33 kudu maso gabashin [[Mina, Nevada|Mina]]{{Flag|United States}}&nbsp; |6.5 |2.7 |Na takwas |  | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.9 Mine Collapse – 3&nbsp;km SSE of Kiruna, Sweden |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009ja2/executive |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]], kilomita 3 kudu maso kudu maso gabashin [[Kiruna]]{{Flag|Sweden}}&nbsp; |4.9 |1.0 |VII |Wannan shi ne girgizar kasa mafi karfi da ta mamaye [[Sweden]] a cikin shekaru 12. Ya haifar da wasu duwatsu a cikin ma'adinin Kiruna, wanda dole ne a kwashe shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonassen |first=Trine |title=Earthquake in Kiruna: Most powerful in Sweden in 12 years |url=https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/earthquake-kiruna-most-powerful-sweden-12-years |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=highnorthnews.com |language=en |archive-date=2020-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006012116/https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/earthquake-kiruna-most-powerful-sweden-12-years |url-status=dead }}</ref> | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.1 – 42&nbsp;km W of Zhaotong, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009jr6/executive |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Yunnan]], kilomita 42 yammacin [[Zhaotong]]{{Flag|China}}&nbsp; |5.1 |10.0 |Na shida |  |4 |28 |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 173&nbsp;km ESE of La Playa, Mexico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009n5p/executive |access-date=2020-05-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Baja California Sur off, 173 km gabashin kudu maso gabashin [[San José del Cabo]]{{Flag|Mexico}}&nbsp; |6.1 |10.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.2 – 14&nbsp;km S of Suklayin, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009nx5/executive |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Central Luzon|Tsakiyar Luzon]], kilomita 14 kudu da [[Baler|Suklayin]]{{Flag|Philippines}}&nbsp; |5.2 |43.5 |Na huɗu |Wani babban kanti da ginin gwamnati sun lalace. Mutum daya ya ji rauni bayan ya fadi a lokacin girgizar kasa. | - |1 |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.9 – 4&nbsp;km NW of Dogonbadan, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70009pe3/executive |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province|Kohgiluyeh da Boyer-Ahmad]], kilomita 3 arewa maso yammacin [[Dogonbadan]]{{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp; |4.9 |10.0 |Na shida |Babban lalacewa ya faru a cikin garin tarihi na Dehdasht, kuma mutane 16 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5.2 earthquake hits Iran |url=https://www.poandpo.com/news/52-earthquake-hits-iran |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=Post Online Media |archive-date=2020-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607222902/https://www.poandpo.com/news/52-earthquake-hits-iran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | - |16 |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 51&nbsp;km WNW of Port-Vila, Vanuatu |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60009zv5/executive |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Shefa Province|Shefa]] bakin teku, kilomita 51 yammacin arewa maso yammacin [[Port-Vila]]{{Flag|Vanuatu}}&nbsp; |6.2 |9.7 |V | - | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 111&nbsp;km SSE of 'Ohonua, Tonga |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a0um/executive |access-date=2022-01-15 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, 'Eua bakin teku, 111 km kudu maso gabashin [['Ohonua]]{{Flag|Tonga}}&nbsp; |6.0 |10.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |31<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 19&nbsp;km SW of Vilavila, Peru |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a316/executive |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Puno District|Puno]], kilomita 19 kudu maso yammacin [[Vilavila District|Vilavila]]{{Flag|Peru}}&nbsp; |6.1 |186.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |- |} === Yuni === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 260px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |3<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.8 – 48&nbsp;km SW of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a4yi/executive |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], 48&nbsp;km southwest of [[San Pedro de Atacama]] |6.8 |112.0 |VI |A church collapsed in Camar, Antofagasta and moderate damage was caused in San Pedro de Atacama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gacitua |first=Angela |date=2020-06-03 |title=Derrumbe en histórica iglesia y daños en San Pedro de Atacama tras sismo de magnitud 6.9 |url=https://www.diarioantofagasta.cl/regional/san-pedro-de-atacama/119617/derrumbe-en-historica-iglesia-y-danos-en-san-pedro-de-atacama-tras-sismo-de-magnitud-6-9/ |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=El Diario de Antofagasta |language=es-CL}}</ref> | - | - |- |3<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – south of the Fiji Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a532/executive |access-date=2022-01-15 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Fiji}} offshore, south of the Fiji Islands |6.0 |69.8 | - | - | - | - |- |3<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 23&nbsp;km NW of Banda Aceh, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a5jq/executive |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]] offshore, 23&nbsp;km northwest of [[Banda Aceh]] |4.6 |10.0 |V |Some buildings were damaged in Sabang, with collapsed walls and roofs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-04 |title=Buildings damaged as 4.8-magnitude quake and aftershocks hit Aceh |url=https://coconuts.co/jakarta/news/buildings-damaged-as-4-8-magnitude-quake-and-aftershocks-hit-aceh/ |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=Coconuts Jakarta}}</ref> | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 133&nbsp;km NNE of Tobelo, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a5r3/executive |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Maluku]] offshore, 133&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Tobelo]] |6.4 |112.9 |V |More than 300 houses were damaged in Morotai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2020 |title=Sebanyak 312 Rumah Warga Morotai Maluku Utara Rusak Akibat Gempa |url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/sebanyak-312-rumah-warga-morotai-maluku-utara-rusak-akibat-gempa.html |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=merdeka.com |language=id}}</ref> | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.1 – 25&nbsp;km WSW of Doğanyol, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a6qw/executive |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Malatya Province|Malatya]], 25&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Doğanyol]] |5.1 |10.0 |VI |At least 20 buildings suffered damage in Pütürge following the quake, two of them severely.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armand Vervaeck |date=2020-06-05 |title=Moderate earthquake felt strong in the Diyarbakir region – 20 buildings damaged – Turkey – June 5, 2020 |url=https://earthquake-report.com/2020/06/05/moderate-earthquake-turkey-june-5-2020/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606211426/https://earthquake-report.com/2020/06/05/moderate-earthquake-turkey-june-5-2020/ |archive-date=2020-06-06 |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=Earthquake-Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 33&nbsp;km WSW of Puerto Casma, Peru |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a7ea/executive |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Ancash|Ancash]] offshore, 33&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Casma|Puerto Casma]] |4.5 |57.2 |III |A young man died of a heart attack in a panic during the evacuation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-08 |title=Chimbote: Joven muere por paro cardíaco durante temblor |url=https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/chimbote/chimbote-joven-muere-por-paro-cardiaco-durante-temblor-942280/ |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=Correo |language=es}}</ref> |1 | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 56&nbsp;km ENE of Mohr, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a8nh/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], 56&nbsp;km northeast of [[Mohr, Fars|Mohr]] |5.7 |10.0 |VII |Eighty buildings were damaged by the earthquake, three of them severely. One person was slightly injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Zwei starke Erdbeben im Iran |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/06/zwei-starke-erdbeben-im-iran/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |1 |- |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000a9ik/executive |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} offshore, 783&nbsp;km west of [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] |6.0 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.6 – 130&nbsp;km WNW of Naze, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000abcq/executive |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Ryukyu Islands]] offshore, 130&nbsp;km west northwest of [[Naze, Kagoshima|Naze]] |6.6 |165.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – Pagan region, Northern Mariana Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000abgq/executive |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}, [[Agrihan]] offshore, 420&nbsp;km north of [[Saipan]] |6.2 |622.0 |II | - | - | - |- |14<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.9 – 14&nbsp;km E of Yedisu, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000abnv/executive |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]], 14&nbsp;km east of [[Yedisu]] |5.9 |10.0 |VII |  |1 |35 |- |14<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.1 – 9&nbsp;km N of Bhach?u, India |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000abp7/executive |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|India}}, [[Gujarat]], 9&nbsp;km north of [[Bhachau]] |5.1 |10.0 |VI |Cracks appeared on some houses in Chotila, while in Bhachau, the roof of a building collapsed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=ગુજરાતની ધરા ધ્રુજી : 5.5 તીવ્રતાનો ભૂકંપ આવતા લોકો ઘરની બહાર આવી ગયા, એપી સેન્ટર કચ્છમાં |url=https://www.gstv.in/earthquake-tremors-were-felt-in-gujarat-gujarati-news/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=GSTV |language=gu }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાત 5.3ની તીવ્રતાના ભૂકંપથી ધૂ્રજ્યું : કચ્છમાં એપીસેન્ટર |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/5-3-magnitude-earthquake-shakes-gujarat-ap-center-in-kutch |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref> | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 100&nbsp;km NNE of Phôngsali, Laos |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000acn0/executive |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Vietnam}}, [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Châu]], 100&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Phongsali|Phôngsali]], [[Laos]] |4.5 |10.0 |V |In Lai Châu, a ceiling in a nursery school partially collapsed and fell on a group of children who were sleeping when the quake hit. Four of them suffered minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armand Vervaeck |date=2020-06-16 |title=Earthquake felt in Vietnam-Laos-Yunnan border region – 4 children injured – June 16, 2020 |url=https://earthquake-report.com/2020/06/16/moderate-earthquake-vietnam-june-16-2020/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616221123/https://earthquake-report.com/2020/06/16/moderate-earthquake-vietnam-june-16-2020/ |archive-date=2020-06-16 |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=Earthquake-Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | - |4 |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.4 – south of the Kermadec Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ae4n/executive |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Kermadec Islands]] offshore, 683&nbsp;km northeast of [[Ōpōtiki]] |7.4 |10.0 |VII |A tsunami warning was issued, then cancelled, with waves of {{Convert|12|cm}} hitting [[Korotiti Bay]], Great Barrier Island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Event: NEW ZEALAND |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/related-runups/5750 |website=ngdc.noaa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-18 |title=7.4 magnitude earthquake overnight felt across New Zealand |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300037999/74-magnitude-earthquake-overnight-felt-across-new-zealand |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> | - | - |- |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 27&nbsp;km NNE of Siglufjörður, Iceland |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ag18/executive |access-date=2020-06-21 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iceland}}, [[Northeastern Region (Iceland)|Northeastern region]] offshore, 27&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Siglufjörður]] |6.0 |10.0 |V | - | - | - |- |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.6 – 22&nbsp;km E of North Vanlaiphai, India |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ag4u/executive |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|India}}, [[Mizoram]], 22&nbsp;km east of [[North Vanlaiphai]] |5.6 |10.8 |VII |Several buildings and a church were damaged in Champhai district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=Church, buildings damaged in earthquake in Mizoram |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/church-buildings-damaged-in-earthquake-in-mizoram-852286.html |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> | - | - |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 97&nbsp;km SE of Gorontalo, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ah1z/executive |access-date=2022-01-15 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]] offshore, 97&nbsp;km southeast of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]] |6.0 |109.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=M 7.4 – 9&nbsp;km SE of Santa María Xadani, Mexico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ah9t/executive |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Oaxaca]], 9&nbsp;km southeast of [[Santa María Xadani]] |7.4 |20.0 |IX |  |10 |23 |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=M 5.8 – 18&nbsp;km SSE of Lone Pine, CA |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci39493944/executive |access-date=12 December 2021 |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[California]], 18&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Lone Pine, California|Lone Pine]] |5.8 |4.7 |VIII |The earthquake triggered rockslides near the main parking lot in Whitney Portal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=UPDATE: Eastern Sierra Shaken By 5.8 Magnitude Earthquake; Triggers Mt. Whitney Landslide |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2020/06/24/eastern-sierra-shaken-by-5-8-magnitude-earthquake-near-lone-pine/ |access-date=12 December 2021 |website=CBS San Francisco |language=en}}</ref> | - | - |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=M 5.9 – 36&nbsp;km SE of Hasaki, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aabt/executive |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]] offshore, 36&nbsp;km southeast of [[Hasaki, Ibaraki|Hasaki]] |5.9 |29.1 |V |Two people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=千葉県東方沖を震源とする地震による被害及び 消防機関等の対応状況(第６報) |trans-title=Damage caused by an earthquake centered off the east coast of Chiba Prefecture and Response status of fire departments (6th report) |url=https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/info/items/chibakentouhouokijishin6.pdf |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=fdma.go.jp |language=ja}}</ref> | - |2 |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 14&nbsp;km SSW of Özalp, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aavx/executive |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Van Province|Van]], 14&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Özalp, Van|Özalp]] |5.4 |10.0 |VI |Around 15 houses sustained damage, and five people were hospitalized with light injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5.4-magnitude earthquake hits eastern Turkey; 5 injured |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/moderately-strong-earthquake-hits-eastern-turkey-71444635 |access-date=2020-06-25 |publisher=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> | - |5 |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 278&nbsp;km SE of Hotan, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000abmk/executive |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet]], 278&nbsp;km southeast of [[Hotan]] |6.3 |10.0 |VIII | - | - | - |- |} === Yuli === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 265px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |3<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 9&nbsp;km SSE of La Parguera, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pr2020185017/executive |access-date=2020-07-04 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Lajas bakin teku, kilomita 9 kudu maso gabashin [[Lajas, Puerto Rico|La Parguera]]{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}&nbsp; |5.3 |3.0 |Na shida |  | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 47&nbsp;km E of Rasht, Tajikistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000ahv9/executive |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction|Gundumomi a karkashin ikon Gwamnatin Tsakiya]], kilomita 47 gabashin [[Rasht District|Rasht]]{{Flag|Tajikistan}}&nbsp; |5.4 |10.0 |Na shida |Gidaje da yawa sun lalace a Gundumar Tojikobod, gami da akalla goma a ƙauyen Shrinchashma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saturday's quake reportedly partially damages dozens of residential building in Tojikbod district |url=https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/security/20200707/saturdays-quake-reportedly-partially-damages-dozens-of-residential-building-in-tojikbod-district |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Asiaplus.tj |language=en}}</ref> | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 257&nbsp;km N of Fais, Micronesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aixy/executive |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Yap]] bakin teku, kilomita 257 arewacin Fais{{Flag|Micronesia}}&nbsp;[[Fais Island|Yi]] |6.2 |10.0 |Na Uku | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.6 – Java Sea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aj3w/executive |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Java]] bakin teku, kilomita 98 arewacin [[Batang, Batang|Batang]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.6 |533.8 |Na biyu |Wasu gidaje sun lalace a ƙauyen Raguklampitan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=Schweres Erdbeben erschüttert Java |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/07/schweres-erdbeben-erschuettert-java-2/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 1&nbsp;km ENE of Zhaogezhuang, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000am2b/executive |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Hebei]], 1 km gabashin arewa maso gabashin [[Zhaogezhuang]]{{Flag|China}}&nbsp; |4.8 |10.0 |Na shida |An samu raguwa a cikin tsoffin gine-gine kuma an dakatar da ayyukan jirgin kasa. | - | - |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.0 – 114&nbsp;km NNW of Popondetta, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aq3e/executive |access-date=2020-07-17 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Oro bakin teku, kilomita 114 arewa maso yammacin [[Popondetta]]{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp; |7.0 |73.0 |VII |An bayar da gargadi na tsunami. Gidaje da yawa sun lalace kuma wasu sun rushe a Gundumar Sohe. Wata mace ta mutu ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa kuma wani ya ji rauni lokacin da gidanta ya rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National |first=The |date=2020-07-20 |title=Quake kills one |url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/quake-kills-one/ |access-date=2020-07-20 |website=The National |language=en-US}}</ref> |1 |1 |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.9 – 3&nbsp;km SE of Iquique, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aq5p/executive |access-date=2020-07-17 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]], kilomita 3 kudu maso gabashin Iquique{{Flag|Chile}}&nbsp;[[Iquique|Rashin hankali]] |5.9 |73.6 |VII |An lura da katsewar wutar lantarki da dutsen dutse a Pica.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=Sismo de mediana magnitud se registra en el norte del país |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-tarapaca/2020/07/17/sismo-mediana-intensidad-se-registra-norte-del-pais.shtml |access-date=2020-07-17 |website=BioBioChile |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 239&nbsp;km E of Port Blair, India |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000aqaw/executive |access-date=2020-07-17 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Andaman Islands|Tsibirin Andaman]] a bakin teku, kilomita 239 a gabashin Port Blair{{Flag|India}}&nbsp;[[Port Blair|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Blair]] |6.1 |10.0 |Na Uku | - | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 141&nbsp;km ENE of Hihifo, Tonga |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/at00qdo8ij/executive |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Niuatoputapu]] bakin teku, 141 km gabashin arewa maso gabashin [[Hihifo]]{{Flag|Tonga}}&nbsp; |6.1 |12.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – Fiji region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000asms/executive |access-date=2020-07-21 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Lau Province|Lau]] a bakin teku{{Flag|Fiji}} |6.0 |605.2 | - | - | - | - |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.8 – 99&nbsp;km SSE of Perryville, Alaska |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000asvb/executive |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Amurka, [[Alaska]] bakin teku, kilomita 99 kudu maso gabashin [[Perryville, Alaska|Perryville]]{{Flagicon|United States}}&nbsp; |7.8 |28.0 |VII |  | - | - |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 101&nbsp;km ESE of Sand Point, Alaska |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000asx4/executive |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |language=en}}</ref> |Amurka, [[Alaska]] bakin teku, 101 km gabashin kudu maso gabashin Sand Point{{Flagicon|United States}}&nbsp;[[Sand Point, Alaska|Yankin Yashi]] |6.1 |16.5 |Na shida |Ya kasance girgizar kasa ta 7.8 'yan mintoci kaɗan kafin. | - | - |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – western Xizang |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b26j/executive |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]{{Flag|China}} |6.3 |10.0 |VII |Gine-gine goma sha huɗu sun lalace a girgizar kasa. Har ila yau, an yi lalacewar gine-gine takwas da ba a zaune ba da kuma gine-ginen jama'a guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=Schweres Erdbeben in Tibet: Dutzende Gebäude beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/07/schweres-erdbeben-in-tibet-dutzende-gebaeude-beschaedigt/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |26<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – South Sandwich Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b46r/executive |access-date=2020-07-26 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu]] a bakin teku, yankin Tsibirin Sandwiches na Kudu{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} |6.4 |10.0 |Na Uku | - | - | - |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.9 – ~120km W of Hanoi, Vietnam |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b4kv/executive |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]], kilomita 120 a yammacin [[Hanoi]]{{Flag|Vietnam}}&nbsp; |4.9 |10.0 |Na shida |Akalla gine-gine 126 sun lalace a garuruwa biyar kusa da cibiyar, kuma wasu sun rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armand Vervaeck |date=2020-07-27 |title=Moderate earthquake in northern Vietnam – More than 100 buildings damaged – July 27, 2020 |url=https://earthquake-report.com/2020/07/27/moderate-earthquake-laos-july-27-2020/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823181841/https://earthquake-report.com/2020/07/27/moderate-earthquake-laos-july-27-2020/ |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=Earthquake-Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | - | - |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.8 – 3&nbsp;km N of La Paz, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b4ug/executive |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Caraga]], kilomita 3 a arewacin La Paz{{Flag|Philippines}}&nbsp;[[Bayabas|Zaman Lafiya]] |5.8 |43.4 |V |A Talacogon, bango na ginin zama ya rushe. A San Francisco, rufin wani mall ya fadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=Schäden nach starkem Erdbeben auf den Philippinen |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/07/starkes-erdbeben-erschuettert-philippinen/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 75&nbsp;km SW of Sand Point, Alaska |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b56k/executive |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Amurka, [[Alaska]] bakin teku, kilomita 75 kudu maso yammacin Sand Point{{Flagicon|United States}}&nbsp;[[Sand Point, Alaska|Yankin Yashi]] |6.1 |35.2 |V |Ya kasance girgizar kasa ta 7.8 a ranar 22 ga Yuli. | - | - |} === Agusta ===   [[Fayil:Cataingan_Port_damage_-_2020_Masbate_Earthquake_06.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Lalacewar tashar jiragen ruwa a Cataingan bayan mummunar Girgizar kasa ta Masbate.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 265px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 11&nbsp;km SW of Polloc, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b80p/executive |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Bangsamoro]] offshore, 11&nbsp;km southwest of [[Parang|Polloc]] |6.4 |483.0 |III | - | - | - |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 199&nbsp;km SE of Lorengau, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b84f/executive |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=earthquake. usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}} offshore, [[Bismarck Sea]], 199&nbsp;km southeast of [[Lorengau]] |6.1 |10.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.6 – 18&nbsp;km NNE of Sincik, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b930/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Adiyaman Province|Adiyaman]], 18&nbsp;km northeast of [[Sincik]] |5.6 |10.0 |VII |Around five houses were destroyed in Malatya.<ref name="TURKEY">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Starkes Nachbeben im Osten der Türkei beschädigt zahlreiche Gebäude |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/08/starkes-nachbeben-im-osten-der-tuerkei-2/ |language=de}}</ref> It was an aftershock of the 2020 Elazig earthquake.<ref name="TURKEY" /> | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 69&nbsp;km E of Lakatoro, Vanuatu |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b9mv/executive |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Vanuatu}}, [[Malampa Province|Malampa]] offshore, 69&nbsp;km east of [[Lakatoro]] |6.4 |181.9 |IV | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – Prince Edward Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000badi/executive |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|South Africa}} offshore, [[Prince Edward Islands]] region |6.3 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 2&nbsp;km SSE of Magas Arriba, Puerto Rico |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pr2020220000/executive |access-date=2020-08-08 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}, [[Guayanilla, Puerto Rico|Guayanilla]], 2&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Magas Arriba]] |4.8 |12.0 |VI |  | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.0 – 3&nbsp;km NNE of Sidi Mérouane, Algeria |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bag6/executive |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Algeria}}, [[Mila Province|Mila]], 3&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Sidi Merouane]] |5.0 |10.0 |VII |At least three homes were completely destroyed, and 31 residential buildings and a road suffered minor damage. No injuries were reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quake Causes Panic, Damages Homes in Eastern Algeria |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2435551/quake-causes-panic-damages-homes-eastern-algeria |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=Asharq Al-Awsat |language=en-US}}</ref> | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 3&nbsp;km SSE of Be?endik, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bas2/executive |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Siirt Province|Siirt]], 3&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Beğendik, Siirt|Beğendik]] |4.8 |15.1 |– |There were reports of cracks on walls of some masonry houses in Hizan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Başkan Aktaş, deprem sonrası muhtarlarla görüştü |url=http://beyazgazete.com/video/webtv/guncel-1/baskan-aktas-deprem-sonrasi-muhtarlarla-gorustu-855643.html |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=[[Beyaz Gazete]] |language=tr}}</ref> | - | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.1 – 4&nbsp;km SE of Sparta, North Carolina |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/se60324281/executive |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[North Carolina]], 4&nbsp;km southeast of [[Sparta, North Carolina|Sparta]] |5.1 |4.1 |VII |  | - |1 |- |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 66&nbsp;km NNE of Kilindoni, Tanzania |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bdg8/executive |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Tanzania}}, [[Pwani Region|Pwani]] offshore, 66&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Kilindoni]] |6.0 |17.6 |V |Some damage, like cracked walls and broken windows, were reported in some buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=An earthquake shook Tanzania. A new law prohibits citizens from speaking about it online. |url=https://globalvoices.org/2020/08/14/an-earthquake-shook-tanzania-a-new-law-prohibits-citizens-from-speaking-about-it-online/ |website=[[Global Voices]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |14<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.6 – 57&nbsp;km SSW of Surab, Pakistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bdq8/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Pakistan}}, [[Balochistan]], 57&nbsp;km southwest of [[Surab, Pakistan|Surab]] |5.6 |14.0 |VI |Around 300 houses were destroyed in the earthquake, affecting around 700 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Pakistan-Erdbeben zerstört hunderte Gebäude |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/08/pakistan-erdbeben-zerstoert-hunderte-gebaeude/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.6 – 13&nbsp;km E of San Pedro, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bgbr/ |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Eastern Visayas]] offshore, 13&nbsp;km east of [[Cataingan|San Pedro]] |6.6 |10.0 |VIII |  |2 |170 |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.8 – 138&nbsp;km WSW of Bengkulu, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bgvl/executive |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=earthquake. usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Sumatra]] offshore, 138&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Bengkulu]] |6.8 |22.0 |IV | rowspan="2" |This pair of similarly sized earthquakes in a few minutes can be considered as a doublet earthquake. | - | - |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.9 – 122&nbsp;km WSW of Bengkulu, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bgvu/executive |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=earthquake. usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Sumatra]] offshore, 122&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Bengkulu]] |6.9 |26.0 |IV | - | - |- |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.9 – 222&nbsp;km SSE of Katabu, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000bi4p/executive |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}} offshore, [[Banda Sea]], 222&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Katabu]] |6.9 |624.0 |III | - | - | - |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 4&nbsp;km SSW of Jacó, Costa Rica |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bcbv/executive |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Costa Rica}}, [[Puntarenas Province|Puntarenas]], 4&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Jacó, Costa Rica|Jacó]] |6.0 |20.0 |V | - | - | - |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 141&nbsp;km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bctq/executive |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East New Britain Province|East New Britain]], 141&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Kokopo]] |6.0 |23.0 |VI | rowspan="2" |This pair of similarly sized earthquakes in a few minutes can be considered as a doublet earthquake. | - | - |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 141&nbsp;km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bcty/executive |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East New Britain Province|East New Britain]], 141&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Kokopo]] |6.2 |22.0 |VI | - | - |- |29<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.0 – 26&nbsp;km N of D?mgh?n, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bev6/executive |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Semnan province|Semnan]], 26&nbsp;km north of [[Damghan]] |4.0 |10.0 |IV |No damage was reported, but one person died of a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Iran: Erdbeben in Semnan fordert Todesopfer |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/08/erdbeben-in-semnan-fordert-todesopfer/ |language=de}}</ref> |1 | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 3&nbsp;km WSW of Mutuípe, Brazil |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bf08/executive |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Brazil}}, [[Bahia]], 6&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Mutuípe]] |4.6 |10.0 |VI |It was the strongest earthquake in the state of Bahia in the last 30 years. At least 22 houses were damaged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Line |first=A. TARDE On |date=30 August 2020 |title=Codesal registra mais de 20 ocorrências relacionadas ao tremor de terra em Salvador |url=http://www.atarde.com.br/bahia/salvador/noticias/2137417-codesal-registra-mais-de-20-ocorrencias-relacionadas-ao-tremor-de-terra-em-salvador |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216044935/http://atarde.uol.com.br/bahia/salvador/noticias/2137417-codesal-registra-mais-de-20-ocorrencias-relacionadas-ao-tremor-de-terra-em-salvador |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=Portal A TARDE |language=pt-br}}</ref> | - | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.5 – central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bf3k/executive |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |6.5 |10.0 |V | - | - | - |- |31<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – Chagos Archipelago region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bfbx/executive |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} offshore, [[Chagos Archipelago]] region |6.1 |10.0 |IV | - | - | - |} === Satumba === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 385px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.8 – 86&nbsp;km NW of Vallenar, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bfjr/executive |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Atacama Region|Atacama]] offshore, 86&nbsp;km northwest of [[Vallenar]] |6.8 |21.0 |VII |Some damage was observed in the city of Copiapó, near the epicenter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robles |first=Carlos |date=2020-09-01 |title=Fuerte sismo en el norte de Chile causa algunos daños |url=https://bnonews.es/index.php/2020/09/fuerte-sismo-se-registra-en-chile-2/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=BNO Noticias |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 78&nbsp;km NW of Vallenar, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bfjx/executive |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Atacama Region|Atacama]] offshore, 78&nbsp;km northwest of Vallenar |6.3 |16.2 |VI |It was an aftershock of the 6.8 quake one hour earlier. | - | - |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.5 – 94&nbsp;km NW of Vallenar, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bg4v/executive |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Atacama Region|Atacama]] offshore, 94&nbsp;km northwest of Vallenar |6.5 |16.0 |VI |It was an aftershock of the 6.8 quake a few hours earlier. | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 2&nbsp;km NW of Fukui-shi, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bhk5/executive |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui]], 2&nbsp;km northwest of [[Fukui (city)|Fukui-shi]] |4.6 |10.0 |V |Some damage was caused, and 13 people sustained minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=KYODO |title=13 hurt after M5.0 quake hits central Japan |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/09/5705cabdb7e0-11-hurt-after-m50-quake-in-central-japan.html |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref> | - |13 |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.0 – NEAR COAST OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA – 2020-09-04 18:11:54 UTC |url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/earthquake.php?id=890214 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=emsc-csem.org}}</ref> |{{Flag|India}}, [[Maharashtra]] |4.0 |5.0 | - |At least one house collapsed and several others were damaged in Palghar district.<ref name="INDIA">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2020 |title=Erneut Erdbebenserie in Palghar: Mehrere Gebäude beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/09/erneut-erdbebenserie-in-palghar-mehrere-gebaeude-beschaedigt/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 40&nbsp;km NW of Ovalle, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000biqb/executive |access-date=2020-09-05 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]], 40&nbsp;km northwest of [[Ovalle]] |6.3 |30.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 104&nbsp;km NW of Port-Vila, Vanuatu |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pt20250002/executive |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Vanuatu}}, [[Shefa Province|Shefa]] offshore, 104&nbsp;km northwest of [[Port Vila|Port-Vila]] |6.2 |10.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.7 – central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pt20250004/executive |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |6.7 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 17&nbsp;km E of Talagutong, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pt20250007/executive |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, 25&nbsp;km east of [[Don Marcelino|Talagutong]] |6.3 |120.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 13&nbsp;km SSW of Āzādshahr, Iran |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bj2i/executive |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Golestan province|Golestan]], 13&nbsp;km south southwest of [[Azadshahr]] |5.3 |10.0 |VI |The quake caused damage to 50 houses in the region. At least 34 people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=34 injured in Iran earthquake |url=https://www.siasat.com/34-injured-in-iran-earthquake-1967632/ |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref> | - |34 |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 72&nbsp;km NNE of Port-Vila, Vanuatu |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bj6y/executive |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Vanuatu}}, [[Shefa Province|Shefa]] offshore, 72&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Port Vila|Port-Vila]] |6.2 |10.0 |VI |It was an aftershock of the 6.2 quake the day before. | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 188&nbsp;km SE of Sarangani, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bk82/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Talaud Islands]] offhsore, 188&nbsp;km southeast of [[Sarangani]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] |5.7 |17.0 |V |At least 27 homes and four religious buildings suffered minor damage, and some walls collapsed. Two people were injured by falling debris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Starke Erdbebenserie im Norden von Indonesien: Zwei Verletzte |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/09/starke-erdbebenserie-im-norden-von-indonesien-zwei-verletzte/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |2 |- |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 82&nbsp;km NNE of Tocopilla, Chile, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000blm2/executive |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]], 82&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Tocopilla]] |6.2 |51.0 |VII |Some houses were damaged, and one person was slightly injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Más de una treintena de replicas se han registrado durante el día de hoy en cercanías de Quillagua |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/antofagasta/mas-de-una-treintena-de-replicas-se-han-registrado-durante-el-dia-de-hoy-en-cercanias-de-quillagua-4446696 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=24Horas.cl |language=es}}</ref> | - |1 |- |12<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 58&nbsp;km SE of Ōfunato, Japan, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bm9m/executive |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, 58&nbsp;km southeast of [[Ōfunato]] |6.1 |34.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 76&nbsp;km NNE of Mamuju, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bmqx/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sulawesi]], 76&nbsp;km northeast of [[Mamuju (city)|Mamuju]] |4.8 |25.6 | - |Some houses were destroyed, and several people were injured by falling debris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2020 |title=Erdbeben erschüttert West-Sulawesi: Mehrere Verletzte und zerstörte Gebäude |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/09/erdbeben-erschuettert-west-sulawesi-mehrere-verletzte-und-zerstoerte-gebaeude/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |Several |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 21&nbsp;km WNW of Esso, Russia, Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bnd1/executive |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]], 21&nbsp;km west of [[Esso (village)|Esso]] |6.4 |344.0 |III | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 14&nbsp;km SSW of Kodari, Nepal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bnsh/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Nepal}}, [[Bagmati]], 14&nbsp;km southwest of [[Kodari]] |5.3 |10.0 |V |Several houses collapsed in the [[Kathmandu]] area, and one person was injured after fleeing in panic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Erdbeben erschüttert Nepal: Mindestens ein Verletzter |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/09/erdbeben-erschuettert-nepal-2/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |1 |- |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.9 – central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000bq10/executive |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |6.9 |10.0 |III | - | - | - |- |19<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 3&nbsp;km WSW of South El Monte, CA |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci38695658/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[California]], 3&nbsp;km southwest of [[South El Monte]] |4.5 |16.9 |VI |Some damage was observed in [[Los Angeles]], such as cracks in walls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2020 |title=Erdbeben erschüttert Los Angeles – Mehrere Gebäude beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/09/erdbeben-erschuettert-los-angeles-3/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |26<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.2 – 88&nbsp;km SSW of Serdar, Turkmenistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c1ix/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}, [[Balkan Province|Balkan]], 88&nbsp;km southwest of [[Serdar (city)|Serdar]] |5.2 |10.0 |III |Eighty homes were damaged and power outages occurred in Northern [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=Golestan: Erdbeben in Grenzregion beschädigt mindestens 80 Gebäude |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/09/erdbeben-golestan-turkmenistan/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |26<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – south of Africa |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c1np/executive |access-date=2020-09-26 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |south of [[Afirka|Africa]] |6.1 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |} === Oktoba ===   [[Fayil:2020_Aegean_Sea_earthquake_search_and_rescue_efforts.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Masu ceto suna bincika cikin rushewar wani ɗakin da ya rushe bayan girgizar kasa ta Aegean Sea ta 2020.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 265px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.4 – 3&nbsp;km NNE of Huarte-Uharte, Spain |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c3hi/executive |access-date=2020-10-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Navarre]], kilomita 3 arewa maso gabashin [[Huarte|Huarte-Uharte]]{{Flag|Spain}}&nbsp; |4.4 |10.0 |Na huɗu |Wasu gidaje sun sami ɗan lalacewa a Pamplona, kamar tsagewa a bangon ko fashewar windows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Andrea |date=2020-10-01 |title=Las imágenes más impactantes del extraño terremoto en Pamplona |url=https://www.esdiario.com/342200734/las-imagenes-mas-impactantes-del-extrano-terremoto-en-Pamplona.html |access-date=2020-10-01 |website=www.[[esdiario.com]] |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027211755/https://www.esdiario.com/342200734/las-imagenes-mas-impactantes-del-extrano-terremoto-en-Pamplona.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | - | - |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 39&nbsp;km NE of Pangai, Tonga |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/pt20275000/executive |access-date=2020-10-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Ha'apai bakin teku, kilomita 39 arewa maso gabashin [[Pangai]]{{Flag|Tonga}}&nbsp; |6.4 |28.0 |Na shida | - | - | - |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 100&nbsp;km WNW of Kandrian, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c3td/executive |access-date=2020-10-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[West New Britain Province|Yammacin New Britain]], 100 km yammacin arewa maso yammacin [[Kandrian]]{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp; |6.1 |74.0 |V | - | - | - |- |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 40&nbsp;km ENE of Kainantu, Papua New Guinea |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c6mu/executive |access-date=2020-10-08 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, Gabashin Highlands, kilomita 40 gabashin arewa maso gabashin [[Kainantu]]{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp; |6.3 |106.0 |V | - | - | - |- |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 1&nbsp;km S of Artyshta, Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c90v/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Kemerovo Oblast]], 1 km kudu da [[Artyshta]]{{Flag|Russia}}&nbsp; |4.6 |10.0 |V |Wannan karamin girgizar kasa ya haifar da rushewar ma'adinai a Sheregesh. Masu hakar ma'adinai biyu sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=Russland: Zwei Verletzte bei Erdbeben in Kemerowo |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/10/russland-zwei-verletzte-bei-erdbeben-in-kemerowo/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |2 |- |19<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.6, 99&nbsp;km SE of Sand Point, Alaska |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c9hg/executive |access-date=2020-10-19 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Alaska]] bakin teku, kilomita 99 kudu maso gabashin Sand Point{{Flag|United States}}&nbsp;[[Sand Point, Alaska|Yankin Yashi]] |7.6 |28.4 |VII |  | - | - |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – south of the Fiji Islands |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000cbx8/executive}}</ref> | a bakin teku, kudancin [[Fiji|Tsibirin Fiji]]{{Flag|Fiji}} |6.1 |454.0 |Na Uku | - | - | - |- |25<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 72&nbsp;km SSW of Kawalu, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000cctq/executive |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[West Java|Yammacin Java]] bakin teku, kilomita 72 kudu maso yammacin [[Kawalu]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |5.4 |43.0 |Na huɗu |Kimanin gidaje goma sun sami lalacewa, kuma mutane uku sun sami ƙananan raunuka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-25 |title=Puluhan Rumah Rusak, 3 Orang Luka Akibat Gempa Pangandaran |url=https://republika.co.id/share/qir9yf382 |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=Republika Online |language=id}}</ref> | - |3 |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 54&nbsp;km NNE of Mamuju, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c6e1/executive |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[West Sulawesi|Yammacin Sulawesi]] bakin teku, kilomita 54 arewa maso gabashin [[Mamuju Regency|Mamuju]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |5.4 |22.0 |Na shida |Gidaje daban-daban sun lalace a Mamuju Regency. An kashe wata mace mai ciki bayan ta fadi cikin tsoro a lokacin girgizar kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Febriady |first=Abdy |title=Ibu Hamil di Mamuju Tewas Akibat Gempa M 5,3, Korban Terjatuh karena Panik |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5231859/ibu-hamil-di-mamuju-tewas-akibat-gempa-m-53-korban-terjatuh-karena-panik |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101093126/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5231859/ibu-hamil-di-mamuju-tewas-akibat-gempa-m-53-korban-terjatuh-karena-panik |url-status=dead }}</ref> |1 | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 8&nbsp;km NW of Tercan, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c6pg/executive |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Erzincan Province|Erzincan]], kilomita 8 arewa maso yammacin [[Tercan]]{{Flag|Turkey}}&nbsp; |4.5 |10.0 | - |Akalla gidaje 23 sun lalace a Çayırlı da Tercan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Erdbeben in der Türkei: 23 Gebäude beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/10/erdbeben-in-der-tuerkei-23-gebaeude-beschaedigt/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.0 – 13&nbsp;km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c7y0/executive |website=US Geological Survey}}</ref> |, [[North Aegean|Arewacin Aegean]] bakin teku, kilomita 13 arewa maso gabashin [[Néon Karlovásion|Neon Karlovásion]]{{Flag|Greece}}&nbsp; |7.0 |21.0 |Na takwas <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kemal Onder Cetin |last2=George Mylonakis |last3=Anastasios Sextos |last4=Jonathan Paul Stewart |date=31 December 2020 |title=Seismological and Engineering Effects of the M 7.0 Samos Island (Aegean Sea) Earthquake |url=http://learningfromearthquakes.org/images/earthquakes/2020_Samos_Greece_Izmir_Turkey/Samos_Island_Earthquake_Final_Report.pdf |journal=Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association |volume=GEER-069 |doi=10.18118/G6H088 |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005044443/http://learningfromearthquakes.org/images/earthquakes/2020_Samos_Greece_Izmir_Turkey/Samos_Island_Earthquake_Final_Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |  |119 |1,053 |} === Nuwamba ===   {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 400px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.6 – 2&nbsp;km NE of Starigrad, Croatia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c8yb/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Zadar County|Zadar]], kilomita 2 arewa maso gabashin [[Starigrad, Zadar County|Starigrad]]{{Flag|Croatia}}&nbsp; |4.6 |10.0 |Na shida |Akwai lokuta biyu na rushewar bango a Vir. An kuma lura da rushewar ƙasa a Paklenica . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2020 |title=Starkes Erdbeben in Kroatien – Epizentrum nahe Zadar – Mehrere Gebäude beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/11/starkes-erdbeben-in-kroatien-epizentrum-nahe-zadar/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |3<ref>{{Cite web |title=Off the coast of Aisen, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c9jz/executive |website=US Geological Survey}}</ref> |, [[Aysén Region|Aysén]] a bakin teku{{Flag|Chile}} |6.0 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.2 – 83&nbsp;km NNE of Hihifo, Tonga |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cbr2/executive |website=US Geological Survey}}</ref> |, [[Niuatoputapu]] bakin teku, kilomita 83 arewa maso gabashin [[Hihifo]]{{Flag|Tonga}}&nbsp; |6.2 |34.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 3.6 – 10&nbsp;km S of Bliss Corner, Massachusetts |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cc4d/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Massachusetts]], kilomita 10 kudu da Bliss Corner{{Flag|United States}}&nbsp;[[Bliss Corner, Massachusetts|Gidan farin ciki]] |3.6 |10.0 |V |An lura da ƙananan lalacewa, kamar tsagewa a cikin ganuwar da kuma rugujewar bututun wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=USA: Erdbeben erschüttert Neuengland-Staaten – Dutzende Häuser beschädigt |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/11/usa-erdbeben-erschuettert-neuengland-staaten/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 291&nbsp;km WNW of Haveluloto, Tonga |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cd6e/executive |website=USGS}}</ref> |, [[Lau Province|Lau]] bakin teku, kilomita 291 yammacin arewa maso yammacin [[Haveluloto]], [[Tonga]]{{Flag|Fiji}}&nbsp; |6.0 |417.0 |Na Uku | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 5&nbsp;km S of Marihatag, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cfes/executive |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Caraga]] a bakin teku, kilomita 5 a kudancin [[Marihatag]]{{Flag|Philippines}}&nbsp; |6.0 |43.0 |V |An lura da wasu ƙananan lalacewa a Caraga, kamar tsagewa a bangon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Alexander |title=Magnitude 6 tremor causes minor damage in Caraga |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1121947 |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=pna.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref> | - | - |- |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 222&nbsp;km SSW of Padang, Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cfxq/executive |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[West Sumatra|Yammacin Sumatra]] a bakin teku, kilomita 222 kudu maso yammacin [[Padang]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp; |6.0 |19.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 100&nbsp;km NW of Constitución, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000crcq/executive |website=USGS}}</ref> |, [[Maule Region|Maule]] bakin teku, kilomita 100 arewa maso yammacin Constitución{{Flag|Chile}}&nbsp;[[Constitución, Chile|Tsarin Mulki]] |6.1 |22.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |- |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.1 – 24&nbsp;km WSW of Azzaba, Algeria |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000crds/executive |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Skikda Province|Skikda]], kilomita 24 yammacin kudu maso yammacin [[Azzaba, Algeria|Azzaba]]{{Flag|Algeria}}&nbsp; |5.1 |10.0 |Na shida |Wasu gidaje sun lalace a El Harrouch da Aïn Bouziane, gami da asibiti. Mutane da yawa sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Algérie : Les premiers dégâts du séisme de Skikda connus |url=https://www.observalgerie.com/algerie-les-premiers-degats-du-seisme-de-skikda-connus/2020/ |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=Observ'Algérie |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Algerien |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/11/starkes-erdbeben-erschuettert-algerien/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |Da yawa |- |29<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.8 – 33&nbsp;km E of Humahuaca, Argentina |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000ckx5/executive |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Salta Province|Salta]], kilomita 33 a gabashin [[Humahuaca]]{{Flag|Argentina}}&nbsp; |5.8 |8.0 |Na shida |Girgizar kasa ta haifar da rushewar duwatsu a wannan yankin dutse. A [[Caspalá]], gidaje daban-daban na ado sun lalace sosai, kuma wasu sun rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=mr3 |date=2020-11-29 |title=Un sismo de 5.9 de magnitud se sintió en Salta y Jujuy |url=https://radio3cadenapatagonia.com.ar/un-sismo-de-5-9-de-magnitud-se-sintio-en-salta-y-jujuy/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Radio 3 Cadena Patagonia |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Impactantes imágenes de los daños que causó el sismo en Caspalá |url=https://www.somosjujuy.com.ar/jujuy/jujuy-ahora/213216-impactantes-imagenes-de-los-danos-que-causo-el-sismo-en-caspala |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=SOMOS JUJUY |language=es |archive-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130142948/https://www.somosjujuy.com.ar/jujuy/jujuy-ahora/213216-impactantes-imagenes-de-los-danos-que-causo-el-sismo-en-caspala |url-status=dead }}</ref> | - | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 88&nbsp;km SSE of Sovetskaya Gavan', Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000clbu/executive |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk]] bakin teku, kilomita 88 kudu maso gabashin [[Sovetskaya Gavan|Sovetskaya Gavan']]{{Flag|Russia}}&nbsp; |6.4 |589.0 |Na biyu | - | - | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 71&nbsp;km W of San Antonio de los Cobres, Argentina |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000clbs/executive |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |, [[Salta Province|Salta]], kilomita 71 yammacin [[San Antonio de los Cobres]]{{Flag|Argentina}}&nbsp; |6.3 |189.0 |Na huɗu | - | - | - |} === Disamba ===   [[Fayil:Poničená_staniční_budova.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Ginin tashar da ya lalace a [[Sisak]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]].]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 280px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M<sub>w</sub></small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000clnv/executive |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, [[Aleutian Islands]], 46&nbsp;km east southeast of [[Nikolski, Alaska|Nikolski]] |6.4 |23.0 |VII | - | - | - |- |2<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 2&nbsp;km W of Árma, Greece |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cm2t/executive |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Thiva]], 2&nbsp;km west of [[Thiva|Árma]] |4.5 |10.0 |VI |A cemetery was completely destroyed in the village of Kallithea, while in the same village a displacement of 6&nbsp;cm was observed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ισχυρός σεισμός στην Θήβα-Ταρακούνησε και την Αττική |url=https://www.reporter.com.cy/greece/article/751736/ischyros-seismos-stin-thiba-tarakoynise-kai-tin-attiki |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=ΡΕΠΟΡΤΕΡ |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119153331/https://www.reporter.com.cy/greece/article/751736/ischyros-seismos-stin-thiba-tarakoynise-kai-tin-attiki |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2020 |title=Μετατόπιση του εδάφους καταγράφηκε από τον σεισμό στην Θήβα – Έσπασαν ακόμη και τάφοι στο νεκροταφείο της περιοχής (video) |url=https://www.newsbreak.gr/ellada/151024/metatopisi-toy-edafoys-katagrafike-apo-ton-seismo-stin-thiva-espasan/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |language=el}}</ref> | - | - |- |2<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – Balleny Islands region |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000clt8/executive |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Antarctica}} offshore, [[Balleny Islands]] region |6.0 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.3 – 45&nbsp;km WSW of Gazipa?a, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cnf1/executive |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Antalya Province|Antalya]] offshore, 45&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Gazipaşa]] |5.3 |84.5 |VI |One person was injured after he jumped out of a window due to panic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=Strong earthquake in the Gulf of Antalya – one injured |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/12/starkes-erdbeben-im-golf-von-antalya/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |1 |- |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 115&nbsp;km E of Iquique, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cnnz/executive |access-date=2020-12-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]], 115&nbsp;km east of [[Iquique]] |6.1 |105.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.4 – 41&nbsp;km N of Kabansk, Russia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cpkf/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Buryatia]], 41&nbsp;km north of [[Kabansk]] |5.4 |17.0 |VI |More than twenty schools and social facilities suffered minor damage as a result of the earthquake. Cracks were also observed in several homes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Russland: Starkes Erdbeben am Baikalsee verursacht Schäden |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/12/russland-starkes-erdbeben-am-baikalsee-verursacht-schaeden/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 27&nbsp;km E of Yilan, Taiwan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cpqz/executive |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] offshore, 27&nbsp;km east of [[Yilan City|Yilan]] |6.1 |71.0 |V | - | - | - |- |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.0 – JAVA, INDONESIA – 2020-12-10 22:51:56 UTC |url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/earthquake.php?id=928532 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=emsc-csem.org}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], 30&nbsp;km southeast of [[Cirebon Regency|Karangsembung]] |4.0 |10.0 | - |23 homes and two public buildings were damaged in Kuningan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=Earthquake in Java damages dozens of buildings |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/12/erdbeben-auf-java-beschaedigt-dutzende-gebaeude-2/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |14<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – 75&nbsp;km NNE of Calama, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000cqyz/executive |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], 75&nbsp;km north northeast of [[Calama, Chile|Calama]] |6.0 |114.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 25&nbsp;km S of Sarangani, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000crdx/executive |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, 25&nbsp;km south of [[Sarangani]] |6.1 |14.0 |VI |Some houses sustained cracks in General Santos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No major damage recorded in GenSan after magnitude 6.2 quake |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124927 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=pna.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref> | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.6 – 2&nbsp;km SSE of Quequeña, Peru |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000crmx/executive |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Arequipa Province|Arequipa]], 2&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Quequeña District|Quequeña]] |5.6 |90.4 |V |Various buildings were damaged in Arequipa province. Rockslides were also observed, blocking roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turpo |first=Jorge |date=2020-12-16 |title=Arequipa: sismo de magnitud 5.5 causó daños en viviendas, centros comerciales y carreteras |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/arequipa/sismo-en-arequipa-danos-en-viviendas-centros-comerciales-locales-municipales-y-derrumbes-en-vias-provoco-movimiento-de-magnitud-55-noticia-1310239 |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=RPP |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |20<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 100&nbsp;km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000csqe/executive |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] offshore, 100&nbsp;km east northeast of [[Hachinohe]] |6.3 |35.0 |V |One person was injured in Aomori.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2020 |title=Japan: Schweres Erdbeben im Norden von Honshu – Ein Verletzter |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/12/japan-schweres-erdbeben-im-norden-von-honshu/ |language=de}}</ref> | - |1 |- |22<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.5 – 7&nbsp;km NNW of Scoglitti, Italy |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d1yt/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], 7&nbsp;km northwest of [[Scoglitti]] |4.5 |23.0 |V |Several buildings were damaged in Ragusa, including a multi-storey residential building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=Kräftiges Erdbeben auf Sizilien |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/12/kraeftiges-erdbeben-auf-sizilien/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |23<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.1 – 90&nbsp;km SW of Angaur State, Palau |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d29t/executive |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Palau}}, offshore, 90&nbsp;km southwest of [[Angaur|Angaur State]] |6.1 |11.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 2&nbsp;km ESE of Calatagan, Philippines |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d2ra/executive |access-date=2020-12-25 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Calabarzon]], 2&nbsp;km east southeast of [[Calatagan]] |6.3 |109.0 |VI |Four (three in Lubang and one in Mariveles) houses were damaged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnitude 6.3 quake rocks Calatagan, Batangas; shaking felt in parts of Metro Manila |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/25/Calatagan-earthquake.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215144440/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/25/Calatagan-earthquake.html |archive-date=15 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-15 |publisher=CNNPhilippines |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2020 |title=Strong earthquakes in the north of the Philippines |url=https://erdbebennews.de/2020/12/starke-erdbeben-im-norden-der-philippinen/ |language=de}}</ref> | - | - |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.5 – 7&nbsp;km WNW of Sivrice, Turkey |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d3dd/executive |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Elazığ Province|Elazığ]], 7&nbsp;km west northwest of [[Sivrice, Elazığ|Sivrice]] |5.5 |9.0 |VII |It was an aftershock of the 2020 Elazığ earthquake. Some damage was caused, and 68 people were injured, two of them seriously after jumping from windows in a panic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEPREMDE 68 KİŞİ HASTANELERE BAŞVURDU |url=https://www.elazighaberkent.com/haber/28581/depremde-68-kisi-hastanelere-basvurdu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227154151/https://elazighaberkent.com/haber/28581/depremde-68-kisi-hastanelere-basvurdu.html |archive-date=2020-12-27 |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=HaberSite |language=tr}}</ref> | - |68 |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.7 – 25&nbsp;km SSE of Atiquipa, Peru |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d3dr/executive |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Arequipa Province|Arequipa]] offshore, 25&nbsp;km south southeast of [[Atiquipa District|Atiquipa]] |5.7 |39.0 |V |Some houses were seriously damaged in Caraveli district, and eight of them had to be evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LR |first=Redacción |date=2020-12-27 |title=Arequipa: sismo dejó viviendas dañadas e inhabitables en Caravelí |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2020/12/27/arequipa-sismo-dejo-viviendas-danadas-e-inhabitables-en-caraveli-lrsd/ |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es-PE}}</ref> | - | - |- |27<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.7 – 146&nbsp;km WNW of Corral, Chile |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d3i9/executive |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Los Ríos Region|Los Ríos]] offshore, 141&nbsp;km west northwest of [[Corral, Chile|Corral]] |6.7 |10.0 |V |A tsunami was observed with heights of {{Convert|0.16|m|ft}} in Bahía Mansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Event: VALDIVA, CHILE |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/related-runups/5760 |website=ngdc.noaa.gov}}</ref> | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 4.8 – 8&nbsp;km W of Petrinja, Croatia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d3kv/executive |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Croatia}}, [[Sisak-Moslavina County|Sisak-Moslavina]], 8&nbsp;km west of [[Petrinja]] |4.8 |10.0 |VI |It was a foreshock of the 6.4 quake the day after. Various buildings were damaged in Petrinja, Glina and [[Sisak]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2020 |title=5.2 Magnitude Earthquake Rocks Central Croatia Monday Morning |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/news/49158-earthquake-rocks-zagreb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228081704/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/news/49158-earthquake-rocks-zagreb |archive-date=28 December 2020 |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=total-croatia-news}}</ref> | - | - |- |29<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.4 – 2&nbsp;km WSW of Petrinja, Croatia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d3zh/executive |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref> |{{Flag|Croatia}}, [[Sisak-Moslavina County|Sisak-Moslavina]], 2&nbsp;km west southwest of [[Petrinja]] |6.4 |10.0 |IX |  |9 |25 |- |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 97apc1fisdl26er6y9gm5tu2d1iyo2y Jerin guguwa ta lardin (Kanada) 0 113533 859739 785287 2026-06-18T05:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<gallery> Fayil:F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg|Elie, Manitoba - 2007, June&nbsp;22 - F5 tornado Fayil:Tornado_over_Windsor_Ontario_Canada_photo_by_Harry_G._Garland_(1946).jpg|Windsor, Ontario - 1946, June&nbsp;17 - F4 tornado Fayil:Damage_in_Goderich_after_a_tornado,_August_2011.jpg|Goderich, Ontario - 2011, August&nbsp;21 - F3 tornado damage </gallery>Wannan shafin ya lissafa duk tabbacin da yiwuwar [[Guguwa]] da ta sauka a tsaunikan Kanada da yankuna. Masana sun kiyasta cewa kusan guguwa 230 na faruwa a Kanada a kowace shekara, kodayake kusan 30 ne kawai aka tabbatar. tare da mafi yawan faruwa a Kudancin Ontario, kudancin Kanada Prairies da kudancin Quebec. Kanada tana matsayi na biyu a matsayin ƙasa ta biyu a duniya tare da mafi yawan guguwa a kowace shekara, bayan Amurka ta Amurka. Daga cikin matsakaita 30 da aka tabbatar da guguwa a kowace shekara, Alberta da Saskatchewan duka matsakaita tsakanin 14 da 18 mahaukaciyar guguwa ce a kowane kakar, sai Manitoba da Ontario tare da yawanci tsakanin guguwa 8 zuwa 14 a kowane kakar. Quebec wani yanki ne da aka sani da guguwa mai saurin kamuwa da matsakaita tsakanin guguwar 4 zuwa 8 kowace shekara. Atlantic Canada da Cikin Biritaniya Columbia suma an san yankunan guguwar da ke tsakanin 0 zuwa 4 guguwa kowace shekara. Ba a saba ganin yankunan Kanada a matsayin yankunan da ke da hadari, duk da haka hadari na iya faruwa a yankin. Lokacin kololuwar guguwa da tsawa mai tsanani a cikin Kanada shine a cikin watannin bazara, kodayake guguwar a Kanada tana faruwa a lokacin bazara, faɗuwa da kuma da wuya lokacin sanyi. A Kanada, ana kimanta guguwa bisa ga lalacewar da suka haifar ta amfani da saitin "Masu Bayyana Hadari" wanda ke kimanta saurin iska bisa ga matakai daban-daban na lalacewa. Kafin Afrilu 1, 2013, sikelin da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta guguwa a Kanada shine sikelin Fujita. Bayan wannan rana, [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli Kanada]] ta fara amfani da sikelin Enhanced Fujita . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2013-05-10 |title=Enhanced Fujita scale for wind damage |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/seasonal-weather-hazards/enhanced-fujita-scale-wind-damage.html |access-date=2021-09-27 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Mafi yawan ƙarfin guguwa a Kanada ya kasance tsakanin EF0 zuwa EF2 (F0 zuwa F2) kuma yawanci yana haifar da ƙananan lalacewar tsari ga ɗakunan ajiya, katako na katako, shingles na rufin, rassan bishiyoyi da aka kwashe ko kuma layin wutar lantarki da aka saukar. Guguwa da aka kiyasta a EF3 zuwa EF4 (F3 zuwa F4) sun faru a Kanada, amma sun fi wuya. Kanada kawai ta ga wata guguwa ta EF5 (F5), wacce ta faru a Elie, Manitoba. Saboda ƙaruwar ganowa (watau radar yanayin Doppler, kafofin watsa labarun da hotunan tauraron dan adam), adadin da aka tabbatar da guguwa ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ana iya ƙididdige adadin guguwar da aka ƙidaya bisa hukuma. Hakanan ana danganta tashin hankali a cikin guguwar da aka tabbatar da wasu dalilai, kamar ingantattun kimantawar iskar iska da ta ƙasa bayan gaskiyar a cikin wuraren da ba a cika yawan jama'a ba (musamman yanayin a yankuna masu nisa na Prairies na Kanada da Arewacin Ontario, alal misali), ingantattun ƙwarewar tabo da haɓaka amfani da na'urorin rikodin dijital ta 'yan ƙasa. A Kanada, Aikin Arewacin Tornadoes daga Jami'ar Yamma ya dauki nauyin binciken, kimantawa, da tabbatar da guguwa a Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Pelmorex Weather Networks |title=Northern Tornadoes Project goes coast-to-coast in hunt for Canadian twisters |url=https://www.meteomedia.com/ca/nouvelles/article/northern-tornadoes-project-goes-national-with-funding-boost |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927222606/https://www.meteomedia.com/ca/nouvelles/article/northern-tornadoes-project-goes-national-with-funding-boost |archive-date=2021-09-27 |access-date=2021-09-27 |website=www.meteomedia.com |language=fr-CA}}</ref> Don dalilai da yawa, kamar ƙananan yawan jama'a na Kanada da kuma gine-ginen gidaje masu ƙarfi saboda yanayin sanyi, guguwar Kanada a tarihi ta haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa fiye da guguwa a wasu sassan duniya. Guguwa a Kanada sun isa barazana ga Tsarin gargadi na jama'a, wanda hukumar kula da yanayi ta kasa, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi ta Kanada (ECCC) ke kula da shi. Tare da haɗin tsakanin [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli Kanada]] da Gwamnatin Kanada, ana amfani da AlertReady don hanyar faɗakar da jama'a don haɗarin jama'a daban-daban. == Alberta == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Date !Location of impact(s) !Strength !Death !Injuries !Damage !Other notes |- | colspan="7" | === 1883 === |- |1883, July 14 |Medicine Hat !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Caused damage to nearby buildings |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1883-07-14 |title=Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jul 14, 1883, p. 3 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-macleod-gazette-jul-14-1883-p-3/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=NewspaperArchive.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1893 === |- |1893, April 4 |Lethbridge !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Caused damage to local storefronts |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1893-04-07 |title=Fort Macleod Gazette Newspaper Archives, Apr 7, 1893, p. 3 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-macleod-gazette-apr-07-1893-p-3/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=NewspaperArchive.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1897 === |- |1897, July 13–19 |Wheatland County !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minor tree damage and a destroyed barn roof. | |- | colspan="7" | === 1905 === |- |1905, July 12 |Pine Lake !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Significant, but narrow damage * Various farm properties sustained damage with a house losing its roof and nearby buildings remaining untouched | * Briefly became a tornadic waterspout as it crossed the lake<ref>{{Cite web |date=1905-07-13 |title=Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jul 13, 1905, p. 1 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-macleod-gazette-jul-13-1905-p-1/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=NewspaperArchive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1905-07-14 |title=Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper Archives, Jul 14, 1905, p. 6 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/edmonton-bulletin-jul-14-1905-p-6/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=NewspaperArchive.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1906 === |- |1906, October 29 |[[Coutts, Alberta|Coutts]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Tore a corner off the local blacksmith shop * blew over a windmill owned by the Great Northern Railway of Canada | |- | colspan="7" | === 1907 === |- |1907, August 14 |South of Vermillion !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * destroyed a house, stables and corrals * killed 3 chickens | |- | colspan="7" | === 1909 === |- |1909, July 1 |Didsbury !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1909-07-01 |title=Cyclone at Didsbury, Alberta. |url=http://ww2.glenbow.org/dbimages/arc4/i/na-1918-1.jpg |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=Glenbow Museum |archive-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003011510/http://ww2.glenbow.org/dbimages/arc4/i/na-1918-1.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=. — 1 & 2. A tornado near Didsbury, Alberta, July 1st... |url=https://dame-de-pique.tumblr.com/post/115607897858/1-2-a-tornado-near-didsbury-alberta-july-1st/amp |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=dame-de-pique.tumblr.com}}</ref> |- |1909, July 16 |South of Lloydminster !Not&nbsp;rated | |~4 | * House destroyed * Farm machinery broken and twisted * Debris tossed more than 183 meters | |- | colspan="7" | === 1911 === |- |1911, March 13 |Macleod !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minor damage | |- |1911, June 30 |Winnifred !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed barn * Damaged houses | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1911-07-03 |title=Medicine Hat News Newspaper Archives, Jul 3, 1911, p. 3 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/medicine-hat-news-jul-03-1911-p-3/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=NewspaperArchive.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |1911, July 2–8 |Strome !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minimal property damage | * Was active for "a few seconds"<ref>{{Cite web |title=13 Jul 1911, 12 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/481343294/?terms=cyclone&match=1 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |1911, August 11 |Black Diamond !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Significant damage done to property * Accompanied by significant hail | |- | colspan="7" | === 1915 === |- |1915, June 25 |Grassy Lake Redcliff ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |~5 |~12 | * Multiple buildings levelled * Freight train derailed | <ref name=":84">{{Cite web |date=1915-06-28 |title=TORNADO IN CANADA. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TC19150628.2.11 |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=Papers Past}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roblin |first=Scott |title=Legacy of infamous 'Redcliff Cyclone' lives on 105 years later |url=https://chatnewstoday.ca/2020/06/25/legacy-of-infamous-redcliff-cyclone-lives-on-105-years-later/ |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=CHAT News Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":86">{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Tyler |date=2020-04-16 |title=Historical Photos of Tornadoes and their Destruction |url=https://calgaryguardian.com/historical-tornado-photos/ |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=Calgary Guardian |language=en}}</ref> |- |1915, July 14 |West of Nanton !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * School taken off foundation * Several buildings levelled | <ref name=":86" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1918 === |- |1918 |Vermilion !Not&nbsp;rated |~3 | | * Woman was carried over 27 m (30 yd). |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Edmonton Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-iBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=3035,966517&dq=edmonton%20tornado&hl=en |access-date=2018-04-05 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1927 === |- |1927, July&nbsp;7 |Vulcan !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * A curling rink was destroyed * Damaged a dairy farm and a granary * Significant town damage | |- | colspan="7" | === 1936 === |- |1936, July&nbsp;6 |Lavoy !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Building damage |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Montreal Gazette |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OXctAAAAIBAJ&pg=1945,671762&dq=edmonton%20tornado&hl=en |access-date=2018-04-05 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1950 === |- |1950, September&nbsp;1 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged crops * Damaged farm buildings | |- | colspan="7" | === 1966 === |- |1966, June&nbsp;10 |Nanton !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Tree damage |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Calgary Herald |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ImdkAAAAIBAJ&pg=2394,3965728&dq=edmonton%20tornado&hl=en |access-date=2018-04-05 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1972 === |- |1972, July&nbsp;28 |Bawlf !Not&nbsp;rated | |~3 | * Destroyed farm buildings * Destroyed a two-story house |<ref name=":1" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1980 === |- |1980, May 23 |Schuler ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23"/> |- |1980, May 23 |Hilda ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, May 25 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, May 25 |Hilda ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, June&nbsp;2 |Grassy Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, June&nbsp;11 |Foremost ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, July&nbsp;14 |Sylvan Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, August&nbsp;10 |Aldersyde ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1981 === |- |1981, June&nbsp;5 |Landonville ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, June&nbsp;5 |Clandonald ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, June&nbsp;6 |Clandonald ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;13 |West Edmonton ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;14 |Boyle ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;15 |Rivière Qui Barre ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;25 |Sangudo ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1982 === |- |1982, May 7 |[[Coutts, Alberta|Coutts]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, May 13 |Mayerthorpe ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, May 13 |Fort Assiniboine ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, May 29 |Magnolia ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;2 |Gainford ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;6 |Entwistle ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;30 |Southeast of Rocky Mountain House ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | |~1 | * Destroyed a mobile home * Estimated C$500,000 of damage |<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":0" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;30 |North of Viking ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;30 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;1 |Consort ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;6 |Langdon ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;11 |Clive ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;14 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | * Six tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;14 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | | * Four tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;18 |[[Lucky Lake, Alberta|Lucky Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;30 |Rocky Mountain House ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;11 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;15 |Vauxhall ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, September&nbsp;10 |[[Calgary]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1983 === |- |1983, July&nbsp;8 |Blackfoot !Not rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1984 === |- |1984, June&nbsp;29 |Athabasca !Not&nbsp;rated | |~1 | * Destroying granaries * Destroying farm equipment | |- | colspan="7" | === 1986 === |- |1986, June&nbsp;18 |High Prairie !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Roof damage | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":0" /> |- |1986, June&nbsp;29 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed a storage shed | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Leader-Post |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FIlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=3921,3909924&dq=tornadoes%20in%20alberta&hl=en%7Caccess-date=17 |access-date=2018-04-05 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |1986, July&nbsp;9 |Penhold Sylvan Lake !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes near Penhold * One tornado near Sylvan Lake<ref name=":3" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1987 === |- |1987, July&nbsp;31 |Edmonton ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |~27 |~253 | | * Second deadliest tornado in Canadian history<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2002-11-15 |title=The Edmonton Tornado |url=http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/summersevere/edtornado.en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021115073531/http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/summersevere/edtornado.en.html |archive-date=2002-11-15 |access-date=2018-04-05 |publisher=Environment Canada}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 4 - A COMMEMORATIVE REFLECTION ON THE EDMONTON TORNADO AND HAILSTORM, 1987 |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/tornado/home/chapt4 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Top Weather Events of the 20th Century |url=https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=6A4A3AC5-1#1921-1940 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=ec.gc.ca |publisher=Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Weather Events: Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes |url=http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/events/candeadtorn.html |access-date=2018-04-07 |website=www.islandnet.com}}</ref> |- |1987, July&nbsp;31 |Southeast [[Edmonton]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> |- |1987, July&nbsp;31 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | * Estimated C$40,000 of damage | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> |- |1987, July&nbsp;31 |[[Edmonton]] Area [[Alberta ta Tsakiya|Central Alberta]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | * Four tornadoes<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1989 === |- |1989, July&nbsp;27 |[[Edmonton]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Estimated C$500,000 of damage |<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recordmeteo.com |url=http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Alberta-1989-7-27-en-118.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817055238/http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Alberta-1989-7-27-en-118.html |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=www.recordmeteo.com}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1993 === |- |1993, July&nbsp;29 |[[Holden, Alberta|Holden]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | | | | |- |1993, July&nbsp;29 |Northeast of Lac La Biche ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | | |- |1993, July&nbsp;29 |Falun ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1998 === |- |1998, July&nbsp;19 |Daysland !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged power lines | |- | colspan="7" | === 2000 === |- |2000, July&nbsp;14 |Pine Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 |~12 | | * Estimated C$13,000,000 of damage | * Fourth deadliest tornado in Canadian history<ref name=":18" /> |- |2000, July&nbsp;23 |Marwayne ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | | | * Destroyed one home |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rancher survives tornado |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/rancher-survives-tornado-1.215189 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708050009/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/07/24/rancher000724.html |archive-date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=cbc.ca}}</ref> |- |2000, July&nbsp;26 |Wabamun !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2000, August&nbsp;1 |Viking !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2000, August&nbsp;6 |Elnora !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2000, August&nbsp;9 |Sangudo !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2001 === |- |2001, July&nbsp;13 |Caroline !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado touches down near Caroline and possible sightings near Edmonton's north end |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tornado-touches-down-near-caroline-and-possible-sightings-near-edmonton-s-north-end-1.288102 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109180532/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2001/07/13/carolineea010713.html |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2003 === |- |2003, July&nbsp;11 |Westlock County !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2003, August&nbsp;13 |Wabamun !Not&nbsp;rated | |Few | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-06 |title=CTV.ca {{!}} Tornado touches down west of Edmonton |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1060734556132_48/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006025204/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1060734556132_48/ |archive-date=2007-10-06 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2004 === |- |2004, April&nbsp;18 |Raymond !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2004, June&nbsp;13 |Vulcan !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Vulcan tornado of June&nbsp;13, 2004 |url=http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/environment/envirogeog/weather/vulcan/vulcan.html |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=www.umanitoba.ca |archive-date=2012-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926110155/http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/environment/envirogeog/weather/vulcan/vulcan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2004, July&nbsp;8 |Grande Prairie ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | * Damage to homes and businesses |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Alberta cleaning up after Tornado |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/alberta-cleaning-up-from-tornado-1.508540 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=CBC Alberta}}</ref> |- |2004, July&nbsp;11 |Andrew !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2005 === |- |2005, June&nbsp;4 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Tree damage | * Four cold-core funnels briefing touch the ground |- |2005, June&nbsp;21 |Lethbridge !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-12 |title=Wild weather spawns tornadoes |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=e2fd1146-d04b-4a69-a3f1-4929033ebc19&sponsor= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012232946/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=e2fd1146-d04b-4a69-a3f1-4929033ebc19&sponsor= |archive-date=2012-10-12 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2007 === |- |2007, June&nbsp;25 |Standard !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed a barn | |- |2007, July&nbsp;8 |Mayerthorpe !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2007, July&nbsp;23 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * No major damage | * Tornado involved all the places listed |- | colspan="7" | === 2008 === |- |2008, June&nbsp;6 |Heisler !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minor damage |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2008, June&nbsp;10 |Wabamun !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2008, June&nbsp;22 |Viking !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Tree and fence damage | |- |2008, July&nbsp;6 |[[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2008, July&nbsp;15 |Vulcan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Damaged two granaries |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Tornado touches down during wild wind storm |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/tornado-touches-down-during-wild-alberta-storm-1.309074 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022161640/http://www.ctvnews.ca/tornado-touches-down-during-wild-alberta-storm-1.309074 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website= |publisher=CTV Calgary}}</ref> |- |2008, July&nbsp;16 |[[Edmonton]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2009 === |- |2009, May 31 |Southeast of Lloydminster ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, June&nbsp;25 |Northeast of Hanna ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Barn roof damage |<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-29 |title=Tornado takes roof off barn |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/Tornado+takes+roof+barn/1735285/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629052431/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Tornado+takes+roof+barn/1735285/story.html |archive-date=2009-06-29 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2009, June&nbsp;25 |Cairns ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | * Siding and shingles damage |<ref name=":6" /> |- |2009, July 4 |[[Red Deer, Canada|Red Deer]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Tree damage | |- |2009, August&nbsp;1 |[[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2010 === |- |2010, June&nbsp;29 |Whitecourt !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2010, July&nbsp;30 |Sundre !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Another unconfirmed tornado near Water Valley |- |2010, August&nbsp;22 |Grande Prairie !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2011 === |- |2011, July&nbsp;7 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Farms destroyed * Trees damaged | * Several tornadoes throughout [[Alberta ta Tsakiya|Central Alberta]] |- |2011, July&nbsp;13 |Southwest [[Calgary]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2012 === |- |2012, June&nbsp;5 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * At least one confirmed tornado and three unconfirmed tornadoes.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornadoes touch down in southern Alberta |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DStormy_system_invades_western_Canada_04_06_2012 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2012-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607212434/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DStormy_system_invades_western_Canada_04_06_2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2012, June&nbsp;9 |Stettler !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minor damage |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Landspout tornado reported near Stettler |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/landspout-tornado-reported-near-stettler-alta-1.1248391 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=CBC Calgary}}</ref> |- |2012, July&nbsp;3 |Southwest of Olds ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * House and barn damage |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado touches down near Olds, Alberta |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/alberta/Tornado+touches+down+near+Olds+Alberta/6881696/story.html |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=The Vancouver Sun}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |2012, July&nbsp;28 |Cremona !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Farm damage |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Dogpound, Alberta Supercell and Tornado |url=http://prairiestormtranquillity.wordpress.com/2012/07/29/july-282012-dogpound-alberta-supercell-and-tornado/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801212320/http://prairiestormtranquillity.wordpress.com/2012/07/29/july-282012-dogpound-alberta-supercell-and-tornado/ |archive-date=2012-08-01 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=Prairie Storm Tranquillity}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2013 === |- |2013, June&nbsp;12 |Pigeon Lake !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Became a waterspout<ref name=":0" /> |- |2013, June&nbsp;19 |Pakowki Lake !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2013, July&nbsp;4 |Stavely !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2013, July&nbsp;24 |Okotoks !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2014 === |- |2014, June&nbsp;13 |Northwest of Gleichen !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2014, June&nbsp;27 |Cremona !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado touches down in southern Alberta |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornado-touches-down-in-southern-alberta/30432/ |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2014-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630044039/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornado-touches-down-in-southern-alberta/30432/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014, June&nbsp;29 |Wainwright !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2015 === |- |2015, June&nbsp;4 |[[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary Sun |url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2015/06/05/thursdays-stormy-skies-spawn-small-landspout-tornado-northwest-of-airdrie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816232935/http://www.calgarysun.com/2015/06/05/thursdays-stormy-skies-spawn-small-landspout-tornado-northwest-of-airdrie |archive-date=2015-08-16 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=Calgary Sun}}</ref> |- |2015, June&nbsp;21 |Cochrane !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2015, July&nbsp;22 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes |- |2015, August&nbsp;5 |Langdon !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2015, August&nbsp;6 |Foremost !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2015, September&nbsp;13 |Didsbury !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2016 === |- |2016, April&nbsp;13 |[[Calgary]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2016, June&nbsp;30 |Ponoka ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Damaged homes | |- |2016, July&nbsp;1 |West of Didsbury ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":7" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;2 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | * Tree damage | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":7" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;3 |Hardisty ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Damaged farm |<ref name=":7" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;6 |Monitor ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2016, July&nbsp;13 |Endiang ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Talk 770 (CHQR) |url=http://www.newstalk770.com/2016/07/13/funnel-cloud-advisory-for-red-deer-and-drumheller-regions/ |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=770 CHQR}}</ref> |- |2016, July&nbsp;17 |Okotoks ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | * Minor damage | |- |2016, August&nbsp;4 |Vermilion !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, August&nbsp;10 |Schuler !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, August&nbsp;21 |Edson ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2017 === |- |2017, June&nbsp;2 |Three Hills ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Tree and roof damage | |- |2017, June&nbsp;9 |Mannville ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2017, July&nbsp;1 |Sangudo ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2017, July&nbsp;9 |Sunchild First Nation ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2017, July&nbsp;10 |Northwest of Calgary International Airport ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2017, July&nbsp;13 |Breton ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Tree and roof damage | |- |2017, July&nbsp;13 |Athabasca ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":8" /> |- |2017, October&nbsp;7 |Jenner ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weak landspout tornado confirmed in Alberta |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/weak-landspout-tornado-confirmed-alberta/87263 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2017-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008181214/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/weak-landspout-tornado-confirmed-alberta/87263 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2018 === |- |2018, May 24 |Calmar ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":54">{{Cite web |title=Weather Watch {{!}} Forecasts, Alerts and More |url=https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/06/15/Confirmed-Tornado-With-A-Possible-Second-Tornado-In-Alberta |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Weather Watch {{!}} Forecasts, Alerts and More |archive-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030427/https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/06/15/Confirmed-Tornado-With-A-Possible-Second-Tornado-In-Alberta |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2018, June 9 |St. Paul !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=Tornado touches down as thunderstorm moves northeast across Alberta |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/northeast-alberta-tornado-alert-1.4699794 |access-date=2018-09-11 |website= |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2019 === |- |2019, April 24 |[[Peers, Alberta|Peers]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | * Damaged a fence * Damaged a shed |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post {{!}} Weather Watch {{!}} Home |url=https://www.weatherwatch.space/post/tornado-confirmed-in-alberta-west-of-edmonton-on-wednesday-april-24th-2019 |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=Weather Watch |language=en |archive-date=2019-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428011340/https://www.weatherwatch.space/post/tornado-confirmed-in-alberta-west-of-edmonton-on-wednesday-april-24th-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2019, June 14 |Seven Persons ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name="global calgary 2019">{{Cite web |title=Alberta has recorded 5 confirmed tornadoes in 2019 season so far |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5436147/alberta-2019-tornado-season-weather-environment/ |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=Global News Calgary |language=en}}</ref> |- |2019, June 23 |North of Fort Macleod ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name="global calgary 2019" /> |- |2019, June 25 |2&nbsp;km south of Sexsmith ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name="global calgary 2019" /> |- |2019, June 26 |Millet ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name="global calgary 2019" /> |- |2019, June 28 |15&nbsp;km east of Lac La Biche ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |29-millimetre sized hail reported<ref name="ctv edmonton 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-29 |title=Three tornadoes reported in three hours in northern Alta. Friday night |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/three-tornadoes-reported-in-three-hours-in-northern-alta-friday-night/ |publisher=CTV News Edmonton}}</ref> |- |2019, June 28 |20&nbsp;km southeast of Slave Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name="ctv edmonton 2019" /> |- |2019, June 28 |Cold Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |Dissipated about 10 minutes after formation<ref name="ctv edmonton 2019" /> |- |2019, July 8 |75&nbsp;km south of Grande Prairie ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |Touched down at around 4:40pm<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roszell |first=Sheena |last2=Galbraith |first2=Curtis |date=2019-07-10 |title=Tornado confirmed south of Grande Prairie Monday |url=https://everythinggp.com/2019/07/10/tornado-confirmed-south-of-grande-prairie-monday/ |publisher=Everything Grande Prairie}}</ref> |- |2019, July 14 |Northeast of [[Crossfield, Alberta|Crossfield]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |Touched down at around 2:15pm<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rieger |first=Sarah |date=2019-07-14 |title='I kind of freaked out': Tornado sweeps through farmland near Crossfield, Alta. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/crossfield-tornado-1.5211615 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2022 === |- |2022, July 7 |South of Sundre ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | * Destroyed one house * Damaged several properties | <ref name="Redcliff and Bergen">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Alberta tornadoes declared catastrophes, Insurance Bureau of Canada says |url=https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/mobile/alberta-tornadoes-declared-catastrophes-insurance-bureau-of-canada-says-1.6016082?cache=/5-things-to-know-for-tuesday-october-15-2019-1.4638208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105055857/https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/mobile/alberta-tornadoes-declared-catastrophes-insurance-bureau-of-canada-says-1.6016082?cache=/5-things-to-know-for-tuesday-october-15-2019-1.4638208 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=CTV News Calgary |language=en}}</ref> |- |2022, July 18 |Redcliff ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | | <ref name="Redcliff and Bergen" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2023 === |- |2023, May 31 |East of Stettler !Not&nbsp;rated | |~2 | | * Second Canadian tornado of 2023, first Albertan tornado of 2023. Landspout tornado.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- |2023, July 1" |South of Didsbury ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="EF4" |EF4 | |~2 | * 9 homes damaged; 5 others completely destroyed | * First F4/EF4 tornado in Alberta since the 1987 Edmonton tornado<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Tornado strikes Mountain View County, Alta., damaging houses |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/calgary/article/tornado-strikes-mountain-view-county-alta-damaging-houses/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=CTV News Calgary |language=en}}</ref> |} === Jerin ƙarfin guguwar Quebec (1870-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~8 |~108 |~214 |~91 |~8 |~1 |~0 |} == British Columbia == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Sauran bayanan |- | colspan="7" | === 1926 === |- |1926, Yuli 12&nbsp; |Tafkin Hache !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | * Ginin gona da aka rushe * Itacen da suka lalace | |- | colspan="7" | === 1955 === |- |1955, Afrilu 25&nbsp; |[[Nanaimo]] !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | * Ƙananan lalacewa | |- | colspan="7" | === 1962 === |- |1962, Yuli 1&nbsp; |[[Vancouver]] !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1966 === |- |1966, Maris 7&nbsp; |Ucluelet !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | * Babban lalacewa | |- | colspan="7" | === 1988 === |- |1988, Mayu 1 |Vancouver !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2020 === |- |2020, Mayu 21 |Victoria ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | | |- |- |2020, Agusta 21 |Fort St. John ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-22 |title=CBC British Columbia - Tornado damages houses, causes power outages in Fort St. John |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tornado-damages-houses-causes-power-outages-in-fort-st-john-1.5696418 |access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2021 === |- |2021, 6 ga Nuwamba |Cibiyar UBC Point Grey ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 |0 |0 | * Bishiyoyi da aka rushe, layin wutar lantarki, da wayoyin bas din trolley * Lalacewar motoci * Rufewa da sakewa zuwa sabis na bas |<ref name="ctv-bc-2021-11-08">{{Cite web |last=Kotyk |first=Alyse |date=8 November 2021 |title=Tornado officially recorded at B.C. university, Environment Canada confirms |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/tornado-officially-recorded-at-bc-university-environment-canada-confirms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108220402/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/tornado-officially-recorded-at-b-c-university-environment-canada-confirms-1.5656669 |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=[[CTV News]] |publisher=CTV News |language=en |ref=ctv-bc-2021-11-08}}</ref><ref name="global-bc-2021-11-08">{{Cite web |last=Judd |first=Amy |title=Tornado occurred near UBC Saturday, Environment Canada confirms |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8358934/tornado-ubc-vancouver-saturday-environment-canada/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=[[Global News]] |publisher=Global News |ref=global-bc-2021-11-08}}</ref><ref name="twn-2021-11-08">{{Cite web |last=Howes |first=Nathan |date=7 November 2021 |title='Ultra-rare' November tornado hits Vancouver, B.C., damage reported |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/ultra-rare-november-tornado-hits-vancouver-british-columbia-damage-reported |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=[[The Weather Network]] |publisher=[[Pelmorex]] |language=en-CA |ref=twn-2021-11-08}}</ref> |} === Jerin ƙarfin guguwar Saskatchewan (1908-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~129 |~506 |~143 |~42 |~5 |~2 |~0 |} == Manitoba == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ !Date !Location of impact(s) !Strength !Death !Injuries !Damage !Other notes |- | colspan="7" | === 1900 === |- |1900, June 5 |[[Winnipeg]] !Not&nbsp;rated |~1 | | * Destroyed buildings |<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Jun 1900, 4 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/478945756/?terms=tornado&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005050310/http://www.newspapers.com/image/478945756/?terms=tornado&match=1 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Jun 1900, 4 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/478945647/?terms=cyclone&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173437/http://www.newspapers.com/image/478945647/?terms=cyclone&match=1 |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1908 === |- |1908, October 5 |Morris !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged farm buildings * Tossed farm machinery |<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Oct 1908, 1 - Star-Phoenix |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/507496743/?terms=cyclone&match=1 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |1908, October 6 |Birds Hill !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed two homes * Snapped telephone poles |- | colspan="7" | === 1922 === |- |1922, June&nbsp;22 |Southern Manitoba !Not&nbsp;rated |~5 |Hundreds | * Estimated C$2,000,000 of damage | * Multiple tornadoes * Damage costs are in dollars of the time<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Safety Canada |date=2018-08-06 |title=Canadian Disaster Database |url=https://cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca/dtpg-eng.aspx?cultureCode=en-Ca&provinces=3,12&eventTypes=%27TO%27&normalizedCostYear=1&dynamic=false&eventId=1459 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1955 === |- |1955, June 19 |Vita !Not rated | | | * No fatalities, 30 injuries * Estimated C$500,000 of damage | * Damage costs are in dollars of the time<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Safety Canada |date=2018-12-21 |title=Canadian Disaster Database |url=https://cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca/dtpg-eng.aspx?cultureCode=en-Ca&provinces=3,12&eventTypes=%27TO%27&normalizedCostYear=1&dynamic=false&eventId=1459 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1958 === |- |1958, January&nbsp;1 |Amaranth !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-13 |title=Canadian Disaster Database |url=http://cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca/dtpg-eng.aspx?cultureCode=en-Ca&provinces=3&eventTypes=%27TO%27&normalizedCostYear=1&eventId=709 |access-date=2018-04-05 |publisher=Public Safety Canada}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1959 === |- |1959, June&nbsp;6 |La Salle !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed a garage | |- | colspan="7" | === 1977 === |- |1977, July&nbsp;18 |St. Malo ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |~3 | | * Destroyed houses and barns * Peeled asphalt off Highway 59 | |- | colspan="7" | === 1980 === |- |1980, April 6 |[[St-Malo, Manitoba|St-Malo]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23"/> |- |1980, May 28 |Morden ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, July&nbsp;26 |Pinaymootang First Nation, in Fairford ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, July&nbsp;29 |Bowsman ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1981 === |- |1981, June&nbsp;4 |Melita ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;3 |Grandview ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;14 |Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, August&nbsp;30 |Plumas ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1982 === |- |1982, July&nbsp;16 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | * Six tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;14 |Decker ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1984 === |- |1984, July&nbsp;8 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1992 === |- |1992, June&nbsp;24 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Five tornadoes |- | colspan="7" | === 1994 === |- |1994, August 27 |[[Municipality of Killarney-Turtle Mountain|Turtle Mountain]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 | | | * Estimated over C$1,000,000 of damage | |- | colspan="7" | === 1995 === |- |1995, June&nbsp;20 |Manitoba !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Thunderstorms throughout Manitoba produced one tornado |- | colspan="7" | === 2006 === |- |2006, July&nbsp;14 |Gretna !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged crops, trees and a shed | |- |2006, August&nbsp;5 |[[Gull Lake, Manitoba|Gull Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 |~1 | | | |- |2006, August&nbsp;20 |La Broquerie ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | * Destroyed a house | |- | colspan="7" | === 2007 === |- |2007, June&nbsp;22–23 |Elie ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 | | | * Destroyed four homes * Damaged a flour mill | * First ever F5 tornado in Canada<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2007 |title=Manitoba tornado was strongest ever |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/manitoba-tornado-was-strongest-ever-1.256948 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013133604/http://www.ctvnews.ca/manitoba-tornado-was-strongest-ever-1.256948 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website= |publisher=CTV Winnipeg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Elie Tornado Upgraded to Highest Level on Damage Scale Canada's First Official F5 Tornado |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=4B3DE57E-4967-4B09-98D6-EF974B32D6B5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611150927/http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=4B3DE57E-4967-4B09-98D6-EF974B32D6B5 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=Environment Canada}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date= |title='Moderate' risk of more tornadoes in Manitoba |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/moderate-risk-of-more-tornadoes-in-manitoba-1.644443 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=CBC News}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date= |title=More tornadoes hit southern Manitoba |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/more-tornadoes-hit-southern-manitoba-1.655946 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2007, June&nbsp;22–23 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> |- |2007, June&nbsp;22–23 |Southern Manitoba !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2008 === |- |2008, May 25 |Altona !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes |- |2008, May 31 |Niverville !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-06 |title=Tornado spotted in southeastern Manitoba |url=http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20080531/tornado_053108/20080531/?hub=WinnipegHome |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175235/http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20080531/tornado_053108/20080531/?hub=WinnipegHome |archive-date=2011-07-06 |access-date=2018-04-05 |publisher=CTV Winnipeg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado touches down near Manitoba town |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/tornado-touches-down-near-manitoba-town-1.729186 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2008, June&nbsp;9 |Morris !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2008, June&nbsp;27 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Five tornadoes |- |2008, July&nbsp;7 |Turtle Mountain Provincial Park !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Sunk boats * Damaged docks |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-06 |title=Twister topples trees, sinks boats |url=http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20080707/wpg_tornado_turtle_080707/20080707/?hub=WinnipegHome |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174949/http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20080707/wpg_tornado_turtle_080707/20080707/?hub=WinnipegHome |archive-date=2011-07-06 |access-date=2018-04-05 |publisher=CTV Winnipeg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado touches down in Manitoba |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/tornado-touches-down-in-manitoba-1.712601 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2008, September&nbsp;1 |La Broquerie !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minor damage | |- | colspan="7" | === 2009 === |- |2009, June&nbsp;1 |[[Winnipeg]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, July&nbsp;4 |Swan River ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, July&nbsp;7 |[[Valhalla, Manitoba|Valhalla]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, July&nbsp;31 |[[Telford, Manitoba|Telford]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2010 === |- |2010, June&nbsp;22 |Woodlands !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed a garage * Damaged a house | |- |2010, June&nbsp;23 |Rosser !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Additional funnel clouds were reported throughout the region |- |2010, July&nbsp;13 |Carman !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2010, July&nbsp;26 |Oakbank !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2011 === |- |2011, May 28 |St. Adolphe !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Likely an F0 but unconfirmed rating |- |2011, September&nbsp;18 |East of [[Winnipeg]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2013 === |- |2013, July&nbsp;13 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged homes * Overturned mobile homes * Tree damage | * Two tornadoes |- |2013, July&nbsp;21 |Between Boissevain and Deloraine !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2013, July&nbsp;24 |Morris !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2014 === |- |2014, July&nbsp;5 |Hartney !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2014, July&nbsp;26 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Three tornadoes (two near Waterhen and one near La Salle)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funnel clouds and tornadoes in Manitoba |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornadoes-spotted-in-manitoba-more-storm-risk-today/32620/ |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730083902/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornadoes-spotted-in-manitoba-more-storm-risk-today/32620 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2015 === |- |2015, June&nbsp;24 |Near Manitou ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Two tornadoes touch down in Southern Manitoba. |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornado-rips-through-s-manitoba-see-it-here/53325/ |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2015-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625232817/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornado-rips-through-s-manitoba-see-it-here/53325/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2015, July&nbsp;12 |Ninette !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2015, July&nbsp;18 |Winnipeg Beach !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2015, July&nbsp;27 |Tilston ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 | | | * Damaged a farm * Overturned trucks * Bridge damage | * Longest lived tornado documented in Canada |- |2015, August&nbsp;7 |Anola !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2016 === |- |2016, May 31 |Miami ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nurun.com |title=Funnel cloud spotted near Miami |url=http://www.pembinatoday.ca/2016/06/01/funnel-cloud-spotted-near-miami |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=Pembina Group}}</ref> |- |2016, June&nbsp;3 |Southwest of Elgin !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, June&nbsp;19 |Southwest of Grand Rapids !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, July&nbsp;20 |Long Plain First Nation ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * House damage * Tree damage | |- |2016, July&nbsp;20 |Hartney Souris !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":13" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;23 |Russell !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, July&nbsp;31 |Camperville !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, August&nbsp;3 |  !Not&nbsp;rated |~150 sheep | | * Minor building damage * Tree damage | * Three tornadoes<ref name=":12" /> |- |2016, August&nbsp;8 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 | | | * Overturned school bus * Damaged homes * Destroyed a home | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date= |title=Storm Assessment AWCN11 CWWG |url=http://dd.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/bulletins/alphanumeric/20160811/AW/CWWG/23/AWCN11_CWWG_112251___00316 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822172240/http://dd.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/bulletins/alphanumeric/20160811/AW/CWWG/23/AWCN11_CWWG_112251___00316 |archive-date=2016-08-22 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=Environment Canada}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=EF-2 tornado confirmed to have touched down in Erickson area |url=http://www.brandonsun.com/local/ef-2-tornado-confirmed-to-have-touched-down-in-erickson-area-389948831.html |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=www.brandonsun.com}}</ref> |- |2016, August&nbsp;8 |South of Russell ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> |- |2016, August&nbsp;8 |Elphinstone !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> |- |2016, August&nbsp;24 |[[Eddystone, Manitoba|Eddystone]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2017 === |- |2017, June&nbsp;21 |Sapotaweyak Cree Nation ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2018 === |- |2018, June&nbsp;14 |South of Waskada !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Watch {{!}} Forecasts, Alerts and More |url=https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/06/15/Tornado-Confirmed-In-Manitoba-Following-Tornado-Warnings |access-date=2018-06-16 |website=Weather Watch {{!}} Forecasts, Alerts and More }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2018, June&nbsp;30 |Pauingassi First Nation ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Tornado Alerts |url=https://www.facebook.com/CanadaTornadoAlerts/posts/756568587800237 |access-date=2018-07-04 |website=Facebook}}</ref> |- |2018, July 1 |Lake Manitoba !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Tornadic waterspout |- |2018, July&nbsp;22 |[[Lake of the Prairies, Manitoba|Lake of the Prairies]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * There were also reports of funnel clouds near Waywayseecappo, Manitoba.<ref name=":57">{{Cite web |title=Canada Tornado Alerts |url=https://www.facebook.com/CanadaTornadoAlerts/posts/779383435518752 |access-date=2018-07-24 |website=Facebook}}</ref> |- |2018, August&nbsp;3 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="EF4" |EF4 |~1 | | * Destroyed and damaged multiple homes * De-barked and ripped trees * Overturned mobile homes, vehicles, and farming equipment * Threw vehicles and mobile homes into Lake Manitoba | * Recorded to be on the ground between 20 and 45 minutes * Became a waterspout following the destructive trail * First EF4 in Canada since switching to the Enhanced Fujita scale<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDATED: First EF4 In Canada Upgraded from an EF3 Tornado in Manitoba |url=https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/08/07/UPDATED-First-EF4-In-Canada-Upgraded-from-an-EF3-Tornado-in-Manitoba |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=Weather Watch {{!}} Forecasts, Alerts and More |archive-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190147/https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/08/07/UPDATED-First-EF4-In-Canada-Upgraded-from-an-EF3-Tornado-in-Manitoba |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manitoba's EF-4 strongest tornado this year in North America |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/fatality-reported-manitoba-tornado-alonsa/107872 |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2018-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806115537/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/fatality-reported-manitoba-tornado-alonsa/107872 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2020 === |- |2020, June 29 |Rapid City ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 | | | * Buildings demolished * Trees snapped | |- |2020, August 8 |Virden ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="EF3" |EF3 | ~3 | | * Barn destroyed * Trees snapped | |- |2020 August 13 |Alexander !Not Rated | | | | |- |2020, August 21 |Shoal Lake !Not Rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" |'''2021''' |- |2021, May 14 |Friedensruh Roblin !Not Rated | | | | |- |2021, May 15 |[[Sandy Bay, Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg)|Sandy Bay]] !Not Rated | | | | |- |2021, June 9 |Altona ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | * Structural, vehicle damage * Trees damaged | |- | rowspan="2" |2021, August 20 |[[Westergaard Lake]] Bryan Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | | |- |[[Betula Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 | | | | |- | colspan="7" |'''2022''' |- |2022, June 25 |Lake St. Martin !Not Rated | | | | |- |2022, June 29 |Kenville ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 | | | * Wide damage path through forested areas | |- |2022, July 9 |Argyle Stonewall ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2022, August 2 |[[Netley Manitoba|Netley]] Teulon !Not Rated | | | | |- |2022, August 8 |[[Apussigamasi Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Damage path in forested areas | |- | rowspan="2" |2022, August 18 |Lake Manitoba [[St. Ambroise, Manitoba|St. Ambroise]] !Not Rated | | | * Tornadic Waterspout | * Event location estimated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Tornadoes Project |url=https://westernu.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/19460b79cf24493680e5792f5247f46d |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=westernu.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> |- |Beausejour ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2022, September 1 |[[Lasthope, Manitoba|Lasthope]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Moderate damage to trees in forests | |- | colspan="7" |'''2023''' |- |2023, June 4 |Carberry !Not Rated | | | * Short path through cropland | |- | rowspan="3" |2023, June 20 |MacGregor ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Grain bin lightly damaged * Trees moderately damaged | |- |Killarney | | | * Structural and tree damage | |- |William Lake | | | * Damage path through forested areas | * Tornado started near Carpenter Lake, ND before crossing the border into MB |- |2023, June 26 |[[Keyes, Mantioba|Keyes]] Neepawa !Not Rated | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |2023, June 28 |Brookdale ! rowspan="2" |Not Rated | | | rowspan="2" | * Visible crop damage path | |- |[[Venlaw, Manitoba|Venlaw]] | | | |- |2023, July 26 |[[Ranger Lakes, MB|Ranger Lakes]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 | | | * Damage path lightly carved ground | |} === Jerin ƙarfin guguwar Yukon === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~0 |~0 |~0 |~0 |~0 |~0 |~0 |} == New Brunswick == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Sauran bayanan |- | colspan="7" | === 1879 === |- |1879, Agusta 3&nbsp; |Bouctouche ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 |~5 |~10 | | * Babban guguwa na gabas a Arewacin Amurka * Guguwa ta goma mafi muni a tarihin Kanada <ref name=":18"/> |- | colspan="7" | === 1980 === |- |1980, Agusta 9&nbsp; |Maple Green ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date= |title=Canadian National Tornado Database |url=http://donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/weather/products/canadian-national-tornado-database-verified-events-1980-2009-public/?lang=en |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=open.canada.ca}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1981 === |- |1981, 8 ga Yuli&nbsp; |Scotchtown ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | * Kimanin lalacewar C$,000 |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1982 === |- |1982, 19 ga Yuli&nbsp; |Bathurst ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1989 === |- |1989, Agusta 14&nbsp; |[[Carlisle, New Brunswick|Carlisle]] !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | | * Guguwa uku |- | colspan="7" | === 1995 === |- |1995, 26 ga Yuli&nbsp; |Fredericton !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | * Lalacewar gini | |- | colspan="7" | === 1997 === |- |1997, Yuli 24&nbsp; |Grand Falls ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2002 === |- |2002, Yuli 4&nbsp; |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Itacen da suka lalace * Gidajen da suka lalace * Kasuwancin da suka lalace | |- | colspan="7" | === 2006 === |- |2006, Yuli 4&nbsp; |Glassville, New Brunswick ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Tsarin da lalacewar gandun daji | |- |2006, Agusta 15&nbsp; |Pokemouche zuwa Bishara ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Lalacewar itace | |- | colspan="7" | === 2007 === |- |2007, 26 ga Yuni&nbsp; |Karamin ƙarami !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; | | | * Lalacewar kayan wasan | |- |2007, Agusta 3&nbsp; |White Rapids ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | * Lalacewar gine-ginen gona | |- | colspan="7" | === 2013 === |- |2013, 20 ga Yuli&nbsp; |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * Gine-gine da yawa sun lalace * Bishiyoyi da suka lalace |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado winds hit 175 km/h, Environment Canada determines |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/tornado-winds-hit-175-km-h-environment-canada-determines-1.1324053 |access-date=2018-04-05 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |} === Jerin ƙarfin guguwar Alberta (1883-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~65 |~398 |~143 |~30 |~5 |~3 |~0 |} == Newfoundland da Labrador == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Sauran bayanan |- | colspan="7" | === 1983 === |- |1983, Agusta 3&nbsp; |Gander Bay ta Kudu ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23"/> |- | colspan="7" | === 1987 === |- |1987, Agusta 30&nbsp; |St. Lawrence ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1991 === |- |1991, Yuli 16&nbsp; |Grand Falls-Windsor ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1996 === |- |1996, Satumba 6&nbsp; |Triniti ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1998 === |- |1998, ? |Buchans !? | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snodden |first=Ryan |date=May 25, 2011 |title=A Brief History Of... Newfoundland Tornadoes |url=https://www.cbc.ca/nl/blogs/ryansnoddon/2011/05/a-brief-history-of-newfoundland-tornadoes.html |access-date=June 28, 2023 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2007 === |- |2007, 29 ga Yuli&nbsp; |Gander Bay ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | * Ya yi amfani da wasu motocin dusar ƙanƙara |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weather Doctor Almanac 2008 Tornadoes in Canada |url=http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/almanac/arc2008/alm08jun.htm |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.islandnet.com}}</ref> |- |2007, 29 ga Yuli&nbsp; |Grand Falls-Windsor ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2023 === |- |2023, Agusta 24&nbsp; |Abubuwan da ke da wadata ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | * Da farko ruwa ne, ya zo bakin teku. * Ya lalata teburin biki da yawa. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two tornadoes in Newfoundland |url=https://www.uwo.ca/projects/ntp//blog/2023/two_tornadoes_in_newfoundland.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=www.uwo.ca |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025}}</ref> |} === Jerin ƙarfin guguwa na Newfoundland da Labrador (1983-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~5 |~14 |~8 |~6 |~0 |~0 |~0 |} == Yankin Arewa maso Yamma == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Sauran bayanan |- | colspan="7" | === 1978 === |- |1978, Yuli 30&nbsp; |Yellowknife ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | * Rashin lalacewa mai tsanani ga gidaje da ba a gina su sosai * Hasumiyar da aka gina |<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |title=The Weather Doctor's Diary: July |url=http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/almanac/diaryjul.htm |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.islandnet.com}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2006 === |- |2006, ? |Tsibirin Caribou da Blanchet a kan Babban Tafkin SlaveBabban Tafkin Bawa !? | | | |<ref name="nnsl">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tim |date=2019-07-15 |title=Many tornadoes go undetected |url=https://nnsl.com/nwtnewsnorth/many-tornadoes-go-undetected/ |publisher=Northern News Services}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2012 === |- |2012, Yuli 19 |Kusa da Filin jirgin saman Inuvik !? | | | |Funnel cloud ya tabbatar ta hanyar hoto da aka dauka a wayar salula, amma bai taɓa ƙasa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin girgije mafi arewacin da aka gani a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional highlights for the North for 2012 |url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=28CD8158-1 |publisher=Environment Canada}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2015 === |- |2015, ? |Babban Tafkin Bawa kusa da Kogin Hay !? | | | |Ruwa na ruwa <ref name="nnsl" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2019 === |- |2019, Yuni 2 |Fort Smith ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * An juya ɗakunan ajiya da yawa * Babban lalacewar rufin da bishiyoyi da ke kusa | |} === Jerin ƙarfin guguwa na New Brunswick (1879-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~72 |~263 |~77 |~26 |~5 |~4 |~1 |} == Nova Scotia == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Sauran bayanan |- | colspan="7" | === 1954 === |- |1954, Janairu 30 |[[White Point, Queens, Nova Scotia|White Point]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Itacen da aka kama * Gidajen da suka lalace * An lalata ɗaki |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Safety Canada |date=21 December 2018 |title=Canadian Disaster Database |url=https://cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca/dtpg-eng.aspx?cultureCode=en-Ca&provinces=7&eventTypes=%27TO%27&normalizedCostYear=1&eventId=688 |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1955 === |- |1955, 18 ga Yuli |Yankin Tidnish ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":87" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1980 === |- |1980, 22 ga Yuli&nbsp; |Roseway ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":87" /> |- |1980, Agusta 16&nbsp; |Arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":87" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1997 === |- |1997, Yuni 24&nbsp; |Lantz ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":87" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1999 === |- |1999, Agusta 18&nbsp; |Pugwash ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | * Lalacewar tsari na yanki |<ref name=":87" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2016 === |- |2016, Agusta 7 |Babban Mira ta Kudu ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":87" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2021 === |- |2021, 30 ga Yuni |Stewiacke ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 | | | * An lalata ɗaki |<ref name=":87" /> * Guguwa mafi karfi a Nova Scotia a cikin shekaru 41 |- |2021, 22 ga Yuli |Antrim ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":87" /> |} === Jerin Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin ƙarfin guguwa (1978-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~5 |~5 |~16 |~7 |~1 |~0 |~0 |} == Ontario == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Date !Location of impact(s) !Strength !Maximum Length !Maximum Width !Death !Injuries !Damage !Notes !Event Notes |- | colspan="10" | ==== 2018 ==== |- | rowspan="2" |2018, June 13 |North of Norwich ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * No reported damage |<ref name=":55">{{Cite web |title=Tornado touched down in Haldimand, Norfolk counties on Wednesday: officials - London {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4276603/officials-confirm-wednesday-tornado-haldimand-norfolk-counties/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=980 CFPL |language=en-US}}</ref> * This tornado dissipated north of Norwich before the storm later produced an EF2 tornado southwest of Jarvis | rowspan="2" | |- |Southwest of Jarvis ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 |{{Convert|0.8|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.190|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage * Damaged flag pole * Destroy barn and farm outbuildings |<ref name=":55" /> * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF0 tornado earlier in the day north of Norwich |- | rowspan="4" |2018, June 17 |[[Midlothian Lake, Ontario|Midlothian Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|8.9|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.300|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area | rowspan="4" |<ref name=":67" /> * All the tornadoes on this day occurred from the same complex of storms | rowspan="4" | |- |Northwest of Charlton ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|10.1|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.410|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |- |[[Nursey Lake, Ontario|Nursey Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 |{{Convert|19.1|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.700|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |- |Southeast of Matachewan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 |{{Convert|10.8|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.400|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |- | rowspan="2" |2018, July 4 |South of [[McNamara Lake, Ontario|McNamara Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|13.9|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|1.100|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":67" /> * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF1 tornado further southeast near [[Shaw Lake, Ontario|Shaw Lake]] around the time this tornado touched down | rowspan="2" | |- |Near [[Shaw Lake, Ontario|Shaw Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|11.2|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.860|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":67" /> * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF1 tornado further northwest near [[McNamara Lake, Ontario|McNamara Lake]] around the time this tornado touched down |- | rowspan="2" |2018, July 26 |Southwest of Lagoon City over Lake Simcoe ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * No reported damage |<ref name=":67" /> | rowspan="2" | |- |White Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|0.3|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.080|km|mi|2}} | | | * Weak tree damage |<ref name=":67" /> * This tornado started as a waterspout over White Lake |- |2018, July 29 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|0.64|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.030|km|mi|2}} | | | * Week tree damage |<ref name=":67" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=dave_sills}}</ref> | * An EF0 waterspout was confirmed south of Port Glasgow over Lake Erie |- |2018, August 8 |West of [[Brantford]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * No reported damage |<ref name=":67" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tjfarncombe}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |2018, August 9 |West of [[Thorah Island, Ontario|Thorah Island]] on Lake Simcoe ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * No reported damage | rowspan="2" |<ref name=":67" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2008 |title=Three citizens snap photos of waterspout near Thorah Island |url=https://www.mykawartha.com/news-story/3705303-three-citizens-snap-photos-of-waterspout-near-thorah-island/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=MyKawartha.com |language=en-CA}}</ref> * Both waterspouts west of [[Thorah Island, Ontario|Thorah Island]] were concurrent | rowspan="2" | * An additional funnel cloud was reported northwest of Beaverton over Lake Simcoe |- |West of [[Thorah Island, Ontario|Thorah Island]] on Lake Simcoe ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * No reported damage |- |2018, August 21 |East of Bailiboro ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|2.42|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.100|km|mi|2}} | | | * Weak structural and tree damage |<ref name=":67" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=caltek79}}</ref> | |- |2018, August 27 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|8.64|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.190|km|mi|2}} | | | * Weak structural and tree damage |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado touches down just north of Barrie: Environment Canada - Barrie {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4414506/tornado-confirmed-barrie/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="4" |2018, September 21 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|21.8|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.600|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area * Weak structural damage |<ref name=":67" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Média |first=Bell |title=Environment Canada Investigates Possible Tornado in Sharbot Lake |url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/purecountry/kingston/environment-canada-investigates-possible-tornado-in-sharbot-lake-1.8462619 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=www.iheartradio.ca |language=en-CA}}</ref> | rowspan="4" | * Three additional EF2 tornadoes occurred in [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] |- |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 |{{Convert|37.6|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|1.210|km|mi|2}} | |~1 | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area * Destroyed buildings |<ref name=":67" /><ref name=":80">{{Cite web |title=Third tornado at Calabogie and White Lake is confirmed by Environment Canada |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/third-tornado-at-calabogie-and-white-lake-is-confirmed-by-environment-canada |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=ottawacitizen |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name=":81">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-25 |title=Environment Canada: 6 tornadoes hit Ottawa area last Friday |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/environment-canada-6-tornadoes-hit-ottawa-area-last-friday/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> * This tornado dissipated south of Waba before the storm produced an EF3 north of Pakenham later in the day |- |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 |{{Convert|21.4|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.750|km|mi|2}} | |~23 | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area in Kanata * Several hundred structures were damaged or destroyed * Critical components of the electrical grid were damaged |<ref name=":67" /><ref name=":80" /><ref name=":81" /> |- |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="EF3" |EF3 |{{Convert|48.8|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|1.450|km|mi|2}} | |~10 | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area * Several hundred structures were damaged or destroyed |<ref name=":67" /><ref name=":80" /><ref name=":81" /> * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF2 tornado earlier in the day from Calabogie to White Lake * This tornado crossed the Ottawa River into [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] |- | rowspan="3" |2018, September 25 |Amherstburg ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|0.125|km|mi|2}} in Canada {{Convert|0.563|km|mi|2}} in [[Michigan]] |{{Convert|0.100|km|mi|2}} in Canada {{Convert|0.230|km|mi|2}} in [[Michigan]] | | | * Weak structural and tree damage |<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |title=Tornados Hit Amherstburg, McGregor, Tuesday Says Environment Canada {{!}} windsoriteDOTca News - windsor ontario's neighbourhood newspaper windsoriteDOTca News |url=https://windsorite.ca/2018/09/tornados-hit-amherstburg-mcgregor-tuesday-says-environment-canada/ |access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref> * This tornado developed over Gibraltar as an EF1 tornado and crossed the Detroit River into Ontario where it was rated as an EF0 tornado <ref name=":83">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=September 25, 2018 Monroe and Wayne County Tornadoes |url=https://www.weather.gov/dtx/MonroeWayneTornadoes_180925 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> * This tornado dissipated north of Amherstburg before the storm produced two EF1 tornadoes near McGregor and [[Staples, Ontario|Staples]] later in the day | rowspan="3" | * One additional EF0 tornado occurred in [[Michigan]]<ref name=":83" /> * One additional EF1 tornado occurred in [[Michigan]]<ref name=":83" /> |- |West of McGregor ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|1.6|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.150|km|mi|2}} | | | * Structural and tree damage |<ref name=":82" /> * This tornado dissipated near McGregor before the storm produced another EF1 tornado near [[Staples, Ontario|Staples]] later in the day * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF0 tornado earlier in the day north of Amherstburg |- |East of [[Staples, Ontario|Staples]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|2.75|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.050|km|mi|2}} | | | * Structural and tree damage |<ref name=":82" /> * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF0 tornado north of Amherstburg and an EF1 near McGregor earlier in the day |- | colspan="10" | ==== 2019 ==== |- | rowspan="2" |2019, June 2 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|10.6|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.250|km|mi|2}} | |~1 | * Structural, fence and tree damage * Shattered windows |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-02 |title=Tornado confirmed by Environment Canada |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/ottawa/article/tornado-confirmed-by-environment-canada/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Ottawa |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |title=Orléans tornado path may have exceeded 25 kilometres |url=https://ottawa.citynews.ca/local-news/orleans-tornado-path-may-have-exceeded-25-kilometres-1490576 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=CityNews Ottawa |language=en}}</ref> * This tornado dissipated northwest of Cumberland before the storm later produced another EF1 tornado north of Clarence Creek | rowspan="2" | |- |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|6.9|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.250|km|mi|2}} | | | * Structural and tree damage |<ref name=":27" /> * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF1 tornado earlier in the day in Orleans |- |2019, June 13 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|3.2|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.050|km|mi|2}} | | | * Weak tree damage * Damaged crane |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Pelmorex Weather Networks |date=13 June 2019 |title=Thursday storms produced 'probable' EF-0 tornado |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/funnel-cloud-near-hamilton-caught-on-video-gta-ontario-golden-horseshoe-storm-heavy-rain-vortex-wind-aberfoyle-puslinch-aberfoyle-puslinch |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=www.theweathernetwork.com |language=en-CA}}</ref> | |- |2019, July 11 |Southwest of Pembroke ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 |{{Convert|1.44|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.210|km|mi|2}} | | | * Weak tree damage |<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ottawavalleywx}}</ref> | * One EF1 downburst was confirmed earlier in the day in [[Weslemkoon Lake, Ontario|Weslemkoon Lake]] * Two EF1 downbursts were confirmed earlier in the day in [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] * Two EF1 tornadoes were confirmed in [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] |- | rowspan="4" |2019, July 15 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|21.0|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.350|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":67" /> | rowspan="4" | * Four EF1 downbursts were confirmed in [[Buckingham Lake, Ontario|Buckingham Lake]], near Shebandowan, in [[Grimm Lake, Ontario|Grimm Lake]] and in [[Mishkeegogamaang First Nation, Ontario|Mishkeegogamaang First Nation]] |- |[[Lake Despair, Ontario|Lake Despair]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|5.7|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.550|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":67" /> |- |[[Little Bear Lake, Ontario|Little Bear Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|5.5|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.270|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area | * This tornado developed from the same storm that produced an EF2 tornado earlier in the day near [[Little Trout Lake, Ontario|Little Trout Lake]] |- |[[Little Trout Lake, Ontario|Little Trout Lake]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="EF2" |EF2 |{{Convert|17.5|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.900|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":67" /> * This tornado dissipated east of [[Little Trout Lake, Ontario|Little Trout Lake]] before the storm later produced an EF1 tornado near [[Little Bear Lake, Ontario|Little Bear Lake]] |- | rowspan="3" |2019, July 17 |Southwest of Craighurst ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * Weak tree damage |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrie |first=C. T. V. |date=2019-07-17 |title=Funnel clouds spotted north of Barrie |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/barrie/article/funnel-clouds-spotted-north-of-barrie/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Barrie |language=en}}</ref> | * An additional funnel cloud was reported near Leamington |- |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="EF0" |EF0 | | | | | * Weak structural and tree damage |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterspout tornado caught on camera on Lake of the Woods {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5655630/waterspout-tornado-caught-on-camera-on-lake-of-the-woods/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | * One EF1 downburst was confirmed over [[Bare Island, Ontario|Bare Island]] along the northern shores of Rainy Lake * Two additional EF1 tornadoes occurred in [[Minnesota]] * One additional unrated waterspout occurred in [[Minnesota]] |- |Rainy Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|7.6|km|mi|2}} in Canada {{Convert|5.63|km|mi|2}} in [[Minnesota]]<ref name=":79">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=July 17, 2019, Tornado Outbreak in Northeastern Minnesota |url=https://www.weather.gov/dlh/2019-07-17-Northeast-Minnesota-Tornadoes |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> |{{Convert|0.630|km|mi|2}} in Canada {{Convert|0.550|km|mi|2}} in [[Minnesota]]<ref name=":79" /> | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":79" /> * This tornado crossed Rainy Lake from [[Minnesota]] |- |2019, July 26 |East of Sapawe ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|1.9|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.350|km|mi|2}} | | | * Significant tree damage through a heavily forested area |<ref name=":67" /> * This tornado dissipated west of Kawene before the storm later produced an EF1 downburst south of Kawene | |- |2019, September 11 |Southeast of Petrolia ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="EF1" |EF1 |{{Convert|4.5|km|mi|2}} |{{Convert|0.200|km|mi|2}} | | | * Structural and tree damage * Destroyed barn & farm outbuildings |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-13 |title=Tornado touch down south of Petrolia, Ont. confirmed |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/london/article/tornado-touch-down-south-of-petrolia-ont-confirmed/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=London |language=en}}</ref> * One EF1 downburst occurred from north of Petrolia to south of Sutorville as the tornado touched down | |} === Shekaru na 2020 === === Takaitaccen ƙarfin guguwar Ontario a kowace shekara === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !Jimillar !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- | colspan="9" |Tsarin canza shekarun da suka gabata zuwa sabon tsari ^ |- |2018 |23 |0 |10 |7 |5 |1 |0 |0 |- |2019 |13 |0 |4 |8 |1 |0 |0 |0 |- |2020 |42 |0 |17 |21 |4 |0 |0 |0 |- |2021 |35 |0 |12 |9 |14 |0 |0 |0 |} == Tsibirin Prince Edward == === Jerin guguwa na tsibirin Prince Edward === ==== Shekaru na 1980 ==== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Tsawon Tsawon Lokaci !Mafi Girma !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Bayani !Bayanan abubuwan da suka faru |- | colspan="10" | ===== 1980 ===== |- |1980, Agusta 15 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 |{{Convert|4.63|km|mi|2}} | | | | |<ref name=":23"/> | |- |1980, Satumba 28 |Cape Traverse ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | | * Rashin lalacewar tsari |<ref name=":23" /> | |- | colspan="10" | ===== 1982 ===== |- |1982, Satumba 10 |Wilmot ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | | |<ref name=":23" /> | |} ==== Shekaru na 2000 ==== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Tsawon Tsawon Lokaci !Mafi Girma !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Bayani !Bayanan abubuwan da suka faru |- | colspan="10" | ===== 2007 ===== |- |2007, Agusta 19 |Tsuntsu ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | | |<ref name=":23"/> | |} === Takaitaccen Bayani game da ƙarfin guguwa na tsibirin Prince Edward a kowace shekara === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !Jimillar !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |1980 |2 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |1982 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2007 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |1980-2020 matsakaicin shekara-shekara |0.1 |0 |0.1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |} == Quebec == === Jerin ƙarfin guguwar Nova Scotia (1954-2023) === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~1 |~5 |~2 |~0 |~0 |~0 |~0 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Date !Location of impact(s) !Strength !Death !Injuries !Damage !Other notes |- | colspan="7" | === 1909 === |- |1909, July&nbsp;16 |[[Golden Valley, Saskatchewan|Golden Valley]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | |~4 | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1912 === |- |1912, June&nbsp;30 |[[Regina]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |~28 |Over 300 | * Estimated C$4,500,000 of damage | * The deadliest tornado in Canadian history * Known as the "Regina Cyclone"<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":51">{{Cite web |title=Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979 |url=http://canadianprairiestorms.blogspot.ca/p/tornado-fatalities-in-saskatchewan-1898.html |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=canadianprairiestorms.blogspot.ca}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 1920 === |- |1920, July&nbsp;22 |Alameda-Frobisher !Likely F5 |~4 |13 (could be more) |$100,000 ($1,392,241) | * Strong tornado<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":51" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1922 === |- |1922, July&nbsp;21 |Crystal Springs !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Lifted and dropped a house | |- |1922, August&nbsp;15 |Eastend ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 |~2 |~4 | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1927 === |- |1927, June&nbsp;18 |[[Elfros]] !Not&nbsp;rated |~1 | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1935 === |- |1935, July&nbsp;1 |Benson ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |~1 |~2 | |<ref name=":51" /> |- |1935, July&nbsp;6 |Smiley ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 |~2 | | |<ref name=":51" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1944 === |- |1944, July&nbsp;1 |Lebret !Not&nbsp;rated |~4 | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":51" /> |- |1944, August&nbsp;9 |Kamsack !Not&nbsp;rated |~3 |Many | * Destroyed over 400 homes * Destroyed over 100 businesses | * Known locally as the "Kamsack Cyclone"<ref name=":51" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1950 === |- |1950, November |[[Regina]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * An exact date is unknown |- | colspan="7" | === 1958 === |- |1958, April&nbsp;16 |Watrous !Not&nbsp;rated | * Many pigs | | * Destroyed a barn | |- | colspan="7" | === 1963 === |- |1963, June&nbsp;29 |[[Spy Hill]] !Not&nbsp;rated |~1 |Few | * Destroyed homes * Damaged property |<ref name=":51" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1968 === |- |1968, April&nbsp;11 |Watson !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed a garage | |- | colspan="7" | === 1973 === |- |1973, July&nbsp;5 |Kelvington !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1979 === |- |1979, July&nbsp;10 |Glasnevin !Not&nbsp;rated |~1 | | |<ref name=":51" /> |- |1979, August&nbsp;8 |[[Regina]] !F2 | | | * Damage to parts of the city | * Two unconfirmed tornadoes in the area |- | colspan="7" | === 1980 === |- |1980, May 25 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, May 25 |Dubuc ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, May 26 |Quill Lake ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, June&nbsp;11 |Estevan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | |- |1980, June&nbsp;23 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, July&nbsp;6 |Prince Albert ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, July&nbsp;10 |Between Fairy Glen and Gronlid ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1980, July&nbsp;28 |North Battleford ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1981 === |- |1981, May 28 |Wakaw ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, June&nbsp;16 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;1 |Carnduff ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;14 |Govan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;28 |Torch River ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, July&nbsp;29 |[[Regina]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, August&nbsp;5 |[[Aylesbury, Saskatchewan|Aylesbury]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, August&nbsp;5 |Kronau ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, August&nbsp;16 |Pense ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, August&nbsp;17 |Hughton ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1981, August&nbsp;22 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1982 === |- |1982, April 30 |Cudworth ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;2 |Prince Albert ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;5 |Delisle ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;6 |Prince Albert ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, June&nbsp;15 |Parkbeg ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;1 |[[Golden Prairie, Saskatchewan|Golden Prairie]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;16 |Colgate ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, July&nbsp;19 |Carrot River ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;5 |Carnduff ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;11 |Prince Albert ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;11 |Marshall ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;11 |Ponteix ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;14 |[[Denholm, Saskatchewan|Denholm]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;17 |Sylvania ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |1982, August&nbsp;18 |Hardy ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 1984 === |- |1984, May 12 |Whitewood !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 1986 === |- |1986, June&nbsp;1 |[[Saskatoon]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Roofs damaged * Destroyed a warehouse * Estimated over C$1,000,000 of damage | * Three tornadoes |- |1986, July&nbsp;29 |Central Saskatchewan !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minimal damage | * Four tornadoes |- | colspan="7" | === 1989 === |- |1989, June&nbsp;19 |Central Saskatchewan !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Eight tornadoes |- | colspan="7" | === 1990 === |- |1990, June&nbsp;28 |South of [[Saskatoon]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Large tornado |- | colspan="7" | === 1995 === |- |1995, August&nbsp;29 |Spring Valley !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed farms | |- | colspan="7" | === 1996 === |- |1996, July&nbsp;4 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Homes and property damaged * Damaged a drive-in | * Eight tornadoes * Tornadoes were scattered through the three listed regions |- |1996, July&nbsp;4 |[[Maymont, Saskatchewan|Maymont]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | | | * Destroyed power lines | |- | colspan="7" | === 1999 === |- |1999, May 18 |[[Saskatoon]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-08 |title=Top ten weather stories for 1999 |url=https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=333B8E6A-1#t7 |access-date=2017-09-13 |publisher=[[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2003 === |- |2003, July&nbsp;2 |Narrow Hills Provincial Park !Not&nbsp;rated | |Few | * Tree damage * Campers were damaged | |- | colspan="7" | === 2005 === |- |2005, May 23 |Nipawin !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2005, July&nbsp;2 |Estevan !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2006 === |- |2006, August&nbsp;24 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes |- | colspan="7" | === 2007 === |- |2007, June&nbsp;22–23 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | |~1 | * Property damage | * Two tornadoes |- |2007, July&nbsp;31 |Cupar !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Field damage * Farm damage |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Cupar-area farm believed destroyed by tornado |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/cupar-area-farm-believed-destroyed-by-tornado-1.682821 |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2008 === |- |2008, July&nbsp;10 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged roofs * Gas leak | * Four tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Severe storm wallops southern Saskatchewan |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/severe-storm-wallops-southern-saskatchewan-1.732626 |access-date=2018-04-28 |website= |publisher=CBC Regina}}</ref> |- |2008, July&nbsp;14 |Battleford !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2008, July&nbsp;19 |Dundurn !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Waterspout touched down on Turtle Lake<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-10 |title=Storm spawns twisters |url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/local/story.html?id=2b763386-a36b-4c96-9f21-bab18ce8228f |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110111012/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/local/story.html?id=2b763386-a36b-4c96-9f21-bab18ce8228f |archive-date=2012-11-10 |access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> |- |2008, July&nbsp;27 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Four tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=4 Sask. towns see twisters touch down |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/4-sask-towns-see-twisters-touch-down-1.746061 |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2008, August&nbsp;26 |Prince Albert !Not&nbsp;rated | |~6 | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2008 |title=Twister strikes Saskatchewan, six injured |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/twister-strikes-saskatchewan-six-injured-1.319716 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724064421/http://www.ctvnews.ca/twister-strikes-saskatchewan-six-injured-1.319716 |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=CTV Saskatoo}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2009 === |- |2009, June&nbsp;14 |[[Cloan, Saskatchewan|Cloan]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, June&nbsp;30 |Baljennie ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 | | | * Damaged several farm buildings |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, June&nbsp;30 |Hafford ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, July&nbsp;7 |[[Elbow, Saskatchewan|Elbow]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, July&nbsp;13 |Leader ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- |2009, July&nbsp;30 |Buffalo Narrows ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | |<ref name=":23" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2010 === |- |2010, June&nbsp;21 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes |- |2010, June&nbsp;24 |Wilkie !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2010, June&nbsp;25 |Oxbow !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged a farm |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Twister damages farm |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/twister-damaged-farm-family-says-1.951968 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=CBC Regina}}</ref> |- |2010, July&nbsp;2 |[[Kawacatoose Reserve, Saskatchewan|Kawacatoose Reserve]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 | |Few | * Damaged and destroyed homes * Destroyed farmhouses |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sask. tornado confirmed as F3 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-tornado-confirmed-as-f3-1.890603 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=CBC Regina}}</ref> |- |2010, July&nbsp;22 |North of [[Regina]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2010, July&nbsp;25 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Crop damage | * Four tornadoes * Two tornadoes near Lanigan * Two tornadoes near Humboldt |- | colspan="7" | === 2011 === |- |2011, June&nbsp;2 |Northwest of Shaunavon ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 | | | * Damaged granaries * Power lines snapped |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-02 |title=Weak tornado reported in Saskatchewan |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=weak_tornado_reported_in_sas_020611?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140115/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3Dweak_tornado_reported_in_sas_020611?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories |archive-date=2012-04-02 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=The Weather Network}}</ref> |- |2011, June&nbsp;23 |[[Fox Valley, Saskatchewan|Fox Valley]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Power lines damaged * Store damage * Road damage |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado strikes Fox Valley |url=http://www.maplecreeknews.com/news/local-news/1081-tornado-strikes-fox-valley.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000107/http://www.maplecreeknews.com/news/local-news/1081-tornado-strikes-fox-valley.html |archive-date=2014-07-15 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=Maple Creek News}}</ref> |- |2011, July&nbsp;18 |North of Big River !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Additional funnel clouds reported<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Storm aftermath in photos |url=http://northernprideml.com/2011/07/26/storm-aftermath-in-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195600/http://northernprideml.com/2011/07/26/storm-aftermath-in-photos/ |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=Northern Pride}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2012 === |- |2012, June&nbsp;15 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Eight tornadoes * Additional funnel clouds reported<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Eight confirmed tornadoes hit west-central Saskatchewan |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DTornadoes_and_funnel_clouds_hit_west-central_Sasketchwan_15_06_2012?ref=ccbox_homepage_category1 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2013-02-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204094713/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Tornadoes_and_funnel_clouds_hit_west-central_Sasketchwan_15_06_2012?ref=ccbox_homepage_category1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2012, June&nbsp;26 |Caron !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Crop damage * Damaged farm buildings | * An unconfirmed tornado was reported near [[Hodgeville]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global News |url=http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/environment+canada+gets+500+reports+of+tornadoes+in+36+hours+in+saskatchewan/6442669960/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820082109/http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/environment+canada+gets+500+reports+of+tornadoes+in+36+hours+in+saskatchewan/6442669960/story.html |archive-date=2012-08-20 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=Global News}}</ref> |- |2012, July&nbsp;3 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Heavy damage to a farm | * Three tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornadoes touch down in Saskatchewan |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/tornadoes-touch-down-in-saskatchewan-1.1137822 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2012, July&nbsp;18 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global News |url=http://www.globalsaskatoon.com/at+least+three+confirmed+tornadoes+in+saskatchewan/6442681811/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721182644/http://www.globalsaskatoon.com/at+least+three+confirmed+tornadoes+in+saskatchewan/6442681811/story.html |archive-date=2012-07-21 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=Global News}}</ref> |- |2012, July&nbsp;21 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Destroyed a house * Tree damage * Damaged grain bins | * Two tornadoes |- |2012, July&nbsp;24 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Minor damage | * Five tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=5 tornadoes touch down in Saskatchewan |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DFive_tornadoes_touched_down_briefly_in_rural_Saskatchewan_Tuesday_25_07_2012?ref=ccbox_homepage_topstories |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2013-02-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204044703/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Five_tornadoes_touched_down_briefly_in_rural_Saskatchewan_Tuesday_25_07_2012?ref=ccbox_homepage_topstories |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2012, August&nbsp;2 |[[Elbow, Saskatchewan|Elbow]] !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2013 === |- |2013, June&nbsp;2 |Maple Creek !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Family encounters tornado near Maple Creek, Sask. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/family-encounters-tornado-near-maple-creek-sask-1.1332926 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2013, June&nbsp;10 |Saltcoats !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado spotted near Bredenbury, Sask. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/tornado-spotted-near-bredenbury-sask-1.1383656 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2013, July&nbsp;4 |Dollard !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Tree damage * Home and businesses were damaged |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tornado touches down near Shaunavon |url=http://ckom.com/story/tornado-touches-down-near-shaunavon/118881 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708101506/http://ckom.com/story/tornado-touches-down-near-shaunavon/118881 |archive-date=2013-07-08 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=News Talk 650}}</ref> |- |2013, July&nbsp;6 |Between Wroxton and Kamsack !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2013, July&nbsp;13 |[[Minton, Saskatchewan|Minton]] Redvers !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=More tornadoes possible in Sask. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/more-tornadoes-possible-in-sask-today-weather-office-says-1.1343578 |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2013, July&nbsp;15 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Four tornadoes * Three unconfirmed tornadoes near Hauge, Saskatchewan, Rosthern and Humboldt |- | colspan="7" | === 2014 === |- |2014, July&nbsp;5 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Four tornadoes * Two tornadoes North of Davidson, Saskatchewan |- |2014, July&nbsp;5 |Kenaston ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * Tombstone damage * Tree damage | |- |2014, July&nbsp;5 |North of Outlook ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | * Tree damage * Farm damage |<ref name=":52" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2015 === |- |2015, July&nbsp;27 |Gainsborough !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- | colspan="7" | === 2016 === |- |2016, May 21 |Kincaid !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2016, June&nbsp;19 |Naicam !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;1 |Biggar !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;7 |Estevan !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;10 |Herbert !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;19 |Davidson ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | * Destroys farm houses |<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;23 |Sturgis !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;31 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | * Destroyed a house * Heavy farm damage | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, July&nbsp;31 |Rokeby !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, August&nbsp;3 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref name=":53" /> |- |2016, August&nbsp;26 |Melfort !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |<ref name=":53" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2017 === |- |2017, May 14 |Hepburn Hoey !Not&nbsp;rated | | | * Damaged horse shed | * Two tornadoes |- |2017, July&nbsp;5 |[[Alida, Saskatchewan|Alida]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | * Damaged a house | |- |2017, July&nbsp;10 |Laporte !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | |- |2017, July&nbsp;21 |  !Not&nbsp;rated | | | | * Six tornadoes * Two tornadoes North of Lanigan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado outbreak in Sask., 6 confirmed. Here's what's next |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/four-tornadoes-confirmed-on-the-prairies-weekend-outlook/84355/ |access-date=2018-04-29 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2017-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722183650/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/four-tornadoes-confirmed-on-the-prairies-weekend-outlook/84355/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | colspan="7" | === 2018 === |- |2018, May 22 |Northwest of [[Regina]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | | |- |2018, May 24 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | | * Two tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Watch {{!}} Forecasts, Alerts and More |url=https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/05/25/Two-Tornadoes-Confirmed-in-Saskatchewan |access-date=2018-05-25 |website=Weather Watch |archive-date=2018-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041722/https://www.weatherwatch.space/single-post/2018/05/25/Two-Tornadoes-Confirmed-in-Saskatchewan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":56" /><ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, May 25 |Aylsham ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":56" /><ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, June&nbsp;23 |Griffin ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":56" /><ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, June&nbsp;24 |Brownlee ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, July&nbsp;3 |Otthon ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=McArthur L Corrine |url=https://www.facebook.com/McarthurCorrine/videos/o.930992213644797/10155861198144480/?type=2&theater |access-date=2018-07-04 |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, July&nbsp;9 |Cantuar Chaplin Swift Current ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | | * Three tornadoes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Tornado Alerts |url=https://www.facebook.com/CanadaTornadoAlerts/posts/764204307036665 |access-date=2018-07-10 |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, July&nbsp;10 |  ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | | * Six tornadoes * Two tornadoes near Val Marie<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Tornado Alerts |url=https://www.facebook.com/CanadaTornadoAlerts/posts/764937603630002 |access-date=2018-07-11 |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prairies: At least SIX tornadoes in two days, see it here |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/prairies-severe-thunderstorms-alberta-saskatchewan-tornado-touchdowns-tennis-hail/106374 |access-date=2018-07-11 |website=The Weather Network |archive-date=2018-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711203023/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/prairies-severe-thunderstorms-alberta-saskatchewan-tornado-touchdowns-tennis-hail/106374 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, July&nbsp;10 |Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 | | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, July&nbsp;10 |Ferland, Saskatchewan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |EF1 | | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2018, July&nbsp;22 |Langenburg ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * Uprooted trees |<ref name=":57"/><ref name=":2" /> |- | colspan="7" | === 2019 === |- |2019, June 29 |15&nbsp;km northwest of [[Goodsoil]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |EF1 | | | * Numerous trees snapped or uprooted * One camping trailer rolled and many were damaged by fallen trees * Many sheds were damaged |<ref name="Meadow Lake">{{Cite web |last=Warick |first=Jason |date=2019-07-01 |title=Cleanup continues after 2 tornadoes hit Saskatchewan campground |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/cleanup-continues-after-2-tornadoes-hit-saskatchewan-campground-1.5196420 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> |- |2019, June 29 |10&nbsp;km northwest of [[Goodsoil]] ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref name="Meadow Lake" /> |- |2019, July 1 |50&nbsp;km south of Moose Jaw ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * No damage was reported |<ref name="July 1, 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=The Weather Network - Two tornadoes confirmed in Saskatchewan after Canada Day storms |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/two-tornadoes-confirmed-in-saskatchewan-moose-jaw-avonlea-during-canada-day-storms |access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> |- |2019, July 1 |15&nbsp;km northeast of Avonlea ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * No damage was reported |<ref name="July 1, 2019" /> |- |2019, July 12 |Over Old Wives Lake near Moose Jaw ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |Waterspout over Old Wives Lake at around 1 pm <ref name="2019 CJME">{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Andrew |date=2019-07-13 |title=Three tornadoes touch down in southern Sask. |url=https://www.cjme.com/2019/07/13/three-tornadoes-touch-down-in-southern-sask/ |publisher=980 CJME}}</ref> |- |2019, July 12 |Northwest of Rockglen, Saskatchewan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |Began at 4&nbsp;pm; Unknown duration<ref name="2019 CJME" /> |- |2019, July 12 |South of Rockglen ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |Began at 4:30&nbsp;pm and lasted for five minutes<ref name="2019 CJME" /> |- |2019, July 13 |7&nbsp;km northwest of Northgate ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |Touched down at approximately 4:15&nbsp;pm<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-14 |title=Tornado reported northwest of Northgate, Sask. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/northgate-tornado-1.5211317 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" |'''2020''' === 2020 === |- |2020, July 4 |Near Meyronne (formerly Glenbain) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |EF1 | | | * Damage to home and outbuildings |Touched down at approximately 4:30&nbsp;pm Estimated wind speed: 155&nbsp;km/h |- |2020, July 4 |Near Kincaid ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |Touch down at approximately 4:40&nbsp;pm<ref name=":22" /> |- |2020, July 4 |Near Assiniboia ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * No damage was reported |Touch down at approximately 6:23&nbsp;pm. Estimated wind speed: 90–130&nbsp;km/h<ref name=":22" /> |- |2020, July 10 |Bengough ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=CJME |title=Unconfirmed tornado with possible touch down near Bengough highlights Friday storms |url=https://www.cjme.com/2020/07/11/unconfirmed-tornado-with-possible-touch-down-near-bengough-highlights-friday-storms/ |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=980 CJME |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208173439/https://www.cjme.com/2020/07/11/unconfirmed-tornado-with-possible-touch-down-near-bengough-highlights-friday-storms/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2020, August 4 |Estevan ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * No damage was reported |Touched down at approximately 5:00&nbsp;pm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifth tornado of 2020 confirmed in Saskatchewan |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7252890/fifth-tornado-2020-confirmed-saskatchewan/ |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020, August 21 |Fulda ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * No damage was reported |Touched down at approximately 5:30&nbsp;pm<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Tornado spotted north of Humboldt |url=https://www.humboldtjournal.ca/news/tornado-spotted-north-of-humboldt-1.24190598 |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=Humboldt Journal}}</ref> |- |2020, August 21 |Humbolt ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | |Touched down at approximately 5:10&nbsp;pm<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=CKOM News |title=Environment Canada confirms tornado touched down near Humboldt |url=https://meadowlakenow.com/2020/08/27/environment-canada-confirms-tornado-touched-down-near-humboldt/ |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=meadowlakeNOW |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="7" |'''2021''' |- |2021, May 12 |10&nbsp;km NW of Saskatoon ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * No damage was reported |Touched down at approximately 12:25&nbsp;pm<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Pelmorex Weather Networks |date=17 May 2021 |title=Saskatchewan and Quebec nab Canada's first tornadoes in 2021 |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/saskatchewan-and-quebec-nab-canadas-first-tornadoes-in-2021 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=www.theweathernetwork.com |language=en-CA}}</ref> |- |2021, June 15 |6&nbsp;km North of D'arcy ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 | | | * Damage was reported |Touched down at 5:36&nbsp;pm<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-15 |title=Tornadofest in Saskatchewan! — Travis Farncombe |url=https://highwaysandhailstones.com/chasers/travisfarncombe/tornado-fest-in-saskatchewan/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Highways & Hailstones |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2021, June 15 |Near McGee !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |Touched down at 6:28&nbsp;pm<ref name=":26" /> |- |2021, June 15 |Near McGee !Not&nbsp;rated | | | |Touched down at 6:34&nbsp;pm<ref name=":26" /> |- | colspan="7" |'''2023''' |- |2023, May 27 |6&nbsp;km south of Regina ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF1 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~0 |~0 |~1 |~1 |~0 |~0 |~0 |} == Yukon == === Jerin guguwa na Yukon === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Lalacewar !Sauran bayanan |- | colspan="7" | ==== 1959 ==== |- |1959, Satumba 9 |Tafkin Watson !? | | | |<ref name="nnsl"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ExploreNorth |url=https://www.explorenorth.com/yukon/whitehorse_star-news_highlights-1950s.html}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ba a ƙayyade shi ba&nbsp; ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 (EF0) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 (EF1) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 (EF2) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 (EF3) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 (EF4) ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 (EF5) |- |~0 |~6 |~3 |~0 |~0 |~0 |~0 |} == Rubuce-rubuce da hujjoji == === Guguwa mafi muni a Kanada === === Guguwa ta Kanada F5 / EF5 === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Ranar !Wurin tasirin (s) !Ƙarfi !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya faru !Gaskiya !Tushen |- |2007, Yuni 22&nbsp; |Iliya ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 |0 |0 | * Canjin zuwa sikelin Enhanced Fujita yana nufin cewa wannan guguwa za ta zama guguwa ta F5 kawai a Kanada | |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Matsayi (ba a ɗaure shi ba) <br /> !Matsayi (an ɗaure shi) <br /> !Ranar !Yankin (s) !Totaltornadoes<br /> !Ƙarfi mafi girma |- |1 |1 |2009, Agusta 20&nbsp; |Ontario |16–19 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 |- |2 |2 |2017, 18 ga Yuni&nbsp; |[[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] |11 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |EF3 |- |3 |2 |1985, Mayu 31 |Ontario |11 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |- |4 |3 |2006, Agusta 2&nbsp; |Ontario |10 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 |- |5 |3 |1982, Yuli 14&nbsp; |Alberta |10 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 |- |6 |4 |1996, Yuli 4&nbsp; |Saskatchewan |9 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 |- |7 |5 |2018, Yuli 10&nbsp; |Saskatchewan |8 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 |- |8 |5 |2012, Yuni 15&nbsp; |Saskatchewan |8 |Ba a sani ba |- |9 |5 |1989, Yuni 19&nbsp; |Saskatchewan |8 |Ba a sani ba |- |10 |5 |1987, Yuli 31&nbsp; |Alberta |8 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 |} * Dukkanin adadi na lalacewar suna cikin dala na Kanada. * Kafin 2013, an yi amfani da tsarin Fujita. * Bayan shekara ta 2013, ana amfani da tsarin Enhanced Fujita kuma ana amfani da shi. * '~' yana nuna lambar tana kusa da ainihin darajar === Ƙarfin ƙimar guguwa === ==== Fujita Scale ==== {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |F0 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F1" |F1 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |F2 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |F3 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |F4 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |F5 |- !60-110 km/h&nbsp; !120-170 km/h&nbsp; !180-240 km/h&nbsp; !250-320 km/h&nbsp; !330-410 km/h&nbsp; !420-510 km/h&nbsp; |} ==== Ƙarin Fujita Scale ==== {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|storm}};width:2.2em" title="F0" |EF0 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}};width:2.2em" title="F65" |EF1 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat2}};width:2.2em" title="F2" |EF2 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}};width:2.2em" title="F3" |EF3 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}};width:2.2em" title="F4" |EF4 ! style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}};width:2.2em" title="F5" |EF5 |- !90-130 km/h&nbsp; !135-175 km/h&nbsp; !180-220 km/h&nbsp; !225-265 km/h&nbsp; !270-310 km/h&nbsp; |} == Dubi kuma == * Guguwa Alley * Jerin guguwa na Kanada da barkewar guguwa gnlnn1s6rh7ofsbembcwq5wpvb4mlui Jerin matattarar iska a Norfolk 0 113774 859790 716402 2026-06-18T07:25:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Jerin wuraren da ake amfani da su a cikin yankin Norfolk na yanzu. Wannan jerin sun hada da wadanda ke da wani aiki ba tare da magudanar ruwa ba. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi waɗannan injinan iskar da suke da wani aiki banda magudanar ruwa. Jerin injin niƙa na magudanar ruwa a Norfolk an rufe su. Mills da aka yi amfani da su don magudanar ruwa da wani aiki suna bayyana a lissafin biyun. == Wuraren da aka yi == === A === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Acle |Acle MillTG 3990 1038<br /> |Matsayi |1775179718261834<br /><br /><br /> |1633 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1836 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/acle-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Acle |Babban MillTG 3990 1038<br /> |Hasumiya | |c. 1836 |An rushe shi c. 1907Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/acle-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Alburgh |Alburgh MillTM 2540 8772<br /> | |1826 |1816 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/alburgh-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Alburgh |Alburgh MillTM 2540 8772<br /> |Matsayi |1834 |'''1826''' |An rushe 1911Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/alburgh-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aldeby |Mill Hill MillTM 4543 9332<br /> |Matsayi | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aldeby-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aldeby |Waterheath MillTM 4403 9420<br /> |Matsayi | |1827 |1900Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aldeby-waterheath-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aldeby |Waterloo MillTM 4310 9340<br /> |Matsayi |1783 |1601 |An hura shi a watan Nuwamba 1795 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aldeby-waterloo-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aldeby |Waterloo MillTM 4310 9340<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aldeby-waterloo-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ashby St Mary |Ashby St Mary MillTG 3275 0145<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |c. 1757 |1916Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ashby-st-mary-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ashill | | | |1599 |An hura shi a 1599 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ashill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ashill |Ashill MillTF 8867 0498<br /> |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |1821 |An rushe Oktoba 1884 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ashill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aslacton | | | |1751 |1802Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aslacton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aslacton |'''Ginin Aslacton'''<br />TM 1575 9037 |Hasumiya |1838 |'''1834''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aslacton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Aslacton_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Attleborough |Dodd's Lane MillTM 0390 9425<br /> |Hasumiya |17971826<br /> |1788 |An rushe shi c. 1865Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-dodds-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Gidan titin garin MillTM 0460 9523<br /> |Matsayi | |1796 |1796 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-town-st-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Babban Motar Motar 0460 9523<br /> |Mai laushi |1826 |'''1804''' |An rushe Nuwamba 1861 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-great-mill-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Hargham Road MillTM 0435 9460<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1813 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-hargham-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Sabon MillTM 0446 9472<br /> |Hasumiya | |1879 |An ƙone shi 3 Afrilu 1912 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-new-mill-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Hanyar Norwich millapproximroTM 050 955<br /><br /> |''Matsayi'' |1675 |1675 |1675 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-norwich-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough | |''Matsayi'' | |1198<ref name="Wrogland">{{Cite web |title=Attleborough Wrogland postmill |url=http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-wrogland-postmill.html |access-date=9 December 2008 |publisher=Norfolk Mills}}</ref> |1297 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Hanyar Sarauniya MillapproximlyTM 044 955&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /> |Matsayi |16751797<br /> |1558 |An ƙaura zuwa Morley St Boltolph c. 1804Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-queens-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Attleborough |Tashar MillTM 0530 9487<br /> |Hasumiya | |1857 |Ya rushe 21 Janairu 1911Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/attleborough-station-mill-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aylmerton |Ginin Aylmerton | | |1614 |1649, ya tafi a shekara ta 1722 | |- |Aylsham |Buttlands MillTG 1910 2665<br /> |Hasumiya |18261838<br /> |1826 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1941<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aylsham-buttlands-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Aylsham |Filin titin Cawston<br />TG 1858 2651 |Hasumiya |1838 |'''1826''' |Rushewar ta fara ne a shekarar 1920 amma an watsar da ita. [http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/aylsham-cawston-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]<br /> |[[Fayil:Aylsham_Cawston_Rd_Mill.jpg|200x200px]] |} === B === {| class="wikitable" !Location !Name of mill and<br /><br />grid reference !Type !Maps !First mention<br /><br />or built !Last mention<br /><br /> or demise !Photograph |- |Babingley | |''Post'' | |14th century |14th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/babingley-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bacton | |''Post'' | |1416 |1416<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bacton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bacton |Bacton Wood Mill<br /><br />TG 3000 3085 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1834 |1797 |1834<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bacton-wood-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bale | | | |1841 |1845<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bale-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Banham |Banham Mill<br /><br />TM 0525 8800 |Composite | |1840 |1936, gone by 1949<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/banham-composite-mill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Banham |Mill Road Mill<br /><br />TM 0683 8838 |Post |1797 |1782 |Blown down c. 1915<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/banham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Banham |Banham Mill<br /><br />TM 0785 8750 |Tower |1797 |1782 |1901<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/banham-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Banningham |Banningham Mill<br /><br />TG 215 296 |Post |1797<br /><br />1829 |1783 |1890 | |- |Barney |North Mill<br /><br />TF 9990 3170 |Post |1826 |1826 |1883<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barney-north-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barney |South Mill<br /><br />TF 9960 3150 |Post |1826 |1826 |1883<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barney-south-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barney |TF 9990 3282 |Tower | |1871 |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barney-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barnham Broom |TG 0780 0735 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1797 |1826, gone by 1846<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barnham-broom-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barnham Broom |TG 0755 0737 |Tower |1834 |'''1818''' |Demolished c. 1942<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barnham-broom-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barton Bendish |Lovell's Mill<br /><br />TF 7220 0520 |''Post'' | |1338 |1338<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barton-bendish-lovells-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barton Bendish | | | |1627 |1754<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barton-bendish-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barton Bendish |TF 7305 0270 |Smock | |1808 |Demolished 1899<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barton-bendish-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barton Turf |Barton Turf Mill<br /><br />TG 3414 2250 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1761 |1898, gone by 1937<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barton-turf-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barwick |TF 8052 3574 | | |1243 |1263<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barwick-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Barwick | |Post | |1698 |Moved to Docking, 1698<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/barwick-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bawdeswell |Bawdeswell Mill<br /><br />TG 0390 2075 |Smock |1797<br /><br />1826 |1753 |Demolished c. 1852<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bawdeswell-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Beachamwell |TF 7400 0595 | |1824<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1834 |1824 |1872<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/beechamwell-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Beachamwell |Rainoll's Mill<br /><br />approximately<br /><br />TF 738 051 | | |1627 |1650 | |- |Beckham | | | |1598 |1598<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/beckham-east-west-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bedingham |Bedingham Mill<br /><br />TM 2893 9379 |Smock |1797<br /><br />1826 |1763 |Demolished November 1927<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bedingham-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Beeston |Beeston Mill<br /><br />TF 9014 1613 |Post | |1838 |1844<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/beeston-mileham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Beeston Regis | | | |1347 |1347<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/beeston-regis-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Beeston Regis | | | |1811 |1811<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/beeston-regis-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Beetley |Approximately<br /><br />TF 9557 1858 | | |1310 |1310<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/beetley-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Belton |Black Mill<br /><br />Long's Mill<br /><br />TG 467 035 |Tower |1837 |1837 |Demolished 1910 | |- |Belton |'''Black Mill'''<br /><br />TG 467 035 |Tower | |'''1910''' | |[[Fayil:Black_Mill,_Belton.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Belton |TG 475 032 | |1883 |1883 |1883 | |- |Belton |TG 476 026 | |1883 |1883 |1883 | |- |Belton |TG 477 035 | |1883 |1883 |1883 | |- |Bergh Apton |Yelverton Mill<br /><br />TG 3030 0193 |Post |1675<br /><br />1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1834 |1675 |1871<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bergh-apton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Besthorpe |Bunwell Road Mill<br /><br />TM 067 956 | |1834 |1834 |1834<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/besthorpe-bunwell-rd-postmill.html Norfolk mills] | |- |Besthorpe |Black Carr Mill<br /><br />TM 0598 9602 |Post | |1847 |1884, gone by 1898<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/besthorpe-mill-lane-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Besthorpe |Black Carr Mill<br /><br />TM 0966 9571 |Smock |1838 |1838 |1862<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/besthorpe-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Besthorpe |Besthorpe Mill<br /><br />TM 0598 9602 |Tower |1834 |1830 |Demolished c. 1943<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/besthorpe-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Betwick]] | | | |c. 1200 |c. 1200<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/betwick-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Billingford |Billingford Mill<br /><br />TG 0140 2050 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1797 |Blown down 1895<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/billingford-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Billingford |Pyrleston Mill<br /><br />TM 1670 7858 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1797 |Blown down 22 September 1859<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/billingford-pyrleston-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Billingford |'''Billingford Mill'''<br /><br />TM 1670 7858 |Tower | |'''1860''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/billingford-pyrleston-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Billingford_Windmill.jpg|225x225px]] |- |Binham |Binham Mill<br /><br />TF 9855 4080 |Post |1797 |1738 |1871<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/binham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Binham |Frankling's Mill<br /><br />TF9781 4000 |Tower |1826<br /><br />1838 |1826 |1871<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/binham-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blofield |Blofield Mill<br /><br />TG 3320 1215 |Post |1797 |1793 |1813<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blofield-field-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blofield |Lingwood Road Mill<br /><br />TG 3472 0945 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1791 |1865<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blofield-lingwood-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blofield Heath |Blofield Heath Mill<br /><br />TG 3327 1145 |Smock | |'''1815''' |Demolished c. 1833<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blofield-heath-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blofield Heath |Blofield Heath Mill<br /><br />TG 3327 1145 |Tower | |c. 1833 |Demolished 26 October 1937<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blofield-heath-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blo' Norton |Fordham's Mill | | | |Blew down 1807<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blo-norton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blo Norton |Fordham's Mill |Post | |'''1816''' |Moved within Blo Norton September 1821<ref name="Wailes">{{Cite book|last3=Rex Wailes}}</ref><br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blo-norton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Blo Norton |Fordham's Mill<br /><br />TM 0153 7910 |Post |1826 |'''1821''' |Demolished 1890<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blo-norton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Booton |Booton Mill<br /><br />TG 1095 2260 |Post | |'''1848''' |Demolished 1900<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/booton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bradfield | | | |1690 |1691<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bradfield-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bradwell |TG 510 042 |Post |1736 |1736 |1903 | |- |Bradwell |TG 512 060 | |1883 |1883 |1883 | |- |Bramerton |Bramerton Mill | |1675 |1675 |1675<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bramerton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bramerton |Mill Hill Mill |Tower | |1854 |1877<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bramerton-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Brancaster |North Mill<br /><br />TF 7725 4300 |Post |1797<br /><br />1824 |1749 |Demolished c. 1905<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/brancaster-mill-rd-north-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Brancaster |South Mill<br /><br />TF 7725 4290 |Post |1797 |1797 |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/brancaster-mill-rd-south-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bressingham |(two mills) | | |14th century |14th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bressingham-postmills.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bressingham |Common Mill<br /><br />TM 0927 8260 | | |1677<ref name="Bressingham">{{Cite web |title=Bressingham Lopham Road smock mill |url=http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bressingham-lopham-rd-smockmill.html |access-date=9 December 2008 |publisher=Norfolk Mills}}</ref> |Blown down November 1795<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bressingham-common-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bressingham |Common Mill<br /><br />TM 0927 8260 |Smock |1797 |1797 |Demolished 1931<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bressingham-common-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bressingham |Fen Street Mill<br /><br />TM 0626 8065 |Smock |1837 |1836 |1901<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bressingham-fen-st-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bressingham |Lopham Road Mill<br /><br />TM 0667 8100 |Smock | |1841 |Demolished c. 1927<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bressingham-lopham-rd-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bridgham |Bridgham Mill | | |1558 |1561<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bridgham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bridgham |Bridgham Mill<br /><br />TL 9615 8610 |Post |1838 |1808 |Demolished c. 1878<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bridgham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Briningham |TG 0356 3360 |Post |1749<br /><br />1765<br /><br />1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1838 |1749 |1838, gone by 1875<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briningham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Briningham |TG 0356 3360 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |1826 |1879<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briningham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Briningham |Briningham Mill<br /><br />TG 0342 3348 |Smock | |'''1721''' |1771, gone by 1780<br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20051103000248/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briningham-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Brisley |Brisley Mill<br /><br />TF 9528 2119 |Post |1838 |1836 |Demolished c. 1920<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/brisley-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Briston |East Mill<br /><br />TG 0672 3222 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1838 |1765 |Demolished April 1858<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briston-mill-lane-east-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Briston |West Mill<br /><br />TG 0672 3221 |Post | |1843 |Collapsed 6 May 1894<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briston-mill-lane-west-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Brooke |High Green Mill<br /><br />TM 2803 9873 |Post | |1829 |1850<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/brooke-high-green-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Brooke |Mill Lane Mill<br /><br />TM 2790 9772 |Post |1838 |1836 |1892<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/brooke-mill-lane-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Broome |Broome Mill<br /><br />TM 3540 9300 |''Post'' |1797 |1751 |1802 | |- |Broome |Broome Mill<br /><br />TM34819111 |Tower |1838 |1824 |1892<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/broome-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Brotford | | | |13th century |13th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/brotford-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bunwell | | | |c. 1639 |c. 1639<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bunwell-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Bunwell |Bunwell mill<br /><br />TM 1200 9380 |Smock |1826<br /><br />1834 |1826 |1888<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/bunwell-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burgh Castle |TG 487 040 |Tower |1837 |1837 |Demolished c. 1925 | |- |Burgh Castle |Black Mill<br /><br />Jyber's Mill<br /><br />TG 489 064 |Tower |1826<sup>*</sup><br /><br />1837 |1826 |1886 | |- |Burgh Castle |TG 475 037 | |1883 |1883 |1883 | |- |Burgh St Margaret |Old Burgh Mill<br /><br />TG 4405 1452 |Tower |1797 |1797 |Demolished c. 1914<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burgh-st-margaret-old-burgh-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burgh St Margaret |Burgh St Margaret Mill |''Post'' | |1742 |1787<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burgh-st-margaret-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burgh St Margaret |Mill Lane Mill<br /><br />TG 4436 1427 |Tower |1826 |1826 |Demolished c. 1940<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burgh-st-margaret-mill-lane-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burgh St Peter |Burgh St Peter Mill<br /><br />TM 4672 9345 |tower | |1839 |Truncated 1953<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burgh-st-peter-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Burgh_St_Peter_windmill-geograph.org.uk-1947552.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Burlingham | | | |12th century |12th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burlingham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burnham Deepdale | | | |1579 |1579<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-deepdale-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burnham Market |Burnham Market Mill<br /><br />TF 8365 4250 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1750 |1892<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-market-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burnham Overy |'''Burnham Overy Mill'''<br /><br />TF 8378 4376 |Tower |1826 |'''1816''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-overy-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Burnham_Overy_Tower_Windmill.jpg|224x224px]] |- |Burnham Overy |'''Union Mills'''<br /><br />TF 8423 4260 |Tower |1826 |'''1814''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-overy-union-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208164657/https://norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-overy-union-towermill.html |date=2023-12-08 }} |[[Fayil:Water_mill_and_mill_tower,_Burnham_Overy_Town_(geograph_3763752).jpg|150x150px]] |- |Burnham Overy Staithe |Burnham Overy Staithe Mill<br /><br />TF 8435 4400 | |1797 |1797 |1797<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-overy-staithe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burnham Overy Staithe |Burnham Overy Staithe Mill<br /><br />TF 8435 4400 |Post | |c. 1805 |1892<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-overy-staithe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burnham Overy Town |Burnham Overy Town Mill<br /><br />TF 8455 4280 | |1797 |1797 |1811<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-overy-town-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burnham Thorpe |Burnham Thorpe Mill |Post | |1813 |1814<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burnham-thorpe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burston |Burston Mill<br /><br />TM 1333 8410 | |1797 |1750 |1797<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burston-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Burston |Burston Mill<br /><br />TM 1347 8385 |Tower |1826 |1826 |Burnt down 1931<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/burston-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |} === C === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Caterpillar |Gabashin MillTG 5267 1207<br /> |Hasumiya |1826 |c. 1818 |An rushe 1902Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/caister-east-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Caterpillar |Ness MillTG 5199 1285<br /> | | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/caister-ness-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Caterpillar |Arewa MillTG 5199 1285<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1826 |An rushe shi 9 Nuwamba 1861 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/caister-north-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Caterpillar |Kudancin MillTG 5223 1168<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1788 |1855 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/caister-south-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Carbrooke |Mill Drift MillTL 9615 9881<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |An hura shi 29 Nuwamba 1836 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carbrooke-mill-drift-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Carbrooke |Mill Drift MillTL 9615 9881<br /> |Matsayi |1838 |1838 |An rushe shi c. 1925Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carbrooke-mill-drift-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Carbrooke |Mill Lane MillTF 9524 0096<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |An rushe 1856 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carbrooke-mill-lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Carbrooke |'''Mill Lane Mill'''<br />TF 9524 0096 |Hasumiya | |'''1856''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carbrooke-mill-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Windmill_near_Carbrooke_(geograph_5393309).jpg|150x150px]] |- |Carbrooke |Hanyar Shipdham MillTF 9494 0250<br /> |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |1814 |1836 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carbrooke-shipdham-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rode na Carleton |TM 0985 9330 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1807 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-open-trestle-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200340/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-open-trestle-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Rode na Carleton | |Matsayi | |1807 |1807 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-open-trestle-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Rode na Carleton |TM 1060 9325 |Mai laushi |1836 |c. 1832 |1845 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192310/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-smockmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Rode na Carleton |TM 0995 9455 |Hasumiya | |c. 1858 |Ya rushe c. 1958Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205753/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-towermill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Castle Acre |Newton Road MillTF 8210 1560<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1819 |An rushe Nuwamba 1881Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/castle-acre-newton-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Castle Acre |Ginin Firist |Matsayi | |1810 |1813 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/castle-acre-priests-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Castle Acre |Sandy Lane MillTF 8234 1563<br /> | | |c. 1841 |1891Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/castle-acre-sandy-lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tsayar da Gidan sarauta |TF 6772 2500 | |18241826<br /> |1824 |1867 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/castle-rising-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gishiri |Caston MillTL 9510 9816<br /> |Matsayi |1834 |1834 |''An ƙaura zuwa Tsohon Buckenham'', 1864Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/caston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gishiri |'''Ginin Caston'''<br />TL 9510 9816 |Hasumiya | |'''1864''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/caston-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Caston_Tower_Windmill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Filin Kat | | | |1710 |1772 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/catfield-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Filin Kat |'''Ruwa Coots Mill'''<br />TG 4113 2122 |hasumiya |1838 |1838 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsD/catfield-swim-coots-drainage.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Swim_Coots_Drainage_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_577959.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Filin Kat |Hanyar MillTG 3873 2094<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |'''1774''' |An rushe Satumba 1937 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/catfield-mill-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cawston |TG 1555 2435 |''Matsayi'' |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cawston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Cawston |Hill FarmTG 1330 2425<br /> |Mai laushi |1826 |1782 |An ƙone shi 22 ga Mayu 1875 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cawston-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cawston |Black MillTG 1355 2463<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1853''' |An rushe 1955Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cawston-sygate-black-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cawston |White MillTG 1356 2460<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1853''' |1955, ya tafi ta 1984Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cawston-sygate-white-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:The_White_Mill_in_Sygate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1317037.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Chedgrave | | | |1315 |1576 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/chedgrave-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Claxton |Claxton MillTG 3430 0340<br /> |Mai laushi |1834 |1834 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1945<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/claxton-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Clenchwarton |Clenchwarton MillTF 5998 2075<br /> | |18241826<br /> |1824 |1866 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/clenchwarton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Clenchwarton |Clenchwarton MillTF 5998 2075<br /> |Matsayi | |'''Yuni1870<br />''' |An rushe Oktoba 1870 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/clenchwarton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Cley kusa da Tekun]] |TG 0532 4280 |Matsayi | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cley-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cley kusa da Tekun |'''Cley Mill'''<br />TG 0449 4404 |Hasumiya |1826 |1819 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cley-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Cley_Windmill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Clippesby | | | |1259 |1259 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/clippesby-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cobholm |TG 511 075 |Hasumiya |1837 |1837 |1886 | |- |Cockley Cley | | | |1240 |1287 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cockley-cley-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cockley Cley | (ma'adinai biyu) kusanTF 792 045<br /><br /> | | |1570 |1570 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cockley-cley-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Colkirk | | | |1331 |1331 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/colkirk-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Congham |TF 7255 2300 | |1675 |1675 |1675 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/congham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Congham |Congham MillTF 7255 2300<br /> |Mai laushi |17971826<br /> |1797 |1880Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/congham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Corpusty |Black MillTG 1125 3015<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1826 |1872, ya tafi ta 1875Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/corpusty-black-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Corpusty |White MillTG 1109 3018<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1730 |An rushe Oktoba 1902Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/corpusty-white-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Corpusty |TG 1072 2973 | |1826 |1826 |1826, ya tafi a 1839Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/corpusty-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kyakkyawan |Stone Hills MillEastwood MillTG 1820 1190<br /><br /> |Matsayi |18341838<br /> |c. 1810 |An rushe 1902Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080827193320/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/costessey%20postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Costessey_Windmill_1900.jpg|208x208px]] |- |Cranworth |Cranworth MillTF 9945 0580<br /> | | | |An hura shi a Novemober 1795 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cranworth-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cranworth |Cranworth MillTF 9945 0580<br /> |Mai laushi |17971826<br /> |1797 |An hura shi 24 Maris 1895 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cranworth-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cromer |Kimanin TG 225 410<br /> | |1675 |1675 |1675 | |- |Cromer |Hanyar Mill Millapp kusan TG 225 410<br /><br /> |Matsayi | |1765 |1810 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cromer-mill-road-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cromer |West Street MillTG 2135 4195<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1630 |1830Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/cromer-west-street-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Fulmondeston|Croxton]] |Croxton MillTF 9792 3135<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1803 |An rushe shi 1885Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/croxton-fulmodeston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Croxton |Croxton MillTF 9792 3135<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1885''' |1926, ya tafi a shekara ta 1937 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/croxton-fulmodeston-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Croxton |TL 8740 8485 |Hasumiya | |1842 |1846 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/croxton-thetford-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === D === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Denton |Babban Green MillTM 2765 8977<br /> |Matsayi |1838 |1836 |1896 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/denton-gt-green-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Denver |Denver MillTF 6050 0121<br /> | |18241826<br /> |1825 |An rushe shi a 1835<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/denver-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Denver |'''Ginin Denver'''<br />TF 6050 0121 |Hasumiya | |'''1835''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/denver-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Denver_Windmill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Deopham | | | |'''1303''' |1303 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/deopham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Deopham |TM 0460 9675 |Mai laushi |1826 |1783 |An rushe c. 1830Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/deopham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Deopham |Deopham MillTM 0460 9675<br /> |Hasumiya | |c. 1830 |1949Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/deopham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dersingham |Hanyar MillTF 6955 3143<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |An rushe Fabrairu 1907 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dersingham-mill-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dersingham |Mill Hill MillTF 6815 3073<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dersingham-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dersingham |Hanyar MillTF 6920 3085<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |An hura shi Fabrairu 1808 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dersingham-mill-way-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dickleburgh | (ma'adinai biyu) | | |1306 |1306 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dickleburgh-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dickleburgh |Burston Wood MillTM 1657 8240<br /> | |1837 |1780 |An rushe shi c. 1890Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dickleburgh-burston-wood-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dicklebugh |Langmere Mill 186TM 819<br /> |Matsayi | |'''1802''' |1804 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dickleburgh-langmere-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dickleburgh | | | |1751 |An ƙaura zuwa Mulbarton, Agusta 1754Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dickleburgh-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dickleburgh |Rectory Road MillTM 1714 8231<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |1917Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070510162516/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dickleburgh-rectory-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Didlington |TL 7900 9680 | |182418261838<br /><br /> |1824 |1838 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/didlington-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dilham | | | |1633 |1633 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dilham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dilham |TG 3275 2680 |Matsayi |1826 |1814 |An rushe Satumba 1875 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dilham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dilham |TG 3325 2680 |Mai laushi |18261838<br /> |1826 |An ƙaura zuwa Wymondham (North Mill), 1858Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dilham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Dilham |Staithe MillTG 3346 2506<br /> |Hasumiya |1838 |1838 |An rushe shi c. 1935Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/dilham-staithe-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Chapel Lane MillTM 1180 7916<br /> |Matsayi |1837 |1837 |An ƙaura zuwa Roydon (Shelfanger Road) c. 1865Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-chapel-st-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Heywod Mill 12TM20 8550<br /> |Hasumiya |18261834<br /> |1816 |1876 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-heywood-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Rose Lane MillTM 1275 7910<br /> |Hasumiya |17831838<br /> |1783 |An canza shi zuwa ma'adinai na ma'adanai a shekara ta 1834<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-rose-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Rose Lane MillTM 1280 7915<br /> |Matsayi |1838 |1817 |An hura shi a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1834 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-rose-lane-composite-mill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Rose Lane MillTM 1275 7910<br /> |Haɗe-haɗe | |c. 1835 |An rushe shi c. 1919Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-rose-lane-composite-mill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Sandy Lane MillTM 1310 7935<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |'''1818''' |An rushe 1902Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-sandy-lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Stuston Road MillRush's MillTM 1292 7910<br /><br /> |Matsayi |178317971826<br /><br /> |1705 |An hura shi 7 Janairu 1839 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-stuston-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Stuston Road MillTM 1292 7910<br /> |Mai laushi | |'''1839''' |An rushe 1818Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-stuston-rd-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Diss |Jay's MillButton's MillVictoria Road Mill<nowiki><br id="mwC2A"></nowiki><nowiki><br id="mwC2E"></nowiki><br />TM 1236 7923 |Hasumiya |1826 |'''1817''' |An yanke shi a shekarun 1930 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/diss-victoria-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Button's_Mill,_Diss.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Rashin da aka yi |TM 3416 9126 |Hasumiya |1826 |1810 |An rushe Nuwamba 1955Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ditchingham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Shigarwa | | | |1615 |An ƙone shi 1697 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/docking-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Shigarwa |Mill Lane MillTF 7714 3636<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |An rushe 1821 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/docking-mill-lane-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Shigarwa |Mill Lane MillTF 7714 3636<br /> |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |'''1821''' |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/docking-mill-lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Shigarwa |Hanyar tashar MillTF 7640 3737<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/docking-station-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Shigarwa |Haikali Wood MillTF 7664 3637<br /> | | |1753 |1755Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/docking-temple-wood-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Bexwell Road MillTF 6163 0335<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |An rushe Afrilu 1881Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-bexwell-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Cowgate Street Mill |Hasumiya | |'''1803''' |1879Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-cowgate-st-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Denver Road Mill |Matsayi | |1809 |An hura shi Janairu 1809 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-denver-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Denver Road Mill | | |1822 |1840Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-denver-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Howdale MillTF 6150 0295<br /> |Matsayi |167517971824<br /><br /> |1675 |1879Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-howdale-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Lynn Road MillWimbotsham MillsTF 6175 0395<br /><br /> |Matsayi |167517971826<br /><br /> |1675 |An ƙone shi 25 Maris 1895 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-lynn-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210101125/https://norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-lynn-rd-postmill.html |date=2023-12-10 }} | |- |Kasuwar Downham |Mill Hill Mill | |1662 |1662 |1706, ya tafi a shekara ta 1725 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/downham-market-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === E === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Earsham |TM 324 894 |Matsayi |1838 |1838 |1857 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/earsham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Bilney |TF 9475 1985 | |1797 |1719 |1797, ya tafi ta 1838Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-bilney-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Bradenham |TF 9225 0869 |Hasumiya | |'''1875''' |1949Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-bradenham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Dereham |Banyard's MillTF 9905 1304<br /> |Matsayi | |1815 |1815 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-dereham-banyards-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Dereham | | | |1250 |1250 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-dereham-quebec-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Dereham |Hanyar Quebec MillTF 9875 1380<br /> |Matsayi | |1558 |1623 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-dereham-quebec-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Dereham |Hanyar Quebec MillTF 9875 1380<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |c. 1757 |1892, ya tafi ta 1896Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-dereham-quebec-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Dereham |'''Gabashin Dereham MillFenwick's Mill<nowiki><br id="mwDJc"></nowiki>'''<br />TG 0033 1297 |Hasumiya | |'''1836''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-dereham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:East_Dereham_Mill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Gabashin Harling | | |1675 |1675 |An hura shi 1765 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-harling-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Harling |TL 9900 8650 | |1797 |1779 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-harling-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Harling |TL 9975 8670 |Mai laushi |18261834<br /> |1826 |An ƙaura zuwa Shropham, 1835Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-harling-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Harling |'''Ginin Kenninghall Road'''<br />TM 0008 8608 |Hasumiya |18261834<br /> |1820 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-harling-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:East_Harling_tower_windmill_(geograph_2250026).jpg|150x150px]] |- |Gabashin Lexham |TF 8555 1675 | |1675 |1675 |1675 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-lexham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Lexham |Shuka shuka MillTF 8590 1735<br /> | |182418261834<br /><br /> |1824 |1858 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-lexham-mill-plantation-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Rudham |TF 8249 2785 |Matsayi |1797 |1609 |An rushe shi c. 1815 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-rudham-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Rudham |TF 8249 2785 |Matsayi | |1836 |1908 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-rudham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Runton |'''Gabashin Runton Mill'''<br />TG 2005 4230 |Hasumiya |1826 |1826 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-runton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:East_Runton_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Gabashin Ruston |High MillOld MillTG 3684 2992<br /><br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1759 |1891Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-ruston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Ruston |Sabon MillTG 3608 2922<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1868''' |1962, wanda aka yanke ta 1984Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-ruston-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:East_Ruston_towermill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_785898.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Gabashin Wretham |Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara | |17491765<br /> |1749 |1765 | |- |Gabashin Wretham |TL 9251 9057 | |18261838<br /> |1826 |1872 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-wretham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gabashin Wretham |'''Gabashin Wretham'''<br />TL 9251 9057 |Hasumiya | |1875 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/east-wretham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Windmill_conversion_at_Stonebridge_(geograph_4351585).jpg|150x150px]] |- |[[Ebridge]] |Mill Hill MillTG 3130 2985<br /> |Hasumiya | |1841 |1887 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ebridge-mill-hill-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Edgefield |TG 0870 3437 |''Mai laushi'' |1797 |1781 |An rushe shi c. 1804 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/edgefield-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Edgefield |TG 0870 3437 |[[Post mil|Matsayi]] | |1804 |An ƙone shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1815<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/edgefield-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Edgefield |TG 0870 3437 |[[Post mil|Matsayi]] | |1828 |1833 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/edgefield-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ellingham |TM 3650 9250 | |17831797<br /> |1783 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ellingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ellingham |TM 3697 9252 |Mai laushi |18261834<br /> |1807 |1925Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ellingham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Emneth |TF 4955 0707 |Hasumiya | |'''1832''' |An rushe shi a 1947 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/emneth-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Erpingham |TG 1890 3160 |Mai laushi | | |c. 1890, ya tafi daga 1894Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Watermills/erpingham.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Erpingham |Thwaite Common MillTG 1920 3205<br /> |Hasumiya |18261832<br /> |'''1826''' |1845 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/erpingham-thwaite-common-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Erpingham |TG 2003 3122 |Hasumiya |1826 |1826 |1883Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/erpingham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === F === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Fakenham |Fakenham HeathTF 9360 2975<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1718 |1854 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fakenham-heath-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fakenham |Holt Road MillTF 9290 3050<br /> |Matsayi |1838 |1838 |An rushe Satumba 1866 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fakenham-holt-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fakenham |TF 9221 2986 |Mai laushi |1838 |1818 |An rushe shi c. 1848Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fakenham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fakenham |TF 9221 2986 |Hasumiya | |'''1839''' |1920 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fakenham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Felmingham |TG 2320 2968 | |17971826<br /> |1774 |1873 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/felmingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Felthorpe |Ginin MillTG 1622 1776<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1826 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/felthorpe-mill-farm-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Felthorpe |Mill Hill MillTG 1620 1815<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1775 |An rushe shi c. 1820 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/felthorpe-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Feltwell | | | |1250 |1277 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/feltwell-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Feltwell |Rashin Ruwa |Matsayi | |1607 |An ƙone shi Mayu 1810 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/feltwell-mill-drift-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Feltwell |Motar DriftTL 7130 9013<br /> |Mai laushi |18241826<br /> |1824 |1877 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/feltwell-mill-drift-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Feltwell |Wilton Road MillTL 718 899<br /> |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |1815 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/feltwell-wilton-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Feltwell |Wilton Road MillTL 718 899<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1860''' |An rushe 1938Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/feltwell-wilton-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Feltwell |TL 7165 9090 |Hasumiya |1826 |1820 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/feltwell-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fersfield |TM 0585 8180 |Matsayi |1261834<br /> |1812 |1884 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fersfield-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin filin |Holt Road MillTG 0160 3885<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1814 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/field-dalling-holt-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin filin |TG 0070 3950 |Matsayi |1797 |1793 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/field-dalling-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin filin |TG 0087 3915 |Hasumiya |1826 |1826 |1890Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/field-dalling-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fincham |Bainard Hall Manor Mill | | |Ƙarshen ƙarni na 13 ko farkon ƙarni na 14 |Ƙarshen ƙarni na 13 ko farkon ƙarni na 14 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fincham-bainard-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fincham |Ginin Burnham | | |Karni na 13 |Norfolk Mills na ƙarni na 13<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fincham-burnhams-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fincham |Ginin Cuple Manor | | |1288 |1319 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fincham-curple-manor-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fincham |TF 6745 0550 |Matsayi |174918241826<br /><br /> |1749 |1883Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fincham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fincham |Talbot's Hall Manor Mill | | |1286 |1286 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fincham-talbots-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ruwa |Flordon MillTM 1930 9685<br /> |Mai laushi |17971826<br /> |1797 |An rushe 1870Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/flordon-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett | (ma'adinai biyu) | | |Karni na 14 |Norfolk Mills na ƙarni na 14<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-estate-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett | | | |1279 |1279 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-manor-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett St Mary | | | |1761 |1774 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-st-mary-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett St Peter |Black MillTM 1397 9396<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |'''1824''' |An rushe Satumba 1932 Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203152426/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-st-peter-black-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett St Peter |TM 1563 9296 |Mai laushi |18261834<br /> |1826 |1897Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-st-peter-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett St Peter |Tacolneston MillTM 1375 9435<br /> |Matsayi |1707 |1707 |An ƙaura zuwa sabon shafin (Black Mill) 1824Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203154343/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-st-peter-tacolneston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Forncett St Peter |White MillTM 1385 9393<br /> |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |1791 |Ya rushe 25 Nuwamba 1917Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828084821/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/forncett-st-peter-white-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yaudara |TL 7790 9920 | |17971826<br /> |1797 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/foulden-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wauta |Foulsham MillTG 0327 2482<br /> |Hasumiya |18261838<br /> |1826 |An ƙone shi 21 Yuni 1912 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/foulsham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Foulsham_Windmill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1160506.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Wauta |Mill Hill MillTG 0305 2570<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |- |Foxley |Foxley MillTG 0320 2085<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1845''' |c. 1899Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/foxley-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Foxley_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1310289.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Frettenham |TG 2430 1770 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/frettenham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Frettenham |'''Frettenham Mill'''<br />TG 2459 1776 |Hasumiya | |c. 1870 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/frettenham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Frettenham_Mill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Fundenhall |TM 1333 9642 |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |1815 |1910 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/fundenhall-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === G === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Garboldisham |Ginin Pond FarmTM 0132 8132<br /> | | |c. 1929 |c. 1929 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/garboldisham-mill-pond-farm-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Garboldisham |Garboldisham MillTM 0026 8048<br /> | | |1580 |1739 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/garboldisham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Garboldisham |'''Garboldisham Mill'''<br />TM 0026 8048 |Matsayi |179718261837<br /><br /> |1778 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/garboldisham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Garboldisham_Mill.jpg|225x225px]] |- |Garboldisham |TM 0026 8040 |Mai laushi |179718261837<br /><br /> |1788 |An ƙone shi 22 ga watan Agusta 1840 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/garboldisham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Garboldisham |TM 0024 8063 |Hasumiya |1837 |'''1820''' |1854, ya tafi a 1864Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/garboldisham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Garveston |TG 0393 0946 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1785 |An rushe Janairu 1870 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/garveston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwanci | | | |1330 |1330 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gateley-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gayton |TF 7355 1925 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1819 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gayton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gayton |Ginin Gayton<br />TF 7327 1928 |Hasumiya |18241826<br /> |1824 |1937, daga baya an yanke shi da bene ɗaya Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gayton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Gayton_Mill.jpg|176x176px]] |- |Gaywood |Almshouse Lane MillTF 6272 2027<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1588 |An rushe 1815 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-almshouse-ln-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gaywood |Almshouse Lane MillTF 6272 2027<br /> |Hasumiya |18241826<br /> |'''1815''' |1904 [http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-almshouse-ln-towermill.html Mills na arewa]<br /> | |- |Gaywood |Fairstead MillTF 6440 2030<br /> | |17971826<br /> |1797 |1905, ya tafi a 1922Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-fairstead-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gaywood |Hanyar gida MillTF 6250 2053<br /> |Hasumiya |18241826<br /> |c. 1820 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1914<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-homeland-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gaywood |Hanyar Loke MillTF 626 207<br /> |Matsayi |179718241826<br /><br /> |1775 |An rushe shi c. 1820 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-loke-rd-earlier-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gaywood |Hanyar Loke MillTF 626 207<br /> |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |c. shekara ta 1822 |An rushe shi c. 1926 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-loke-rd-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gaywood |Wooton Road MillTF 639 216<br /> |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |1819 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-wootton-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gaywood |Wooton Road MillTF 639 216<br /> |Hasumiya |18241826<br /> |1822 |An rushe 1934Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gaywood-wootton-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gillingham |TM 4185 9127 |Matsayi |1675179718261834<br /><br /><br /> |1675 |1862Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gillingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gimingham | (ma'adinai huɗu) | | |1347 |1347 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gimingham-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gimingham |TG 2890 3745 |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1754 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gimingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin hankali |Gissing MillTM 1506 8545<br /> |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |'''1778''' |An rushe 1949Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gissing-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gooderstone |Chalkrow Lane MillTF 7519 0129<br /> |Hasumiya | |c. 1829 |1946, daga baya an yanke shi da 6 ft (1.8m) Norfolk Mills&nbsp;<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gooderstone-chalkrow-ln-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gooderstone |Mill Drove MillTF 7550 0153<br /> | | |1796 |1841 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gooderstone-mill-drove-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gooderstone |Quarry MillTF 7605 0180<br /> | |18261834<br /> |1826 |1841 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gooderstone-quarry-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gooderstone |Gooderstone Street MillTF 7631 0206<br /> |Hasumiya |18261834<br /> |1826 |c. 1905Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gooderstone-street-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gorleston |Ginin Cliff Hill<br /><br /> |Hasumiya | |1864 |An rushe shi 1887 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gorleston-cliff-hilll-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Bircham |TF 7603 3267 |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |1761 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1846 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-bircham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Bircham |'''Babban Bircham Mill'''<br />TF 7603 3267 |Hasumiya | |'''1846''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-bircham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Great_Bircham_tower_mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1299641.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Babban Cressingham |TF 6470 0192 |Matsayi |1854 |1883Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-cressingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | | |- |Babban Dunham |TF 8855 1410 |Mai laushi |1797 |c. shekara ta 1756 |An rushe shi c. 1840Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-dunham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Dunham |TF 8855 1410 |Hasumiya | |c. 1840 |An rushe 1949Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-dunham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Ellingham |TM 0090 9687 |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1751 |1872 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-ellingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Ellingham |'''Babban Filin Ellingham'''<br />TM 0183 9688 |Hasumiya | |c. 1849 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-ellingham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Great_Ellingham_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Babban Fransham |TF 8985 1340 |Hasumiya |1826 |1826 |1926 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-fransham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Hockham |TL 9590 9200 | | |1392 |1599 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-hockham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Hockham | |Mai laushi | |'''1806''' |1814 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-hockham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Massingham |TF 8028 2332 |Matsayi |1824 |1798 |An ƙone shi a shekara ta 1916 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-massingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Snoring | | | |1620 |1620 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-snoring-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Walsingham |TF 9446 3750 |Hasumiya | |'''1852''' |An rushe shi c. 1945Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-walsingham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Walshingham |Mill Lane MillTF 9370 3755<br /> |''Matsayi'' |1826 |1826 |1826 | |- |Babban Yarmouth |Cobholm MillTG 5160 0770<br /> |Matsayi | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-cobholm-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Yarmouth |Cobholm MillTG 5160 0770<br /> |Hasumiya | | |An rushe shi c. 1880Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-cobholm-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Yarmouth |Cobholm MillTG 5160 0770<br /> |Matsayi | |c. 1880 |1890Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-cobholm-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Yarmouth | |Matsayi | |'''1790''' |An ƙaura zuwa Arewa Denes 1856Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-north-denes-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Yarmouth |North Denes Mill North Beach Mill <ref name="Nbeach">{{Cite web |title=Great Yarmouth Nelson Road postmill |url=http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-south-denes-postmill.html |access-date=24 December 2008 |publisher=Norfolk Mills}}</ref> Black MillTG 5262 0918<br /><br /><br /> |Matsayi | |'''1856''' |An rushe shi 1907Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-north-denes-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Yarmouth |Kudancin Denes Mill |Matsayi | |1783 |An ƙone shi 14 Nuwamba 1783 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-south-denes-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Babban Yarmouth |Ginin MillJetty na Papworth<br /> |Hasumiya | |c. 1875 |An rushe shi a 1881Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-york-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Gresham |Mill na yau da kullun MillTG 1520 3845<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1825 |1892, ya tafi ta 1927Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gresham-mill-common-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gressenhall | | | |1273 |1273 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gressenhall-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gressenhall |Ginin Chapple | |1797 |1795 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gressenhall-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gressenhall |TF 9630 1665 |Mai laushi |1838 |1836 |1914Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gressenhall-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Gressenhall |Gidan aiki MillTF 9730 1695<br /> | | |'''1781''' |1825 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gressenhall-workhouse-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Grimston |Mill Hill MillTF 6980 2220<br /> | |16751797<br /> |1675 |1815, ya tafi ta 1825Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/grimston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === H === {| class="wikitable" !Location !Name of mill and<br /><br />grid reference !Type !Maps !First mention<br /><br />or built !Last mention<br /><br /> or demise !Photograph |- |Hackford | | | |1591 |1591<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hackford-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hainford | | |1675 |1675 |1675<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hainford-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hainford |Chapel Street Mill<br /><br />Approximately<br /><br />TG 229 187 |Tower | |1849 |1868<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hainford-chapel-st-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hainford |Newton Road Mill<br /><br />TG 2233 1890 |Tower |1826 |1825 |1879<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hainford-newton-rd-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hales |TM 3815 9717 |Tower |1838 |c. 1801 |1949, gone by 1971<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hales-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Halvergate |TG 4160 0598 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1834 |1734 |Demolished c. 1866<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/halvergate-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Halvergate |'''Halvergate Mill'''<br /><br />TG 4160 0598 |Tower | |'''1866''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/halvergate-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Halvergate_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473769.jpg|150x150px]] |- |[[Happisburgh]] |TG 3914 2933 |''Post'' | |1758 |Blown down 19 December 1770<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/happisburgh-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175231/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/happisburgh-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Happisburgh |Mill Farm Mill<br /><br />TG 3914 2933 |Post |1826 |'''1773''' |Demolished 1921<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/happisburgh-mill-farm-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hardingham |Flockthorpe Mill | | |12th century |12th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/flockthorpe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hardingham |Approximately<br /><br />TG 044 060 | |1797 |1797 |Demolished 1920<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hardingham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hardingham |Runhall Mill<br /><br />TG 0482 0626 |Tower |1826<br /><br />1834 |c. 1820 |1908<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hardingham-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hardley | | | |1298 |1298<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hardley-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hardwick |East Mill |Post |1826<br /><br />1834 |1826 |1922<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hardwick-mill-rd-east-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hardwick |West Mill<br /><br />TM 2200 8937 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1779 |Moved to Alburgh c. 1826<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hardwick-mill-rd-west-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hargham | |Post | |1478 |1478<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hargham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Harleston |Common Mill<br /><br />TM 2400 8280 | |1826<br /><br />1834 |1826 |1834<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/harleston-common-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Harleston |Jay's Green Mill<br /><br />TM 2485 8345 |Tower |1837 |1836 |Demolished 1916<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/harleston-jays-green-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Harleston |Redenhall Road Mill<br /><br />TM 2508 8385 |Post | |1836 |Demolished May 1886<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/harleston-redenhall-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Harleston |School Lane Mill<br /><br />TM 2490 8363 |Post |1826<br /><br />1834 |1807 |1865<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/harleston-school-lane-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Harpley |TF 7991 2532 |Post |1797<br /><br />1824<br /><br />1826 |1790 |Demolished c. 1832<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/harpley-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Harpley |'''Harpley Mill'''<br /><br />TF 7991 2532 |Tower | |'''1832''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/harpley-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:The_Mill_House_near_Harpley,_Norfolk_(geograph_2600693).jpg|150x150px]] |- |Heacham |TF 6847 3788 | | |1830 |1875<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/heacham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempnall | | | |Late 12th century |Late 12th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempnall-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempnall |Muskett's Mill<ref name="Muskett">{{Cite web |title=Hempnall Mill Road towermill |url=http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempnall-mill-rd-towermill.html |access-date=25 December 2008 |publisher=Norfolk Mills}}</ref><br /><br />TM 2388 9380 |Tower |1838 |1828 |Demolished c. 1930<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempnall-field-ln-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempnall |Hempnall Green Mill |Smock |1826<br /><br />1834 |1818 |1904<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempnall-green-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempnall |Mill Road Mill<br /><br />Approximately<br /><br />TM 238 942 |Post |1797 |1705 |1819<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempnall-mill-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempnall |'''Vout's Mill'''<br /><br />TM 2375 9423 |Tower | |'''1832''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempnall-mill-rd-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Hempnall_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Hempstead |Abbey Mill | | |1306 |1306<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempstead-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190504/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempstead-early-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Hempstead |TG 0995 3750 | |1838 |1838 |1838<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempstead-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempton |Abbey Farm Mill<br /><br />TF 9160 2890 | |1826<br /><br />1834 |1802 |1863<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempton-abbey-farm-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempton |TF 9105 2890 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |1798 |1838<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hempton |TF 9114 2928 |Tower |1838 |'''1833''' |Demolished c. 1940<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hempton-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Hemsby]] |TG 4836 1760 |Tower |1837 |1836 |Demolished 1928<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hemsby-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Herringby]] | | | |c. 1200 |c. 1200<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/herringby-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hethersett | | | |1672 |1676<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hethersett-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hethersett |Great Melton Road Mill<br /><br />TG 1465 0507 |Post |1826<br /><br />1834 |1779 |1856<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hethersett-gt-melton-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hethersett |Mill Road Mill<br /><br />TG 1482 0473 |Post |1826<br /><br />1834 |1826 |1864<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hethersett-mill-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hevingham |TG 2015 2140 |Smock |1838 |1836 |1872<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hevingham-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hickling | | | |c. 1200 |c. 1200 [http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hickling-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hickling | | | | |Demolished 1879<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hickling-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hickling |'''Hickling Mill'''<br /><br />TG 4086 2300 |Tower |1826<br /><br />1838 |1818 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hickling-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Hickling_Mill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Hilgay |Ely Road Mill<br /><br />TL 6210 9795 |Smock |1797<br /><br />1826 |1783 |Demolished 1913<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hilgay-ely-rd-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hilgay |TL 6187 9825 |Post |1675<br /><br />1824<br /><br />1826 |1675 |1908<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hilgay-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hilgay |Leflay's Mill<br /><br />TL 5992 9682 |Smock | |1853 |1904<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hilgay-ten-mile-bank-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hindolveston |Hindolveston Mill<br /><br />TG 0360 2950 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |1782 |Demolished 1844<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindolveston-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hindolveston |'''Hindolveston Mill'''<br /><br />TG 0361 2924 |Tower | |'''1844''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindolveston-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Hindolveston_tower_mill_(geograph_2263020).jpg|200x200px]] |- |Hindringham |TF 970 355 | | |1759 |1759<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindringham-common-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hindringham |Lower Green Mill<br /><br />TF 9892 3749 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |1781 |Demolished c. 1844<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindringham-lower-green-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hindringham |'''Lower Green Mill'''<br /><br />TF 9892 3749 |Tower | |c. 1844 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindringham-lower-green-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Hindringham_tower_mill_(geograph_2031088).jpg|210x210px]] |- |Hindringham |Thompson's Mill<br /><br />TF 9820 3720 | |1797 |1776 |1839<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindringham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hindringham |The Knoll<br /><br />TF 9845 3675 |Post |1838 |1836 |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindringham-knoll-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hindringham |Upper Mill<br /><br />Graver's City Mill<br /><br />Summer Green Mill<br /><br />TF 9805 3590 |Tower |1838 |'''1829''' |Demolished c. 1938<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hindringham-upper-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hingham |Deopham Road Mill<br /><br />TG 0324 0074 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1771 |Moved to Banham c. 1840 and converted to a Composite mill<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hingham-deopham-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hingham |Deopham Road Mill<br /><br />TG 0324 0074 |Tower | |c. 1840 |c. 1902<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hingham-deopham-rd-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hingham | | | |1306 |1306<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hingham-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hingham |Hardingham Road Mill<br /><br />TG 0295 0240 |Post |1826<br /><br />1834 |1788 |1874<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hingham-hardingham-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hingham |Mill Corner Mill<br /><br />TG 0261 0180 |Tower | |'''1829''' |Truncated 1973<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hingham-mill-corner-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Hingham_Mill-geograph.org-2114333.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Hockering | | | |1317 |1317<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockering-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hockering |TG 0854 1491 |Tower | |1836 |Demolished 1960<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockering-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hockwold | | | |1271 |1273<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockwold-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hockwold | | | |1607 |1661<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockwold-later-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hockwold |Mill Lane Mill<br /><br />TL 7333 8867 |Post |1824<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1834 |1822 |1857<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockwold-mill-lane-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hockwold |Mill Lane Mill<br /><br />TL 7316 8839 |Smock | |1822 |1911<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockwold-mill-lane-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hockwold |Redmoor Mill<br /><br />TL 6460 8715 |''Smock'' |1797<br /><br />1824<br /><br />1826 |1797 |1826<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hockwold-redmoor-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hoe |TF 9810 1670 | |1797 |1561 |1797<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hoe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holkham | | | |1247 |1247<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holkham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holme Hale |TF 8862 0835 |Post |1834<br /><br />1838 |1834 |1872<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holme-hale-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holme Hale | |''Smock'' | |'''1804''' |1804<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holme-hale-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holme next the Sea |TF 7153 4325 | |1824 |1762 |1824<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holme-next-sea-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holt |Holt Heath Mill<br /><br />TG 0795 3709 |Post | |'''1847''' |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holt-heath-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holt |Cromer Road Mill<br /><br />TG 0870 3905 |Post |1826 |1792 |1831<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holt-cromer-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holt |Wade's Mill<br /><br />TG 0740 3800 | |1797 |1794 |Burnt down 8 May 1794<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holt-thornage-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Holt |TG 0765 3900 |Tower | |c. 1790 |Demolished 1970<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/holt-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Honing |Common Mill<br /><br />TG 3320 2710 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1838 |1797 |1878<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/honing-common-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Honing |TG 3195 2795 | |1797 |1797 |1797<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/honing-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Honingham |TG 0985 1140 | |1797 |1788 |1803<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/honingham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Honingham |'''Honingham Mill'''<br /><br />TG 1015 1140 |Tower |1826<br /><br />1834 |1826 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/honingham-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horning |Mill Loke Mill<br /><br />TG 3415 1753 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1758 |Demolished 1879<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horning-mill-loke-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horning |TG 3425 1740 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1759 |1826<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horning-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horningtoft |TF 937 219 |''Post'' | |1819 |1841<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horningtoft-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsford | | | |1215 |1215<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsford-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsford | |Post | |1795 |1795<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsford-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsford |TG 1903 1671 |Smock |1826 |1820 |Demolished c. 1865<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsford-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsford |'''St Helena Mill'''<br /><br />TG 1903 1671 |Tower | |c. 1865 |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926083858/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsford-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsham St Faith |Approximately<br /><br />TG 223 147 | |1675 |1325 |1675<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsham-st-faith-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsham St Faith |TG 2192 1596 | |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1838 |1794 |c. 1849<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsham-st-faith-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horsham St Faith |TG 2180 1595 |Smock | |1849 |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horsham-st-faith-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Horstead |TG 2575 1980 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |'''1796''' |Blown down November 1872<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/horstead-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Houghton St Giles |TF 9275 3610 |''Smock'' |1797 |1775 |1797<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/houghton-st-giles-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Hoveton St John |Belaugh Mill<br /><br />Hoveton Mill<br /><br />TG 3000 1884 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1838 |1761 |Burnt down June 1881<br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070510163127/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/hoveton-st-john-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |} === Na === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Ingham |Ingham MillTG 3916 2512<br /> |''Matsayi'' | | |An hura shi (ranar da ba a sani ba), sabon ma'adinai da aka gina a shafin a cikin 1763 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ingham-old-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172920/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ingham-old-towermill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Ingham |Ingham MillTG 3916 2512<br /> |Hasumiya |179718361838<br /><br /> |'''1763''' |An rushe shi c. 1872 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ingham-old-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172920/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ingham-old-towermill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Ingham |'''Ginin Ginin Gona'''<br />TG 3916 2512 |Hasumiya | |c. 1872 |1937, wanda aka yanke ta 1949Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ingham-mill-farm-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Ingham_-_Mill_Farm_Mill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Ingworth | | | |1316 |1316 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ingworth-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Islington | | | |1248 |1269 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/islington-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === K === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Kashewa |TG 0900 4245 |Matsayi |18261838<br /> |1821 |1904, ya tafi ta 1925Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kelling-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall | | | |1276 |1276 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-13c-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171342/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-13c-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Kenninghall | | | |1537 |1537 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-16c-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180719/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-16c-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Kenninghall |Banham Road MillTM 040 865<br /> |Matsayi | |1753 |An rushe c. 1782Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-banham-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Banham Road MillTM 0408 8652<br /> |Mai laushi |1797182618341838<br /><br /><br /> |'''1783''' |An rushe 1863 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-banham-rd-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Banham Road MillTM 0408 8652<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1863''' |An ƙone shi a shekara ta 1950 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-banham-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Chimney MillTM 0330 8440<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1603 |1950Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-chimney-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Fersfield Road millTM 046 855<br /> |Hasumiya | |1896 |1908 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-fersfield-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Brook's MillLopham Road MillTM 0344 8413<br /><br /> |Mai laushi |18261834<br /> |'''1823''' |An hura shi 3 ga Agusta 1879Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-lopham-rd-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Mill Lane MillTM 0427 8605<br /> |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |c. 1704 |An ƙone shi a shekara ta 1950 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-mill-lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Mill Lane MillTM 0425 8602<br /> |Hasumiya |1838 |1799 |An rushe 1911Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-mill-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kenninghall |Gidan shakatawa na yau da kullun 0440 8695<br /> | |1826 |1826 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kenninghall-park-common-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kettlestone |Kettlestone Mill | | |1753 |1789Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kettlestone-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |Blackfriars Road MillTF 6230 2010<br /> | |1675 |1675 |1675 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-blackfriars-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |Kettle MillTF 6230 2050<br /> |Mai laushi | |'''1682''' |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-kettle-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |Millfleet MillTF 6203 1973<br /> |Mai laushi | |1680 |1741 Norfolk Mills[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-millfleet-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |Kudancin Lynn MillTF 6210 1885<br /> |Mai laushi | |'''1738''' |An ƙone shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1737 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-south-lynn-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |St Ann's MillTF 6185 2063<br /> |Mai laushi | |1683 |1725 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-st-annes-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |WalkTF 624 195<br /> |post | |'''1595''' |1595 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-the-walk-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |WalkTF 624 195<br /> |Matsayi | |'''1667''' |1725 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-the-walk-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |The Walk (2nd mill) TF 624 195<br /> |Matsayi | |1725 |1725 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-the-walk-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lynn na Sarki |Yammacin Lynn Mill | | |1845 |1850Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kings-lynn-west-lynn-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kirstead |Kirstead MillTM 3030 9825<br /> | |1826 |1825 |1872 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/kirstead-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === L === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Langham |Langham MillTG 001 416<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |1872 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/langham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210101318/https://norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/langham-postmill.html |date=2023-12-10 }} | |- |Langham |Langham Mill (2nd mill) TG 001 416<br /> | |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/langham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210101318/https://norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/langham-postmill.html |date=2023-12-10 }} | |- |Yin amfani da shi |Larlingford MillTL 9700 8870<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1823 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/larlingford-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lessingham | | | |Karni na 16 |Norfolk Mills na ƙarni na 16<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lessingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara |TG 0635 3882 |Matsayi | |c. shekara ta 1754 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/letheringsett-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Latvian |TF 9755 0520 | | |1685 |1685 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/letton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Little Cressingham |TF 8745 9990 |Mai laushi | |1780 |1795 (an rushe shi a shekara ta 1820?) Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lt-cressingham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Little Cressingham |'''Ƙananan Ma'adinai na Cressingham'''<br />TF 8697 0021 |Hasumiya |1826 | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lt-cressingham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Little_Cressingham_Wind_-_Watermill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1954541.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Little Ellingham |Ginin Rockland |Matsayi | |1762 |1763 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lt-ellingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Little Melton |'''Ƙananan Ma'adinai na Melton'''<br />TG 1580 0685 |Hasumiya |1838 |1836 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lt-melton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Little_Melton_Windmill-geograph.org.uk-3188763.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Ƙananan Snoring |Snoring MillTF 9492 3377<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1805 |An hura shi a shekara ta 1930<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lt-snoring-open-trestle-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ƙananan Snoring |Jex Farm MillTF 9590 3265<br /> |Matsayi |18261838<br /> |1821 |1904 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lt-snoring-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Loddon |Ginin Pye | | | |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203163120/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/loddon-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Loddon |Hales Green MillTM 3688 9674<br /> |Sunk post | |Tsakanin karni na 13 |Tsakanin karni na 13 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/loddon-hales-green-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Loddon |Sadd's MillMill Road MillTM 3680 9886<br /><br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1784 |1931Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/loddon-mill-road-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012081611/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/loddon-mill-road-postmill.html |date=2012-10-12 }} | |- |Loddon |Hanyar MillTM 3677 9882<br /> |Hasumiya |18261834<br /> |1826 |1904 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/loddon-mill-road-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Loddon |Chapman's MillBlack MillTM 3618 9855<br /><br /> |Mai laushi |1826 |1819 |An rushe 1891Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/loddon-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Lopham (Arewa?, ko Kudu?) | (ma'adinai biyu) | | |1301 |1305 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/lopham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ludham |High MillTG 3969 1849<br /> |Hasumiya |17971826<br /> |'''1742''' |An rushe 1975Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ludham-high-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ludham |'''Yadda Hill Mill ya'''<br />TG 3734 1905 |Hasumiya | |'''1825''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ludham-how-hill-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Ludham_How_Hill_Mill.jpg|198x198px]] |- |Ludham |Lovers Lane MillBlack MillTG 3867 1778<br /><br /> |Matsayi |1826 |1826 |An hura shi 24 Maris 1895 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ludham-lovers-ln-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ludham |Yarmouth Road MillTG 3971 1843<br /> |Matsayi | | |An rushe 1742 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ludham-yarmouth-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ludham |'''St Benet's Abbey Mill'''<br />TG 3803 1578 |Hasumiya |17491765177517971826<br /><br /><br /><br /> |c. shekara ta 1735 |<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsD/st-benets-abbey-drainage.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:St_Benet's_Abbey_1831.jpg|150x150px]] |} === M === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Marham | | | |1275 |1275 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/marham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marham |TF 7104 0985 |Mai laushi |18241826<br /> |c. 1818 |1912Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/marham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marlingford |Bawburgh Road MillTG 1385 0935<br /> |Hasumiya |179718261834<br /><br /> |1783 |1836 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/marlingford-bawburgh-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marlingford |Hanyar Honingham MillTG 1210 0910<br /> |Hasumiya |1838 |1836 |1883Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/marlingford-honingham-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marsham |Ginin MillTG 2040 2315<br /> | |1797 |1762 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/marsham-mill-farm-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marsham |TG 2053 2334 |Matsayi |18261838<br /> |'''1779''' |An rushe c. 1897Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/marsham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marsham |Hemsby Road MillTG 4645 1810<br /> |Matsayi | | |An ƙone shi a shekara ta 1796 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/martham-hemsby-rd-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Marsham |Hemsby Road MillTG 4651 1810<br /> |Matsayi |179718261837<br /><br /> |1797 |1843 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/martham-hemsby-rd-later-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Martham |Hemsby Road MillTG 4651 1805<br /> |Hasumiya |18261837<br /> |c. shekara ta 1789 |An rushe shi c. 1914Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/martham-hemsby-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Martham |TG 4527 1786 |Mai laushi | |1853 |An ƙone shi 1 Afrilu 1898 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/martham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall | | | | |An hura shi a shekara ta 1740 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-burgh-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall |Hanyar MillTG 0439 1150<br /> |Matsayi |1797182618341838<br /><br /><br /> |1787 |An rushe 1856 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-mill-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall |Hanyar MillTG 0439 1150<br /> |Hasumiya | |1858 |An rushe shi c. 1900Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-mill-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall |Town Lane MillTG 0543 1085<br /> |Mai laushi |18261838<br /> |1826 |An rushe 1861Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-town-lane-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall |Mill Street MillTG 0543 1085<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1862''' |1916, ya tafi a shekara ta 1937 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-mill-st-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall |Hanyar Norwich MillTG 0630 1115<br /> |Mai laushi |18261834<br /> |1819 |An rushe 1861Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-norwich-rd-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mattishall |TG 0485 1100 | |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mattishall-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Merton |Kimanin TG 902 982<br /> | | |1647 |1735 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/merton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar |TL 736 946 | | |Karni na 16 |Norfolk Mills na ƙarni na 16<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-brandon-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar |Brandon Road MillTL 7362 9460<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1875''' |An rushe 1942Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-brandon-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar | | | |1348 |1348 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar |Methwold HytheTL 7185 9474<br /> |Matsayi |182418261838<br /><br /> |1710 |An rushe Afrilu 1886 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-hythe-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar |Hythe Road MillTL 723 943<br /> | |1826 |1813 |1846 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-hythe-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar |Tsohon Feltwell Road MillTL 7313 9434<br /> | | |1854 |An rushe shi c. 1875 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-old-feltwell-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Matsalar |Tsohon Feltwell Road MillTL 7313 9434<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1875''' |1933, ya tafi ta 1949Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/methwold-old-feltwell-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Middleton |Blackborough End MillTF 6642 1460<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1852''' |An rushe 1933 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/middleton-blackborough-end-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Middleton | | | |1305 |1305 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/middleton-north-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Middleton | | |1675 |1675 |1675 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/middleton-south-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Middleton |Ginin Mill, Arewa MillTF 6692 1583<br /> |Matsayi |1675179718241826<br /><br /><br /> |1675 |1834 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/middleton-mill-farm-north-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Middleton |Ginin Mill, Kudancin MillGreat MillTF 6695 1560<br /><br /> |Matsayi |179718241826<br /><br /> |1797 |1854 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/middleton-mill-farm-south-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mileham |Methwold Common MillTF 9015 1736<br /> |Matsayi |1675179718261838<br /><br /><br /> |1675 |1902Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mileham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mileham |'''Ma'adinin Mileham'''<br />TF 9010 1735 |Hasumiya | |1854 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mileham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Converted_Windmill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_383715.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Morley St Botolph |TG 0665 0034 |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |c. 1804 |1888Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/morley-st-botolph-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Moulton St Mary |Black MillTG 3944 0618<br /> |Matsayi |179718261838<br /><br /> |1797 |1892Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/moulton-st-mary-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Moulton St Michael]] |TM 1590 8870 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1755 |An ƙone shi 5 Nuwamba 1913 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/moulton-st-michael-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mulbarton |TG 1926 0116 |Mai laushi |179518261834<br /><br /> |1775 |An rushe 1949Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mulbarton-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mulbarton |'''Ginin Mulbarton'''<br />TG 1990 0193 |Hasumiya |18261838<br /> |c. 1824 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mulbarton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mundford |TL 8065 9314 |Mai laushi |18241834<br /> |1824 |1859 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mundford-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mundesley |TG 3150 3645 | |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mundesley-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mundford |TL 8065 9314 |Hasumiya | |1846 |rushewa 1971Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mundford-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mundham |Mundham MillTM 3332 9866<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |1916, ya tafi a shekara ta 1937 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/mundham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === N === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Neatishead |TG 3396 1947 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1805, ya tafi a 1817Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/neatishead-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Neatishead |'''Niƙa ta Neatishead'''<br />TG 3396 1947 |Hasumiya |1826 |1817 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/neatishead-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:A_disused_windmill_near_Neatishead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24696.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Necton |TG 8795 0950 |Hasumiya |17971826<br /> |1782 |1911Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/necton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Necton |TF 8775 0910 |Matsayi | | | |- |Sabon Buckenham |TM 0917 9068 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1768 |An rushe 1920Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/new-buckenham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Creake | | | |1302 |1302 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-creake-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Creake |'''North Creake Mill'''<br />TF 8530 3823 |Hasumiya |1826 |1820 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-creake-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Elmham |TF 9965 2015 | |1797 |1772 |1845 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-elmham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Lopham |Ginin TannTM 0403 8312<br /> |Mai laushi | |1805 |An rushe Nuwamba 1926 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-lopham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Tuddenham |TG 0468 1394 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |'''1759''' |An rushe 1923 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-tuddenham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Tuddenham |TG 0345 1355 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Arewacin Walsham |Lingate MillNew MillTG 2731 3115<br /><br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1856''' |1904 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-walsham-lingate-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Walsham |Hanyar Norwich |Hasumiya | |1841 |An rushe Afrilu 1940 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-walsham-norwich-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Walsham |Reeves Lane Mill | | |1839 |1896 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-walsham-reeves-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Walsham |Hanyar Swafield MillTG 2845 3160<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1787 |1890, ya tafi ta 1932Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725053705/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-walsham-swafield-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Arewacin Walsham |Yarmouth Road MillField Mill<br /> |Matsayi | |1841 |c. 1906 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/north-walsham-yarmouth-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Northwold |Manby's MillTL 7422 9737<br /> | |179718241826<br /><br /> |1765 |1854 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/northwold-manbys-turret-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Northwold |TL 7425 9745 |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |1802 |An rushe shi c. 1875 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/northwold-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === Norwich === Windmills a cikin radius na kilomita 5 (8 km) na Norwich Castle.&nbsp; {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Bixley |TG 2425 0541 |Sunk post | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/bixley-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Bixley |Bixley MillTG 2560 0617<br /> |Mai laushi |1797 |1797 |An rushe shi a 1838<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/bixley-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Bixley |Bixley MillTG 2560 0617<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1838''' |An rushe Oktoba 1865Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/bixley-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Bixley_Mill_Letterhead.jpg|176x176px]] |- |Catton | | | |1471 |1570 Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607223001/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/catton%20postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Catton |Catton MillTG 229 122<br /> |Matsayi | |1770 |1788 Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607223001/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/catton%20postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Catton |Catton MillTG 2306 1045<br /> |Hasumiya | |1775 |1886 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/new-catton%20towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Cringleford |TG 1945 0600 | |1797 |1795 |1795 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/cringleford-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Drayton | | | |1331 |1331 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/drayton-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Drayton |TG 189 133 |''Matsayi'' | |1851 |1887 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/drayton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Drayton |TG 1898 1330 |Mai laushi | |'''1842''' |1887 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/drayton-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Eaton |TG 2200 0690 | |17411797<br /> |1741 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/eaton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Heigham |Heigham TanneryTG 217 098&nbsp;<br /> |Mai laushi | |1852 |An motsa shi 1863, an canza shi zuwa ma'adinai (wurin da ba a sani ba) Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/heigham-bark-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Heigham |Wurin Crook MillNew City MillTG 2235 0800<br /><br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1826''' |An rushe shi c. 1890Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/heigham-crooks-place-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Heigham |Mill Hill MillTG 2192 0865<br /> |Matsayi |17411797<br /> |1741 |1824, mai yiwuwa an rushe 1826Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080412033002/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/heigham%20mill%20hill%20postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Heigham |Stone Hills MillTG 2110 0930<br /> |Matsayi |17411826<br /> |'''1731''' |1857 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/heigham-stone-hills-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Hellesdon |Marsh MillTG 192 117<br /> |Mai laushi | |c. 1828 |An hura shi Yuni 1842 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/hellesdon-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Keswick |Keswick MillTG 2140 0520<br /> | |1797<br /> |1766 |1834, ya tafi ta 1847 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/keswick-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Lakenham]] |Bracondale MillTG 237 074<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1829''' |An rushe 1890s Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/lakenham-bracondale-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Bracondale_Mill.jpg|223x223px]] |- |Lakenham |Buck's MillLakenham MillTG 2325 0725<br /><br /> |Matsayi |1797182618301834<br /><br /><br /> |1771 |1864 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/lakenham-bucks-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192814/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/lakenham-bucks-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Lakenham |Butter HillsTG 237 076<br /> |Matsayi |1723 |Karni na 14 |1723 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/lakenham-butter-hills-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183854/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/lakenham-butter-hills-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Lakenham |'''Ginin Peafield'''<br />TG 2300 0735 |Hasumiya |18341838<br /> |'''1824''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/lakenham-peafield-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Peafield_Mill,_Lakenham_1896.jpg|197x197px]] |- |[[New Catton|Sabon Catton]] |Bird's MillTG 2248 1052<br /> |Hasumiya | |1837 |1884 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/new-catton-birds-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171730/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/new-catton-birds-towermill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Sabon Catton |Cann's MillTG 2245 1043<br /> |Hasumiya | |1841 |1884 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/new-catton-canns-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194913/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/new-catton-canns-towermill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Sabon Catton |Eglington's MillTG 2246 1038<br /> |Hasumiya | |Shekaru na 1820 |An rushe Satumba 1872 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/new-catton-eglingtons-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Norwich |Carrow Hill, Black TowerTG 2375 0762<br /> |Mai laushi | |1778 |1810, ya tafi a 1833 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/carrow-hill-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205428/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/carrow-hill-smockmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} |[[Fayil:A_Panoramic_view_of_Norwich.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Norwich |Chapelfield MillTG 226 084<br /> | | |1343 |1343 Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607220109/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/chapel%20field%20postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Norwich |Magdalen Road MillTG 233 099<br /> |Matsayi |179718301834<br /><br /> |1732 |1875 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/magdalen-road-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Norwich |Mile Cross MillBatson's MillTG 2205 1063<br /><br /><br /> |Matsayi |182418341838<br /><br /> |1822 |1900Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/mile-cross-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191512/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/mile-cross-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Norwich |St Augustine's Gate MillTG 2280 0985<br /> |Sunk post |1675169617231834<br /><br /><br /> |1675 |1834 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/st-augustines-gate-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181925/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/st-augustines-gate-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} |[[Fayil:St_Augustine's_Gate_windmill_1723.JPG|200x200px]] |- |Norwich |St James' Hill MillTG 2425 0933<br /> |Sunk post |155815811650<br /><br /> |1235 |1650, ya tafi ta 1696 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/st-james-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185216/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/st-james-hill-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Norwich |St Stephen's Gate MillTG 228 079<br /> |Matsayi |1723 |1723 |An rushe shi c. 1848Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/st%20stephen%27s%20gate%20postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Pockthorpe]] |Barre Gate MillTG 240 094<br /> | | |1328 |1328 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/pockthorpe-hassetts-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pockthorpe |Hassett's MillTG 240 094<br /> |Sunk post |1558161116961723<br /><br /><br /> |1558 |1787 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/pockthorpe-hassetts-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pockthorpe |TG 240 094 |Matsayi | |1787 |An ƙone shi 16 Afrilu 1795 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/pockthorpe-hassetts-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pockthorpe |TG 234 098 | | |1718 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1769 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/pockthorpe-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pockthorpe |Jeckell's MillTG 234 098<br /> |Mai laushi |1797 |'''1769''' |1803, ya tafi ta 1813 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/pockthorpe-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pockthorpe |Pockthorpe MillBagshaw's MillBayfield's MillSt Paul's MillTG 234 098<br /><br /><br /><br /> |Hasumiya |18301834<br /> |1813 |An rushe shi a 1896 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/pockthorpe-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Sprowston |MillTG na Austin 2390 1062<br /> |Hasumiya | |1850 |1906 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/austins-and-sprowston-sawmills.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170714/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/austins-and-sprowston-sawmills.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Sprowston |Sprowston Saw MillTG 239 106<br /> |Hasumiya | |1850 |1864 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/austins-and-sprowston-sawmills.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170714/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/austins-and-sprowston-sawmills.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Sprowston |Sprowston MillMousehold MillTG 2402 1090<br /><br /> |Matsayi |1797 |'''1780''' |An ƙone shi 24 Maris 1933 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/sprowston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Sprowston_Mill.jpg|186x186px]] |- |Sprowston |Sprowston Road MillTG 237 106<br /> |Matsayi |18341838<br /> |1825 |An hura shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1842 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/sprowston-sprowston-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194445/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/sprowston-sprowston-rd-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Sprowston |Bond's MillTG 2395 1073<br /> |Hasumiya | |1827 |1876 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/sprowston-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Thorpe |Gallant's MillTG 244 089<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1834''' |1886 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-hamlet-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165231/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-hamlet-towermill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Thorpe |MouseholdTG 2343 0903<br /> |Mai laushi |17941824<br /> |1794 |1847, ya tafi a shekara ta 1854 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-mousehold-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thorpe |Jenning's MillTG 2343 0903<br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1854''' |1885Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-jennings-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707170852/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-jennings-towermill.html |date=2017-07-07 }} | |- |Thorpe |MouseholdTG 2460 0883<br /> | |1750 |1750 |1750 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-mousehold-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thorpe |Black Mill, MouseholdTG 2460 0883<br /> |Matsayi | |1778 |An rushe shi a 1841<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-mousehold-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Mousehold_Black_Mill_1840.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Thorpe |Black Mill, MouseholdTG 2460 0883<br /> |Matsayi | |'''1841''' |1865, ya tafi ta 1884Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-mousehold-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thorpe |Hanyar Plumstead MillLittle FannyTG 2473 0940<br /><br /> |Hasumiya |18341838<br /> |'''1825''' |1906 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/thorpe-plumstead-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Fitarwa |Trowse MillTG 252 067<br /> |post |1797 |1769 |1826 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/trowse-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Trowse_Mill_1818.jpg|150x150px]] |- |[[Upper Hellesdon]] |St Clement's MillTG 2225 1027<br /> |Matsayi |1741 |1741 |An rushe ko kuma an sake gina shi sosai 1813Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207111730/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/upper-hellesdon-press-%20lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Upper Hellesdon |St Clement's MillTG 2225 1027<br /> |Matsayi | |'''1813''' |An rushe Agusta 1875 Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207111730/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/upper-hellesdon-press-%20lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Upper Hellesdon |Press Lane MillWitard's MillTG 2225 1027<br /><br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1875''' |An rushe 1920Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsN/upper-hellesdon-press-lane-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Upper_Hellesdon_sails_painted.jpg|224x224px]] |} === O === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Ya kasance |'''Ginin Mai Hikima'''<br />TG 4092 1381 |Hasumiya |1797 |'''1753''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsD/ashby-oby-drainage.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Oby,_Wiseman's_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Tsohon Buckenham | | |1675 |1675 |1695 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-17c-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tsohon Buckenham |Dam Brigg MillTM 0825 9015<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1793 |An rushe shi c. 1912Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-dam-brigg-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tsohon Buckenham |Fen Street MillTM 0547 9230<br /> |Matsayi | |c. 1864 |c. 1864, daga baya aka cire shi zuwa CastonNorfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-fen-st-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tsohon Buckenham |Ginin Ginin Gona 0605 9130<br /> |Matsayi |18261838<br /> |1805 |1860 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-mill-farm-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |- |Tsohon Buckenham |Ginin Panegryde | | |Karni na 13 |Norfolk Mills na ƙarni na 14<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-panegryde-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tsohon Buckenham |Ringerhose Mill | | |Karni na 13 |Norfolk Mills na ƙarni na 14<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-ringerhose-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tsohon Buckenham |'''Tsohon Ma'adinin Buckenham'''<br />TM 0623 9099 |Hasumiya |1826 |'''1818''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Old_Buckenham_Mill.jpg|225x225px]] |- |Tsohon Buckenham |Wilby Warren MillTM 0575 9028<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |'''1768''' |1860 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/old-buckenham-wilby-warren-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ormesby St Margaret |Scratby MillField MillTG 5060 1480<br /><br /> |Matsayi |18261837<br /> |1826 |Ya rushe 22 Maris 1867 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ormesby-st-margaret-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ormesby St Margaret |Red MillTG 4940 1560<br /> |Hasumiya |1826 |1826 |An rushe shi c. 1950Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ormesby-st-margaret-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ormesby St Michael |TG 4860 1455 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |An ƙone shi a shekara ta 1914 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ormesby-st-michael-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Oulton |TG 1480 2930 |Matsayi |1797 |1780 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/oulton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ruwa |TF 5170 0305 |Mai laushi |18241826<br /> |1802 |1937Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/outwell-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ruwa |'''Ginin Upwell'''<br />TF 5095 0330 |Hasumiya | |'''1829''' | |[[Fayil:Reflections_in_the_River_Nene_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1241509.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Ovington |TF 9295 0235 |Matsayi |1838 |1836 |An rushe 1912Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ovington-old-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ovington |TF 9225 0240 |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |1826 |1854 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ovington-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === P === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |[[Panxworth]] |TG 3493 1307 |Matsayi |18261834<br /> |1826 |An hura shi a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1881<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/panxworth-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Panxworth |TG 3493 1307 |Matsayi | |'''1881''' |1891Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/panxworth-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Paston |TG 3120 3295 |Mai laushi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |An rushe Satumba 1840 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/paston-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Paston |'''Ginin Stow'''<br />TG 3162 3578 |Hasumiya |1838 |'''1827''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/paston-stow-hill-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Paston,_Stow_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Pentney |TF 7032 1285 |rigar |182418261834<br /><br /> |1814 |1863Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pentney-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Plumstead |Plumstead MillTG 1238 3455<br /> |Matsayi | |1711 |1784 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/plumstead-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Plumstead |Tsohon MillTG 1238 3455<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1784 |1886 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/plumstead-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Plumstead |Sabon MillTG 123 345<br /> |Matsayi | |1839 |1886 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/plumstead-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Poringland |Porland MillTG 2626 0268<br /> |Matsayi |172317491750176517751797<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |1723 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1825 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/poringland-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Poringland |Poringland MillHigh MillTG 2626 0268<br /><br /> |Hasumiya |18261834<br /> |'''1825''' |An rushe shi a 1906 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/poringland-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Poringland |Gabashin MillLower MillTG 2675 0200<br /><br /> |Mai laushi |182618341838<br /><br /> |1826 |1873 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/poringland-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Potter Heigham |TG 4141 1875 |Matsayi |179718261838<br /><br /> |1797 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1849 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/potter-heigham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Potter Heigham |'''Ma'adinin Potter Heigham'''<br />TG 4141 1875 |Hasumiya | |'''1849''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/potter-heigham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pulham (Market ko St Mary?) | (ma'adinai biyu) | | |Tsakanin karni na 13 |Tsakanin karni na 13 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Pulham | |Matsayi | |1861 |1879Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-market-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Kasuwar Pulham |TM 1942 8662 |Mai laushi | |1825 |An rushe 1921Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-market-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pulham St Mary |Arewacin MillTM 2080 8555<br /> | |18341837<br /> |1829 |1892Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-st-mary-north-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Pulham St Mary |Kudancin MillTM 2074 8532<br /> |Matsayi |17971837<br /> |1791 |1900Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-st-mary-south-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205203/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-st-mary-south-postmill.html |date=2016-03-03 }} | |- |Pulham St Mary |Yammacin Yammacin 2080 8555<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |1838 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/pulham-st-mary-west-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === R === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Rackheath | | | |1268 |1268 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rackheath-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ranworth |Ranworth MillTG 3608 1415<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1759 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ranworth-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Reedham |TG 4220 0205 |Hasumiya |18261834<br /> |1815 |An ƙone shi 1912Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/reedham-mill-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Reedham | |Matsayi | |1854 |c. 1920 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/reedham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Reedham |TG 4652 0496 |Hasumiya |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |An rushe 1865Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsD/reedham-berney-arms-early-drainage.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Reedham |'''Berney Arms MillHigh Mill<nowiki><br id="mwJF0"></nowiki>'''<ref name="Wailes"/><br />TG 4652 0496 |Hasumiya | |'''1865''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/WindmillsD/reedham-berney-arms-drainage.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Berney_Arms_with_sails.jpg|170x170px]] |- |Reepham |Whitwell MillTG 0920 2145<br /> | |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/reepham-whitwell-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin amfani |Repps MillTG 4310 1665<br /> |Matsayi |1797182618321838<br /><br /><br /> |1761 |An hura shi Maris 1895 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/repps-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin amfani |'''Gidan shakatawa na Morse'''<br />TG 418 179 |Injinan iska na Titt guda biyu | |2008<ref name="Morse">{{Cite web |title=Morse's Wind Engine Park – Repps with Bastwick |url=http://www.windmillworld.com/millid/2214.htm |access-date=23 May 2009 |publisher=Windmill World}}</ref> | |[[Fayil:The_Morse_windpump_collection_at_Repps_-_geograph.org.uk_-_370811.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Ringland |Ringland MillTG 1325 1400<br /> |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1770 |An rushe Maris 1859 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ringland-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ringstead |Arewa MillTF 7053 4170<br /> |Matsayi |1797182418261834<br /><br /><br /> |1780 |1859 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ringstead-northern-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ringstead |Kudancin MillTF 7056 4161<br /> |Matsayi |1797182418261834<br /><br /><br /> |1749 |An ƙaura zuwa Thornham c. 1880Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ringstead-southern-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ringstead |'''Ginin Ringstead'''<br />TF 7056 4161 |Hasumiya | |1842 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/ringstead-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Ringstead_Mill-geograph.org-1912585.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Rockland Duk Masu Tsarki | | | |1669 |1705 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rockland-all-saints-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rockland Duk Masu Tsarki |TL 9928 9717 |Hasumiya | |c. 1850 |An rushe 1920Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rockland-all-saints-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Rockland St Andrew]] |TL 9943 9670 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1890Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rockland-st-andrew-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rockland St Peter |TL 9848 9954 |Hasumiya | |c. 1820 |1926 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rockland-st-peter-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Here's_how_Mill_Farm_got_its_name_-_geograph.org.uk_-_537999.jpg|189x189px]] |- |Rollesby | | | |c. 1200 |c. 1200Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rollesby-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rougham |DekonesmyllDykunesmilne (Mill na Diakon) <br /><br /> | | |1330 |1330 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rougham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rougham |Hall Mill Kimanin 829 212<br /><br /> | | |Karni na 13 |1330 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/rougham-hall-mill-postmill.html Ginin Norfolk] | |- |Roughton |Hanyar Chapel MillTG 2183 3726<br /> |Hasumiya | |1845 |1889Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roughton-chapel-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Roughton |Mill Hill MillTG 216 392<br /> |Matsayi | |1767 |1774 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roughton-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Roughton |Routon MillTG 216 392<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1767 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1814 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roughton-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Roughton |Mill Hill MillTG 2162 3923<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1734 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roughton-early-mill-hill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Roughton |'''Roughton Mill Hill Tower Mill'''<br />TG 2162 3923 |Hasumiya |1826 |'''1814''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roughton-mill-hill-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Once_a_windmill,_now_a_residence_-_geograph.org.uk_-_509885.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Roughton | | | | |An rushe shi ta hanyar 1429Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roughton-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Roydon |Shelfhanger Road MillTM 1130 8064<br /> |Matsayi | |'''1847''' |An rushe shi c. 1911Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roydon-shelfanger-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Roydon |Tottington MillTM 1075 7962<br /> |Matsayi |178317971826<br /><br /> |1783 |An rushe shi 1883 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/roydon-tottington-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === S === {| class="wikitable" !Location !Name of mill and<br /><br />grid reference !Type !Maps !First mention<br /><br />or built !Last mention<br /><br /> or demise !Photograph |- |Saham Toney |'''Saham Toney Mill'''<br /><br />TF 918 019 |Tower | |'''1826''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/saham-toney-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Saham Toney |TF 9010 0340 |Post |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Saham Toney |Saham Hills Mill<br /><br />TF 9014 1312 |Post | |1884 |1884 | |- |Saham Toney |Ashley's Mill<br /><br />TF 9063 0410 |Tower |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Saham Toney |TF 9080 0410 |Post |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Salters Lode | |Smock |1824<br /><br />1826 |1824 |1949<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/salters-lode-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Salhouse |TG 3172 1480 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |1826 |1873<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/salhouse-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Salhouse |TG 3070 1420 |Tower | |1852 |1901<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/salhouse-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Gidan gishiri|Salthouse]] | | | |1649 |1649<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/salthouse-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Salthouse | |Smock |1826 |1825 |1890<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/salthouse-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Salthouse |TG 0768 4400 |Tower | |1841 |Destroyed by artillery 1915<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/salthouse-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Saxlingham Thorpe]] |TM 2101 9757 | | |1792 |1804<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/saxlingham-thorpe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Saxlingham Thorpe |TM 2101 9757 |Tower | |1838 |Demolished c. 1885<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/saxlingham-thorpe-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Scole |Scole Mill<br /><br />TM 1522 7911 |Tower |1826 |'''1799''' |1908, truncated by 1926<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/scole-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Scottow | | | |1282 |1282<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/scottow-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Scottow | | | |1614 |1655<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/scottow-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Scottow |Mill Common Mill<br /><br />TF 2685 2490 |Post |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1838 |1755 |Demolished June 1875<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/scottow-mill-common-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Scoulton | | | |1282 |1282<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/scoulton-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Scoulton |TL 984 996 |Tower | | | |[[Fayil:Here's_how_Mill_Farm_got_its_name_-_geograph.org.uk_-_537999.jpg|189x189px]] |- |Sculthorpe |Sculthorpe Mill |Tower |1838 |1836 |c. 1900<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sculthorpe-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Sea Palling | | | |12th century |12th century<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sea-palling-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Sea Palling | | | |1692 |1692<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sea-palling-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Sea Palling |'''Sea Palling Mill'''<br /><br />TG 4152 2670 |Tower |1826<br /><br />1838 |1792 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sea-palling-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Commuting!_-_geograph.org.uk_-_547876.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Sedgeford |TF 7255 3623 | | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sedgeford-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Sedgeford |TF 7111 3674 |Tower |1824<br /><br />1826 |1824 |Demolished 1949<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sedgeford-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Sheringham]] | | | |1573 |1590<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sheringham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Sheringham |TG 1610 4295 |Tower |1838 |1836 |1865<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sheringham-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shipdham |Market Street Mill | |1797 |1797 |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shipdham-market-st-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shipdham |Mill Road Mill | |1797<br /><br />1818<br /><br />1826 |1797 |1904<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shipdham-mill-rd-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shipdham |West End Mill |Post |1797<br /><br />1826 |1797 |1891<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shipdham-west-end-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shropham | |Smock | |'''1835''' |1911<br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011120455/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shropham-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shouldham |Fincham Mill<br /><br />TF 6942 0750 |Post |1749<br /><br />1765<br /><br />1775<br /><br />1797<br /><br />1826 |1749 |Demolished 1827<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shouldham-mill-farm-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shouldham |Shouldham Mill<br /><br />TF 6942 0750 |Tower | |'''1827''' |1896<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shouldham-mill-farm-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shouldham |Shouldham Mill<br /><br />TF 6650 0970 | |1797 |1797 |1810<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shouldham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shouldham Thorpe |Fodderston Mill<br /><br />TF 6588 0883 | |1826 |1826 |Demolished c. 1830<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shouldham-thorpe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Shouldham Thorpe |'''Fodderston Mill'''<br /><br />TF 6588 0883 |Tower | |'''1830''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/shouldham-thorpe-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Shouldham,_Fodderston_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |[[Yankin waje|Sidestrand]] |Black Mill |Smock | |1864 |Collapsed 1921<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sidestrand-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Smallburgh |'''Wayford Bridge Mill'''<br /><br />'''Dilham Dyke Mill'''<br /><br />TG 3440 2480 |Tower | |'''1847''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/smallburgh-wayford-br-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Dilham_Dyke_Drainage_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_405158.jpg|150x150px]] |- |South Creake |Beck Street Mill<br /><br />TF 8590 3560 |Post |1797<br /><br />1824 |1778 |Demolished c. 1866<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-creake-beck-st-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |South Creake |Common Mill | |1749<br /><br />1765<br /><br />1775<br /><br />1797<br /><br />1824 |1706 |1824<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-creake-common-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |South Creake |Compton Hall Mill<br /><br />TF 863 358 | | |1844 |1844<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-creake-compton-hall-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |South Creake | | | |1253 |1253<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-creake-early-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Southery | |Post | |1900<ref name="Brown" /> |1900<ref name="Brown" /> | |- |South Lopham |TM 0265 8148 | |1797<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1834 |1797 |Demolished c. 1905<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-lopham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |South Lopham |Gaol House Mill<br /><br />TM 0388 7948 |Tower |1837 |'''1830''' |Demolished c. 1925<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-lopham-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |South Runcton | | | |1302 |1302<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-runcton-postmill.htm Norfolk Mills] | |- |Southtown |High Mill<br /><br />TM 519 074 |Tower | |'''1812'''<ref name="Flint" /> |Demolished 1905<ref name="Flint" /><br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607215817/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/gt-yarmouth-southtown-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Southtown |Green Cap Mill<br /><br />TM 517 074 |Tower<ref name="Flint" /> | |c. 1815<ref name="Flint" /> |Burnt down 1898<ref name="Flint" /> | |- |Southtown |Water's mill<br /><br />TM 516 077 |Post<ref name="Flint" /> |1783 |1783 |Moved to Southwold 1798<ref name="Flint" /> | |- |Southtown |Halfway House Mill<br /><br />TM 523 055 |Tower<ref name="Flint" /> |1764 |1764 |1764 | |- |Southtown |Church Road Mill<br /><br />TM 526 047 |Tower<ref name="Flint" /> |1826<sup>*</sup> |1826 |1826 | |- |Southtown |Cliff Mill<br /><br />TM 529 035 |Tower<ref name="Flint" /> |1837 |1837 |Demolished 1887<ref name="Flint" /> | |- |South Walsham |'''South Walsham Mill''' |Post | |'''2000''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/south-walsham-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:South_Walsham_Post_Mill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |[[Sporle]] |TF 842 111 |Tower | |1836 |1881<br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011115722/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sporle-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stalham |Cooke's Mill<br /><br />TG 3763 2495 |Smock | |'''1797''' |Burnt down 6 January 1903<ref name="Wailes"/><br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stalham-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stalham |Staithe Mill<br /><br />TG 3713 2447 |Tower | |1836 |1926<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stalham-staithe-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Stalham_Staithe.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Stanhoe | |Post | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stanhoe-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stiffkey |TG 9660 4345 | |1826 |1826 |1826<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stiffkey-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stiffkey |TG 9660 4345 |Tower | |'''1836''' |1893, gone by 1934<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stiffkey-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stoke Ferry |Stoke Ferry Mill<br /><br />TF 7014 0049 | |1824 |1824 |Demolished 1860s | |- |Stoke Ferry |'''Stoke Ferry Mill'''<br /><br />TF 7014 0049 |Tower | |1860s |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stoke-ferry-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:The_old_Windmill_at_Stoke_Ferry_(geograph_4521960).jpg|200x200px]] |- |Stoke Ferry |TF 6995 0045 |''Post'' | |1758 |1861 | |- |Stokesby |'''Stokesby Mill'''<br /><br /> '''Trett's Mill'''<br /><br />TG 4295 1067 |Tower | |'''1826''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stokesby-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Stokesby_Mill-geograph.og.uk-2238058.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Stow Bedon | |Smock | |1875 |1875<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stow-bedon-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stratton St Mary |Rayner's Mill<br /><br />TM 1975 9300 |Smock | |1854 |1887<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stratton-st-mary-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stratton St Michael |Mill Farm Mill<br /><br />TM 2085 9500 |Post |1675<br /><br />1797<br /><br />1826 |1675 |1826<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stratton-st-michael-mill-farm-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stratton St Michael |TM 2071 9218 |Post |1826<br /><br />1838 |1826 |1870<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stratton-st-michael-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Stratton St Michael |'''Leeder's Mill<br /><br />Long Stratton Mills'''<br /><br />TM 2071 9209 |Tower |1826 |1826 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/stratton-st-michael-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Stratton_St_Michael,_Leeder's_Mill.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Strumpshaw | |Smock |1749 |1749 |c. 1915<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/strumpshaw-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Sutton |TG 3956 2387 |Tower |1797 |1762 |Burnt down 1861 | |- |Sutton |'''Sutton Mill'''<br /><br />TG 3956 2387 |Tower | |'''1861''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sutton-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] |[[Fayil:Sutton_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_245142.jpg|235x235px]] |- |Sutton |TG 3956 2375 | |1826 |1826 |1826<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/sutton-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Swaffham |North Pool Mill |Smock | |1836 |1895<br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20090228111206/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/swaffham-smockmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Swaffham |Kidallsmill Farm<br /><br />TF 8305 0975 |Post |1675<br /><br />1797<br /><br />1824<br /><br />1826<br /><br />1832<br /><br />1834 |1675 |Demolished 1881<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/swaffham-kidallsmill-farm-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |[[Swanton Abbot]] |TG 2679 2493 | | | |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/swanton-abbot-postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Swanton Abbot |TG 2633 2671 |Tower | |c. 1845 |1926<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/swanton-abbot-towermill.html Norfolk Mills] | |- |Swanton Morley |TG 0186 1719 |Post |1797 |1795 |Demolished 1906<br /><br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/swanton-morley%20postmill.html Norfolk Mills] | |} === T === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Terrington St Clement |Balsam Fields Mill 's MillTF 5518 1882<br /><br /> |Hasumiya | |1841 |An rushe Fabrairu 1908 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/terrington-st-clement-balsam-fields-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Terrington St Clement |Orange Farm Mill <ref name="Six" />TF 5408 1948<br /> |Hasumiya | | | | |- |Terrington St Clement |Lynn Road MillTF 5582 2013<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |- |Terrington St John | |Hasumiya | |1836 |1912Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/terrington-st-john-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tharston |TM 1845 9575 |Matsayi | |1806 |1810 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tharston-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tharston |TM 1845 9575 |Hasumiya | |1896 |1939, ya tafi a shekara ta 1945 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tharston-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thetford |Ginin Holland <ref name="Wailes"/> |''Matsayi'' | | |Ya rushe Afrilu 1818 yayin da ake motsawa.<ref name="Wailes" /> | |- |Thompson | |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |An rushe 1913Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thompson-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thornham |TF 7283 4380 |Haɗe-haɗe | |c. 1880 |An rushe Nuwamba 1930 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thornham-composite-mill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thornham |TF 7295 4262 | |1797 |1797 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thornham-composite-mill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thornham |TF 7283 4380 | |1826 |1821 |An rushe shi 1886 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thornham-composite-mill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin ƙarfi |Ma'adinin Thrigby<br />TG 4682 1207 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |c. shekara ta 1792 |An rushe 1892 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thrigby-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Rashin ƙarfi |'''Ma'adinin Thrigby'''<br />TG 4682 1207 |Matsayi | |'''1983''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thrigby-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Thrigby_Windmill.jpg|226x226px]] |- |Thurgarton |TG 1857 3575 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1779 |1950Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thurgarton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thurlton |Thurlton MillHaddiscoe MillTM 4212 9743<br /><br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1792 |1908 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thurlton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thurlton |Babban Goliath MillTM 4135 9835<br /> |Hasumiya |1826 |1806 |1937, wanda aka yanke ta 1949Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thurlton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Great_Goliath_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1510948.jpg|200x200px]] |- |Tsoro mai ƙarfi |Union MillsTG 0650 3070<br /> | |1826 |1826 |1861Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828084101/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thurning-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Thursford |TF 9874 3417 | |17971826<br /> |1782 |1851Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/thursford-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tibenham | | | |1303 |1303 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tibenham-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tibenham |TM 1287 8985 |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1794 |c. 1891 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tibenham-mill-rd-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Tilney Fen End|Ƙarshen Tilney Fen]] | |Matsayi | | |Ya rushe 22 Fabrairu 1908 <ref name="Oldham" /> | |- |Tittleshall |TF 8895 2090 |Matsayi | |'''1872''' |An rushe 1912Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tittleshall-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tivetshall St Mary |TM 1762 8571 | |16751797182618341837<br /><br /><br /><br /> |1675 |1845 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tivetshall-st-mary-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tivetshall St Margaret |TM 1653 8627 |Hasumiya | |c. 1851 |An rushe shi c. 1942Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tivetshall-st-margaret-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Toftwood |Toftwood MillTF 9882 1094<br /> | |17811826<br /> |1778 |An rushe shi c. 1928Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/toftwood-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Topcroft |TM 2654 9355 |Matsayi |1838 |1838 |1933Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/topcroft-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Topcroft_Mill-geograph.org-1789798.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Tottenhill |TF 6375 1095 |Matsayi |182418261834<br /><br /> |'''1760''' |An rushe 1961 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tottenhill-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Tunstall | |Matsayi | |1910 |1910 Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083956/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/tunstall-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |} === U === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Upper Sheringham |Sheringham MillTG 1495 4101<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |'''1575''' |c. 1922 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/upper-sheringham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Upper Sheringham |TG 1498 4103 |Matsayi |17751797<br /> |1575 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1822 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/upper-sheringham-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Upton |Upton MillTG 3967 1249<br /> |Hasumiya | |1783 |An rushe shi c. 1890Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/upton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ruwa |TF 495 020 |Matsayi |1824 |1824 |1824 | |- |Ruwa |TF 496 022 |Matsayi |1824 |1824 |1824 | |- |Ruwa |Ginin Lot's Bridge MillTL 5120 9915<br /> | |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Ruwa |'''Ginin Sander Ginin Makiyayi<br />'''<br />TF 508 033 |Hasumiya | |'''1829''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/upwell-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Upwell_Mill_(converted)_(geograph_6145951).jpg|200x200px]] |} {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Walpole St Peter |Walpole St Peter Highway Cooper's Mill TF 5155 1426<br /><br /> |Hasumiya | |'''1766'''<ref name="Oldham" /> |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/walpole-st-peter-highway-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Mill_House_and_remains_of_the_windmill_at_Ratten_Row_-_geograph.org.uk_-_283708.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Walpole St Peter |Waterdown Green MillTF 4986 1613<br /> |Matsayi | |1885<ref name="Oldham" /> |1885<ref name="Oldham" /> | |- |Watlington |Watlington Mill |Hasumiya | |1864 |1904 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/watlington-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ruwa a kusa da Tekun |Blacks Lane MillTF 8435 4400<br /> |Matsayi | |Farkon karni na 19 |An ƙaura zuwa Burnham Overy Staithe c. 1805Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wells-blacks-lane-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Ruwa a kusa da Tekun | |Hasumiya |1826 |1826 |1906 Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607215852/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wells-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |[[Westacre]] | |Matsayi | | |An rushe Yuni 1870 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/westacre-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yammacin Bradenham |TF 9230 0880 |Mai laushi |1838 |1826 |1879Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/west-bradenham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yammacin Dereham |TF 6655 0400 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |1858 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/west-dereham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yammacin Newton | |Matsayi |18241826<br /> |1824 |1875 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/west-newton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yammacin Raynham |Raynham MillTF 8708 2460<br /> |Matsayi |1797182618341838<br /><br /><br /> |1750 |An rushe shi a shekara ta 1845 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/raynham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yammacin Walton |'''Fin MillSutterby's Mill<br />'''<ref name="Oldham" /><br />TF 5025 1175 |Hasumiya |1824 |1740 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/west-walton-highway-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:West_Walton_Highway_tower_mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1225612.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Yammacin Walton |'''Ginin Ingleborough'''<ref name="Six" /><br />TF 4739 1499 |Hasumiya | |'''1824''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/west-walton-ingleborough-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:West_Walton_Ingleborough_Towermill.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Westwick |Westwick Hall |Injin iska na Titt | |'''1893'''<ref name="Major">{{Cite book|last3=Ken Major}}</ref> | | |- |Yammacin Winch |'''Yammacin Winch Mill'''<br />TF 6313 1678 |Hasumiya | |c. 1821 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/west-winch-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:West_Winch_Towermill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466840.jpg|200x200px]] |- |[[Weybourne, Norfolk|Weybourne]] |TG 1100 4335 |Matsayi | |1723 |1916Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/weybourne-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Weybourne |'''Ginin Weybourne'''<br />TG 1152 4314 |Hasumiya | |'''1850''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/weybourne-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Weybourne_mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1258675.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Karkatar da alkama |Ginin Burgh |Matsayi | |1601 |1839 Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20170223024744/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/windmills.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Whissonsett |Yankin Arewa |Matsayi | |1891 |An ƙone shi 1912Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/whissonsett-north-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Whissonsett |Kudancin Kudancin |Matsayi | |c. 1814 |An ƙone shi a shekara ta 1912 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/whissonsett-south-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wicklewood |Tsohon MillTG 0682 0257<br /> |Hasumiya | |1844 |c. 1902Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wicklewood-hackford-rd-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wicklewood |'''Wicklewood Mill'''<br />TG 0765 0265 |Hasumiya | |1845 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wicklewood-high-st-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Wicklewood_Windmill_(geograph_3064973).jpg|226x226px]] |- |Wighton |Wighton MillTF 9395 3936<br /> |Hasumiya |1797 |1786 |1939, ya tafi a shekara ta 1945 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wighton-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wighton |Tsohon MillTF 9450 3880<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Yin amfani da shi |TM 1093 8518 |Mai laushi | |'''1828''' |An rushe 1937 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/winfarthing-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yin amfani da shi |Shelfanger Road MillTM 1090 8415<br /> |Matsayi | | |An rushe shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1871. | |- |Winterton-on-Sea |Ginin Winterton |Matsayi | |c. 1700 |An hura shi a watan Afrilu 1902 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/winterton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Witton | | | |1841 |1881Mills na Norfolk<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20050428042050/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/witton-blofield-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Witton |Ridlington MillTG 3488 3231<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1763 |An rushe shi c. 1809 Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828085038/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/witton-ridlington-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Witton |Witton MillTG 3488 3231<br /> |Matsayi |1826 |c. 1809 |An rushe shi c. 1924Norfolk Mills<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828085038/http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/witton-ridlington-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Witton |TG 3130 2985 |Matsayi |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Wiveton | | | |1349 |1349 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wiveton-early-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wiveton |Wiveton MillTG 0395 4300<br /> |Matsayi |1797 |1586 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wiveton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wiveton |Kudancin MillTG 0405 4270<br /> |Matsayi |18261838<br /> |1825 |An rushe Agusta 1850 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wiveton-south-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wiveton |'''Ginin Blakeney'''<br />TG 0332 4394 |Hasumiya |1797 |'''1769''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/blakeney-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Blakeney_Tower_Windmill_5th_May_2008_(1).JPG|150x150px]] |- |Woodton |TM 291 939 |Matsayi |17971826<br /> |1797 |c. 1925, ya tafi daga 1935Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/woodton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wood Norton |TG 0150 2963 |Matsayi |1826 |'''1815''' |1833 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wood-norton-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wood Norton |TG 0150 2963 |Mai laushi | |c. 1834 |1892Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wood-norton-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mafi muni |'''Ginin da ya fi dacewa'''<br />TG 3105 2760 |Hasumiya | |c. 1850 | | |- |Mafi muni |TG 3140 2745 |Hasumiya |1797 |1797 |1797 | |- |Mafi muni |Briggate MillTG 3140 2745<br /> | | |Shekaru na 1790 |1790s Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briggate-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Mafi muni |'''Ginin Briggate'''<br />TG 310 277 |Hasumiya | |1854 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/briggate-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Windmill_on_Windmill_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_522238.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Wramplingham |TG 1090 0640 | |1797 |1773 |1797 Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wramplingham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wreningham |Wreningham MillTM 1647 9815<br /> |Matsayi |179718261834<br /><br /> |1797 |1937Mills na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wreningham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wymondham |Arewa MillTG 1082 0235<br /> |Mai laushi | |'''1858''' |An ƙone shi 17 Fabrairu 1950 Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/wymondham-north-mill-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Wymondham |'''Filin Silfield'''<br />TG 128 001 |Hasumiya | |c. 1850 |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/silfield-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Old_mill,_near_Silfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_45316.jpg|150x150px]] |- |Wymondham |TG 1075 0245 |Hasumiya | | | | |- |Wymondham |Browick MillTG 1150 0145<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |- |Wymondham |Browick MillTG 1150 0145<br /> |Mai laushi | | | | |- |Wymondham |Silfield MillTG 1165 0080<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |- |Wymondham |Norwood Common MillTG 1360 0325<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |- |Wymondham |Wymondham Common MillTG 1360 0325<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |- |Wymondham |Suton MillTM 0860 9815<br /> |Matsayi | | | | |} === Y === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake !Sunan ma'aunin ma'auni<br /> !Irin wannan !Taswirar !An gina shi na farko<br /> !Magana ta ƙarshe ko mutuwa<br /> !Hoton |- |Yaxham |TG 0132 1045 |Matsayi |1826 |'''1810''' |1904, ya tafi a shekara ta 1917Norfolk Mills<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/yaxham-postmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yaxham |TG 0250 1155 |Mai laushi | |1845 |1860 Ma'adanai na Norfolk<br />[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/yaxham-smockmill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] | |- |Yaxham |'''Yankin Yaxham'''<br />TG 0132 1045 |Hasumiya | |'''1860''' |[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/yaxham-towermill.html Gidajen Mills na Norfolk] |[[Fayil:Yaxham_Windmill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_275729.jpg|150x150px]] |} == Taswirar == * 1675 Ogilvy * 1736 John Kirby <ref name="Suffolk" /> * 1749 Emanuel Bowen * 1765 Corbridge * 1775 Bowles * 1783 Hodskinson * 1797 Faden * Binciken Ordnance na 1824 * 1826 Bryant * 1826*Bryant<ref name="Suffolk" /> * 1834 Greenwood * Binciken Ordnance na 1837 * Binciken Ordnance na 1838 Mills a '''bold''' har yanzu suna tsaye, sanannun kwanakin gini an nuna su a bold. Rubutun da ke cikin italics yana nuna cewa ba a tabbatar da bayanin ba, amma mai yiwuwa ne lamarin da aka bayyana. Mills a wuraren da aka shagaltar da su daga Suffolk a cikin 1974 an jera su a ƙarƙashin Jerin Windmills a Suffolk. == Tushen == Sai dai idan an nuna ba haka ba, tushen duk shigarwa shine shafuka daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da gidan yanar gizon Norfolk Mills da / ko ''' ''' '''<cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFApling1984">Masara Windmills na Norfolk. Norwich: The Norfolk Windmills Trust . </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFApling1984">[[ISBN]] <nowiki><bdi>0-9509793-0-9</bdi></nowiki>.&nbsp;</cite>''' Inda bayanin da aka bayar akan shigarwar Norfolk Mills ba a iya tabbatar da shi a wannan shafin ba, an bincika shi daidai ta hanyar ambaton littafin Apling. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mbxjmykwot85gez9umoxn96c9o40h5m Jerin abincin kifi 0 114417 859734 702243 2026-06-18T04:58:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859734 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan '''jerin sunaye ne na sanannun girke-girken kifi.''' A fannin dafa abinci da kuma kamun kifi, kalmar "kifi" tana haɗawa da nau’in kifaye masu ƙaho irin su molluscs, crustaceans da echinoderms. Kifi ya kasance muhimmin tushen furotin ga ɗan Adam tun tarihi da aka sani.   == Abincin kifi ==   ==== D ==== [[Fayil:Gurame_asam_pedas.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Asam sunaye sanannushirya da katuwar gourami]] * À l'amiral * Ackee and saltfish – Jamaican national dish * Acqua pazza – Italian poached white fish or broth * Agujjim – Korean spicy angler fish dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Amplang – Indonesian fish cracker snack * Arsik – Indonesian spicy fish dish * Asam pedas – Southeast Asian dish ==== B ==== [[Fayil:Baccala_alla_vicentina.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Baccalà alla vicentina abinci ne na Venetian-Italiya ɗan asalin ga Vicenza wanda aka yi daga stoccafisso (stockfish).]] [[Fayil:Baccalà_Avigliano.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Baccalà alla lucana, girke-girke na gargajiya daga Basilicata]] * Bacalaíto – Seafood dish from Puerto Rico * Bacalhau à Brás – Portuguese salt cod dish * Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá – Typical fish from Porto, Portugal * Bacalhau à Zé do Pipo – Bacalhau casserole * Bacalhau com natas – Salt cod casserole * Bacalhau com todos * Baccalà all'abruzzese – Italian dish * Baccalà alla lucana – Christmas dish of cod and red peppers from Basilicata, Italy * Baccalà alla vicentina – Traditional dish from Vicenza, Italy * Bagoong isda – Type of Philippine condimentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Bánh canh – Vietnamese soup with thick rice noodles * Bermuda fish chowder – Soup considered the national dish of Bermuda * Bombay duck – Species of fish * Bouillabaisse – Traditional Provençal fish soup * Bourdeto – Fish dish from Corfu * Brandade – Dish of cod, olive oil, and potatoes * Brathering – Traditional German dish * Brudet – Fish stew from Croatia * Burong isda – Filipino dish of pickled rice and fish ==== C ==== [[Fayil:Canhchua2.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Canh chua miya ce mai tsami ' yar asalin yankin Mekong Delta a kudancin [[Vietnam]] . Yawanci ana yin shi da kifi daga kogin Mekong da ƙarin kayan abinci.]] [[Fayil:Best_Ceviche_Ever_(Lima,_Peru).jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ana yin Ceviche ne daga ɗanyen kifin da aka warke a cikin ruwan citrus, kamar lemun tsami ko lemun tsami, kuma ana yin shi da barkono ''ají'' ko barkono.]] * Cabbie claw – Fish dish * Caldeirada – Portuguese and Galician fish stew * Caldillo de congrio – Chilean fish soup * Canh chua – Vietnamese sour soup dish * Cappon magro – Italian seafood salad * Catfish stew * Ceviche – Dish of marinated raw seafood * Chhencheda * Christmas carp – Traditional fish dish in Central Europe * Chueo-tang – Korean pond loach soup * Cioppino – Italian-American fish stew originating in San Francisco * Coulibiac – Russian pirog * Crappit heid – Traditional Scottish fish head dish * Cullen skink – Scottish smoked haddock soup ==== D ==== * Dahi machha – Traditional Odia delicacy * Daing – Dried fished from the Philippines * Dishwasher salmon – Method of cooking fish * Dojo nabe – Japanese hot pot dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Dressed herring – Soviet layered salad ==== E ==== * Encebollado – Ecuadorian fish stew * Eomandu – Fish dumplingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Escabeche – Ibero-American fish, meat or vegetable dish * Esgarrat – Valencian cod dish * Esqueixada – Catalan fish salad ==== F ==== [[Fayil:Fish_and_chips,_Edinburgh,_Scotland,_Sept._2011.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Kifi da guntu a [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]]] * Fischbrötchen – Type of sandwich made with fish * Fish and brewis – Canadian dish * Fish and chips – British fried fish and fried potato dish * Fish ball – Spherical food item made from fish * Fish boil – Culinary tradition in areas of Wisconsin * Fish chowder – Category of soupsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Fish fingers – Breaded processed fishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Fish finger sandwich – Sandwich primarily containing fish fingers * Fish head casserole – Chinese cuisine * Fish head curry – Indonesian, Malaysian and Singaporean curry dish * Fish moolie – Spicy fish and coconut dish * Fish pie – Pie with the main ingredient being fish * Fish soup – DishPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces * Fish steak – Cut of fish * Fish tacos – Mexican filled tortilla dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Fish tea * Fishcake – Fried minced or ground seafood * Fisherman's soup – Hungarian fish soup G * Ginataang isda – Filipino fish stew * Gefilte fish – Ashkenazi Jewish dish made from ground fish ==== H ==== * Herring soup * Hongeohoe – Korean fermented fish dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Huachinango a la Veracruzana – Classic fish dish from Veracruz, Mexico ==== I ==== [[Fayil:Goreng_ikan_merah_Palopo.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Ikan goreng kalma ce ta asali wacce ke nufin nau'ikan jita-jita na Indonesia da Malaysia na soyayyen kifi ko wasu nau'ikan abincin teku .]] * Ikan bakar – Indonesian and Malay grilled fish * Ikan goreng – Indonesian and Malaysian fried fish * Inun-unan – Filipino cooking processPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets ==== J ==== * Janssons frestelse – Swedish potato casserolePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets ==== K ==== * Kaeng som – Fish curry dish * Kakavia – Fish group from Greece * Kalakukko – Finnish savoury pie * Kedgeree – Fish and rice-based dish * Kibbeling – Dutch seafood snack, consisting of chunks of deep-fried cod * Kinilaw – Filipino seafood dish * Kokotxas – Fish stew from the Basque region * Kuai – Chinese food dish ==== L ==== [[Fayil:Lohikeitto.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Lohikeitto abinci ne na kowa a [[Finland]] da sauran ƙasashen Nordic waɗanda suka ƙunshi fillet ɗin kifi, dafaffen dankali da [[Albasa mai kara|leek]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Beatrice Ojakangas}}</ref>]] * Laulau – Traditional Polynesian dish of cooked taro leaves and stemsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Lavangi (food) * Linagpang – Filipino cooking process * Linarang – Filipino cuisine * Lohikeitto – Nordic salmon and potato dish with carrots and leeks * Loimulohi – Finnish fish dish * Lumpiang isda – Chinese Indonesian and Filipino spring rollPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Lutefisk – Nordic dried fish dish ==== M ==== [[Fayil:MACHHA_HALADI.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Machher jhol a cikin salon Odia na gargajiya ne na Bengali da Odia stew kifi mai yaji.]] [[Fayil:BIHANA_TARKARI.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Maachha Bihana shine kifi kwai curry a cikin salon oriya.]] ==== N ==== * Nanbanzuke – Japanese fish dish ==== O ==== * Odorigui – Consumption of live, moving seafood in Japanese cuisine * Otak-otak – Indonesian traditional fish cake ==== P ==== [[Fayil:Anguille_au_vert_P1320209.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Paling in 't groen abinci ne na yanki na Flemish, galibi daga yankin kusa da Kogin Scheldt tsakanin Dendermonde da [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] . Sunan harshen Holland (a zahiri 'eel a cikin kore') yana nufin ruwan 'ya'yan itace a cikin koren miya. <ref name="Wijzers">[http://www.wijzers.be/2007/06/paling-in-t-groen-een-klassieker-uit-de-scheldestreek/ Paling in 't groen, een klassieker uit de Scheldestreek!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512065123/http://www.wijzers.be/2007/06/paling-in-t-groen-een-klassieker-uit-de-scheldestreek/ |date=2011-05-12 }} {{In lang|nl}}, Wijzer(s).be (Retrieved 29 June 2011)</ref>]] * Paksiw na isda – Filipino cooking processPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Paling in 't groen – Belgian dish * Panta bhat – Rice-based dish originating in Bangladesh * Paprykarz szczeciński * Pastéis de Bacalhau – Traditional Portuguese codfish dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Pastilla – North African pie made from meat and layered pastry dough * Patra ni machhi – Indian dish * Pempek – Indonesian dish made of fish and tapioca * Pepes – Indonesian traditional banana leaf dish * Piaparan – Filipino dish * Pickled herring – Traditional way of preserving herring * Pinangat na isda – Filipino dish from Southern Luzon * Pindang – Indonesian cooking method * Pira caldo – Paraguayan fish soupPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Poke – Hawaiian raw fish dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Pompano en Papillote – Food baked in a parchment paper or foil pouchPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Portuguese asado * Psarosoupa * Pudpod – Fish dish eaten by the Waray people ==== Q ==== * Quenelle – Mixture of creamed fish or meat with a light egg binding, formed into an egg-like shape ==== R ==== * Rakfisk – Norwegian fermented fish dish made from trout or char * Rollmops – Pickled herring fillets * Run down – Stew dish ==== S ==== [[Fayil:Fried_Swordfish_collar.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Soyayyen abin wuyan takobi mai zurfi tare da kwakwalwan kwamfuta da coleslaw]] * Salad Niçoise – French salad with anchovies or tunaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Sabzi polo – Iranian rice and herb dish * Sambal stingray – Seafood dish * Saramură * Sarsiado – Filipino fish dish with tomatoes and eggs * Sata – Malaysian dish * Sate Bandeng – Indonesian grilled milkfish dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Sayadieh – Fish and rice dish from Egypt * Scapece alla vastese – Italian dish * Seafood birdsnest – Chinese cuisine dish * Shark chutney – Seychellois dish * Sinanglay – Filipino dish * Sinigang na isda – Filipino sour soupPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Sliced fish soup – Singaporean soup * Sole meunière – French fish dish * Sorshe Ilish – Bengali fish dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Stamp and Go * Stargazy pie – Cornish dish made of baked fish * Steckerlfisch – Fish grilled on a stick * Stroganina – Siberian dish of sliced raw fish * Sungeoguk – Korean soup dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Sushi – Japanese dish of vinegared rice and seafood ==== T ==== [[Fayil:Tekwan.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Tekwan miyar kifi ce ta Palembang, [[Indonesiya]], wadda aka shirya da kek .]] * Tekwan – Indonesian fish soup dish * Thieboudienne – Traditional dish from Senegal * Tinapa – Filipino smoked fish * Tiradito – Peruvian dish of raw fish * Topote – Local dish of Veracruz, Mexico * Tsukune – Japanese chicken meatball * Tom yam – Thai soupPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Tuna casserole – American casserole dish * Tuna melt – Type of hot sandwich containing cheesePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets * Tuna salad – Fish salad with mayonnaise sauce * Tuna sandwich – Type of sandwichPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets ==== U ==== [[Fayil:Uha_013.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ukha miya ce mai tsabta ta Rasha, an yi shi da nau'ikan kifi iri-iri kamar bream, wels catfish, ko ruffe .]] * Ukha – Russian soup made of fish ==== W ==== * Waterzooi – Traditional Belgian stew ==== Y ==== * Yassa – Senegalese spicy marinated poultry or fish dish * Yin Yang fish – Taiwanese fish dish === Lissafi ta hanyar sashi === <gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="200px"> Fayil:Aringa-marinato.jpg|alt=Pickled herring with onions| Pickled herring da albasa Fayil:Zakouskis_aux_sprats.JPG|alt=Canapés with smoked sprats, a common Russian zakuska| Canapés tare da kyafaffen sprat, na kowa na Rasha zakuska Fayil:Gefilte_fish_-_step_20_(Anschnitt_3).JPG|alt=Gefilte fish| Gefilte kifi Fayil:Fried_Rohu_in_Bangladesh.jpg|alt=Fried rui served in Dhaka, Bangladesh| Fried rui yayi aiki a [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh Fayil:Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg|alt=Sorshe Ilish, a dish of smoked ilish with mustard-seed paste, has been an important part of both Bangladeshi and Bengali cuisine.| Sorshe Ilish, tasa na ilish kyafaffen tare da manna iri-mastad, ya kasance wani muhimmin sashi na duka abinci na Bangladesh da na Bengali. </gallery> [[Fayil:Balik_Lachsräucherei,_Lachshälften_in_der_Räucherkammer_01.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Salmon mai kyafaffen rabi a cikin gidan hayaki na salmon]] [[Fayil:Tuna_fish_sandwiches_for_the_National_School_Lunch_Program_(1).jpg|thumb|252x252px|Tuna kifi sandwiches]] * Cakalang fufu – Indonesian skipjack tuna dish * Garudiya – Maldivian fish broth * Gulha – Tuna and coconut dumplings * Maldives fish – Cured tuna traditionally produced in Maldives * Mas huni – Maldivian dish * Mas riha * Mie cakalang – Indonesian skipjack tuna noodle * Rihaakuru – Fish-based sauce * Tekkadon – Japanese rice dish topped with tuna sashimi * Tuna casserole – American casserole dish * Tuna fish sandwich – Type of sandwich * Tuna pot – Fish and potato stew * Tuna salad – Fish salad with mayonnaise sauce  == Manazarta == mton7n4r6pu42x0tkx9n1xhfsvbdmbt Madahil 0 115032 859566 706558 2026-06-17T19:32:28Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 859566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madahil''' ( Arabic ) ƙauyen [[Larabawa|larabawan]] [[Falasdinawa|Falasɗinawa]] ne a yankin Sabad. An samu raguwar yawan jama'a a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na shekarar 1947-1948 a Falasdinu Tilas a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1948, ta Battalion na Farko na Operation Yiftach na Palmach. An located 30km arewa maso gabas da Safad a wani fili dake gefen arewa maso gabas na filin al-Hula, kimanin 1km gabas Wadi Banyas. == Tarihi == Madahil yana kudu ne kusa da wani ƙaramin tudu mai suna Tall al-Turmus, wanda ya ba da shaidar sasantawa tun ƙarni na huɗu BC A ƙidayar jama'ar Palasdinu a shekarar 1931 yawan mutanen Madahil ya kai 100, dukkansu musulmi, a cikin gidaje 17. A lokacin yaƙin shekarar 1948, gudun hijirar ya faru ne kafin harin da 'yan sahayoniya suka kai wa Sahad a ranar 10 zuwa 11 ga Mayu. A cewar Morris, bisa tushen Haganah mazauna ƙauyen na fargabar ramuwar gayya ko kuma suna tsoron a kama su a cikin wuta bayan an kai wa al'ummomin Yahudawa hari. Don haka mutanen garin Madahil (tare da na Khiyam al-Walid, Al-Hamra', Ghuraba, da Al-Muftakhira ) suka gudu. Duk da haka ƙwararren ɗan tarihin Amurka Rosemarie Esber ya ba da dalilin raguwar yawan jama'a "Hari ko ta'addanci a ƙauyen da ke makwabtaka da al'umma" da "Tsoron harin da ke gabatowa, ko faɗuwar gari ko ƙauye." Matsugunan Isra'ila na Kefar Szold, wanda aka kafa a 1942, yana 1.5km kudu maso gabas na ƙauyen, amma ba akan ƙasar ƙauyen ba. <ref name="khalidi470" /> Masanin tarihin Falasdinawa [[Walid Khalidi]] ya bayyana ƙauyen a shekara ta 1992 cewa: "Babu wata alama ta wasu gine-ginen kauyuka. Wurin yana cike da ciyawa, da rake, da kuma ciyayi. An noma filin da ke kewayen ne ta hanyar mazauna Kefar Szold." == Manazarta == {{Reflist|25em}} === Littafi Mai Tsarki ===   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Madahil/index.html Barka da zuwa Madahil] * [https://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49256 Madahil], Zochrot * [http://www.villagesofpalestine.com/Madahil.htm Madahil], Dr. Khalil Rizk. * [http://www.alnakba.org/villages/safad/madahil.htm Madahil] dake Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center 92crpspaiiz0dgkdo4wh7yqh6ixo7zt Jason Fung 0 118971 859726 727042 2026-06-18T02:27:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jason Fung''' (an haife shi a cikin 1973) [[Nephrology|ɗan asalin]] ƙasar Kanada ne kuma mai ba da shawara [[Low-carbohydrate diet|kan rage cin abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate]] wanda ke haɓaka [[Intermittent fasting|tsaka-tsaki]] da tsawaita [[azumi]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Fung ya kammala karatun digirinsa na likitanci daga Jami'ar Toronto kuma ya kammala zama da haɗin gwiwa a fannin ilimin nephrology a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Dr. Jason Fung, MD |url=https://www.dietdoctor.com/authors/dr-jason-fung-m-d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307205420/https://www.dietdoctor.com/authors/dr-jason-fung-m-d |archive-date=March 7, 2025 |website=Diet Doctor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Science Focus Magazine - Dr Jason Fung |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/author/dr-jason-fung |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.sciencefocus.com |language=en}}</ref> Fung marubucin littafai ne da ke ba da shawarar yin azumi da rage cin abinci mai yawan mai. <ref name="Scibilia 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Scibilia |first=Renza |date=2019 |title=The Diabetes Code: Prevent and Reverse Type 2 Diabetes Naturally |journal=Clinical Diabetes |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=302–303 |doi=10.2337/cd19-0025 |pmc=6640893 |pmid=31371867}}</ref> <ref name="Ward 2024">{{Cite web |last=Ward, Shaun |date=2024 |title=The Diabetes Code: Prevent and Reverse Type 2 Diabetes Naturally |url=https://www.redpenreviews.org/reviews/the-diabetes-code/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120042721/https://www.redpenreviews.org/reviews/the-diabetes-code/ |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |website=Red Pen Reviews |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Bowyer |first=Jerry |title=Is Fasting The Cure For Bloated Healthcare Costs? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jerrybowyer/2017/01/02/is-fasting-the-cure-for-bloated-health-care-costs/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> Littafinsa na farko, ''Cikakken Jagoran Azumi'' tare da Jimmy Moore ya buga shi a cikin 2016 kuma ya ba da haske ga dukkan al'amuran al'adun azumi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Complete Guide To Fasting: Heal Your Body Through Intermittent, Alternate-day, And Extended Fasting |url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/complete-guide-to-fasting-heal/9781628600018-item.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210184521/https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/complete-guide-to-fasting-heal/9781628600018-item.html |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |website=indigo.ca}}</ref> ''The Obesity Code'' da ''The Diabetes Code'' aka daga baya aka buga a 2016 da 2018. <ref name="Yoder 2019">{{Cite web |last=Yoder |first=Seth |date=2019 |title=The Obesity Code: Unlocking the Secrets of Weight Loss |url=https://www.redpenreviews.org/reviews/the-obesity-code-unlocking-the-secrets-of-weight-loss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024210329/https://www.redpenreviews.org/reviews/the-obesity-code-unlocking-the-secrets-of-weight-loss/ |archive-date=October 24, 2022 |website=Red Pen Reviews |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scherger, Joseph E. |year=2019 |title=The Diabetes Code |journal=Fam Med |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=286–287 |doi=10.22454/FamMed.2019.998853 |s2cid=76663782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Littafinsa ''The Obesity Code Cookbook'' da aka buga a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International: 30 bestselling books for the week of Dec. 21 |url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/books/international-30-bestselling-books-for-the-week-of-dec-21 |website=vancouversun}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Fung co-authored tare da naturopath Nadia Brito Pateguana ''The PCOS ta hanyar naturopath Nadia Brito Pateguanavent ta hanyar PCOS da kuma Predrostic Plany. Azumi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The PCOS Plan: Prevent and Reverse Polycystic Ovary Syndrome through Diet and Fasting |url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/the-pcos-plan-prevent-and/9781771644600-item.html |website=indigo.ca |access-date=2025-10-25 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005082034/https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/the-pcos-plan-prevent-and/9781771644600-item.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littafinsa ''The Cancer Code'', wanda aka buga a cikin 2020 yana ba da shawarar yin azumi na tsaka-tsaki da ƙarancin abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate don rage haɗarin cutar kansa. A cikin 2021, Fung ya haɗu da ''littafin Cookbook Code Code Diabetes'' tare da Alison Maclean. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Diabetes Code Cookbook |url=https://greystonebooks.com/products/the-diabetes-code-cookbook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213084326/https://greystonebooks.com/products/the-diabetes-code-cookbook |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Greystone Books |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fung ya ba da shawarar cewa "babu laifi" a cikin azumin har zuwa wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2016 |title=One Month Without Food |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/11/one-month-without-food/508220/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Fung shine darektan kungiyar mai zaman kanta Haɗin gwiwar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Jason Fung, MD |url=https://www.ifm.org/about/profile/jason-fung-md/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230130/https://www.ifm.org/about/profile/jason-fung-md/ |archive-date=September 17, 2024 |website=The Institute for Functional Medicine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne kan aikin likitanci . <ref name="auto4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 325xwixwbbz0en2cbbki0hnzav24cng Iman Barlow 0 119153 859402 742938 2026-06-17T14:20:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iman Barlow''' (an Haife shi 14 Afrilu 1993) ƙwararriyar ƙwararren [[Kickboxing|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ce [[English people|ta Ingilishi]] kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar [[Muay Thai]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An interview with Iman Barlow: "I want to be remembered as the greatest" |url=https://www.meltontimes.co.uk/sport/more-sport/an-interview-with-iman-barlow-i-want-to-be-remembered-as-the-greatest-1-8019044 |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher= |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041438/https://www.meltontimes.co.uk/sport/more-sport/an-interview-with-iman-barlow-i-want-to-be-remembered-as-the-greatest-1-8019044 |url-status=dead }}</ref> my ce tsohon lokaci biyu Enfusion 54&nbsp;kg Zakaran Duniya tare da kariyar kambu shida masu nasara, tsohon zakaran WRSA na duniya, tsohon zakaran Fight Super Bantamweight., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Champions |url=https://lionfight.com/fighters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706092009/https://lionfight.com/fighters |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=lionfight.com}}</ref> da kuma tsohon zakaran na WPMF World Bantamweight. Ta yi yaƙi da Sofia Olofsson don taken Majalisar Muaythai ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Muaythai Council » Iman Barlow vs. Sofia Olofsson, Who is the best bantam weight female fighter in the world? |url=http://www.wmcmuaythai.org/2017/11/20/iman-barlow-vs-sofia-olofsson-who-is-the-best-bantam-weight-female-fighter-in-the-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023083152/http://www.wmcmuaythai.org/2017/11/20/iman-barlow-vs-sofia-olofsson-who-is-the-best-bantam-weight-female-fighter-in-the-world |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=www.wmcmuaythai.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Muaythai Council » Sofia Olofsson Successfully Defends her WMC World Title |url=http://www.wmcmuaythai.org/2017/11/27/sofia-olofsson-successfully-defends-her-wmc-world-title |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811063254/http://www.wmcmuaythai.org/2017/11/27/sofia-olofsson-successfully-defends-her-wmc-world-title |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=www.wmcmuaythai.org}}</ref> A cikin Mayu 2020, Combat Press ta sanya mata mayaki na #3 a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: May 2020 |url=https://combatpress.com/2020/04/combat-press-kickboxing-rankings-may-2020/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=combatpress.com}}</ref> yayin da WBC Muaythai ta ba ta #3 Super Bantamweight a duniya a cikin Afrilu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WBC Female Rankings April 2020 |url=http://www.wbcmuaythai.com/rankings_female.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325110243/http://www.wbcmuaythai.com/rankings_female.php |archive-date=25 March 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=wbcmuaythai.com}}</ref> A cikin 2013 farkawa Fighters sun zabe ta Gwarzon Shekara, Inspirational Fighter of the Year da kuma ba ta Gwarzon Shekara (vs. Filipa Correia). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iman Barlow |url=https://www.awakeningfighters.com/athletes/iman-barlow/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=awakeningfighters.com }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2019 WBC Muaythai ta zabe ta a matsayin Gwarzon Jarumar Mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muay Thai Grand Prix Australia |url=https://upload.latest.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=522810101682804&id=203716070258877 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=facebook.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] kesva3hv0w5lsl72uh6w4vq4uwsaw2j The Wall Street Boy 0 122422 859937 857287 2026-06-18T11:21:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339564017|The Wall Street Boy]]" 859937 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Yaron Wall Street |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Harshen Nandi–Markweta|Kalenjin]] | class="infobox-data" |''Kipkemboi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Charles Uwagbai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Joel Richardson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Jennifer JonasLeonard Farlinger<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Thamela Mpumlwana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Rudolf Blahacek |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Irmiya Munce |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Amin Bhatia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Sabbin Fim na Gaskiya<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Ayyukan ArtMattan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Nuwamba 8, 2023 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-11-08</span>)&nbsp;</span> ([[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]]) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |KenyaCanada<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} '''''The Wall Street Boy''''' (Kalenjin: Kipkemboi) is a Kenyan-Canadian thriller drama film, directed by [[Charles Uwagbai]] and released in 2023. The film stars Thamela Mpumlwana as Kipkemboi, a young mathematical genius from rural [[Kenya]] who is forced to give up a scholarship to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to stay with his family after his father dies, and then develops a computer algorithm that allows him to play the stock market and enrich his family and community. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a matsayin tallafi. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka a watan Nuwamba na 2023, kafin ya shiga cikin fitowar kasuwanci a 2024. == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Ranar bikin ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Mai karɓa ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] | rowspan="7" |2024 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Elsie Abang| {{Won}} | |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje]] || {{Nom}} | rowspan="6" | |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Cinematography]] |Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]] |J.L. Munce| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Kyakkyawan Tsarin samarwa]] |Joel Richardson| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Sauti Mafi Kyawu]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani]] || {{Nom}} |- |Daraktoci Guild na Kanada |2024 |Mafi kyawun Tsarin Fim, Fim mai Ƙayyadadden |Joel Richardson| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Hoton NAACP |2025 |Hoton Motsa Labarai na Duniya || {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Fim ta Kanada |2025 |Mafi kyawun asali na asali |Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|27047366}} * [https://www.africanfilm.com/blogs/artmattan-films-virtual-cinema/the-wall-street-boy-kipkemboi AfricanFilm.com] * [https://vimeo.com/1150724856?share=copy&fl=sv&fe=ci Vimeo.com] nv8aspk0e9v4o31w7c72z1mtgglteg6 859938 859937 2026-06-18T11:22:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Yaron Wall Street |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Harshen Nandi–Markweta|Kalenjin]] | class="infobox-data" |''Kipkemboi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Charles Uwagbai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Joel Richardson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Jennifer JonasLeonard Farlinger<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Thamela Mpumlwana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Rudolf Blahacek |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Irmiya Munce |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Amin Bhatia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Sabbin Fim na Gaskiya<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Ayyukan ArtMattan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Nuwamba 8, 2023 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-11-08</span>)&nbsp;</span> ([[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]]) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |KenyaCanada<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} '''''The Wall Street Boy''''' (Kalenjin: Kipkemboi) is a Kenyan-Canadian thriller drama film, directed by [[Charles Uwagbai]] and released in 2023. The film stars Thamela Mpumlwana as Kipkemboi, a young mathematical genius from rural [[Kenya]] who is forced to give up a scholarship to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to stay with his family after his father dies, and then develops a computer algorithm that allows him to play the stock market and enrich his family and community. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a matsayin tallafi. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka a watan Nuwamba na 2023, kafin ya shiga cikin fitowar kasuwanci a 2024. == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Ranar bikin ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Mai karɓa ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] | rowspan="7" |2024 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Elsie Abang| {{Won}} | |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje]] || {{Nom}} | rowspan="6" | |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Cinematography]] |Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]] |J.L. Munce| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Kyakkyawan Tsarin samarwa]] |Joel Richardson| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Sauti Mafi Kyawu]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani]] || {{Nom}} |- |Daraktoci Guild na Kanada |2024 |Mafi kyawun Tsarin Fim, Fim mai Ƙayyadadden |Joel Richardson| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Hoton NAACP |2025 |Hoton Motsa Labarai na Duniya || {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Fim ta Kanada |2025 |Mafi kyawun asali na asali |Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|27047366}} * [https://www.africanfilm.com/blogs/artmattan-films-virtual-cinema/the-wall-street-boy-kipkemboi AfricanFilm.com] * [https://vimeo.com/1150724856?share=copy&fl=sv&fe=ci Vimeo.com] jvbwkiy30mscmyhgbjceuilz8uiqxvf 859939 859938 2026-06-18T11:25:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Yaron Wall Street |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Harshen Nandi–Markweta|Kalenjin]] | class="infobox-data" |''Kipkemboi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Charles Uwagbai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Joel Richardson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Jennifer JonasLeonard Farlinger<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Thamela Mpumlwana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Rudolf Blahacek |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Irmiya Munce |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Amin Bhatia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Sabbin Fim na Gaskiya<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Ayyukan ArtMattan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Nuwamba 8, 2023 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-11-08</span>)&nbsp;</span> ([[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]]) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |KenyaCanada<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} '''''The Wall Street Boy''''' (Kalenjin: Kipkemboi) is a Kenyan-Canadian thriller drama film, directed by [[Charles Uwagbai]] and released in 2023. The film stars Thamela Mpumlwana as Kipkemboi, a young mathematical genius from rural [[Kenya]] who is forced to give up a scholarship to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to stay with his family after his father dies, and then develops a computer algorithm that allows him to play the stock market and enrich his family and community. Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a matsayin tallafi. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka a watan Nuwamba na 2023, kafin ya shiga cikin fitowar kasuwanci a 2024.<ref>https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/pan-african-film-festival-kipkemboi-and-a-double-life/</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Ranar bikin ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Mai karɓa ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] | rowspan="7" |2024 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Elsie Abang| {{Won}} | |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje]] || {{Nom}} | rowspan="6" | |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Cinematography]] |Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]] |J.L. Munce| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Kyakkyawan Tsarin samarwa]] |Joel Richardson| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Sauti Mafi Kyawu]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani]] || {{Nom}} |- |Daraktoci Guild na Kanada |2024 |Mafi kyawun Tsarin Fim, Fim mai Ƙayyadadden |Joel Richardson| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Hoton NAACP |2025 |Hoton Motsa Labarai na Duniya || {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Fim ta Kanada |2025 |Mafi kyawun asali na asali |Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}} | |} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|27047366}} * [https://www.africanfilm.com/blogs/artmattan-films-virtual-cinema/the-wall-street-boy-kipkemboi AfricanFilm.com] * [https://vimeo.com/1150724856?share=copy&fl=sv&fe=ci Vimeo.com] == Manazarta == 7sgobm4izh35no2qitmvu9p591jcnrv 859940 859939 2026-06-18T11:27:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Yaron Wall Street |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Harshen Nandi–Markweta|Kalenjin]] | class="infobox-data" |''Kipkemboi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Charles Uwagbai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Joel Richardson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Jennifer JonasLeonard Farlinger<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Thamela Mpumlwana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Rudolf Blahacek |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Irmiya Munce |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Amin Bhatia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Sabbin Fim na Gaskiya<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Ayyukan ArtMattan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Nuwamba 8, 2023 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-11-08</span>)&nbsp;</span> ([[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]]) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |KenyaCanada<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} '''''The Wall Street Boy''''' (Kalenjin: Kipkemboi) is a Kenyan-Canadian thriller drama film, directed by [[Charles Uwagbai]] and released in 2023. The film stars Thamela Mpumlwana as Kipkemboi, a young mathematical genius from rural [[Kenya]] who is forced to give up a scholarship to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to stay with his family after his father dies, and then develops a computer algorithm that allows him to play the stock market and enrich his family and community.<ref>https://www.chelseanewsny.com/city-arts/wall-street-boy-a-financial-espionage-thriller-set-in-a-dusty-kenyan-village-AJ3975406</ref> Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a matsayin tallafi.<ref>https://filmthreat.com/reviews/the-wall-street-boy-kipkemboi/</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka a watan Nuwamba na 2023, kafin ya shiga cikin fitowar kasuwanci a 2024.<ref>https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/pan-african-film-festival-kipkemboi-and-a-double-life/</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Ranar bikin ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Mai karɓa ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] | rowspan="7" |2024 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Elsie Abang| {{Won}} | |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje]] || {{Nom}} | rowspan="6" | |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Cinematography]] |Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]] |J.L. Munce| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Kyakkyawan Tsarin samarwa]] |Joel Richardson| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Sauti Mafi Kyawu]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani]] || {{Nom}} |- |Daraktoci Guild na Kanada |2024 |Mafi kyawun Tsarin Fim, Fim mai Ƙayyadadden |Joel Richardson| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Hoton NAACP |2025 |Hoton Motsa Labarai na Duniya || {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Fim ta Kanada |2025 |Mafi kyawun asali na asali |Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}} | |} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|27047366}} * [https://www.africanfilm.com/blogs/artmattan-films-virtual-cinema/the-wall-street-boy-kipkemboi AfricanFilm.com] * [https://vimeo.com/1150724856?share=copy&fl=sv&fe=ci Vimeo.com] == Manazarta == 485i0hgzod6oi3cljyibrb4sl2rkgc0 Inc. (mujallar) 0 124277 859417 750856 2026-06-17T14:43:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Inc.''''' kamfani ne na kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka wanda aka kafa a 1979 kuma yana zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Market for Entrepreneurship Faculty, 1989–1998 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4967889 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Inc. tana buga batutuwan mujallu da yawa a kowace shekara, kuma ana ɗaure shi ta hanyar abubuwan jarida a kan layi da kuma kafofin sada zumunta, yana mai da hankali kan kasuwanci da labarai masu alaƙa. Inc. kuma tana samar da abubuwan da suka faru na kai tsaye da na kama-da-wane a kowace shekara, gami da taron Inc. 5000 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2019 |title=How Fast Company and Inc. became more than magazine titles |url=https://mediamakersmeet.com/how-fast-company-and-inc-became-more-than-magazine-titles/ |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=Media Makers Meet {{!}} What's new in media |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180150/https://mediamakersmeet.com/how-fast-company-and-inc-became-more-than-magazine-titles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> mallakar Mansueto Ventures, ''Inc.'' an fi saninsa da matsayi na shekara-shekara na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu saurin girma a Amurka, wanda ake kira "Inc. 5000" da kuma Kyaututtuka mafi kyau a Kasuwanci, Mata Masu Kafa, da Kyaututtaka mafi kyau.<ref name="Delbridge-2019">{{Cite web |last=Delbridge |first=Emily |date=November 21, 2019 |title=The 8 Best Business Magazines of 2020 |url=https://www.thebalancesmb.com/best-business-magazines-4176680 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414070005/https://www.thebalancesmb.com/best-business-magazines-4176680 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2020 |website=The Balance Small Business |publisher=Dotdash |at=Best for Startups: Inc.}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun === ''Inc.'' an ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin mujallar kasuwanci ta Amurka a [[Boston]] ta Bernie Goldhirsh, yana mai da hankali kan kamfanoni masu girma, farawa, da kasuwanci. Fim dinta na farko ya fito ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1979. Mujallar ta kasance hedkwatar a bakin tekun Boston a kan Indiya Wharf, ta koma NYC a farkon 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Market for Entrepreneurship Faculty, 1989–1998 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4967889 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Goldhirsh injiniya ne mai horar da MIT wanda a baya ya kafa mujallar Sail, wanda ya sayar da dala miliyan 10 a shekarar 1980.<ref name="Delbridge-2019"/> Paul W. Kellam, wanda ya shiga kamfanin Goldhirsh a matsayin editan Marine Business, yana daya daga cikin editocin farko na Inc.<ref name="Los Angeles Times-2007">{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2007 |title=Do the Right Thing – Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/features/magazine/west/la-tm-goldhirsh30jul23,0,3430054.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313042751/http://www.latimes.com/features/magazine/west/la-tm-goldhirsh30jul23,0,3430054.story |archive-date=March 13, 2007 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Goldhirsh ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙarancin bayani, kuma George Gendron, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban edita daga 1980 zuwa 2002, an dauke shi "fuskar jama'a" na mujallar. Daga baya John Koten da Jane Berentson suka gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moses |first=Lucia |date=2012-04-06 |title=Editor Out at 'Inc.' |url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/editor-out-inc-139427/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Shekaru na 2010-2020 === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an nada Eric Schurenberg a matsayin Shugaba kasa da kuma babban edita na ''''Inc.'''', <ref name="Observer-2014">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2014 |title=Inc. Turns 35 Under Editor Jim Ledbetter |url=https://observer.com/2014/10/inc-ledbetter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.is/EhV49 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya maye gurbin Jane Berentson mai tsawo. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, an nada Schurenberg a matsayin Shugaba na Mansueto Ventures, kuma an kara Jim Ledbetter zuwa babban edita na Inc.<ref name="Boston Business Forward-2002">{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2002 |title=Boston Business Forward – August 2001 – Reversal of Misfortune |url=http://www.bizforward.com/bos/issues/2001-08/reversal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020310085211/http://www.bizforward.com/bos/issues/2001-08/reversal/ |archive-date=March 10, 2002 |access-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref> Daga baya Scott Omelianuk da Mike Hofman suka gaje Ledbetter, wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin babban edita. Inc. Uncensored podcast ya lashe 2016 da 2017 Best of the Web Awards for Best Podcast, tare da 2018 Folio: Eddie & Ozzie Award girmamawa.<ref name="Vizbarienė">{{Cite web |last=Vizbarienė |first=Rūta |title="Inc. 5000 Europe 2017" reitinge – dešimtys Lietuvos įmonių |url=https://www.vz.lt/prekyba/2017/02/24/inc-5000-europe-2017-reitinge--desimtys-lietuvos-imoniu |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=[[Verslo žinios]] |language=lt}}</ref> == Ayyuka == ''Inc.'' wata 'yar'uwa ce ga Fast Company, dukansu an buga su a ƙarƙashin Mansueto Ventures, mallakar Joe Mansueto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Market for Entrepreneurship Faculty, 1989–1998 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4967889 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Stephanie Mehta a halin yanzu ita ce Shugaba na Mansueto Ventures, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2019 |title=How Fast Company and Inc. became more than magazine titles |url=https://mediamakersmeet.com/how-fast-company-and-inc-became-more-than-magazine-titles/ |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=Media Makers Meet {{!}} What's new in media |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180150/https://mediamakersmeet.com/how-fast-company-and-inc-became-more-than-magazine-titles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda yanzu yake da hedkwata a Birnin New York 7 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya 7.<ref name="Observer-2014"/> == Inc. 5000 == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1979, fitowar farko ta Inc. ta nuna 'Inc. 100', jerin sunayen ƙananan kamfanoni masu saurin girma. A shekara ta 1982, wannan jerin sun fadada zuwa 'Inc. 500', kamfanoni masu daraja bisa ga ci gaban kudaden shiga gaba ɗaya a cikin shekaru uku. Manyan kamfanoni 500 suna nunawa a cikin fitowar Satumba na mujallar Inc. a kowace shekara, suna nuna ci gaban su da nasarorin da suka samu a bangaren masu zaman kansu na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Market for Entrepreneurship Faculty, 1989–1998 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4967889 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2019 |title=How Fast Company and Inc. became more than magazine titles |url=https://mediamakersmeet.com/how-fast-company-and-inc-became-more-than-magazine-titles/ |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=Media Makers Meet {{!}} What's new in media |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180150/https://mediamakersmeet.com/how-fast-company-and-inc-became-more-than-magazine-titles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Market for Entrepreneurship Faculty, 1989–1998 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4967889 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> An fara gabatar da Inc. 5000 a cikin 2007, yana fadada Inc. 500. Ya lissafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu 5,000 da ke ci gaba da sauri a Amurka. Wannan jerin sunayen waɗannan kamfanoni bisa ga yawan kuɗin shiga. Ya rarraba kamfanoni masu saurin girma ta masana'antu, yankin metro, kudaden shiga, da yawan ma'aikata.<ref name="Observer-2014"/> == Manazarta == cc9z7a6jsmumtypfyvaqhd6cjy70yfe Jerin hotuna na tashin hankali na cikin gida 0 124515 859741 814058 2026-06-18T06:06:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Nationwide |1800 RESPECT |[https://www.1800respect.org.au/ website] |- !New South Wales |Domestic Violence NSW |[https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/domestic-violence website] |- !Victoria |Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria |[http://www.dvrcv.org.au/ website] |- !Queensland |Domestic Violence Hotline Queensland |[http://www.dvconnect.org website] |- !South Australia |Domestic Violence Crisis Service |[https://officeforwomen.sa.gov.au/womens-information-service/find-information-online/accordion-pages/domestic-violence website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219025115/https://officeforwomen.sa.gov.au/womens-information-service/find-information-online/accordion-pages/domestic-violence |date=2025-02-19 }} |- !Western Australia |Women’s Domestic Violence Helpline |[https://www.wa.gov.au/service/community-services/community-support/womens-domestic-violence-helpline website] |- !Northern Territory |N/A | |- !Tasmania |Family Violence Counselling and Support Service |[https://www.communities.tas.gov.au/children/family_violence_counselling_and_support_services website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930083823/https://www.communities.tas.gov.au/children/family_violence_counselling_and_support_services |date=2022-09-30 }} |- !ACT |Domestic Violence Crisis Service ACT |[http://dvcs.org.au/ website] |} {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Ontario |Assaulted Women's Helpline |[http://www.awhl.org/ website] |- !Quebec |SOS violence conjugale (24/7) 1 800 363-9010 |[https://sosviolenceconjugale.ca/ website] |- !British Columbia |VictimLink BC |[http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/victimlinkbc website] |- !Alberta |Family Violence Info Line |[https://www.alberta.ca/family-violence-prevention.aspx website] |- !Manitoba |Domestic Violence Crisis Line |[https://www.gov.mb.ca/stoptheviolence/index.html website] |- !Saskatchewan |Prince Albert Safe Shelter for Women |[https://www.pasafeshelter.ca/ website] |- !Nova Scotia |Bryony House |[https://www.bryonyhouse.ca/ website] |- !New Brunswick | | |- !Newfoundland & Labrador | | |- !Prince Edward Island |Island Help Line |[https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/family-and-human-services/emergency-services-victims-family-violence website] |- |} Layin zafi na tashin hankali na cikin gida yana ba da tallafin gaggawa da sabis na turawa akan wayar waɗanda ke cikin dangantaka mai rikitarwa. Hotlines galibi ana sadaukar da su ga mata da ke tserewa daga dangantaka mai cin zarafi kuma suna ba da turawa ga mafaka ga mata. Ana samun hotuna na tashin hankali na cikin gida a kowane lokaci a rana, duk da haka, matsaloli tare da layin aiki ko katsewa saboda rashin kudade wani lokacin suna iyakance amfaninsu.[1] Bugu da ƙari, mazajen gay da aka yi wa duka sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan hotline wani lokacin ba za su ba su sabis ba ko kuma za su tura su zuwa layin masu bugawa.[2] Duk da haka, malamai sun ɗauka cewa hotlines suna rage yawan tashin hankali na gida.[3] == Ostiraliya == {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- ! |Women's Hotline in Beijing |[http://www.maple.org.cn/ website]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |}   == Kanada == {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Nationwide |Psykiatrifonden, Mental Health Helpline |[https://psykiatrifonden.dk/ website] |} {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Nationwide |Nollalinja |[https://nollalinja.fi/ website] |} == China ==   {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Nationwide |Violences Femmes Infos |[https://solidaritefemmes.org/ website]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |} == Denmark == {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Nationwide |Hilfetelefon |[https://www.hilfetelefon.de/ website] |} {| {{Table}} !Region !Service !Website |- !Nationwide |The Purple Dial Sexual and Domestic Violence Hotline<ref name="japantimes">{{cite web |date=9 February 2011 |title=Multilanguage hotline opens for domestic violence victims &#124; The Japan Times |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/02/09/national/multilanguage-hotline-opens-for-domestic-violence-victims/ |accessdate=2016-09-11 |publisher=japantimes.co.jp}}</ref> | |} == Finland == == Faransa == == Jamus == == Japan == == Manazarta == 5tcxarjckj9zjmz7iege0ptg4ftjizp Jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya na Myanmar 0 126093 859736 835395 2026-06-18T05:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya ne na [[Myanmar]]. Myanmar (wanda aka fi sani da [[Myanmar|Burma]]) yana da ɗan gajeren diflomasiyya a duniya, yana nuna shekarun da suka gabata na [[Isolationism|warewa]] kansa. Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa tana da ofisoshin wakilai a kasashe da yawa, a kan ofisoshin jakadancin da ke tallafawa ko jure wa Majalisar Gudanar da Jiha. [[Fayil:Diplomatic_missions_of_Myanmar.PNG|center|thumb|500x500px| Ofishin Jakadun Myanmar Ofishin jakadancin Ofishin Jakudancin Kasuwanci Ofishin Jakadisi na girmamawa      ]] == Ayyukan diflomasiyya == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Africa |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |[[Kairo|Cairo]] |Embassy |Kyaw Tin Shein, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Algeria}}|{{Flag|Iraq}}|{{Flag|Morocco}}|{{Flag|Sudan}}|{{Flag|Turkey}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Missions Abroad |url=https://www.mofa.gov.mm/mofa-3/myanmar-missions/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar}}</ref><ref name="Me.Emb-Cairo">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mecairo.org/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Cairo, The Arab Republic of Egypt}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |[[Addis Ababa]] |Embassy |Aung Min Oo, ''Ambassador'' | | |- |{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Pretoria]] |Embassy |''Vacant'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Ghana}}|{{Flag|Kenya}}|{{Flag|Malawi}}|{{Flag|Mauritius}}|{{Flag|Nigeria}}|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Pretoria">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassypretoria.com/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Pretoria }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="DIRCO-RepsinRSA-M">{{Cite web |title=Foreign Representation in South Africa |url=https://dirco.gov.za/foreign-representation-in-south-africa-m/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=[[Department of International Relations and Cooperation|Department of International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa]]}}</ref><ref name="MFDAKen-DD">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Directory of Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations 2024/2025 |url=https://mfa.go.ke/sites/default/files/articles/DIPLOMATIC%20DIRECTORY%20READY%20FOR%20PUBLICATION%202024-%202025%20(1).pdf |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs (Kenya)]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Americas |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |[[Brasilia|Brasília]] |Embassy |Aung Kyaw Zan, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Argentina}}|{{Flag|Chile}}|{{Flag|Peru}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Brasília">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarbsb.org/_site/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Brazil}}</ref><ref name="Br.Gov-CD24">{{Cite web |title=Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Datas Nacionais |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps and National Dates |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/cerimonial/lista-do-corpo-diplomatico-e-datas-nacionais |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Government Portal of Brazil |language=pt}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |[[Ottawa]] |Embassy |Hau Khan Sum, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Ottawa">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meottawa.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Ottawa (Canada)}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |[[Havana]] |Embassy |Zaw Naing Win, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Cu.MINREX-CD">{{Cite web |title=List of the Diplomatic Corps accredited in Cuba |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/en/list-diplomatic-corps-accredited-cuba |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba |language=en, es}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}} |[[Washington, D.C.]] |Embassy |Thet Win, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | rowspan="2" | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-DC">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mewashingtondc.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Washington, D.C., USA}}</ref> |- |[[Los Angeles]] |Consulate-General |Win Lei Phyu, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-LA">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarcgla.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate-General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Los Angeles}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Asia |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |[[Dhaka]] |Embassy |Kyaw Soe Moe, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |{{Flag|Brunei}} |[[Bandar Seri Begawan]] |Embassy |Khin Sandar, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.Emb-BSB">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan |url=https://www.mebandarseribegawan.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |[[Phnom Penh]] |Embassy |Kyaw Soe Min, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-PP">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mephnompenh.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Phnom Penh}}</ref><ref name="MFAICKh-ResInKh">{{Cite web |title=Resident Missions |url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/EmbassyResidentMissions |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation of Cambodia}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|China}} |[[Beijing]] |Embassy |Tin Maung Swe, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="5" |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Mongolia}}|{{Flag|North Korea}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Beijing">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.com/index.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Beijing, China}}</ref> |- |[[Chongqing]] |Consulate-General |Thwin Htet Lin, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |[[Hong Kong]] |Consulate-General |Han Win Naing, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |Kunming |Consulate-General | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |Nanning |Consulate-General | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}} |[[New Delhi]] |Embassy |Zaw Oo, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="2" |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bhutan}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-NewDelhi">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmedelhi.com/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / New Delhi, Republic of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhutan-Myanmar Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/rbebangkok/bhutan-myanmar-relations/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Royal Bhutanese Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand}}</ref> |- |[[Kolkata]] |Consulate-General |Aung Aung Myo Thein, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-Kolkata">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mcgkolkata.org/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Consulate General of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Kolkata}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |[[Jakarta]] |Embassy |Mang Hau Thang, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |Embassy |Maung Maung Lynn, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Cyprus}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-TA">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://metelaviv.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The Embassy of The Republic of The Union of Myanmar, Tel Aviv}}</ref><ref name="Cy.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |date=May 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://www.gov.cy/app/uploads/sites/19/2025/05/Diplomatic-List-May-2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Cyprus |publisher=Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618131454/https://www.gov.cy/app/uploads/sites/19/2025/05/Diplomatic-List-May-2025.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |[[Tokyo]] |Embassy |Soe Han, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Tokyo">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarembassytokyo.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Tokyo}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Kuwait}} |[[Kuwaiti (birni)|Kuwait City]] |Embassy |Chan Aye, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Kuwait">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mekuwait.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Kuwait}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Laos}} |[[Vientiane]] |Embassy |Aung Ko, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Vientiane">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassy-vte.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Vientiane}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |Embassy |Aung Soe Win, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-KL">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarembassykl.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} |[[Kathmandu]] |Embassy |Myo Myint Maung, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Kathmandu">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassy-vte.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Kathmandu, Nepal}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |[[Islamabad]] |Embassy |Wunna Han, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Islamabad">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.me-islamabad.org/index.php |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Islamabad |archive-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519155054/https://www.me-islamabad.org/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |[[Manila]] |Embassy |Soe Ko Ko, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Manila">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://memanila.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Manila (Philippines)}}</ref><ref name="DFAPh-DC25">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Diplomatic and Consular List |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/resources/office-of-protocol/diplomatic-and-consular-list |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |[[Riyadh]] |Embassy |Tin Yu, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bahrain}}|{{Flag|Oman}}|{{Flag|Qatar}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Riyadh">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meriyadh.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar (Riyadh)}}</ref><ref name="Om.FM-DLMap">{{Cite web |title=Foreign embassies and consulates in Oman |url=https://fm.gov.om/ministry/embassies/foreign-embassies-and-consulates-in-oman/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Foreign Ministry of Oman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions of the State of Qatar / Myanmar |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar-and-the-world?country=mm |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Qatar}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |[[Singafora|Singapore]] |Embassy |Zaw Minn Aung, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Singapore">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.sg/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Singapore}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} |[[Seoul]] |Embassy |Thant Sin, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Seoul">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meseoul.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Seoul}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |[[Kolombo|Colombo]] |Embassy |Marlar Than Htaik, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Maldives}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Lk.MFA-DC">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps |url=https://mfa.gov.lk/en/diplomatic-corps/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Mv.MOFA-E&C">{{Cite web |title=Embassies and Consulates |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/ministry/embassies-and-consulates |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives |archive-date=19 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119141518/https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/ministry/embassies-and-consulates |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Thailand}} |[[Bangkok]] |Embassy |Zaw Zaw Soe, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="2" | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Bangkok">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mebangkok.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bangkok}}</ref><ref name="MFATh-DL25">{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=Diplomatic and Consular List / June 2025 |url=https://image.mfa.go.th/mfa/0/mkKfL2iULZ/Diplomatic_and_Consular_List_as_of_June_2025/June_2025.pdf |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand}}</ref> |- |[[Chiang Mai]] |Consulate-General |Ming Kyaw Linn, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-ChiangMai">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcgchiangmai.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate-General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Chiang Mai, Kingdom of Thailand}}</ref><ref name="MFATh-DL25" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |[[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] |Embassy |Kyaw Kyaw Min, "Ambassador" | rowspan="2" | | |- |[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] |Consulate-General |Kyaw Thu Nyein, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-Dubai">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcgdubai.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Dubai, United Arab Emirates}}</ref><ref name="DubaiProt-DC">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic & Consular Corps in UAE |url=https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-directory-categories/diplomatic-consular-corps-in-uae/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Protocol Department of Dubai}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Vietnam}} |[[Hanoi]] |Embassy |Kyaw Soe Win, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Hanoi">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.me-hanoi.org/index.php/en/contact-us |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Europe |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |[[Vienna]] |Embassy |Min Thein, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Holy See}}|{{Flag|Lithuania}}}}{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|United Nations}}}} |<ref name="BMEIA-DC">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and other representations in Austria |url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/oracle/gesamtliste_en.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Austria)]] |language=de, en}}</ref><ref name="SDS-CD25">{{Cite web |date=August 2025 |title=List du Corps Diplomatique près le Saint-Siège |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps to the Holy See |url=https://www.sdsofficium.va/cd/corpsdiplomatique.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=[[Secretariat of State (Holy See)]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="URMLt-ForReps">{{Cite web |title=Find Us Abroad / Foreign representations and honorary consuls |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/about-us/organisation/find-us-abroad/941/c2# |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |[[Miniska|Minsk]] |Consulate-General{{Efn|Subordinate to the embassy in Moscow}} |Moe Kyaw Thu, ''Consul-General'' | |<ref name="By.Emb-Hanoi-Myanmar">{{Cite web |title=Political Cooperation |url=https://vietnam.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/blrM/mpolit/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Socialist Republic of Vietnam |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208041302/https://vietnam.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/blrM/mpolit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |Brussels |Embassy |Soe Lynn Han, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Croatia}}|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}|{{Flag|Netherlands}}|{{Flag|Slovakia}}}}{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|European Union}}|[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Brussels">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Brussels}}</ref><ref name="HunMFA-DC">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps |url=http://www.kulugyminiszterium.hu/dtwebe/Irodak.aspx |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary}}</ref><ref name="MVEPHr-DL">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatska Lista / Diplomatic List |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2025/datoteke//DIPLOMATSKA%20LISTA%20(2025),%2007.07.2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs of Croatia |language=Serbo-Croatian, en}}</ref><ref name="Sk.MVZ-DL">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Diplomatická Listina |trans-title=Diplomatic List |url=https://www.mzv.sk/documents/10182/13139588/diplomaticka-listina.pdf/6d4b0603-d139-408c-8abb-b38bab8523da?t=1680284631883 |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia |language=sk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HE U Soe Lynn Han, Ambassador of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Croatia and the European Union (Myanmar) |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/204726 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of the Union of Myanmar |url=https://www.opcw.org/about-us/member-states/myanmar |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Czechia}} |[[Prag|Prague]] |Embassy |Htuann Naung, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Georgia}}|{{Flag|Hungary}}}} |<ref name="Me.Emb-Prague">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.meprague.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar - Prague}}</ref><ref name="Ge.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/pfiles/files/DIPLOMATIC%20LIST_%20April%202025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|France}} |[[Faris|Paris]] |Embassy |Kyaw Zeya, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Andorra}}|{{Flag|Spain}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Paris">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meparis.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Paris}}</ref><ref name="MAEUEC-CD25">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Lista del Cuerpo Diplomático |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Ministerio/Protocolo/Documents/2ALISTA.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)]] |language=es}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |[[Berlin]] |Embassy |Han Thein Kyaw, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Estonia}}|{{Flag|Finland}}|{{Flag|Poland}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Berlin">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.meberlin.com/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar / Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar |url=https://vm.ee/en/country-page/EGY |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Estonia}}</ref><ref name="Fi.UM-RepsInFin">{{Cite web |title=Representation of foreign states in Finland or in the nearest country to Finland |url=https://um.fi/representation-of-foreign-states-in-finland-or-in-the-nearest-country-to-finland |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland}}</ref><ref name="Pl.Gov-DP">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Protocol |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/diplomatic-protocol |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Poland}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |[[Rum|Rome]] |Embassy |Hmway Hmway Khyne, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Greece}}|{{Flag|Portugal}}|{{Flag|Romania}}}}{{Collapsible list|[[File:FAO logo.svg|25px]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|[[File:IFAD logo.svg|25px]] [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]|[[World Food Programme]]}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Rome">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://merome.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Rome}}</ref><ref name="CDLisboa25">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Corpo Diplomático Acreditado em Lisboa |trans-title=Diplomatic Corps Accredited in Lisbon |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/images/Livro_Corpo_Diplom%C3%A1tico/Livro_Corpo_Diplomatico_-_Abril_2025_v2.pdf |access-date=8 May 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal)]] |language=pt}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |[[Oslo]] |Embassy |Moe Kyaw Aung, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.Emb-Oslo">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meoslo.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Oslo}}</ref><ref name="OsloDL">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=The Oslo Diplomatic List |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/3818fa2f0ec449689f40fd6fbeb99df2/the-oslo-diplomatic-list-april-2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Norway}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |[[Belgrade]] |Embassy |Aung Min Oo, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}|{{Flag|Slovakia}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Belgrade">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mebelgrade.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Belgrade}}</ref><ref name="Bg.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps List |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/topical-information/protocol-guide/diplomatic-corps-list |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria)]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Russia}} |[[Moscow]] |Embassy |Thit Linn Ohn, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="3" |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{Flag|Belarus}}|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}|{{Flag|Latvia}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Moscow">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://memoscow.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Moscow (Russia)}}</ref><ref name="By.Emb-Hanoi-Myanmar" /><ref name="Az.MFA-DL25">{{Cite web |date=February 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://mfa.gov.az/files/file/MXM_MFA_Diplomatic_List_Feb_2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=State Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan}}</ref><ref name="Lv.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=Diplomatic missions in Latvia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/diplomatic-missions-latvia |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia}}</ref> |- |[[Novosibirsk]] |Consulate-General |Pyae Phyo Wai, ''Consul-General'' | |- |[[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] |Consulate-General |Aung Pe Thet, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="GNLM-020325" /> |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Landan|London]] |Embassy |Win Zeyar Tun, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Denmark}}|{{Flag|Ireland}}|{{Flag|Sweden}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-London">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://londonmyanmarembassy.com/index.php |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / London}}</ref><ref name="Dk.UM-DL">{{Cite web |title=The Protocol Department |url=https://um.dk/en/about-us/the-protocol-department |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Denmark |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)]]}}</ref><ref name="Ie.DFA-DL25">{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://assets.ireland.ie/documents/Updated_Diplomatic_List_July_2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Ireland }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Se.Gov-DL25">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Stockholm Diplomatic List |url=https://www.government.se/contentassets/fbe729b57a7b4cd8a6cc2ebb882fff02/stockholm-diplomatic-list-22-july-2025.pdf |access-date=2 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)]]}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Oceania |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |[[Kanberra|Canberra]] |Embassy |Myat Thuzar Than, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|New Zealand}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Canberra">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mecanberra.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Canberra}}</ref><ref name="Au.DFAT-EmbsInAu">{{Cite web |title=Foreign Embassies in Australia |url=https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/MissionsInAustralia |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia}}</ref><ref name="NZ.MFAT-Embs">{{Cite web |title=Embassies |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/embassies |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Multilateral organizations |- !Organization !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}} |[[Jakarta]] |Permanent Mission |Aung Myo Myint, ''Permanent Representative'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.PM-ASEAN">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mmaseanjkt.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Union of Myanmar to ASEAN / Jakarta}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United Nations}} |[[New York (birni)|New York City]] |Permanent Mission |Hau Do Suan, ''Permanent Representative'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.int/myanmar/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=United Nations}}</ref> |- |[[Geneva]] |Permanent Mission |Myint Thu, ''Permanent Representative'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Switzerland}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.PM-UNOG">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmargeneva.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Union of Myanmar to the United Nations Office in Geneva}}</ref><ref name="FDFA-Dipcorps">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic and Consular Corps |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/foreign-policy/diplomatie/diplomatisches-corps.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> |} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery widths="149" heights="149"> Fayil:สถานทูตพม่า_ถนนสาทร_Burmese_Embassy,_Bangkok,_Sathon_Rd.jpg|Embassy in Bangkok Fayil:Myanmar_Embassy_in_Belgrade_2024.jpg|Embassy in Belgrade Fayil:Botschaft_Myanmar_Berlin_Thielallee_19.jpg|Embassy in Berlin Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_in_Canberra.jpg|Embassy in Canberra Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_in_London_1.jpg|Embassy in London Fayil:B_Nikitskaya_41,43_dusk_May_2009_02.JPG|Embassy in Moscow Fayil:Consulate-General_of_the_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Myanmar,_Nanning_(20180715).jpg|Consulate-General in Nanning Fayil:Le_Parthénon,_60_rue_de_Courcelles,_Paris_8e_2.jpg|Embassy in Paris Fayil:ミャンマー大使館正門.jpg|Embassy in Tokyo Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_-_Washington,_D.C.jpg|Embassy in Washington, D.C. </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Myanmar * Jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya a Myanmar * Manufofin biza na Myanmar == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == rqy9qi9om3cw6rjhdhcvpv8ublcitzw Alex Melrose 0 127392 859887 819780 2026-06-18T10:48:03Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Melrose''' (16 ga Mayu 1865 - 2 ga Satumba 1944) lauya ne na Kudancin Australia wanda aka sani da goyon bayansa ga zane-zane. == Tarihi == Alexander dan makiyayi ne George Melrose (1806-1894) da matarsa Euphemia née Thomson (c. 1829-1887), wanda ya isa Kudancin Australia daga Scotland a ''Palmyra'' a 1839, wanda ya kafa dukiyar "Rosebank" a Dutsen Pleasant. An haifi Alex a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya a 1886, kuma ya yi aikinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da Robert Homburg sannan dansa [[Hermann Homburg]] a matsayin Homburg & Melrose, Adelaide. har zuwa jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Ya kasance marubuci mai basira, yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga The Bulletin. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, waɗanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Repertory ya samar, kuma a cikin 1934 ya buga Song da Slapstick, tarin ayoyi. Ya kafa kyautar Melrose don adabi. An samar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1917 The Adventures of an Adventuress a Adelaide kuma an farfado da shi a Melbourne bayan 'yan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43567176}}</ref> Ya kasance masanin fasaha mai kyau kuma memba na Kwamitin Litattafan, wanda ke gudanar da Gidan Fasaha. A cikin 1928 kwamitin ya ba shi izini don tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya sayi zane-zane uku don cika gibin da ke cikin tarin gallery. A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da £ 10,000 don tsawaitawa ga Art Gallery na Kudancin Australia,[1] kuma ya ba da Kyautar Melrose don hoto, wanda Kungiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia ke gudanarwa. Ya ba da kyautar tarin kansa mai daraja ga Gallery. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Botanic Garden, ya kasance shugaban Royal Institution for the Blind daga 1930 kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Pioneers daga 1937. == Ganewa == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] owy07tnpumbmvsvsr56gi1iatlfb7o2 859889 859887 2026-06-18T10:49:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Melrose''' (16 ga Mayu 1865 - 2 ga Satumba 1944) lauya ne na Kudancin Australia wanda aka sani da goyon bayansa ga zane-zane. == Tarihi == Alexander dan makiyayi ne George Melrose (1806-1894) da matarsa Euphemia née Thomson (c. 1829-1887), wanda ya isa Kudancin Australia daga Scotland a ''Palmyra'' a 1839, wanda ya kafa dukiyar "Rosebank" a Dutsen Pleasant. An haifi Alex a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya a 1886, kuma ya yi aikinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da Robert Homburg sannan dansa [[Hermann Homburg]] a matsayin Homburg & Melrose, Adelaide. har zuwa jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Ya kasance marubuci mai basira, yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga The Bulletin. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, waɗanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Repertory ya samar, kuma a cikin 1934 ya buga Song da Slapstick, tarin ayoyi. Ya kafa kyautar Melrose don adabi. An samar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1917 The Adventures of an Adventuress a Adelaide kuma an farfado da shi a Melbourne bayan 'yan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43567176}}</ref> Ya kasance masanin fasaha mai kyau kuma memba na Kwamitin Litattafan, wanda ke gudanar da Gidan Fasaha. A cikin 1928 kwamitin ya ba shi izini don tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya sayi zane-zane uku don cika gibin da ke cikin tarin gallery. A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da £ 10,000 don tsawaitawa ga Art Gallery na Kudancin Australia,[1] kuma ya ba da Kyautar Melrose don hoto, wanda Kungiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia ke gudanarwa. Ya ba da kyautar tarin kansa mai daraja ga Gallery. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Botanic Garden, ya kasance shugaban Royal Institution for the Blind daga 1930 kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Pioneers daga 1937. == Ganewa == A cikin 1936 ya sami lambar yabo ta Society of Artists a Sydney don hidima ga fasahar Australiya. Melrose Gallery na Zane-zane na Art Gallery na Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1937, an ba shi suna ne bisa buƙatarsa ​​ga iyayensa George da Euphemia Melrose. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] 9lo34ywypxf380pu9wkjd43hvvhhggx 859891 859889 2026-06-18T10:50:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Melrose''' (16 ga Mayu 1865 - 2 ga Satumba 1944) lauya ne na Kudancin Australia wanda aka sani da goyon bayansa ga zane-zane. == Tarihi == Alexander dan makiyayi ne George Melrose (1806-1894) da matarsa Euphemia née Thomson (c. 1829-1887), wanda ya isa Kudancin Australia daga Scotland a ''Palmyra'' a 1839, wanda ya kafa dukiyar "Rosebank" a Dutsen Pleasant. An haifi Alex a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya a 1886, kuma ya yi aikinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da Robert Homburg sannan dansa [[Hermann Homburg]] a matsayin Homburg & Melrose, Adelaide. har zuwa jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Ya kasance marubuci mai basira, yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga The Bulletin. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, waɗanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Repertory ya samar, kuma a cikin 1934 ya buga Song da Slapstick, tarin ayoyi. Ya kafa kyautar Melrose don adabi. An samar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1917 The Adventures of an Adventuress a Adelaide kuma an farfado da shi a Melbourne bayan 'yan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43567176}}</ref> Ya kasance masanin fasaha mai kyau kuma memba na Kwamitin Litattafan, wanda ke gudanar da Gidan Fasaha. A cikin 1928 kwamitin ya ba shi izini don tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya sayi zane-zane uku don cika gibin da ke cikin tarin gallery. A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da £ 10,000 don tsawaitawa ga Art Gallery na Kudancin Australia,[1] kuma ya ba da Kyautar Melrose don hoto, wanda Kungiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia ke gudanarwa. Ya ba da kyautar tarin kansa mai daraja ga Gallery. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Botanic Garden, ya kasance shugaban Royal Institution for the Blind daga 1930 kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Pioneers daga 1937. == Ganewa == A cikin 1936 ya sami lambar yabo ta Society of Artists a Sydney don hidima ga fasahar Australiya. Melrose Gallery na Zane-zane na Art Gallery na Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1937, an ba shi suna ne bisa buƙatarsa ​​ga iyayensa George da Euphemia Melrose. == Iyali == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] mjfa22va4g4yjnrlbmafjum96tdi28h 859894 859891 2026-06-18T10:52:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Melrose''' (16 ga Mayu 1865 - 2 ga Satumba 1944) lauya ne na Kudancin Australia wanda aka sani da goyon bayansa ga zane-zane. == Tarihi == Alexander dan makiyayi ne George Melrose (1806-1894) da matarsa Euphemia née Thomson (c. 1829-1887), wanda ya isa Kudancin Australia daga Scotland a ''Palmyra'' a 1839, wanda ya kafa dukiyar "Rosebank" a Dutsen Pleasant. An haifi Alex a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya a 1886, kuma ya yi aikinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da Robert Homburg sannan dansa [[Hermann Homburg]] a matsayin Homburg & Melrose, Adelaide. har zuwa jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Ya kasance marubuci mai basira, yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga The Bulletin. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, waɗanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Repertory ya samar, kuma a cikin 1934 ya buga Song da Slapstick, tarin ayoyi. Ya kafa kyautar Melrose don adabi. An samar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1917 The Adventures of an Adventuress a Adelaide kuma an farfado da shi a Melbourne bayan 'yan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43567176}}</ref> Ya kasance masanin fasaha mai kyau kuma memba na Kwamitin Litattafan, wanda ke gudanar da Gidan Fasaha. A cikin 1928 kwamitin ya ba shi izini don tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya sayi zane-zane uku don cika gibin da ke cikin tarin gallery. A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da £ 10,000 don tsawaitawa ga Art Gallery na Kudancin Australia,[1] kuma ya ba da Kyautar Melrose don hoto, wanda Kungiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia ke gudanarwa. Ya ba da kyautar tarin kansa mai daraja ga Gallery. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Botanic Garden, ya kasance shugaban Royal Institution for the Blind daga 1930 kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Pioneers daga 1937. == Ganewa == A cikin 1936 ya sami lambar yabo ta Society of Artists a Sydney don hidima ga fasahar Australiya. Melrose Gallery na Zane-zane na Art Gallery na Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1937, an ba shi suna ne bisa buƙatarsa ​​ga iyayensa George da Euphemia Melrose. == Iyali == Alex bai taba yin aure ba, kuma ya rayu shekaru da yawa a "Chiverton", Wattle Park, wanda 'yar uwarsa, Alice Effie Ferguson ta kula da shi (-1949). 'Yan uwansa su ne: *George Thorburn Melrose (1855-1924) *James Melrose (1857-1922), mahaifin jirgin sama "Jimmy" Melrose (1913-1936) da Clarice, wanda ya auri lauya Herbert Mayo, (daga baya Mista Justice Mayo) *Sir John Melrose (1860-1938), mahaifin Alexander John Melrose MHA, MLC (1889-1962) *Robert Thomson Melrose (1862-1945) 'Yan uwansa mata su ne: *Jessie Melrose (ca.1848-1939) wanda ya auri Dr. Hugh Ferguson MRCS JP. (1832-1887) *Elizabeth Thomson Melrose (ca.1856–1945), wacce ta auri John Murray (ca.1849–1885), mahaifiyar Sir John Stanley Murray (1884–1971), shugaban News Ltd. *Lillie Margaret Melrose (-1932), wacce ta auri Dr. Henry Higham Wigg (1858-1950). Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai kan waɗannan alaƙar dangi, duba George Melrose. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] bygoywbxyslhz3p1vvgcgl6makooypi 859899 859894 2026-06-18T10:54:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Melrose'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Melrose</ref> (16 ga Mayu 1865 - 2 ga Satumba 1944) lauya ne na Kudancin Australia wanda aka sani da goyon bayansa ga zane-zane. == Tarihi == Alexander dan makiyayi ne George Melrose (1806-1894) da matarsa Euphemia née Thomson (c. 1829-1887), wanda ya isa Kudancin Australia daga Scotland a ''Palmyra'' a 1839, wanda ya kafa dukiyar "Rosebank" a Dutsen Pleasant. An haifi Alex a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya a 1886, kuma ya yi aikinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da Robert Homburg sannan dansa [[Hermann Homburg]] a matsayin Homburg & Melrose, Adelaide. har zuwa jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Ya kasance marubuci mai basira, yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga The Bulletin. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, waɗanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Repertory ya samar, kuma a cikin 1934 ya buga Song da Slapstick, tarin ayoyi. Ya kafa kyautar Melrose don adabi. An samar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1917 The Adventures of an Adventuress a Adelaide kuma an farfado da shi a Melbourne bayan 'yan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43567176}}</ref> Ya kasance masanin fasaha mai kyau kuma memba na Kwamitin Litattafan, wanda ke gudanar da Gidan Fasaha. A cikin 1928 kwamitin ya ba shi izini don tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya sayi zane-zane uku don cika gibin da ke cikin tarin gallery. A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da £ 10,000 don tsawaitawa ga Art Gallery na Kudancin Australia,[1] kuma ya ba da Kyautar Melrose don hoto, wanda Kungiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia ke gudanarwa. Ya ba da kyautar tarin kansa mai daraja ga Gallery. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Botanic Garden, ya kasance shugaban Royal Institution for the Blind daga 1930 kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Pioneers daga 1937. == Ganewa == A cikin 1936 ya sami lambar yabo ta Society of Artists a Sydney don hidima ga fasahar Australiya. Melrose Gallery na Zane-zane na Art Gallery na Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1937, an ba shi suna ne bisa buƙatarsa ​​ga iyayensa George da Euphemia Melrose.<ref>http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30768508</ref> == Iyali == Alex bai taba yin aure ba, kuma ya rayu shekaru da yawa a "Chiverton", Wattle Park, wanda 'yar uwarsa, Alice Effie Ferguson ta kula da shi (-1949). 'Yan uwansa su ne: *George Thorburn Melrose (1855-1924) *James Melrose (1857-1922), mahaifin jirgin sama "Jimmy" Melrose (1913-1936) da Clarice, wanda ya auri lauya Herbert Mayo, (daga baya Mista Justice Mayo) *Sir John Melrose (1860-1938), mahaifin Alexander John Melrose MHA, MLC (1889-1962) *Robert Thomson Melrose (1862-1945) 'Yan uwansa mata su ne: *Jessie Melrose (ca.1848-1939) wanda ya auri Dr. Hugh Ferguson MRCS JP. (1832-1887) *Elizabeth Thomson Melrose (ca.1856–1945), wacce ta auri John Murray (ca.1849–1885), mahaifiyar Sir John Stanley Murray (1884–1971), shugaban News Ltd. *Lillie Margaret Melrose (-1932), wacce ta auri Dr. Henry Higham Wigg (1858-1950). Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai kan waɗannan alaƙar dangi, duba George Melrose. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] 77qv8ireaibm33g7ds4uey2sb76uxhv 859900 859899 2026-06-18T10:55:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Melrose'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Melrose</ref> (16 ga Mayu 1865 - 2 ga Satumba 1944) lauya ne na Kudancin Australia wanda aka sani da goyon bayansa ga zane-zane. == Tarihi == Alexander dan makiyayi ne George Melrose (1806-1894) da matarsa Euphemia née Thomson (c. 1829-1887), wanda ya isa Kudancin Australia daga Scotland a ''Palmyra'' a 1839, wanda ya kafa dukiyar "Rosebank" a Dutsen Pleasant. An haifi Alex a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya a 1886, kuma ya yi aikinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da Robert Homburg sannan dansa [[Hermann Homburg]] a matsayin Homburg & Melrose, Adelaide. har zuwa jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa.<ref>http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30768508</ref> Ya kasance marubuci mai basira, yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga The Bulletin. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, waɗanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Repertory ya samar, kuma a cikin 1934 ya buga Song da Slapstick, tarin ayoyi. Ya kafa kyautar Melrose don adabi. An samar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1917 The Adventures of an Adventuress a Adelaide kuma an farfado da shi a Melbourne bayan 'yan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43567176}}</ref> Ya kasance masanin fasaha mai kyau kuma memba na Kwamitin Litattafan, wanda ke gudanar da Gidan Fasaha. A cikin 1928 kwamitin ya ba shi izini don tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya sayi zane-zane uku don cika gibin da ke cikin tarin gallery. A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da £ 10,000 don tsawaitawa ga Art Gallery na Kudancin Australia,[1] kuma ya ba da Kyautar Melrose don hoto, wanda Kungiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia ke gudanarwa. Ya ba da kyautar tarin kansa mai daraja ga Gallery. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Botanic Garden, ya kasance shugaban Royal Institution for the Blind daga 1930 kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Pioneers daga 1937. == Ganewa == A cikin 1936 ya sami lambar yabo ta Society of Artists a Sydney don hidima ga fasahar Australiya. Melrose Gallery na Zane-zane na Art Gallery na Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1937, an ba shi suna ne bisa buƙatarsa ​​ga iyayensa George da Euphemia Melrose.<ref>http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30768508</ref> == Iyali == Alex bai taba yin aure ba, kuma ya rayu shekaru da yawa a "Chiverton", Wattle Park, wanda 'yar uwarsa, Alice Effie Ferguson ta kula da shi (-1949). 'Yan uwansa su ne: *George Thorburn Melrose (1855-1924) *James Melrose (1857-1922), mahaifin jirgin sama "Jimmy" Melrose (1913-1936) da Clarice, wanda ya auri lauya Herbert Mayo, (daga baya Mista Justice Mayo) *Sir John Melrose (1860-1938), mahaifin Alexander John Melrose MHA, MLC (1889-1962) *Robert Thomson Melrose (1862-1945) 'Yan uwansa mata su ne: *Jessie Melrose (ca.1848-1939) wanda ya auri Dr. Hugh Ferguson MRCS JP. (1832-1887) *Elizabeth Thomson Melrose (ca.1856–1945), wacce ta auri John Murray (ca.1849–1885), mahaifiyar Sir John Stanley Murray (1884–1971), shugaban News Ltd. *Lillie Margaret Melrose (-1932), wacce ta auri Dr. Henry Higham Wigg (1858-1950). Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai kan waɗannan alaƙar dangi, duba George Melrose. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] tfnxtoeb29psrgi53sct39187w2j96l Ludwig Aßner 0 128606 859454 763146 2026-06-17T16:07:25Z Merjoor 14653 859454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ludwig Aßner''' (6 ko 8 Afrilu 1893 - 17 Agusta 1940) ɗan siyasan Jamus ne wanda aka sani da yunkurin kisan [[Adolf Hitler]] a 1933, wanda ya haɗa da wasika mai guba da aka aiko daga Faransa. A baya an zabe shi memba na Bavarian Landtag a cikin 1920s, amma an hana shi ɗaukar kujerarsa saboda hukuncin aikata laifi. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Aßner a ranar 6 ko 8 ga watan Afrilu 1893 a Landsberg da Lech, a cikin Masarautar Bavaria . An zabe shi a cikin Bavarian Landtag a cikin 1920s, amma saboda hukuncin aikata laifuka da hukuncin ɗaurin watanni huɗu, an hana shi ɗaukar kujerarsa. An ruwaito cewa takararsa ta jawo rashin amincewa daga Hitler da kansa. Daga baya aka maye gurbin nasa da Xaver Hirschauer . [1] == Incurring kisan Adolf Hitler == == <ref name="naziblog2">[https://nazigermanyguideblog.wordpress.com/2019/10/09/assassination-attempts-on-adolf-hitler-2/ NaziGermanyGuideBlog: "Assassination Attempts on Adolf Hitler" (2019)]</ref> == Ludwig Aßner ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1940 a Le Puy-en-Velay, Faransa, jim kadan bayan faduwar Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Rubuce-rubucen sojan Faransa sun rarraba shi a matsayin farar hula wanda aka azabtar. == Kyauta == Ko da yake ba a san shi sosai ba, Aßner yana daga cikin ƙananan masu adawa da Hitler. Kokarinsa da ya gaza ya nuna rashin amincewar siyasa daga cikin 'yan kasa na Jamus kafin cikakken karfafa ikon Nazi. == Manazarta == lyn4ov969v0pwjehu3w776kuxdyr9he Jack Tuttle 0 130237 859538 835158 2026-06-17T18:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jack Tuttle''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan baya ne na ƙungiyar rugby ta Australiya wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa Queensland Reds wasa a gasar Super Rugby ta ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="Jack Tuttle Queensland Reds Player Profile">{{Cite web |title=Jack Tuttle Queensland Reds Player Profile |url=http://www.redsrugby.com.au/Reds/RedsSquad/PlayerProfile.aspx?pid=424 |access-date=17 August 2016 |publisher=Reds Rugby }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Reds reunite Tuttle brothers">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Reds reunite Tuttle brothers |url=http://www.rugby365.com/tournaments/super-rugby/73848-reds-reunite-tuttle-brothers |access-date=17 August 2016 |publisher=Rugby 365 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827020046/http://www.rugby365.com/tournaments/super-rugby/73848-reds-reunite-tuttle-brothers |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Jack Tuttle Rugby Australia Player Profile">{{Cite web |title=Jack Tuttle Rugby Australia Player Profile |url=http://www.rugby.com.au/players/25404 |access-date=17 August 2016 |publisher=Rugby Australia}}</ref> == Farkon aiki / na lardi == An haife shi kuma ya girma a Brisbane, Tuttle ya halarci shahararren [[Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee]] inda ya fito a gasar zakarunsu ta XV tare da ƙaninsa James. A lokacin da yake can, ya wakilci Queensland a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 da kuma ɗaliban makaranta. Bayan ya bar makarantar sakandare, ya canza dokoki zuwa gasar rugby kuma ya yi shekaru 2 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Brisbane Broncos. Ya koma ƙungiyar rugby a ƙarshen 2015 kuma ya fara bugawa Norths wasa a gasar Queensland Premier Rugby.<ref name="Jack Tuttle Queensland Reds Player Profile"/> == Aikin Super Rugby == Bayan kammala komawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, Tuttle ya yi atisaye da Queensland Reds tun daga lokacin da aka fara kakar wasa ta bana, kuma ya fara buga wasa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Super Rugby ta 2016 a wasan da suka yi da Brumbies a Canberra. Ya buga wasanni 2 jimilla, inda ya samu katin rawaya 1 a lokacin.[1] == Ƙididdigar Super Rugby == {{Updated|17 August 2016}}<ref name="James Tuttle (Jack / James) itsrugby Player Statistics">{{cite web | url=http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_33035.html | title=James Tuttle (Jack / James) itsrugby Player Statistics | publisher=itsrugby | accessdate=17 August 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:90%; font-size:95%; width:60%;" !Kakar wasa ! Ƙungiyar ! Wasanni ! Farawa ! Ƙaramin sashe ! Minti ! Gwaje-gwaje ! Fursunoni ! Alƙalami ! Digogi ! Maki ! Yel ! Ja |- | 2016 | Reds | 2 | 2 | 0 | 143 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 2 ! 2 ! 0 ! 143 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] ewfwi3sfag0vc0tj4m9l6wvcg5vzsib Joe Root 0 133041 859925 773396 2026-06-18T11:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Edward Root''' (born 30 December 1990) is an English international [[Kurket|cricketer]] who plays for England in Tests and ODIs. He captained the Test side from 2017–2022. He plays for Yorkshire in English domestic cricket. Root is currently the leading run-scorer among active batsmen, the second highest run-scorer of all time in Test cricket and the highest run scorer for England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Root is regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of his era and among the finest England has produced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was part of the England team that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup, where he top scored for England. {{As of|2024|08}}, he has topped the ICC rankings for Test batsmen on nine occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 July 2024 |title=Joe Root goes to No. 1 on the ICC rankings for Test batters |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/joe-root-goes-to-no-1-on-the-icc-rankings-for-test-batters-1445561 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Root ya fara gwajinsa na farko a shekarar 2012, ya fara buga wasan ODI a shekarar 2013 kuma ya buga wa tawagar Ingila Twenty20 International tsakanin 2012 da 2019. Ya jagoranci tawagar gwajin Ingila tsakanin Fabrairu 2017 da Afrilu 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> kuma yana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasannin gwaji (64), nasara (27) da asarar (26) a matsayin kyaftin din Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin gwajin Ingila na 1,000 a cikin 2018, an ambaci Root a cikin mafi girman gwajin kasar na Ingila da Wales Cricket Board. An ba shi suna ICC Men's Test Cricketer of the Year da Wisden Leading Cricketer a Duniya na 2021. Dan wasan kwallon kafa na hannun dama, Root da farko ya taka leda a matsayin mai buɗewa amma ya buga mafi yawan wasan kurket dinsa ga Ingila a tsakiya. Shi ne mafi girma a Ingila a cikin gwaje-gwaje <ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> da kuma ODIs. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan Test (40) da mafi yawan ODI (19) ƙarni na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 July 2024 |title=Joe Root goes to No. 1 on the ICC rankings for Test batters |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/joe-root-goes-to-no-1-on-the-icc-rankings-for-test-batters-1445561 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na biyu na Ingila, kuma na goma sha huɗu gabaɗaya, don zira kwallaye 10,000. Tare da Harry Brook, yana riƙe da rikodin duniya don matsayi na huɗu mafi girma (kuma na huɗu Mafi girma gaba ɗaya) a cikin gwaje-gwaje (454), kuma tare da James Anderson mafi girman haɗin gwiwar goma (198). <ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne babban mai zira kwallaye a Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC kuma shi kadai ne dan wasan Ingila da ya zira kwallayen sama da 1000 a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 July 2024 |title=Joe Root goes to No. 1 on the ICC rankings for Test batters |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/joe-root-goes-to-no-1-on-the-icc-rankings-for-test-batters-1445561 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Har ila yau, Tushen yana yin kwallo a wasu lokuta, kuma a kai a kai a filin wasa a farkon zamewa, yana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan gwajin da mai kunnawa ya kama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Root named Wisden's leading cricketer in the world |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/61163498 |access-date=20 April 2022 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == Root shine ɗan fari na Helen da Matt Root kuma ya girma a Dore, [[Sheffield]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Yayansa Billy yana buga wasan kurket ga Glamorgan. Root ya halarci Dore Primary da King Ecgbert School a Sheffield, kuma a shekara ta 15, a kan tallafin wasanni na wasan kurket, Kwalejin Worksop a matsayin mai shiga mako-mako. Root ya bi sawun mahaifinsa ta hanyar shiga Sheffield Collegiate CC, a Abbeydale Park . Tsohon dan wasan Yorkshire kuma kyaftin din Ingila Michael Vaughan ya kuma yi sana'arsa a Collegiate kuma ya kasance tushen wahayi ga Root, wanda ya zama mai kare shi. Root ya lashe kyautar Player of the Tournament a cikin shahararren Bunbury Festival . <ref name="cricbranch">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Danny |title=Root is ready to branch out |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/root-is-ready-to-branch-out-397368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107213102/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/397368.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 |access-date=22 January 2010 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Root mai goyon bayan Sheffield United FC ne . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan cikin gida ==   Root ya fara buga wasan farko na kungiyar Yorkshire a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2007 a kan Derbyshire a Abbeydale Park . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye 57, ya sanya 133 na farko tare da Adam Lyth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da wakiltar kungiyar kimiyya kuma an kira shi dan wasan gasar yayin da Yorkshire's Academy ta lashe gasar ProARCH a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="arch">{{Cite web |title=Yorkshire Academy win Academy ARCH Trophy in Abu Dhabi : News : The Yorkshire County Cricket Club Ltd |url=http://www.yorkshireccc.com/archive/academy_gearing_up_for_abu_dhabi_tour/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130211000307/http://www.yorkshireccc.com/archive/academy_gearing_up_for_abu_dhabi_tour/index.html |archive-date=11 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2010 |publisher=Yorkshire County Cricket Club}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da aka samu a matakin rukuni na biyu, an ba Root damar shiga tawagar farko a wasan karshe na Pro40 na Yorkshire na kakar a Headingley da Essex. Root ya zira kwallaye 63 kuma ya kasance mafi girma a Yorkshire ta 187-7. Kodayake rabin ƙarni ba zai iya karfafa Yorkshire zuwa nasara ba, Root ya bayyana farkonsa a matsayin "mafarki ya cika".<ref name="stardream">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Danny |date=28 September 2009 |title=Root off to dream start for Tykes with half-century |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/cricket/Root-off-to-dream-start.5682987.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505071528/http://www.thestar.co.uk/cricket/Root-off-to-dream-start.5682987.jp |archive-date=5 May 2013 |website=The Star}}</ref> Bayan wani mutum na wasan kwaikwayon, a wannan lokacin a Ingila Under-19 aiki a [[Bangladesh]], Root ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ta shekaru uku tare da Yorkshire.<ref name="yorksdebut">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Danny |date=17 November 2009 |title=Joe puts down pro Roots with Yorkshire |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/cricket/Joe-puts-down-pro-Roots.5829540.jp |website=The Star}}</ref> An zaɓi Root don gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Cricket na kasa da shekaru 19 a New Zealand, inda ya yi nasara 70 a cikin nasara a kan Hong Kong yayin da Ingila ta ci gaba zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe kafin West Indies ta kawar da ita. Daga baya a wannan hunturu, an tura shi zuwa Darren Lehmann Cricket Academy a [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Australia, don daidaita wasan sa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Farkon aiki na kasa da kasa ==   === 2012-13: Ingila ta farko === A gwajin na huɗu da aka yi da Indiya, Root ya zama dan wasa na 655 don wakiltar Ingila a matakin gwaji, yana karɓar murfinsa daga tsohon dan wasan Ingila Paul Collingwood. Da yake shiga a matsayin mai buga kwallo na shida maimakon matsayinsa na yau da kullun a matsayin mai buɗewa, ya zira kwallaye 73 daga kwallaye 229, tare da [[Kevin Pietersen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan na biyu ya yi 20 ba don taimakawa Ingila ta doke wasan kuma ta sami nasarar gwajin farko a ƙasar Indiya tun daga 1984-85. Root ya fara T20 a karo na biyu na jerin wasanni biyu da suka biyo baya, kodayake ba a buƙatar shi ya buga ba. An kuma haɗa shi a cikin tawagar ODI bayan Jonny Bairstow ya janye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ba a buƙatar Root ya buga a karon farko na ODI ba, amma ya buga kwallo tara, ya tara adadi na 0-51, yayin da Ingila ta ci nasara da tara. Ya zira kwallaye 36 da 39 a wasanni biyu masu zuwa, kafin ya sanya uwarsa ODI hamsin a wasan na huɗu na jerin, kodayake Ingila ta rasa ta hanyar wickets biyar. Tushen ya gama jerin tare da gudu 163. == Kyaftin din gwaji == [[Fayil:England's_Stuart_Broad,_Joe_Root_and_Jimmy_Anderson_discuss_tactics.jpg|right|thumb|Root (tsakiya) yana tattauna dabarun tare da masu jefa kwallo Stuart Broad da Jimmy Anderson .]] Root ya maye gurbin Alastair Cook a matsayin kyaftin din gwajin cikakken lokaci a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2017 bayan murabus din na karshe, wanda ya sanya shi kyaftin din Ingila na 80.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasansa na farko a matsayin kyaftin din, a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2017, a kan Afirka ta Kudu a Lord's, Root ya zira kwallaye 12 na gwajin tare da innings na 190. Ya kasance dan wasan Ingila na shida (kuma mafi girma) wanda ya zira kwallaye a gwajin gwaji a karon farko. Har ila yau, yana da tasiri a kan ƙwaƙwalwar abokin wasan Gary Ballance zuwa tawagar Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ingila ta lashe wasan don kafa nasarar 3-1 a jerin. Nasarar jerin gwaje-gwaje a kan West Indies ta biyo baya, a gwajin na biyu wanda Root ya daidaita rikodin AB de Villiers na zira kwallaye rabin karni a wasanni 12 na gwaje-gaje a jere. === Jerin toka: 2017-18 === Root ya jagoranci tawagar Ingila a cikin Jerin Ashes na 2017-18 a cikin karewar Ashes, ya rasa hudu daga cikin gwaje-gwaje biyar. A Brisbane Ingila ta fara bugawa kuma ta zira kwallaye 302 da 195, tare da ci Root 15 da 51. A gwajin na biyu a Adelaide Root ya zira kwallaye 9 da 67 daga cikin jimlar 227 da 233. A Perth, Ingila ta zira kwallaye 403 da 218, Root ta zira kwallan 20 da 14, yayin da Ostiraliya ta yi 662/9 da aka ayyana, ta lashe wasan da jerin kafin shayi a ranar karshe. A wasan karshe, ya yi ritaya a 59 a wasan na biyu bayan ya kamu da gastroenteritis. Ya kasa canza kowane rabin ƙarni biyar zuwa ƙarni a cikin jerin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies LIVE: Second Test, day four, Trent Bridge – cricket score, radio commentary, video highlights and text updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/live/cx0092z3n9xt |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Karni na gaba bai zo ba har sai 10 Satumba 2018 a kan Indiya a The Oval a wasan na biyu, inda Alastair Cook ya zira kwallaye dari a wasan gwaji na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Joe Root 'England's best player of all time' - Gooch |url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Yahoo Sport |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203120943/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/joe-root-englands-best-player-134800507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 2018: Pakistan da Indiya === Ingila ta zira kwallaye 1-1 a gida ga Pakistan a jerin wasanni biyu. Ingila ta dawo kuma ta doke Indiya 4-1. Root ya kasa samun ci a gwaje-gwaje huɗu na farko, amma ya zira kwallaye 125 a gwajin karshe. Wannan shi ne ƙarni na farko na 2018 bayan ya tafi ba tare da ƙarni ba a cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje uku da suka gabata (Australia, New Zealand da Pakistan). Wannan kuma shine wasan karshe na Root tare da tsohon kyaftin din Alistair Cook . Tushen ya burge a cikin jerin ODI da suka gabata a kan Indiya, inda ya zira kwallaye 217, wanda ya hada da ƙarni biyu na baya-baya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pmztcv8oitbbyg6he4chiu5ya2gl0ke Khawaja Khan Muhammad 0 133390 859823 856194 2026-06-18T08:21:48Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 859823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekarar 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani. == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] llmvzn4l6afttkqa4xyp8hgdv26h721 Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi 0 134290 859819 858367 2026-06-18T08:19:09Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 859819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015, daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] dnrfe9s15wwbuhzrrqcbmcw46zoljo1 859820 859819 2026-06-18T08:19:38Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 859820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana, Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015, daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] bsv2fypvpfvz8tn9v1dx31ovs70gl45 859821 859820 2026-06-18T08:20:13Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyuka */ 859821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana, Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015, daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] nqt1nf19m41zvzr9rhz0oe5xmin69am 859822 859821 2026-06-18T08:20:45Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Mutuwa */ 859822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana, Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015, daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin), da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] tcnoxhth1m0urulx0b4fmh6km9i4fzb Ioannis Papapetrou 0 137130 859449 780875 2026-06-17T15:35:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ioannis Papapetrou''' (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1994) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Girka. Tsayawa a 206 cm (6"9") tsawo, ya taka leda a duka ƙananan gaba da matsayi na gaba.&nbsp; == Farkon aiki == Papapetrou, wanda aka dauka a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Girka mafi ƙwarewa wanda aka haife shi a cikin shekarun 1994, tare da' yan wasa kamar Giannis Antetokounmpo da Lefteris Bochoridis, ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwando tare da kungiyoyin matasa na kulob din Ilysiakos a Athens, Girka. Ya buga wasanni 5 a gasar matasa ta Girka tare da Ilysiakos . Daga nan sai ya yi amfani da ƙarami da manyan shekarunsa na makarantar sakandare, yana wasa da kwando a Florida Air Academy, a Melbourne, Florida. == Ayyukan kwaleji == A shekara ta 2012, Papapetrou ya shiga [[Texas Longhorns men's basketball|Longhorns]]_men's_basketball" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Texas Longhorns men's basketball">Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Texas Longhorns ta Jami'ar Texas. Ya buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji guda daya tare da Longhorns kuma ya sami maki 8.3, 4.4 rebounds, da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa, a cikin minti 24.3 a kowane wasa. Ya taka leda a wasanni 34 a NCAA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ioannis Papapetrou Profile |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830053325/http://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Olympiacos === Papapetrou ya fara aiki ne tare da kungiyar Greek League Olympiacos a shekarar 2013, lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 5 tare da Olympiacos, a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2013, wanda shine yarjejeniyarsa ta farko. An ce kwangilar ta kai dala miliyan 2 na Kudin shiga. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da zaɓi na sayen [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] bayan kakar wasa ta uku ta kwangilar. Tare da Olympiacos, ya lashe gasar zakarun Girka a 2015 da 2016. A shekara ta 2016, an ba shi suna Best Young Player na Girka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ioannis Papapetrou Profile |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830053325/http://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Panathinaikos === A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2018, Papapetrou ya ki amincewa da shawarar sabuntawa ta Olympiacos kuma ya zama wakilin kyauta. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, ya sanya hannu tare da manyan abokan hamayyar Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ioannis Papapetrou Profile |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830053325/http://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko tare da Panathinaikos, bayan ya doke PAOK <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ioannis Papapetrou Profile |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830053325/http://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/players/116648 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a gasar cin Kofin Girka na 2019, wanda aka gudanar a Heraklion Indoor Sports Arena . Papapetrou yana da maki 10, 6 rebounds, 2 assists, 2 steals, da 2 blocks a wannan wasan. Watanni huɗu bayan haka, Papapetrou ya lashe gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Girka, bayan Panathinaikos ya mamaye Promitheas Patras a wasan karshe na gasar. Kafin kakar 2020-21, Papapetrou ya zama kyaftin din tawagar bayan tashiwar Nick Calathes. Ya sami maki 12.1 da 4.1 a kowane wasa. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2021, Papapetrou a hukumance ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din Girka na ƙarin shekaru biyu. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2022, Papapetrou ya rabu da Panathinaikos bayan yanayi hudu tare. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] bvqn0jt8is9v0tdh9pr1cpra5w9opoe Imelda Udoh 0 144963 859405 840285 2026-06-17T14:27:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Imelda Icheji Lawrence Udoh''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1960) [[Farfesa]] ce a fannin Ilimin Harshe da [[Harsunan Najeriya]] na Kwalejin Fasaha, [[Jami'ar Uyo]], Najeriya . <ref name="imelda">{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commission |date=2021 |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=education.gov.ng |page=183}}</ref><ref name="imelda9">{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8235-3015 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=orcid.org}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kungiyar Harshe ta Najeriya (LAN). <ref name="imelda3">{{Cite web |title=The Leadership – Linguistic Association of Nigeria |url=https://lan.org.ng/the-leadership/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=lan.org.ng}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ce ta rayuwa kuma Fellow na Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya. <ref name="imelda" /> <ref name="imelda2">{{Cite web |title=Imelda Icheji Lawrence Udoh |url=https://nalonline.org.ng/imelda-icheji-lawrence-udoh/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Nigerian Academy of Letters |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="imelda4">{{Cite web |title=3.ImeldaUdoh_CV_2020.. - Imelda Udoh.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/15bAeWpvwuYvB5HniZBJfNjxXcL2BXn_D/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Nigerian Academy Of Letters Inducts 13 New Members {{!}} Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/nigerian-academy-of-letters-inducts-13-new-members/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[Independent Nigeria]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-15 |title=Academy of Letters honours UI's Ag VC |url=https://guardian.ng/news/academy-of-letters-honours-uis-ag-vc/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FULokoja |title=.:: Nigerian Academy of Letters Admits FUL VC, Prof. Akinwumi as NAL Fellow; M.S. Audu, Ibileye as New Members {{!}} Federal University Lokoja |url=https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng/news-page.php?i=434&a=breaking-nigerian-academy-of-letters-admits-ful-vc-prof-akinwumi-as-nal-fellow-ms-audu-ibileye-as-new-members |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.fulokoja.edu.ng |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance tsohuwar [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|DAAD]] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Harshe da Harsunan Najeriya daga 2010 zuwa 2014, a matsayin Mataimakin Dean na Faculty of Arts daga 2010 zuwa 2013, da Mataimakin Darakta, Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi (2015-2016) na Jami'ar.<ref name="imelda" /><ref name="imelda2" /> Ta lura a cikin bincikenta cewa "harsunan yankin Najeriya suna da alama suna mutuwa a wasu yankuna, amma har yanzu suna bunƙasa a wasu". Udoh ya ba da shawara don kare waɗannan harsunan asali yayin da yake gabatar da lacca na 81 na Jami'ar Uyo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odey |first=Patrick |date=2021-06-28 |title=Don advocates protection of Nigeria's indigenous languages |url=https://punchng.com/don-advocates-protection-of-nigerias-indigenous-languages/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Udoh kuma memba ne na Majalisar Ƙungiyar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka . An shirya wani biki don girmama ta a shekarar 2019.<ref name="imelda6">{{Cite web |title=CFP |url=https://easychair.org/cfp/festschriftforprofimeldaudoh60 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=easychair.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Imelda Udoh a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1960 a [[Adadama]] a cikin Karamar Hukumar [[Abi]] ta [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] . <ref name="imelda4"/> Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta St Bernard, Adadama, makarantar Convent, [[Ogoja]] da makarantar Convent. Daga inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko a shekarar 1972. A shekara ta 1973, ta halarci Annunciation Girls' Juniorate, Ogoja na tsawon shekaru hudu, kuma ta sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a Makarantar Sakandare ta Ogidi Girls, Ogidi a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Ta halarci Jami'ar Calabar inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin harshe (1983); digiri na biyu a fannin harshe (1986); da kuma digiri na Doctor of Philosophy (1998). Udoh ya kuma sami takardar shaidar a cikin Turanci Phonetics daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, a wannan shekarar.<ref name="imelda"/><ref name="imelda2"/><ref name="imelda4" /> Har ila yau, tana da takardar shaidar a cikin DIES / DAAD International Deans" Course on Higher Education Management (Jami'ar Osnabrück, Jamus, 2012); Takardar shaidar takardun harshe (Jami'ar Texas a Arlington, Amurka, 2014); kuma, Takardar shaiddiga a Kwalejin Duniya a cikin Kwarewar Koyarwa (Jamiwar Jihar Ohio, Amurka, 2015). <ref name="imelda4" /> == Ayyuka == Imelda Udoh ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar malama a [[Jami'ar Jihar Cross River]] a shekarar 1986. Daga baya ta koma [[Jami'ar Calabar]] a 1987. Ta dawo [[Jami'ar Uyo]] a shekarar 1989 kuma ta tashi ta hanyar farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe da harsunan Najeriya a shekarar 2007. <ref name="imelda4"/> Ta kasance baƙo mai bincike a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, London, a cikin 1996; masanin bincike a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a cikin 1999 kuma masanin ziyara na digiri a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Ta kasance malama a Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe na Haɗin gwiwa (CoLang) a cikin 2016 a Jami'ar Alaska, Fairbanks, inda ta gabatar da wani darasi mai taken, "Documentation of Orature".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udoh |first=Imelda Icheji Lawrence |last2=Iwoketok |first2=Uwemedimo Enobong |date=2016 |title=Documentation of Orature |url=https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/9646/Orature_Syllabus_3.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=www.scholarworks.alaska.edu |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-date=2024-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331045532/https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/9646/Orature_Syllabus_3.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Calabar daga 2007 zuwa 2008 da 2016 zuwa 2017.<ref name="imelda2"/> Ta gabatar da lacca na 81 na Jami'ar Uyo mai taken, "Harsunan 'yan asalin Najeriya kamar Bricks Don Gina Gaskiya ta Kasa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=81st Inaugural Lecture: Imelda Icheji Lawerence Udoh, Professor of Linguistics And Nigeria Languages – University Of Uyo |url=https://uniuyo.edu.ng/notice/81st-inaugural-lecture-imelda-icheji-lawerence-udoh-professor-of-linguistics-and-nigeria-languages-faculty-of-arts/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=Don seeks for protection of indigenous languages in Nigeria |url=https://daybreak.ng/don-seeks-for-protection-of-indigenous-languages-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Daybreak, Politics, Entertainment, Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225134752/https://daybreak.ng/don-seeks-for-protection-of-indigenous-languages-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa da membobin == Udoh ɗan'uwa ne kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Najeriya daga 2021.<ref name="imelda3"/> Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar kungiyar daga 2004 zuwa 2008, kuma mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar daga 2016 zuwa 2021. Ita memba ce ta rayuwa kuma abokiyar Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya.<ref name="imelda"/><ref name="imelda2"/><ref name="imelda4"/> kuma memba na Majalisar Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Yammacin Afirka (WALS); Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Najeriya (RAN), da Ƙungiyar Malaman Harshe ta Najeriya (ANLAT). Ita tsohuwar DAAD ce; kuma memba ce ta rayuwa, da kuma Fellow na Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya (FNAL). <ref name="imelda5">{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Hands and Voices of African Identity – International Conference |url=https://www.s-deli.org/indigenous-hands-and-voices-of-african-identity/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=S-DELI |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gudummawar bincike == Ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa, gami da Shirin Harsunan Najeriya (NLP), Shirin Harshe na Ƙananan Ƙasa (LCLP), Shirin Abidjan-Bielefeld-Uyo Gabatarwa ga Takaddun Harshe (ABUILD), Shirin Jami'ar Jihar Michigan da ke karɓar bakuncin Kayan Lantarki don Bayanan Harsuna Masu Hadari (E-MELD) da dai sauransu, Udoh ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin bayanin da ilimin harsunan rubuce-rubuce game da harsunan Upper da Lower Cross River da ake magana a cikin Akwa Ibom da Cross States na Najeriya.<ref name="imelda5"/><ref name="imelda6"/> Ayyukanta a kan harsuna daban-daban kamar Leggbó, Anaañ, Iko, Nkari, Ibibio, da Uda sun haifar da wallafe-wallafe da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Larry |last2=Narrog |first2=Heiko |last3=Paster |first3=Mary |last4=Udoh |first4=Imelda |date=2002-08-14 |title=Leggbo Verb Inflection: A Semantic and Phonological Particle Analysis |url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/view/3854 |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |language=en |volume=28 |pages=399–410 |doi=10.3765/bls.v28i1.3854 |issn=2377-1666 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tana da mahimmanci game da harsunan Upper Cross na Jihar Cross da harsuna marasa rinjaye na Najeriya, musamman Leggbó . <ref name="imelda5" /> Ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da ta shirya ya bayyana harsunan yankin Kudu-Kudancin Najeriya, gami da babban yaren da ake magana a Eleme, Rivers da sauransu da yawa.<ref>Udoh, Imelda Icheji Lawrence (editor) (2003) ''The languages of the South-South zone of Nigeria: a geo-political profile'' Concept Publications, Lagos, Nigeria, pages 85, 87, {{ISBN|978-8065-27-9}}</ref> Binciken da take da shi a yanzu shine kan taswirar harsunan Najeriya ta amfani da fasahar Geographical Information Systems (GIS), wanda ke da niyyar tattara da aiwatar da kayan aikin da suka san wuri wanda zai iya aiki a cikin ainihin lokaci, don inganta yanayin muhalli na harshe, da kuma ingantaccen hangen nesa na matsayin rayuwar harsuna. == Nuni na gudanarwa == Udoh ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Harsuna da Harsunan Najeriya, Jami'ar Uyo daga 2010 zuwa 2014, Mataimakin Dean na Faculty of Arts daga 2010 zuwa 2013 da Mataimakin Darakta, Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi daga 2015 zuwa 2016 na wannan Jami'ar.[1][2][3] Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar a cikin ayyukan ba da izini na Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa da yawa, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayinta na memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Uyo, daga 2015 zuwa 2017, da kuma memba na farko na Kwamitin Gwamna na Jami'an Ritman, Ikot Ekpene, Jihar Akwa Ibom, daga 2015 ruo 2019 [1] .[2][3] == Edita na mujallu na ilimi == Udoh tana da labaran da aka sake dubawa don bugawa a cikin mujallu da yawa na yanki, na ƙasa, da na duniya waɗanda take aiki a kan allon edita. Daga 2005 har zuwa 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Edita na USEM Journal of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature . Bugu da kari, tana aiki a matsayin edita baƙo ga Jaridar Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Najeriya (JOLAN) da Babban Edita na Jaridar Harsunan Najeriya (JNLP). <ref name="imelda3"/><ref name="imelda4"/> == Zaɓuɓɓukan wallafe-wallafen == # Udoh, Imelda Icheji Lawrence (2016). "Globalization da Tsaro na Harsunan Najeriya", a cikin Ozo-mekuri Ndimele (Ed.) Haɗuwa: Turanci da Harsunan Nigerian: A Festschrift for Munzali A. Jibril . Najeriya: M & J Grand Orbit Communications. shafi na 173-182.&nbsp; # Udoh, I.I.L., Anyanwu, O. N., da Ndimele, O, (2014). ''Batutuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin nazarin ilimin harshe, harsuna & wallafe-wallafen Najeriya: Festschrift ga Conrad Max Benedict Brann . '' Muenchen: LINCOM Turai. # Ekpenyong, M. E. da Udoh, I.I.L. (2022). ''Batutuwan da ke cikin Harshen Bayani da Humanities na Dijital: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Eno-Abasi Essien Urua .'' Singapore: Springer . # Udoh, I. I. L. (2019). ''Harsunan Kudancin Najeriya: Bayanan da ke tattare da siyasa. '' Uyo, Najeriya: Fruities' Publications Ltd. # [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Harsunan yankin Kudu-Kudancin Najeriya: Bayanan siyasa na kasa. '' Legas: Littattafan ra'ayi. # [Hotuna a shafi na 9] "Tsarin aji na asali a Leggbo" a cikin Paul Newman & Larry M. Hyman (eds.) Yammacin Afirka Linguistics: Takardu a cikin girmamawa na Russell G. Schuh . Columbus, Ohio: An buga shi ne ta Sashen Harshe da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. # Haka kuma, U. & Udoh, I. (2023). Baftisma na Harsunan 'Yan asalin ƙasar a cikin Ra'ayi: Wani Kaddamar da Harshen Ma'aikata a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. ''Southernizing Sociolinguistics: Colonialism, Racism, da Patriarchy a cikin Harshe a Kudancin Duniya.'' Antia, B. A. & Makoni, Sinfri (Eds.). NY & London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group . <ref name="imelda9"/> # Udoh, I., Ekpenyong, M., Urua, E.-A. , Adeniyi, H., Obiamalu, G., Yusuff, A., Anyanwu, O., & Obikudo, E. (2022). Sabuwar hanyar sake bayyana ilimin muhalli na harshe da haɗari a Najeriya: - zuwa ga mafita ta geospatial. ''Jaridar Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa'', ''3'' (03). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udoh |first=Imelda |last2=Ekpenyong |first2=Moses |last3=Urua |first3=Eno-Abasi |last4=Adeniyi |first4=Harrison |last5=Obiamalu |first5=Greg |last6=Yusuff |first6=Ayo |last7=Anyanwu |first7=Ogbonna |last8=Obikudo |first8=Ebitare |date=2021 |title=A novel method for redefining language ecology and endangerment in Nigeria : – towards a geospatial solution |url=https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/dhasa/article/view/3817 |journal=Journal of the Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa |language=en |volume=3 |issue=03 |doi=10.55492/dhasa.v3i03.3817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] "Compounding in Leggbó" A cikin Eugene Buckley, Thera M. Crane da Jeff Good (eds.) Bayyana tsarin: takardu don girmama Larry M. Hyman. Stanford, California:: CSLI Littattafai. # Udoh, I. I. L. (2007). "Jami'ar harshe da tasirinsa akan takardun harshe a Najeriya" a cikin Etuk Nssien Etuk, Inyang Mbong Udofot, Alice Effiong Udosen (eds.) Ilimi a Najeriya a cikin karni na 21: mayar da hankali da mahimmanci: festschrift don girmama Farfesa Mbong A. Udofot (MNAE). Uyo, Najeriya: Abaam Publishing Co. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] mw9x4oxhfmfgy2n7k9ztoougo8hog2q Bankin Union Na Legas 0 148276 859880 854650 2026-06-18T10:40:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357252371|Union Bank Building (Lagos)]]" 859880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ginin Bankin Union''' wani gini ne mai tsawo a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":0" /> Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki ne a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. '''Ginin Bankin Union''' wani gini ne mai tsawo a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lagos: Skyscrapers |url=http://lagos2010.jimdo.com/skyscrapers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120204/http://lagos2010.jimdo.com/skyscrapers/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |website=Jimdo}}</ref> Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki ne a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Lagos|state=collapsed}} cmi5vln778aywh3779w8y40780uz91q 859881 859880 2026-06-18T10:41:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ginin Bankin Union''' wani gini ne mai tsawo a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":0" /> Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki ne a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. '''Ginin Bankin Union''' wani gini ne mai tsawo a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lagos: Skyscrapers |url=http://lagos2010.jimdo.com/skyscrapers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120204/http://lagos2010.jimdo.com/skyscrapers/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |website=Jimdo}}</ref> Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki ne a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Lagos|state=collapsed}} 2ewjzz1u36giulwnc9gkv74g7v8cw92 Johannes Driesch 0 148718 859942 827769 2026-06-18T11:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} [[Fayil:Driesch-Selfportrait.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Hoton kai tare da Matar (1925) ]] [[Fayil:Johannes_Driesch_Der_Töpfer_und_sein_Schutzengel.jpg|thumb|417x417px|The Potter and His Guardian Angel (Erich Dieckmann (mai tsara kayan gida) tare da Driesch da iyalinsa) ]] '''Johannes Driesch''' (21 Nuwamba 1901, [[Krefeld]] - 18 Fabrairu 1930, [[Erfurt]]) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Jamus, mai zane-zanen zane, masanin yumbu da kuma mai tsara murfin littafi. Abubuwan da ya fi so sune matarsa, Lydia, da yaransu. == Tarihin rayuwa == Ya fito ne daga babban dangin ma'aikata kuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai horar da dutse a Krefeld, sannan ya shafe watanni uku a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] a can. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1919, ya shiga cikin darussan shirye-shirye a Staatliche Bauhaus a Weimar, inda ya yi karatu tare da Johannes Itten da Lyonel Feininger . A cikin 1920, ya tafi bitar tukwane a Bauhaus a Dornburg . Malamansa na farko a can sune Gerhard Marcks da [[Max Krehan]] . A shekara mai zuwa, ya auri Lydia Foucar (1895-1980), ɗalibar da ya sadu da ita a Munich a shekara da ta gabata.<ref>Magdalena Droste: [https://blog.klassik-stiftung.de/ueberleben-mit-formgebaeck/ ''Überleben mit Formgebäck''], bei [[Klassik Stiftung Weimar]], 26. September 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.friedrichsdorf.de/lebeninfriedrichsdorf/unserestadt/geschichte/persoenlichkeiten/lydiadriesch.php ''Lydia Driesch-Foucar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321044218/https://www.friedrichsdorf.de/lebeninfriedrichsdorf/unserestadt/geschichte/persoenlichkeiten/lydiadriesch.php |date=2025-03-21 }}, bei: [[Friedrichsdorf]], Website</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya hudu tare, wanda ya kawo karatunsu zuwa farkon ƙarshe, yayin da dole ne su kafa kasuwancin iyali don samar da kudin shiga. A shekara ta 1922, ya bar tukwane kuma ya mai zane-zane, tare da goyon bayan Marcks da masanin tarihin fasaha, {{Interlanguage link|Walter Kaesbach|de}} [de]. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da karatunsa da kansa, yana kwafin Tsohon Masters. Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba don samun Farfesa a [[Düsseldorf]], shi da iyalinsa sun koma [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt da Main]] a 1928 kuma sun buɗe ɗakin karatu a can. Ya mutu shekaru biyu bayan haka, bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya, yayin da yake aiki a kwamiti a Erfurt. Gwamnatin Nazi ta kwace mafi yawan ayyukansa a shekarar 1935, bayan an rarraba su a matsayin "ƙwarewar lalacewa". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{AKL|29|446||Driesch, Johannes|Dankmar Trier}} * Cornelia Nowak, Michael Siebenbrodt (Eds.): ''Johannes Driesch – Vom Bauhaus nach Arkadien''. Exhibition catalog, Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar/Bauhaus-Museum (2001) {{ISBN|3-929323-20-6}} * Klaus Weber, Daniela Sannwald (Eds.): ''Keramik und Bauhaus. Geschichte und Wirkungen der keramischen Werkstatt des Bauhauses''. Exhibition catalog. Berlin : Kupfergraben, 1989 == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Johannes Driesch}} * Literature by and about Johannes Driescha cikinLaburaren Kasa na Jamuskatako [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] mgfk4kllfc0loqcl4dvo7u1v52qzszo Ireen Mambala 0 149348 859450 835115 2026-06-17T15:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Ireen Mambala''' 'yar siyasa ce mai zaman kanta a [[Malawi|Malawian]]. An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa don wakiltar Balaka ta Kudu a shekarar 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Balaka South MP Mambala immensely grateful of MRF-UK for reaching out to Cyclone Ana flood victims in her area - Maravi Express - Your Kind of News. Clear and accurate. |url=https://www.maraviexpress.com/balaka-south-mp-mambala-immensely-grateful-of-mrf-uk-for-reaching-out-to-cyclone-ana-flood-victims-in-her-area/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma irin wannan mazabar a shekarar 2025. == Rayuwa == An haifi Mambala ne a yankunan karkara na Gundumar Balaka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ireen Mambala |url=https://data.connectedafrica.net/entities/ba7f396d471189f3431584ad6ee8a36884346275.b235cc478e5181ddbf0348709675791ae5742659 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=data.connectedafrica.net}}</ref> Ta tsaya a matsayin mai zaman kanta a mazabar Balaka ta Kudu a shekarar 2019 kuma an zabe ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PWC Home – PWC Malawi |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231001239/https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="wfd">{{Cite web |title=Ireen Mambala |url=https://www.wfd.org/who-we-are/our-people/ireen-mambala |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.wfd.org |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce kadai mace da ta yi takara a zaben kuma ita da masu sha'awarta sun ga nasarar da aka samu a kan maza tara. Ta shiga majalisa amma ya bayyana cewa babu wata jam'iyya da ke da rinjaye kuma majalisa da aka rataye na iya haifar da jinkirin yanke shawara. Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party Peter Mutharika ya yi kira ga masu zaman kansu kamar Mambala da su goyi bayan gwamnati. 32 sun amince ciki har da Mambala, Susan Dossi, Lyana Lexa Tambala, Roseby Gadama, Abigail Shariff da Nancy Chaola Mdooko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-03 |title=No hung parliament as 32 independent MPs flock to governing DPP - |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/no-hung-parliament-as-32-independent-mps-flock-to-governing-dpp/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mambala yana ƙarfafa wasu su ji an ba su iko. Tana gudanar da wani aikin da ake kira "Ka ba ni Littattafai Ba Miji ko Matar ba".<ref name="wfd"/> [[Rivi Rivi River|Kogin Rivi]] Rivi wanda ke ciyar da Kogin Shire ya ratsa mazabarta. Lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa tana lalata amfanin gona kuma tana yanke al'ummomin da ke kusa. Al'ummar Utale an san su da Utale 1 da Utale 2 kuma lokacin da kogin ya ambaliya yara ba sa zuwa makaranta.<ref name="nkayariver">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=Balaka South MP Mambala forced to divert cutoff road road through a nearby village's maize field |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/balaka-south-mp-mambala-forced-to-divert-cutoff-road-road-through-a-nearby-villages-maize-field-set-to-compensate-affected-households/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2022 kogin ya karkatar da mita 500 sakamakon ruwan sama da Guguwar Tropical Ana . Wani kauye da ake kira Chipanga da layin jirgin kasa suna cikin barazana idan yanayin ya ci gaba. Kamar yadda kogin yake yana hana mutane yin amfani da hanyar da ke akwai. Mambala ta tattauna da iyalai huɗu na yankin a Nkaya don sabuwar hanyar da za a kafa a fadin amfanin gonar su. Ta ba su kyauta na jaka biyu na masara da wasu kuɗi kuma ta gode musu a bainar jama'a saboda karimci.<ref name="nkayariver"/> Wadanda ba su da gida saboda ambaliyar ruwa sun fito ne daga Nkaya, Nsamala, Phimbi da Mpilisi. Wadanda ba su da gida sun zauna a majami'u da makarantu amma wannan na iya zama na wucin gadi ne kawai kamar yadda ake buƙatar makarantu don koyarwa. Akwatin taimakon sadaka hamsin sun isa ga marasa gida waɗanda aka tilasta su zauna tare da abokai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Balaka South MP Mambala immensely grateful of MRF-UK for reaching out to Cyclone Ana flood victims in her area |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/balaka-south-mp-mambala-immensely-grateful-of-mrf-uk-for-reaching-out-to-cyclone-ana-flood-victims-in-her-area/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar takara a mazabar Balaka Mulunguzi kuma ta sami nasara sosai inda ta samu sama da kashi 30% a cikin kuri'un.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balaka Mulunguzi constituency in the Electionsdashboard |url=https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222233712/https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t851zi16rokzedqxe9ghee5wk7wqfub Ivan Lendrić 0 149872 859501 832303 2026-06-17T17:42:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ivan Lendrić''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Croatia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Croatia Hrvatski Dragovoljac . == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a Split, Lendrić ya tashi ta hanyar Hajduk Split Academy . A cikin kakar 2009-10, lokacinsa na karshe na matasa, Lendrić ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar makarantar Croatian kuma an zabe shi dan wasan matasa mafi kyau ta hanyar wasanni na yau da kullun na Croatia ''Sportske novosti'' . He turned professional in July 2010, but failed to break into the first team under coach Stanko Poklepović so he was loaned to Bosnian Premier League club Zrinjski Mostar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> While at Zrinjski, Lendrić became top scorer in the 2010–11 Bosnian championship with 16 goals. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2011, ya dawo daga rance kuma ya shiga tawagar farko a karkashin kocin Krasimir Balakov . A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Hajduk, ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni goma sha tara, yana wasa mafi yawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin. A watan Yunin 2012, Lendrić ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Belgium Zulte Waregem . Bayan wani matsakaiciyar nasara a Zulte Waregem, Lokomotiva ta yanke shawarar dawo da dan wasan zuwa 1. HNL a cikin yarjejeniyar Yuro 500,000. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, an dakatar da kwangilarsa tare da Lokomotiva bayan wasanni shida na farko kuma babu burin A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, Lenrić ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta biyu ta Austrian Kapfenberger SV, inda ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni goma sha biyar. A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Lendrić ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Italiya ta FC Südtirol . A shekarar 2015, Lendrić ya buga wa Celje, Milsami Orhei, da PAE Kerkyra wasa. A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Lendrić ya shiga kungiyar Željezničar ta Premier League ta Bosnia. Željezničar ya gama kakar 2016-17 a matsayin mai cin gaba, tare da Lendrić ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye 19. Lendrić daga nan ya koma kulob din Ligue 2 na Faransa [[RC Lens|Lens]] don kudin € 300,000 a watan Yulin 2017, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2017 |title=Ivan Lendrić za 300.000 eura prešao iz Želje u francuski Lens |url=http://nap.ba/new/vijest.php?id=37106 |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=www.nap.ba |language=hr |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213322/http://nap.ba/new/vijest.php?id=37106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya tare da Lens, an dakatar da kwangilarsa a watan Yunin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2018 |title=Officiel: Ivan Lendric résilie son contrat avec le RC Lens |url=http://www.madeinlens.com/actualite-rclens/saison-2017-2018/transferts/44305-officiel-ivan-lendric-resilie-son-contrat-avec-le-rc-lens.html |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=Made In Lens |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2018, Lendrić ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Slovenia Olimpija Ljubljana . Ya zira kwallaye na farko kuma kawai ga kulob din a karon farko a wasan kofin a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba a kan Triglav Kranj . A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2018, bayan watanni hudu kawai a Olimpija, Lendrić ya bar kulob din. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 2019, Lendrić ya koma Bosnia da Herzegovina kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Zrinjski Mostar, kulob din da ya buga a kakar 2010-11. <ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H. |date=21 June 2019 |title=Ivan Lendrić novi igrač Zrinjskog, Plemići stvaraju moćan tim |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/ivan-lendric-novi-igrac-zrinjskog-plemici-stvaraju-mocan-tim/190621054 |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Zrinjski kwallo ta farko tun daga shekara ta 2011 a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin 2019, a wasan da ya ci Akademija Pandev 3-0 a zagaye na farko na UEFA Europa League na 2019-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Zrinjski zakoračio ka drugom kolu kvalifikacija za Evropsku ligu |url=https://sport1.oslobodjenje.ba/evropska-takmicenja/zrinjski-zakoracio-ka-drugom-kolu-kvalifikacija-za-evropsku-ligu/160210 |access-date=11 July 2019 |publisher=Sport1.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Lendrić ya fara buga wasan farko a Zrinjski bayan shekaru tara a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2019, a wasan da aka yi da Sarajevo da ci 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H. |date=21 July 2019 |title=Sarajevo pobjedom protiv Zrinjskog započelo odbranu titule prvaka BiH |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/sarajevo-pobjedom-protiv-zrinjskog-zapocelo-odbranu-titule-prvaka-bih/190721062 |access-date=21 July 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar tun lokacin da ya dawo Zrinjski a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2019, a cikin nasarar da ya samu a gida 4-0 a kan Borac Banja Luka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2019 |title=Zrinjski za šest minuta razbio Borac |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/zrinjski-za-sest-minuta-razbio-borac/190824084 |access-date=24 August 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Disamba 2019, Lendrić ya yanke shawarar dakatar da kwangilarsa tare da Zrinjski kuma ya bar kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Lendo |date=10 December 2019 |title=Ivan Lendrić više nije igrač HŠK Zrinjski! |url=https://sportsport.ba/fudbal/ivan-lendric-vise-nije-igrac-hsk-zrinjski/344050 |access-date=10 December 2019 |publisher=sportsport.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Shekaru biyu da rabi bayan barin Željezničar, a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2020, ya koma kulob din [[Sarajevo]], ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara daya da rabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=F.Z. |date=7 January 2020 |title=Lendrić: Ovo je moj klub, volim igrati na Grbavici, Željin dres poseban je motiv |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/lendric-ovo-je-moj-klub-volim-igrati-na-grbavici-zeljin-dres-poseban-je-motiv/200107110 |access-date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Ya buga wasan sa na farko bayan ya dawo Željezničar a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, wasan 0-0 da aka yi da Radnik Bijeljina a ranar 22 de Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=E.B. |date=22 February 2020 |title=Radnik i Željezničar remizirali u izuzetno dosadnom meču u Bijeljini |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/radnik-i-zeljeznicar-remizirali-u-izuzetno-dosadnom-mecu-u-bijeljini/200222058 |access-date=22 February 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Goal na farko da ya zira tun lokacin da ya dawo kulob din ya kasance a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Zvijezda 09 a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.K. |date=29 February 2020 |title=Željezničar uvjerljivo savladao Zvijezdu 09 i bodovno se izjednačio sa Sarajevom |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/zeljeznicar-uvjerljivo-savladao-zvijezdu-09-i-bodovno-se-izjednacio-sa-sarajevom/200229073 |access-date=29 February 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> Lendrić ya bar Željezničar a watan Mayu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D.B. |date=31 May 2021 |title=Ivan Lendrić napustio Željezničar |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/ivan-lendric-napustio-zeljeznicar/210531134 |access-date=31 May 2021 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> A kasa da kasa, Lendrić ya wakilci Croatia a duk matakan matasa kuma ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da aka kira don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2011 ta hanyar kocin Ivica Grnja, inda ya zira kwallaye a nasarar Croatia 5-2 da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|Najeriya]]. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;font-size:90%" |- |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Hajduk Rarraba |2010–11 |1. HNL |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Zrinjski Mostar (lambar) |2010–11 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |28 |16 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |17 |- |Hajduk Rarraba |2011–12 |1. HNL |19 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Zulte Waregem |2012–13 |Belgian Pro League |20 |2 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |3 |- |2013–14 |Belgian Pro League |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !23 !3 |- |Jirgin ƙasa |2013–14 |1. HNL |6 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |2 |- |Kapfenberger SV |2013–14 |Ƙungiyar Farko ta Austriya |15 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |5 |- |Südtirol |2014–15 |Lega Pro |14 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |4 |- |Celje |2014–15 |PrvaLiga na Slovenia |16 |2 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |3 |- |Milsami Orhei |2015–16 |Divizia Națională |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Kerkyra |2015–16 |Kungiyar kwallon kafa |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Željezničar |2015–16 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |12 |7 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |9 |- |2016–17 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |32 |19 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |20 |- |2017–18 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !26 !6 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !52 !31 |- |[[RC Lens|Lens]] |2017–18 |Ligue 2 |9 |2 |1 |3 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |6 |- |Lens na II |2017–18 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 2 |1 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |2 |- |Olimpija Ljubljana |2018–19 |PrvaLiga na Slovenia |5 |0 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |2 |- |Hermannstadt |2018–19 |Lig I |10 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2018–19 Liga I#Liga I play-off|2018–19 Liga I play-off]]}} |0 |13 |2 |- |Zrinjski Mostar |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |16 |3 |2 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="3" |Željezničar |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |3 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- |2020–21 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |24 |6 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |27 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !27 !7 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !30 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !232 !77 !23 !14 !1 !1 !9 !3 !2 !0 !267 !95 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== fzl9fy4i950qes6h89bbau9nltkffon Jason Culina 0 150036 859725 832691 2026-06-18T02:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jason Culina''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1980) kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Australiya kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. Ya buga gasa biyu [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|na FIFA World Cup]] da AFC Asian Cup ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia . A matakin ƙungiya, Culina ta yi shekaru tara a Netherlands, inda ta lashe kofunan Eredivisie guda huɗu (ɗaya da Ajax da uku tare da [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] ). == Aikin kulob == [[Fayil:Culina.jpg|left|thumb|Culina tana horo tare da PSV]] Culina ya fara aikinsa da Sydney United a ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa, Branko Culina, kafin ya koma Ajax, inda ya yi fama da matsaloli a cikin 'yan wasan tsakiya. Bayan komawarsa Twente ne Culina ya fara haskakawa a matakin farko a ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar. Wannan ya tabbatar da komawarsa wata babbar ƙungiyar Holland, [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] . Duk da cewa a da yana da ƙwarewa a fannin kai hari a ƙungiyar Twente, Culina ya taka rawar gani a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai hazaka a ƙungiyar, inda ya samu nasara nan take. A shekararsa ta ƙarshe a PSV, Culina ya kasance ɗan wasan baya na dama tare da ƙarin nasara, wanda hakan ya danganta da iyawar Culina da kuma amfaninsa. A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2009, Culina ya sanar da niyyarsa ta komawa Ostiraliya bayan ya ƙi tsawaita kwangilarsa daga PSV yayin da yake neman sabon ƙalubale da kuma sabon farawa a Ostiraliya.<blockquote>"Ina son fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma ina shirye don sabon ƙalubale. Ni ne ɗan ƙasa na farko da ya koma Ostiraliya kuma ina sha'awar haɓaka gasa ta ƙasa da kuma ɗaga matsayin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Socceroo Jason Culina officially accepts Gold Coast deal |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,8659,24897120-23215,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917174145/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,8659,24897120-23215,00.html |archive-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=[[The Australian]]}}</ref></blockquote>A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2009, Gold Coast United ta saye shi kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, inda ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Socceroo Jason Culina signs as Gold Coast United's marquee |url=http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=26083 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302020748/http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=26083 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |publisher=Goldcoastunited.com.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bleiberg: Ambition was the key to Culina signature |url=http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=26085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310045041/http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=26085 |archive-date=10 March 2011 |publisher=Goldcoastunited.com.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Right time, right club |url=http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=26086 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302020632/http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=26086 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |publisher=Goldcoastunited.com.au}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009, ya fara buga wa Gold Coast wasa a wani wasan sada zumunci a Singapore da wani wasan Olympics na Singapore, inda ya maye gurbin Steve Pantelidis kuma ya zura kwallo a minti na 88 daga nisan yadi 25. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Debut goal for Culina in 4–0 win for United |url=http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=27999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308123210/http://www.goldcoastunited.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=27999 |archive-date=8 March 2011 |publisher=Goldcoastunited.com.au}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Fabrairun 2011, an bayyana cewa Culina zai haɗu da mahaifinsa Branko Culina a Newcastle Jets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=James Gardiner |date=22 February 2011 |title=Jason Culina signs with Newcastle Jets |url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/466659/jason-culina-signs-with-newcastle-jets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821154959/http://www.theherald.com.au/news/local/sport/football-soccer/jason-culina-signs-with-newcastle-jets/2083922.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2011 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=Theherald.com.au}}</ref> Culina ya ji rauni na dogon lokaci kuma ya rasa kakar wasa ta 2011-12. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DILLON |first=ROBERT |date=14 September 2011 |title=My call on Jason Culina, says Ray Baartz |url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/476814/my-call-on-jason-culina-says-ray-baartz/}}</ref> An soke kwantiraginsa, amma ya ci gaba da murmurewa da atisaye tare da ƙungiyar. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2012, Culina ya rattaba hannu da kulob din A-League na Sydney FC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jason Culina signs with Sydney FC - Football Australia 2011 |url=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news-display/Jason-Culina-signs-with-Sydney-FC/50081 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013191536/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news-display/jason-culina-signs-with-sydney-fc/50081 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Duk da haka, bai yi shekara guda da kulob din ba, inda ya rabu da kulob din a watan Fabrairun 2013 bayan rashin jituwa da kocinsa Frank Farina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney FC parts ways with Culina |url=http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/news/1140460/Sydney-FC-parts-ways-with-Culina}}</ref> Culina ya sanar da yin ritayarsa a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2013 a wani taron Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Australia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Injury-plagued Culina calls it quits |url=http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/news/1156521/Injury-plagued-Culina-calls-it-quits/}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == A shekarar 2015, Culina ta shiga cikin masu horar da ƙwallon ƙafa na Makarantar King's, inda ta taimaka wa ƙungiyar farko ta makarantar. A shekarar 2016, Culina ta koma Kwalejin St Joseph, kuma ita ce darektan fasaha na ƙwallon ƙafa na kwalejin kuma kocin ƙungiyar farko ta XI. A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2017, an nada Culina a matsayin kocin Sydney United mai shekaru 58 bayan Mark Rudan ya yi murabus Culina ya sanar da yin murabus daga rawar da ya taka a wasanni takwas a kakar wasa, inda ya samu nasara sau hudu da kuma rashin nasara sau hudu a kungiyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2018 |title=Jason Culina resigns as Sydney United 58 head coach |url=https://nplnsw.com.au/2018/04/30/jason-culina-resigns-sydney-united-58-head-coach/}}</ref> Culina yanzu ita ce kocin Sydney United 58 FC 'yan ƙasa da shekara 12. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jason Culina named Sydney United coach |url=https://www.ftbl.com.au/news/jason-culina-named-sydney-united-coach-471003 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=FTBL |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205042637/https://www.ftbl.com.au/news/jason-culina-named-sydney-united-coach-471003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2023, Culina ta shiga ƙungiyar Western Sydney Wanderers a matsayin Shugaban Kocin Kwalejin. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Jason_Culina.jpg|left|thumb|Culina tana wasa da Socceroos]] Culina ya fara buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Australia wasa da Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2005. [1] Ya zama dan wasan da ya fara bugawa Socceroos wasa akai-akai a karkashin kocinsa Guus Hiddink, wanda kuma shi ne kocin kulob dinsa a PSV. [2] [3] Kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a watan Satumbar 2005, a kan Tsibirin Solomon da ke Sydney . [4] Culina ya buga wasanni biyu na wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Uruguay inda Australia ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 bayan bugun fenariti mai ban mamaki. An zabe shi a cikin tawagar Australia don gasar cin kofin duniya, wadda aka gudanar a Jamus, kuma ya fara dukkan wasanni hudu na Australia. [5] A ranar 3 ga Maris 2010, an nada Culina a matsayin kyaftin na Australia a karon farko, a wasan share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC da Indonesia, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2010 |title=Culina honoured by captaincy nod |url=http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/socceroos/news/972652/Culina-honoured-by-captaincy-nod |publisher=Theworldgame.sbs.com.au}}</ref> da nasara 1-0. A ranar 18 ga Yuni 2013, ya sanar da yin ritaya daga buga wasa a hukumance a wani biki da aka gudanar kafin wasan share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Australia za ta yi da Iraki . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ijc0721nrvel2fcm0trz98im4r6gzyh Jean-Clair Todibo 0 150180 859728 835360 2026-06-18T02:45:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Jean-Clair Todibo.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Jean-Clair Todibo | hoto = Jean-Clair Todibo 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Jean-Clair Dimitri Roger Todibo | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1999|12|30}} | wurin_haihuwa = Cayenne, Faransa | tsawo = 1.90 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kulob_na_yanzu = West Ham United | lamba = 25 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2007–2016 | matasa_kulob1 = Les Lilas | matasa_shekaru2 = 2016–2018 | matasa_kulob2 = Toulouse | shekaru1 = 2018–2019 | clubs1 = Toulouse | wasanni1 = 10 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2019–2021 | clubs2 = Barcelona | wasanni2 = 5 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2020 | clubs3 = → Schalke 04 (aro) | wasanni3 = 8 | kwallaye3 = 0 | shekaru4 = 2020–2021 | clubs4 = → Benfica (aro) | wasanni4 = 2 | kwallaye4 = 0 | shekaru5 = 2021–2024 | clubs5 = Nice | wasanni5 = 89 | kwallaye5 = 1 | shekaru6 = 2024– | clubs6 = West Ham United | wasanni6 = 0 | kwallaye6 = 0 | tawagar_kasa_shekaru1 = 2016 | tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U17 | tawagar_kasa_shekaru2 = 2018 | tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa U20 | tawagar_kasa_shekaru3 = 2023– | tawagar_kasa3 = Faransa | tawagar_kasa_wasanni3 = 2 | tawagar_kasa_kwallaye3 = 0 }} '''Jean-Clair Dimitri Roger Todibo''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1999 a birnin Cayenne na ƙasar Faransa. Ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare baya, saurin karanta wasa, da iya fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye masu inganci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whufc.com/player/244 |title=Jean-Clair Todibo |publisher=West Ham United |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Todibo ya taso ne a Faransa inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta kulob ɗin Les Lilas kafin daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta Toulouse a shekarar 2016. A lokacin yana matashi, masu horarwa sun lura da ƙwarewarsa wajen tsaron baya da kuma yadda yake sarrafa ƙwallo cikin natsuwa duk da tsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/jean-clair-todibo/profil/spieler/433178 |title=Jean-Clair Todibo Profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Toulouse === Todibo ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Toulouse wasa a shekarar 2018 bayan ya fito daga makarantar matasa ta kulob ɗin. Ya buga wasanni a gasar Ligue 1 inda ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa. Salon wasansa ya sa manyan kulob na Turai suka fara bibiyarsa saboda yadda yake iya haɗa tsaro da fara kai hari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=jean-clair-todibo |title=Jean-Clair Todibo - Ligue 1 Profile |publisher=Ligue 1 |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Barcelona === A watan Janairu shekarar 2019, kulob ɗin Barcelona na ƙasar Sifaniya ya ɗauke shi daga Toulouse. Komawarsa Barcelona ta kasance babbar dama a rayuwarsa saboda samun damar wasa tare da manyan taurari. Duk da haka, ya samu ƙarancin damar buga wasa saboda gasa mai tsauri a cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/18566/jean-clair-todibo |title=Jean-Clair Todibo |publisher=FC Barcelona |access-date=2026-05-09 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin yana Barcelona, Todibo ya yi ƙoƙarin nuna bajintarsa a duk lokacin da aka ba shi dama. Masana sun yaba da yadda yake da ƙarfin jiki da kuma iya fitar da ƙwallo daga baya cikin sauri. Duk da wannan, rashin samun lokaci mai yawa ya sa kulob ɗin ya fara tura shi aro zuwa wasu ƙungiyoyi domin samun ƙarin gogewa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Barcelona defender Todibo sent out on loan |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Schalke 04 === A shekarar 2020, Todibo ya koma Schalke 04 na Jamus a matsayin aro. Ya samu damar buga wasanni a Bundesliga inda ya kara gogewa wajen fuskantar ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi. Duk da matsalolin da Schalke ke ciki a lokacin, Todibo ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen tsaron baya da kuma iya dakile hare-hare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://schalke04.de/en/team/jean-clair-todibo/ |title=Jean-Clair Todibo at Schalke 04 |publisher=Schalke 04 |access-date=2026-05-09 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Benfica === Daga baya ya koma Benfica ta ƙasar Portugal a matsayin aro. Sai dai bai samu yawan damar buga wasa ba saboda matsalar rauni da kuma gasa a cikin tawagar. Duk da hakan, zaman nasa a Portugal ya ƙara masa gogewa a gasar Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/futebol/plantel-principal/todibo |title=Jean-Clair Todibo |publisher=SL Benfica |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Nice === A shekarar 2021, Todibo ya koma Nice na Faransa inda ya fara samun daidaito a aikinsa. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron baya na ƙungiyar saboda bajintarsa wajen dakile hare-hare da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo. Lokacinsa a Nice ya taimaka masa wajen dawo da martabarsa a ƙwallon Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ogcnice.com/en/player/153/jean-clair-todibo.html |title=Jean-Clair Todibo |publisher=OGC Nice |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> A lokacin yana Nice, Todibo ya kasance cikin fitattun 'yan baya a Ligue 1. Wasansa ya ja hankalin masu horar da tawagar ƙasar Faransa, kuma ya fara samun kiraye-kirayen shiga tawagar ƙasa. Masu sharhi sun yaba da yadda yake haɗa ƙarfin jiki, sauri, da kuma iya karanta motsin abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Todibo impresses in Ligue 1 with Nice |publisher=Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === West Ham United === A shekarar 2024, Todibo ya koma West Ham United ta gasar Firimiya ta Ingila. Ana ganin zuwansa zai ƙara ƙarfi a bangaren tsaron ƙungiyar saboda gogewarsa a manyan lig-lig na Turai. Kulob ɗin ya bayyana cewa an ɗauke shi ne domin ƙarfafa tsaron baya da kuma ƙara gogewa a tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/west-ham-united-sign-jean-clair-todibo |title=West Ham United sign Jean-Clair Todibo |publisher=West Ham United |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Todibo ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa. Ya fara bugawa tawagar Faransa ta manya wasa a shekarar 2023. Masu horarwa sun yaba da natsuwarsa da kuma yadda yake iya taka rawa a tsarin zamani na masu tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10074-todibo-jean-clair/fiche.html |title=Jean-Clair Todibo - France National Team |publisher=French Football Federation |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Jean-Clair Todibo ana kallonsa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na zamani saboda iya sarrafa ƙwallo, saurin motsi, da kuma iya fara kai hari daga baya. Yana da ƙarfi a bugun sama kuma yana iya tsayawa gaban manyan 'yan kai hari cikin jarumtaka. Haka kuma yana iya taka rawa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya ko na dama idan buƙata ta taso.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Todibo is regarded as a modern defender |publisher=The Athletic |url=https://theathletic.com/ |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715120444/https://theathletic.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nasarori == ; Barcelona * La Liga: 2018–19<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/honours |title=FC Barcelona Honours |publisher=FC Barcelona |access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Tsarin kungiyar West Ham United}} {{Tsarin tawagar kasar Faransa}} [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Toulouse FC]] [[Category:'Yan wasan FC Barcelona]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Schalke 04]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Benfica]] [[Category:'Yan wasan OGC Nice]] [[Category:'Yan wasan West Ham United]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Ligue 1]] [[Category:'Yan wasan La Liga]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Bundesliga]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Premier League]] ec4cnjviw5dfxbr1ccue3ybcqsfl9rw Jay Enem 0 150286 859727 833447 2026-06-18T02:37:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jay Ifeanyi-Junior Tyron Enem''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris 2003) [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar [[Red Star Belgrade]] ta ƙasar Serbia a matsayin aro daga OFK Beograd . == Aikin kulob == Enem ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a AFC, AZ Alkmaar da Ajax . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan ya fito daga cikin matasan ƙungiyar a ƙarshen wasan, ya fara buga wasa a Jong Ajax a ranar 11 ga Maris 2022, inda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da FC Dordrecht a Eerste Divisie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jong Ajax speelt gelijk in Dordrecht |url=https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/jong-ajax-speelt-gelijk-in-dordrecht/ |website=www.ajax.nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dordrecht vs. Ajax II - 11 March 2022 - Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/11/netherlands/eerste-divisie/bvo-fc-dordrecht/jong-ajax/3513069/ |website=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya kuma zama ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Ajax. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax met speels gemak naar zege in Mini-Klassieker na wereldactie - FCUpdate.nl |url=https://www.fcupdate.nl/voetbalnieuws/399828/ajax-met-speels-gemak-naar-zege-in-mini-klassieker-na-wereldactie/ |website=www.fcupdate.nl}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na 2022, ɗan wasan ya buga wa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Ajax wasanni da dama na sada zumunci kafin kakar wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan NK Lokomotiva Zagreb . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2022 |title=Ajax met teruggekeerde internationals te sterk voor Lokomotiva Zagreb |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/1083600512/ajax-met-teruggekeerde-internationals-te-sterk-voor-lokomotiva-zagreb |website=Telegraaf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2022 |title=Kopljem na Lokose: Ajax je svladao Lokomotivu u njezinom posljednjem pripremnom ogledu |url=https://telesport.telegram.hr/na-prvu/kopljem-na-lokose-ajax-je-svladao-lokomotivu-u-njezinom-posljednjem-pripremnom-ogledu/ |website=Telesport.hr}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2022, Enem ya koma ƙungiyar Serie B ta Venezia a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, tare da zaɓin wani kakar wasa; da farko an yi masa rijista don ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19. [1] [2] Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a Venezia a ranar 21 ga Janairu 2023, inda ya maye gurbinsa a mintuna na ƙarshe na rashin nasara a gasar Südtirol da ci 0-1. [3] [4] A ranar 31 ga Janairu na wannan shekarar, Enem ya koma ƙungiyar Serie C ta Vis Pesaro a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Jay Enem in prestito alla Vis Pesaro |url=https://www.veneziafc.it/news/jay-enem-in-prestito-alla-vis-pesaro |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=Venezia F.C. |language=it-IT}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=IN BIANCOROSSO IL GIOVANE ATTACCANTE JAY ENEM! |url=https://www.vispesaro1898.it/vis/in-biancorosso-il-giovane-attaccante-jay-enem/ |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=Vis Pesaro 1898 |language=it-IT}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nalesso |first=Pietro |date=31 January 2023 |title=UFFICIALE- Venezia, Enem prestato in Serie C: la destinazione |url=https://www.mondoprimavera.com/news/336279801350/ufficiale-venezia-enem-prestato-in-serie-c-la-destinazione |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=MondoPrimavera |language=it-IT}}</ref> Yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta sami damar ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin na uku ba tare da shiga wasannin share fage ba, bayan da Imolese ya cire maki da kuma faɗuwa daga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Vis Pesaro, scongiurato il rischio playout: ufficiale la salvezza in Serie C |url=https://corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/lega-pro-serie-d/2023/05/17-107876269/vis_pesaro_scongiurato_il_rischio_playout_ufficiale_la_salvezza_in_serie_c |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=Corriere dello Sport |language=it-IT}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Vis Pesaro, salvezza certa. Niente playout |url=https://www.rainews.it/tgr/marche/articoli/2023/05/niente-playout-per-la-vis-pesaro-seriec-calcio-a072ffd9-1af9-4f05-a346-0585c199f429.html |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=Rai News |language=it-IT}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2023, an tura Enem a matsayin aro zuwa ƙungiyar Ethnikos Achna ta Cyprus har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Jay Enem in prestito all'Ethnikos Achnas |url=https://www.veneziafc.it/news/jay-enem-in-prestito-all-ethnikos-achnas |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Venezia FC |language=it}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Ανακοίνωσε επιθετικό ο Εθνικός Άχνας |url=https://www.kerkida.net/eidiseis/a-katigoria/ethnikos-ahnas/anakoinose-epithetiko-o-ethnikos-ahnas |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Kerkida.net |language=el-CY}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2024, ya koma sabon aro a Cyprus, a wannan karon tare da PAC Omonia 29M . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2024 |title=Απόκτηση Jay Enem |trans-title=Got Jay Enem |url=https://pacomonia.com/apoktisi-jay-enem/ |access-date=4 October 2024 |publisher=PAC Omonia 29M |language=el |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007093235/https://pacomonia.com/apoktisi-jay-enem/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a [[Holand|ƙasar Netherlands]], Enem ɗan asalin [[Najeriya|ƙasar Najeriya]] ne. <ref name=":0"/> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 1 March 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Turai ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Jong Ajax | 2021–22 | Eerste Division | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- | Venezia | 2022–23 | Serie B | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- | Lamuni na Vis Pesaro (bashi) | 2022–23 | Serie C | 7 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 7 | 0 |- | Ethnikos Achna (rance) | 2023–24 | Sashen Farko na Cyprus | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- | Omonia Miliyan 29 (rance) | 2024–25 | Sashen Farko na Cyprus | 25 | 3 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 26 | 4 |- | OFK Beograd | 2025–26 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 17 | 10 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 17 | 10 |- | [[Red Star Belgrade]] (aron) | 2025–26 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 {{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 8 | 3 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 59 ! 15 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 63 ! 17 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] bobvawadgpndies1jvmqxca77b0y1da Jeon Ga-eul 0 150548 859732 835388 2026-06-18T04:04:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeon Ga-eul''' ( Korean , ko kuma {{IPA|ko|tɕʌn|}} {{IPA|ko|ka.ɯl|}} ; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] ta Koriya ta Kudu mai ritaya. Ita ce 'yar Koriya ta Kudu ta farko da ta buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa ta Amurka, da kuma gasar W-League ta Australiya. <ref name="bristol">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=W-League wrap: Ga-eul, Wynne And Bryson Sign With City Women |url=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/ga-eul-wynne-and-bryson-sign-with-city-women/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[Bristol City F.C.]]}}</ref> Ta lashe kofuna da dama na gasar gida, kofunan MVP da gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa, kasancewarta babbar mai zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wadda ta lashe lambar zinare ta mata a ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar bazara ta 2009. Jeon ta zura kwallaye masu kyau a raga a kan Jamus a matakin rukuni, da kuma Japan a wasan ƙarshe. Ta kuma zura kwallaye shida a wasa ɗaya da Afirka ta Kudu. Gabaɗaya, ta buga wasanni sama da 100 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Koriya ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == === Yammacin New York Flash === A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa Western New York Flash ta sanar da siyan Jeon a kakar wasa ta 2016, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko daga Koriya ta Kudu da ta buga wasa a gasar. <ref name="nwsl2016">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=FLASH SIGN SOUTH KOREAN MIDFIELDER JEON GA EUL |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/903409.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312050716/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/903409.html |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> Flash ta sake ta a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=WNY Flash waive Jeon Ga-eul |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/wny-flash-waive-jeon-ga-eul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307231641/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/wny-flash-waive-jeon-ga-eul |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> === Nasarar Melbourne === A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2017, Jeon ta sanya hannu da Melbourne Victory, inda ta zama 'yar wasan Koriya ta Kudu ta farko da ta shiga gasar W-League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=South Korean international joins W-League |url=https://www.melbournevictory.com.au/news/south-korean-international-joins-w-league |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=Korean Republic international Jeon Ga-eul joins Melbourne Victory |url=http://thewomensgame.com/news/korean-republic-international-jeon-ga-eul-joins-melbourne-victory-484090 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=The Women's Game }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2017, ta fara buga wasa a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Melbourne City da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=W-League wrap: Victory edged in Derby |url=https://www.melbournevictory.com.au/news/w-league-wrap-victory-edged-in-derby |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017, ta zura kwallonta ta farko a wasan da ta doke Adelaide United da ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2017 |title=W-League wrap: Victory hits Adelaide for four |url=https://www.melbournevictory.com.au/news/w-league-wrap-victory-hits-adelaide-four |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref> Ta kammala kakar wasa ta 2017-18 da kwallo daya a wasanni goma. === Hwacheon KSPO === A watan Fabrairun 2018, Jeon ta sanya hannu da Hwacheon KSPO . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=전가을, 전격 국내 복귀… 화천KSPO와 계약 |url=http://www.footballjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=8068 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019201109/http://www.footballjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=8068 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=축구저널 |language=ko}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2018, ta ci kwallo a wasanta na farko a wasan da ta doke Boeun Sangmu da ci 3-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Match Report: Hwacheon KSPO 3–0 Boeun Sangmu |url=http://www.kwff.or.kr/scheduled.after.do?idx=298&league_idx=5 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=Korea Women's Football Federation |language=ko }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Birnin Bristol === An sanar da Jeon Ga-eul a matsayin sabuwar 'yar wasa daga Bristol City ta FA WSL a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2020. <ref name="bristol" /> Jeon ta fara buga wasa a Bristol City a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2020 a wasan zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA ta mata da Durham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=Report: Bristol City Women 1–0 Durham Women (AET) |url=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/report-bristol-city-women-1-0-durham-women-aet/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[Bristol City F.C.]]}}</ref> Saboda soke wasannin da aka yi sakamakon mummunan yanayi, wasan farko na Jeon na FA WSL ya zo ne a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2020 a waje da jagorar gasar Manchester City. Ta samu yabo daga manema labarai kan rawar da ta taka a shafin yanar gizo na wasanni na Vavel, tana mai cewa, "Matar mai shekaru 31 ta taka rawar lamba 10 a Manchester kuma ta yi kama da shugaba ta gaske tare da kwarewarta a matakin kasa da kasa da kuma gasar W-League. Lambar Robins mai lamba 14 ta yi aiki tukuru a bangarorin biyu na filin wasa kuma tana karfafa abokan wasanta gwiwa duk lokacin da kwallon ta fita daga wasa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2020 |title=Jeon Ga-Eul a bright spark for Bristol |url=https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2020/02/12/womens-football/1013449-manchester-city-women-1-0-bristol-city-gemma-bonner-volley-ensures-perfect-start-for-alan-mahon.html |website=vavel.com}}</ref> === Karatu === Bayan Bristol ta sallame ta a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Jeon ta koma WSL ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Reading a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=Jeon Ga-Eul: Reading Women sign experienced South Korea striker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54030990.html |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Ta fara buga wa Reading wasa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2020, inda ta maye gurbinta da minti 80 a wasan da suka yi da West Ham a waje da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=West Ham 0–1 Reading |url=https://womenscompetitions.thefa.com/en/Article/WestHam-Reading-041020 |website=thefa.com}}</ref> Ta fara wasa a karon farko a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2020 a wasan da Reading ta doke Charlton a gida da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin FA Women's League . Raunin da ta ji a baya a wannan watan ya sa ta buga wasanni huɗu kacal ga Reading a kakar wasa ta 2020-21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Jeon Ga-eul and Amalie Eikeland: Reading strikers sign new contracts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58098166 |website=bbc.com}}</ref> Bayan ta buga wasanni biyu kacal a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2021-22, Jeon ta bar Reading a watan Disamba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Warlow |first=Robert |date=28 December 2021 |title=Reading Women confirm Jeon Ga-eul has left after 18 months with the club |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/reading-confirm-forward-exit-wsl-22590275}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Jeon ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da ta zo ta huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta AFC 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2005, inda ta zira kwallaye huɗu a wasanni biyar. A ranar 12 ga Agusta 2007, ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 da ci 2-1 a kan Vietnam, kafin ta koma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 don buga wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta AFC 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta 2007, inda Koriya ta Kudu ta zo ta huɗu. A shekarar 2008, an kira ta don wakiltar Koriya ta Kudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta EAFF ta 2008, a Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta AFC ta 2008 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Sarauniya ta 2008. A shekarar 2009, ta taimaka wa Koriya ta Kudu ta lashe zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Summer Universiade ta 2009, inda ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 10. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, ta zira ƙwallon da ta ci nasara a wasa da Australia a Gasar Cin Kofin Sarauniya ta 2010, kuma aka naɗa ta MVP a gasar. Ta kuma kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe tagulla a Wasannin Asiya na 2010 kuma ta kare a matsayi na uku a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta EAFF ta 2010. Duk da haka, Koriya ta Kudu ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukunin B a Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta AFC ta 2010 kuma ta kasa samun cancantar shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. A Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta AFC ta 2014, ta zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 5 yayin da Koriya ta Kudu ta cancanci shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a karon farko tun 2003. Ta sake lashe lambar tagulla a Wasannin Asiya na 2014, inda ta zira kwallaye shida. A shekarar 2015, ta taimaka wa Koriya ta Kudu ta kare a matsayi na biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta EAFF ta 2015 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashe Hudu na 2015. Jeon ta buga dukkan wasanni hudu na Koriya ta Kudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015, inda ta zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Costa Rica a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeon Gaeul (전가을) player profile |url=http://www.kfa.or.kr/national/player.asp?Query=Grade%3DFNT%26Sumons%3D1501%26Player%3D24126 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=[[Korea Football Association]] |language=ko}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta hanyar kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa <ref>{{Soccerway|ga-eul-jeon/131872}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Birnin Bristol | 2019–20 | FA WSL | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |- | rowspan="3" | Karatu | 2020–21 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |- | 2021–22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 6 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 8 ! 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 8 ! 0 ! 3 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 12 ! 0 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Koriya ta Kudu ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Jeon ta ci.'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] ==manazarta== q3x1inkl2a7t8bblm2mavty739vq2bw Lawrence Adjah-Tetteh 0 150803 859370 834742 2026-06-17T13:43:07Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lawrence Nii Adjah Tetteh'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Adjah-Tetteh</ref> an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1979, a [[Accra]]) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ghana. == Ayyukan kulob din == An haifi Lawrence Adjah Tetteh kuma ya girma a Accra . Duk da haka ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a kungiyar Firimiya ta Ghana ta Dawu Youngsters . Adjah-Tetteh ya kasance a Dawu sama da shekaru 4 kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar. A ƙarshen 1999 lokacin da aka sauke Dawu daga Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana ya kasance a shirye. Accra Hearts of Oak wanda a wannan lokacin sun kasance Zakarun Ghana Premier League suna shirin wani yunkuri a CAF Champions League ya sanya hannu a kansa don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. A wannan lokacin a lokacin canja wurin Window, manyan abokan hamayya na Accra Hearts of Oak, Kumasi Asante Kotoko sun fara babban kashe kudi da sanya hannu kan 'yan wasa da yawa ciki har da Stephen Oduro daga Obuasi Goldfileds FC, Michael "Mark Fish" Donkor daga Ghapoha, da Michael "Ember" Osei daga Cape-Coast Ebusua Dwarfs. Sa hannu kan Adjah Tetteh ta hanyar Accra Hearts of Oak saboda haka bai kama kanun labarai na gida ba har zuwa tsakiyar kakar lokacin da ya karfafa matsayinsa a cikin tawagar. Adjah-Tetteh ya ƙare tare da samun kofin da ya samu a ƙarshe, ya lashe Ghana PL sau 3, kofin FA sau biyu, kofin CAF Champions League da kofin African Conferderations == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tetteh kuma memba ne na [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Black Stars]] kuma tana da wasanni biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuffour out of Ghana Nations Cup qualifier |url=http://www.modernghana.com/sports/14360/2/kuffour-out-of-ghana-nations-cup-qualifier.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] adgnyo55azpell5uw9oxh7rj7q78rnu Irmiya Olaleke 0 151402 859455 836565 2026-06-17T16:10:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeremiah Olawaseyi Olaleke''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2006) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya na tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar NL ta Sesvete . == Aikin kulob == A watan Yunin 2024, ƙungiyar [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] ta Jamus ta gayyaci Olaleke don ya zama wani ɓangare na shirin ''ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya'', inda zai wakilci ƙungiyar a wasannin sada zumunta na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Amos |date=3 June 2024 |title=Nigerian Youngster From Ablaze Academy Olaleke Jeremiah Makes FC Bayern World Season Four Squad |url=https://myleaguewire.com/2024/06/03/nigerian-youngster-from-ablaze-academy-olaleke-jeremiah-makes-fc-bayern-world-season-four-squad/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=myleaguewire.com}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya koma daga Ablaze Football Academy da ke [[Ikorodu]] zuwa ƙungiyar Sesvete ta Croatia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Nigerian Youngster Jeremiah Olaleke Moves to Croatian Club NK Sesvete |url=https://myleaguewire.com/2024/09/14/nigerian-youngster-jeremiah-olaleke-moves-to-croatian-club-nk-sesvete/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=myleaguewire.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2024, inda ya fara rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Rudeš . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenjić |first=Petar |date=5 October 2024 |title=Jovanovićevi golovi i obrane Kralja donijeli pobjedu Rudešu |trans-title=Jovanović's goals and Kralja's defense brought victory to Rudeš |url=https://sportnet.hr/vijesti/602617/nogomet-prva-nl/jovanovicevi-golovi-i-obrane-kralja-donijeli-pobjedu-rudesu/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=sportnet.hr |language=hr}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Olaleke zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Najeriya don neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 (wanda aka sanya wa suna ''WAFU-B U17 na 2022'' ), kuma an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar da ta fi iya taka rawar gani bayan da Najeriya ta doke Burkina Faso a wasan ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title=2022 WAFU B U-17: Five Golden Eaglets Players Make Best XI of the Tournament |url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/2022-wafu-b-u-17-five-golden-eaglets-players-make-best-xi-of-the-tournament |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=ckdmedia.ng |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208165305/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/2022-wafu-b-u-17-five-golden-eaglets-players-make-best-xi-of-the-tournament |url-status=dead }}</ref> A gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2023, duk da cewa an fitar da ƙungiyarsa a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, Olaleke ya sami yabo daga ɗan wasan Najeriya [[Kenneth Omeruo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Ifeanyi |date=12 May 2023 |title=Omeruo names the two Golden Eaglets players who impressed him the most at U17 |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=47393 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Shafin yanar gizo na ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya Calciomercato ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tsaron baya mai fashewa, sauri da ƙarfi a jiki", ya sami kwatancen Gleison Bremer, ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙasar Brazil. [1] == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|14 October 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|jeremiah-oluwaseyi-olaleke/904833}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Sesvete | 2024–25 | rowspan="2" | 1. NL | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2025–26 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 9 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 9 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] crw28t7v2sjhdcyvl982zbktn9efynx Jami'ar Tarayya Oye Ekiti 0 151785 859723 838000 2026-06-18T00:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Jami'ar Tarayya ta Oye Ekiti jami'a ce mallakar gwamnati kuma tana aiki a Najeriya. Jami'ar tana da sansanoni guda biyu da ke cikin tsofaffin birane na Oye-Ekiti da Ikole-Ekiti. An kafa jami'ar ne a shekarar 2011 a matsayin daya daga cikin jami'o'in tarayya da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya ta kafa a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan. == Ɗalibi na farko == Jami'ar Tarayya Oye Ekiti tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannonin [[Noma a Najeriya|Aikin noma]], Fasaha, Shari'a, Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa, Kimiyya, [[Injinia.|Injiniya]], Ilimi, Pharmacy, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya. Jami'ar tana da fannoni goma sha biyu da makarantar karatun digiri. Jami'ar Tarayya Oye-Ekiti tana shirye don ci gaban ilimi a Najeriya musamman a duk fannoni masu ban sha'awa. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, an ba da tayin ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin ilimi masu dacewa don gudanar da karatu a duk fannoni a jami'ar. Makarantar ta fara karatun digiri a shekarar 2015, tare da taron farko a watan Afrilun 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-13 |title=FUOYE Pre-Degree Acceptance Fee 2019 /2020 {{!}}{{!}} Payment Procedure |url=https://edutech.com.ng/fuoye-pre-degree-acceptance-fee-2019-2020-payment-procedure/ |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=Edutech.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113012737/https://edutech.com.ng/fuoye-pre-degree-acceptance-fee-2019-2020-payment-procedure/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar Tarayya Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE) tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in tarayya tara da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa, bisa ga umarnin zartarwa da tsohon Shugaban Najeriya [[Goodluck Jonathan|Dokta Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE) - About Us |url=https://www.fuoye.edu.ng/en/about-fuoye |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511225410/https://fuoye.edu.ng/en/about-fuoye |archive-date=2020-05-11 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.fuoye.edu.ng}}</ref> Mataimakin shugaban FUOYE shine Farfesa Chinedu Ostadinma Nebo, kuma [[Kayode Soremekun|Farfesa Kayode Soremekun]] ne ya gaje shi, wanda [[Muhammadu Buhari|Shugaba Buhari]] ya nada a shekarar 2016. Mataimakin shugaban makarantar na yanzu shine Farfesa AS Fasina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=VC FUOYE Professor Abayomi Fashina Sunday and dignitaries visit Chef Dammy and her team {{!}} Intel Region |url=https://www.intelregion.com/entertainment/vc-fuoye-professor-abayomi-fashina-sunday-and-dignitaries-visit-chef-dammy-and-her-team/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar tana da sansani biyu a Oye-Ekiti da [[Ikole-Ekiti]] tare da jimlar ɗalibai 43000, da Faculties tare da sassan sama da 58, wato: * Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (Tattalin Arziki da fadada Aikin Goma, Kifi da Aquaculture, Gudanar da Kasa da Kasa, Fitar da Dabbobi da Lafiya, Fasahar Amfanin Gona da Horticulture, Fasalar Kimiyya ta Abinci, Ruwa da Meteorology, Yawon Bude Ido da Baƙi). * Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Medical laboratory science, Physiology, Nursing, da Radiography da Radiation Sciences). * Faculty of Engineering (Aikin Gona da Bio-Resources Engineering, Injiniyanci, Injiniya na Kwamfuta, Injiniyar Lantarki da Injiniyan Lantarki, Injiniyin Injiniya da Injiniya, Kayan aiki da Injiniyar Metallurgical) * Faculty of Social Sciences (Demography and Social Statistics, Economics and Development Studies, Psychology, Sociology, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Political Science, Mass Communication) * Faculty of Arts / Humanities (Ingilishi da Nazarin Littattafai, Wasanni da Ayyukan Watsa Labarai, Tarihi da Dangantaka ta Duniya, Harshe) * Faculty of Science (Animal and Environmental Biology, Biochemistry, Geology, Computer Science, Geophysics, Industrial Chemistry, Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, Plant Science and Biotechnology, Chemistry), Environmental Management da Toxicology) * Ma'aikatar Ilimi (Ilimi na manya, Ilimi na lissafi, Ilimi ta Turanci, Ilimi da Ilimin Halitta, Ilimin Kimiyya, Ilimi, Ilimi a Kasuwanci, Ilimi Aikin Gona, da Gudanar da Ilimi) Tare da jimlar yawan mutane 4000, 2022/2023 zaman * Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa (Aƙididdiga, Kudi, Gudanar da Jama'a, Gudanarwa ta Kasuwanci). * Kwalejin Shari'a * Kwalejin Magunguna * Kwalejin Magunguna (Medicine da Surgery) Jami'ar tana sa ran fara wani bangare a zaman ilimi na gaba, wato; Kimiyya ta Muhalli, wanda sashen ya hada da; Gine-gine, Gine-gine da Gudanar da Gidaje, Bincike da Geoinformatics, Binciken Adadin, Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin da ake buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=about federal university,oye-ekiti? |url=https://myschool.ng/index.php/questions/view/school-based-questions/146604 |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar na farko shi ne Chinedu Nebo wanda [[Kayode Soremekun]] ya gaje shi kuma mataimakin shugaban yanzu shi ne Farfesa Abayomi Sunday Fasina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ask a Question - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/questions/view/school-based}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya|Jerin jami'o'i a Najeriya]] * [[Ilimi a Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Ekiti]] 33lawie2p03hqm3r8x2404gs3xbvlev Ihuarulam Uche 0 151805 859334 840275 2026-06-17T12:33:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ihuarulam Uche''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya Sunshine Stars FC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Ihuarulam |url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/ihuarulam-uche/d2iDGgkJ/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=flashscore.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Ihuarulam |url=http://www.footballscores24.com/nigeria/players/uche-ihuarulam-1034314/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=footballscores24.com |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327004757/http://www.footballscores24.com/nigeria/players/uche-ihuarulam-1034314/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === A Najeriya === Ihuarulam ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a [[Bayelsa United F.C.|Bayelsa United FC.]] Ya buga wasanni biyu, kafin ya koma Lobi Stars a watan Yulin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCHE IHUARULAM WANTS OUT AT LOBI |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/562644/Uche-Ihuarulam-wants-out-at-Lobi |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=africanfootball.com}}</ref> Uche ya koma [[Kulab ɗin wasan ƙwallon ƙafan Abia Warriors|Abia Warriors]] a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abia Warriors' Ihuarulam savours match winner against Heartland |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4111/npfl/2016/06/20/24833772/abia-warriors-ihuarulam-savours-match-winner-against |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abia Warriors' Uche Ihuarulam targets Kano Pillars fall |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/abia-warriors-uche-ihuarulam-targets-120800533.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAACAcVLE2wKdtnQEeGkgGPTLzuES7BA4fRG7Yv4rC4TTxlyn_T4qiz_AJq6-xom6SwhTCyfd5LvfSa5cv3sccYWUZ-SWtUJp_IWx09MdSEnd87MrU8GxDHLc3U80doaxbvXJdCb5fjCtAo8S9a816xp4EAV_Y7IRjnBpigIXykLFs |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=uk.sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> === A Masar === Shekaru uku a [[Kulab ɗin wasan ƙwallon ƙafan Abia Warriors|Abia Warriors]], a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2018, Uche ya koma kulob din El Dakhleya [[Misra|na Masar]] kan kwantiragin shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ihuarulam Uche |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe536483/ihuarulam-uche/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ihuarulam Uche |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/ihuarulam-uche/167423/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> === Gazal El Mahalla === A watan Yulin 2018, Uche ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar mai suna Ghazl El Mahalla . [1] === Ifeanyi Ubah FC === Ihuarulam ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Ifeanyi Ubah FC daga El Mahalla a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Égypte » Premiership 2018/2019 » Transferts |url=https://www.mondedufoot.fr/transferts/egy-premiership-2018-2019/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=mondedufoot.fr |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327003254/https://www.mondedufoot.fr/transferts/egy-premiership-2018-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2019 |title=Ihuarulam's Debut Goal Keeps FC Ifeanyiubah Top Of Group B |url=https://npfl.ng/ihuarulams-debut-goal-keeps-fc-ifeanyiubah-top-of-group-b/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=npfl.ng |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327003256/https://npfl.ng/ihuarulams-debut-goal-keeps-fc-ifeanyiubah-top-of-group-b/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ranakun Rana === Bayan nasarar da ya samu a wasansa da Ifeanyi Ubah FC, Ihuarulam ya koma Sunshine Stars FC a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Ihuarulam |url=https://www.fctables.com/players/uche-ihuarulam-489967/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=fctables.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Ihuarulam |url=https://www.tablesleague.com/teams/sunshine_stars1/uche_ihuarulam/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=tablesleague.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] ozzceufq6eog9z6lfpjlsfuptiqji15 Igarra 0 152723 859325 841458 2026-06-17T12:22:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Igarra''' (wanda aka fi sani da Etuno) shi ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Akoko-Edo|Akoko Edo]] ta [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Igarra people Akoko Edo, Edo state |url=https://www.edoworld.net/Akoko_Edo_The_History_of_Igarra.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> Garin ya ƙunshi unguwanni uku manya, wato Ugbogbo, Utua da Uffa. Yankin ya shahara da kyawawan duwatsu da tsaunuka masu kayatarwa, kuma tsaunukan Kukuruku Hills ne suka kewaye shi. Mazauna Igarra, waɗanda ake kira <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Anetuno<nowiki>'''</nowiki>, suna magana da harshen <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Etuno<nowiki>'''</nowiki>, kuma suna da kamanceceniya ta fuskar harshe da al’adu da al’ummargbira dadake Kogi State[1] Igarra kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin kabilun da suka kafa Afemailand . Kakannin mutanen Igarra sun yi hijira ne daga garin Idah da ke Kogi State ta yanzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin <nowiki>'''Ariwo Ovejijo''', wani yarima daga Idah. Ya bar Idah tare da mabiyansa saboda yana ganin an tauye masa haƙƙinsa na hawa karagar '''Attah na Igala'''</nowiki> ƙarni da dama da suka gabata. Baya ga gaskiyar cewa annabi (Eva) ya amince da sulhu a shafin da ake kira Igarra, wasu abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara ta ƙarshe don sulhu a nan, sun haɗa da: # Ruwa mai sanyaya daga tuddai kamar Ivokoto, Ifege, Idiko da Usege. Ko da bayan gina ruwan da ke dauke da bututu, wasu mutane a Igarra har yanzu sun fi son ruwan sanyi daga Ivokoto da Ifeg # # # # # # # # # # # e. # Hills suna ba da kariya daga tashin hankali na waje. Igarra kusan an kewaye shi da tsaunuka masu duwatsu. # Ƙasa mai kyau don amfanin gona kamar Yam, Cassava, da Palm. "UNO" yana nufin kayan dabino a cikin harshen Igala). Igarra mai yiwuwa ya samo sunansa daga wannan amfanin dabino mai yawa wanda suka hadu a lokacin da suka isa ƙasar. # Kasuwanci mai tasowa a cikin beads tare da asalin - Anafuas . A lokacin ƙaura, ɗaya daga cikin matan da suka zo wurin yanzu tare da Ariwo Ovejijo da ke cikinta yana da wasu hatsi na masara ba da gangan ba ko da gangan. An yi imanin cewa wannan mace ta fito ne daga dangin Eziakuta - ɗaya daga cikin iyalan da suka kasance masu aminci ga Ariwo Ovejijo. Wannan masara ta guinea ta girma, an girbe ta kuma an sake shuka ta. Wannan tabbas shine dalilin da ya sa iyalin Eziakuta ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin (osisiakumete) "Ete" shine Igarra yana nufin ƙasa ko ƙasa. "Osisiakumete" saboda haka yana nufin kwanciyar hankali ga allahn ƙasa da girbi. A wannan rana ne aka shirya ranar Upe Enu. (Upe Enu shine sabon bikin yam a Igarra). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Igarra Kingdom {{!}} Festivals |url=http://www.igarrakingdom.org/festivals/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227082847/http://www.igarrakingdom.org/festivals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As stated earlier, Ariwo Ovejijo and his migrants met very few people residing on the hills of Igarra. These were the Anafuas (midgets), Anivas (foolish people) and Andokonis. Very little is known about these people except that they lived in caves and their life style was simple and unsophisticated compared to the Igarras. These people were eliminated when they began to constitute a menace to the Igarras after settlement. They were either killed or driven away from the area to join their kith and kin in the former [[Kongo Basin|Congo Basin]] (pygmies of the Congo Basin). They are remembered till today by the Arigede song “Andokoni van reku ayi Ido wa” etc meaning Andokonis were our enemies and we conquered them. The Anafuas were a cunning set of people who use the strength of the Anivas to their advantage. The Anivas are believed to be very powerful that they could lift very big stones as barricades against the enemies of the Anafuas. The unfortunate thing amongst them was that they were very foolish hence any foolish behavior in Igarra today is attributed to an Iva blood on any one.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Shugaban wadannan mutane an kira shi Uno wanda Igarra zai iya samun sunansa 'Etuno' ma'anar ƙasar Uno. Anafuas sun kasance masu cin kasuwa masu kyau a cikin beads. Sun musayar lu'ulu'u don kayan gona. Amfani da cowries a matsayin matsakaiciyar musayar ya kara karfafawa. 'Ovene', 'Isu', 'Ofa', da "Opa" sune nau'ikan beads daban-daban da waɗannan Anafuas suka yi ciniki. [[Bikin ABA, Igarra|Bikin Aba]] shine bikin gargajiya da aka fi sani a Igarra. Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da shi kowane shekaru bakwai kuma yana farawa a watan Agusta. Bikin Aba ya fara ne a matsayin bikin nasarar da mafarauta na yankin suka yi a kan mazauna farko na ƙasar. Bikin wanda ke da shekaru 228 yana nuna ƙarshen ayyukan yayin da yake nuna ƙarshen mulkin gargajiya na shekaru bakwai da kuma farkon sabon. Bikin koyaushe yana da launuka masu ban sha'awa tare da nishaɗi da ƙwarewa. Total E & T ta ayyana bikin a shekara ta 2006 a matsayin bukukuwan al'adu na asali sittin a Yammacin Afirka. == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Jihar Edo]] cx47e21vt9cufuoieot47bwvqcpi4z2 Jerin tabkuna na Tanzania 0 152754 859797 841524 2026-06-18T07:40:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rift_en.svg|thumb|306x306px|Manyan tabkuna a gefen Babban Rift Valley]] Tanzania tana cikin yankin Great Lakes na Afirka kuma tana alfahari da sama da km2 sq na yankin da tabkuna suka rufe. Wannan ya kai kashi 6% na yankin ƙasa kuma kashi 88% na wannan yanki an rufe shi da manyan tabkuna uku. Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] suna daga cikin manyan tabkuna biyu a cikin wannan al'umma, tare da Tafkin Victoria shine mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai laushi a Afirka kuma Tafkin Tanganica shine tafkin na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Jerin tabkuna == Teburin ya lissafa bayanai game da kowane tafki: : '''Sunan:''' kamar yadda kwamitin Tarihin Duniya ya lissafa : '''Yankin saman:''' Yankin saman tafkin (lura: tabkuna da yawa suna canza yankin su na sama dangane da yanayi) : Al'ummai masu iyaka: Al'umman da iyakarsu ta ratsa tafkin : '''Bayyanawa:''' Takaitaccen Bayani na tafkin : <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{Legend|#FFE6BD|{{dagger}} Disputed Lake"|outline=silver}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; border:0px;text-align:left;line-height:150%;" ! scope="col" |Name ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Surface Area ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bordering Nations ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Reference |- |Lake Victoria |[[Fayil:2010-09-14_06-08-34_Tanzania_Mwanza_Mwanza.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|68800|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Uganda}} |Lake Victoria is the largest of the African Great Lakes and is the largest freshwater lake in Africa. The Lake is also the second-largest freshwater lake in the world and spans across three countries. The lake is the solely drained by the [[Nil|Nile]] river at Jinja. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} lake, Africa |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Amboseli]] | |{{Convert|189|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Amboseli is a seasonal water body, fed by the Namanga River. At its maximum size, it covers {{Convert|189|km2|sqmi}}, with {{Convert|12|km2|sqmi}} in Tanzania and the majority of the area ({{Convert|177|km2|sqmi}}) in Kenya. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |[[Tafkin Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]] |[[Fayil:Fisherman_on_Lake_Tanganyika.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|32900|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|DRC}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Burundi}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Zambia}} |Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake and is the second-deepest lake in the world and the second-biggest lake by volume. The lake borders four nations and is vital for trade and commerce for societies living along the lake. The lake is home to the oldest-running ferry in the world, MV <nowiki><i id="mwdQ">Liemba</i></nowiki> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926042628/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |archive-date=September 26, 2003 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Nyasa]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Fayil:Canoes_on_Lake_Malawi.jpg|150x150px]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |{{Convert|29600|km2|sqmi}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD; font-size: 90;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Malawi}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mozambique}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |Tanzania has over {{Convert|800|km}} of coastline with the lake; however, the border with Malawi is disputed and currently the lake is not entirely part of Tanzania. The lake is also known as '''Lake Malawi'''. | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyasa Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Lake Nyasa |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lake_Nyasa.aspx |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Malawi |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926042606/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |archive-date=September 26, 2003 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- |Lake Rukwa |[[Fayil:Lake_Rukwa.png|150x150px]] |~ {{Convert|5760|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Rukwa is an [[Endorheic Basin|Endorheic]] lake in the Rukwa Valley in southwest Tanzania. The lake is an alkaline lake and lies at about {{Convert|800|m}} of altitude along the Great Rift Valley system. |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ricardo |first=C. K. |date=1939-12-01 |title=The fishes of Lake Rukwa. |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology |volume=40 |issue=275 |pages=625–657 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1939.tb01695.x |issn=1096-3642}}</ref> |- |Lake Eyasi |[[Fayil:Lake_Eyasi-1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|1050|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Eyasi is an [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] salt lake on the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The lake has dramatic seasonal fluctuations in water and almost dries up in the dry season. | |- |Lake Natron |[[Fayil:Lesser_Flamingo_Phoeniconaias_minor_in_Tanzania_2081_cropped_Nevit.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|1,040|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Natron is a salt and soda lake. The lake is in the Arusha region near the famous [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. The lake is famous for its red alkaline layer and its pH fluctuates between 10.5 and 12. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite : DNews |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=DNews |archive-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309044253/http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Lake Manyara |[[Fayil:Lake_Manyara.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|470|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Manyara is shallow alkaline lake in the East African Rift Valley and is partly within the {{Convert|127|sqmi|km2}} Lake Manyara National Park. It forms a major part of the national park, covering about {{Convert|89|sqmi|km2}} of the park in the wet season, shrinking significantly in the dry season. | |- |Lake Burigi |[[Fayil:Lake_Burigi.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|70|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |The lake is located in the Kagera Region of Northern [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. The lake spans {{Convert|18|km}} long and it is so narrow that the other side is always visible from one side. Part of the lake is located along the Burigi-Chato National Park and has several wildlife living around the lake. | |- |Lake Balangida | |{{Convert|33|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Balangida is an alkaline lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the East African Rift in north-central Tanzania. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |Lake Jipe |[[Fayil:Lake_Jipe.png|150x150px]] |{{Convert|30|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Jipe is in the Mwanga District in the Kilimanjaro Region on the border with [[Kenya]]. The lake is mainly in Kenya and is protected on the Kenyan side by the Tsavo West National Park and on the Tanzanian side it is near to Mkomazi National Park. | |- |Lake Babati |[[Fayil:Morning_sun,_Lake_Babati.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|21|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Babati is located in Babati District in Arusha Region to the west of the Tarangire National Park. The lake is known for its large hippo population. | |- |Lake Ambussel |[[Fayil:Lake_Ambussel.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|19|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Ambussel is one of the four water bodies in the Pangani Basin. | |- |Lake Chala |[[Fayil:Lake_Chala.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|4.2|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Chala is a crater lake at the edge of [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]]. The lake is surrounded by a {{Convert|100|km}} crater rim and is home to the endangered Lake Chala tilapia. The lake once had Nile crocodiles; however, they were considered a nuisance to the local population and have been entirely wiped out over the years. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Chala, Moshi, Tanzania. The Lake Chala Safari Camp |url=http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206200649/http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.lakechalasafaricamp.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == bjk779tprwjb6hwg8ivyfdh6xtd5w4q Iriama Rose 0 152762 859451 841627 2026-06-17T15:59:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Iriama Rose | image = Iriama, Rose.jpg | birth_date = 5 January 1967 | citizenship = Ugandan | occupation = [[Siyasa]] | years_active = 2006-2016 | political_party = Independent candidate }} '''Iriama Rose''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1967) 'yar siyasar Uganda ce. Ta kasance memba Yan majalisa a Majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara tana wakiltar Gundumar Nakapiripirit a matsayin yar takara mai zaman kanta. == Rayuwar siyasa == Ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara<ref>Mugerwa, Yasiin (26 March 2007). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200703260492.html "Uganda: Nakapiripirit MP Urges Warriors to Surrender"]. ''AllAfrica''. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</ref> a matsayin memba na gundumar Nakapiripirit.<ref name=":0">Mugerwa, Yasiin (26 March 2007). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200703260492.html "Uganda: Nakapiripirit MP Urges Warriors to Surrender"]. ''AllAfrica''. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html "EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament". ''EveryPolitician'']. Archived from [https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html the original] on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ "Mbabazi, Suruma face political end"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> Yayinda take aiki a majalisar dokoki ta tara, an zabe ta daga cikin 'yan majalisa waɗanda suka yi magana kasa da sau biyar a majalisar bisa ga binciken Daily Monitor da Hansard ya gudanar akan rikodin hukuma na majalisar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa 'yan majalisa 34 sun yi magana kasa da sau biyar a bene na majalisar dokoki a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata yayin da wasu' yan majalisa 105 suka ba da gudummawa kasa da sau 15 ga muhawara.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin da take rike da ofishinta na siyasa a shekara ta 2007, ta shawarci mayaƙan Karimojong da su bi aikin gwamnati na ci gaba da zubar da makamai don ci gaban zakarun a yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi adawa da kashe mutane marasa laifi, musamman mata da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ke yi a yankin wanda hakan ya shafi ci gaba a Karamoja.<ref name=":0" /> Iriama na daga cikin 'Yan majalisa da suka yanke shawarar saduwa da tsohon Firayim Minista, Amama Mbabazi wanda ya ba su lokaci a yayin da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Harkokin Karamoja, [[Janet Museveni]], ta ki saduwa da' yan majalisa daga yankin Karamoja game da tattaunawar yankin su wanda shine yankin da ya fi talauci a Uganda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KAKAIRE |first=DAVID TASH LUMU & SULAIMAN |title=Why Janet, Karamoja MPs fell out |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082735/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> 'Yan majalisa da suka sadu da tsohon Firayim Minista sun hada da Rose Akello (Kaabong), Modest Juliana Auma (Abim), Rose Iriama (Nakapiripirit) da Margaret Iriama (Moroto).<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ofishinta na siyasa a majalisar dokoki ta tara, ta yi rahar barazanar kai hari kan shanu na [[Yoweri Museveni|Shugaba Museveni]] idan ba a biya yan mazabar ta ba saboda dabbobin da suka rasa a lokacin da aka ajiye makamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Opinion: Why are the Karimojong so little understood outside of Karamoja? |url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/29/opinion-why-are-the-karimojong-so-little-understood-outside-of-karamoja/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Iriama ta gaya wa Gabashin Afirka game da ra'ayinta na tunanin cewa Janet Museveni za ta kawo chigaba a yankin kamar a coci a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=First Lady must tread carefully on Karamoja Development Agency |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/first-lady-must-tread-carefully-on-karamoja-development-agency-1294012 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka gabatar da takardun zabe 118 da za a ji a kotuna daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar bayan babban zaben 18 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=118 Parliamentary Election Petitions Cause-listed for Hearing |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/118-parliamentary-election-petitions-cause-listed-for-hearing |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta tara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://ealidt.co.ug/2021/02/13/iriama-rose-narotha-v-anyakun-esther-davinia-anor-election-petition-no-4-of-2016/ Iriama Rose Narotha V Anyakun Esther Davinia & Anor: Karatun Zabe; Rashin Bi Dokokin Zabe; Burden & Standard of Tabbacin; Cin hanci An adana 2022-04-16 a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416081500/https://ealidt.co.ug/2021/02/13/iriama-rose-narotha-v-anyakun-esther-davinia-anor-election-petition-no-4-of-2016/ |date=2022-04-16 }} * [http://uipe.co.ug/files/downloads/List%20of%20Applicants%20considered%20by%20the%20497th%20Council%20Meeting%20on%2011th%20May%202021.pdf Jerin masu nema da aka yi la'akari da taron majalisa na 497 a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2021 a karkashin fannoni daban-daban]{{Dead link|date=December 2025}} * [https://ldc.ac.ug/sites/files/Result%20Adm.%20Mbale%20Wkd%20%28March%20-%20May%2C%202018%29.pdf Bayani Bayani ga Ofisoshin Administory" LAW COURSE MBALE WEEKEND PROGRAM: 3 Maris - 27 Mayu, 2018]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 9q7c1dd3otuxt4u4zk4cwpdsnxfvq3q White Nile 0 152916 859867 841939 2026-06-18T09:37:31Z Sirjat 20447 /* A Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan */ 859867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farin Nilu''' ( Arabic الأبيض ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|an-nīl al-'abyaḍ}}'' ) kogi ne a Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. Yana da ƙarancin girma, amma ya fi tsayi (kuma ya fi faɗi kuma ya fi ƙasa), daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], mafi girma shine [[Blue Nile]] . Sunan "Fari" ya fito ne daga laka da aka ɗauka a cikin ruwan da ke canza ruwan zuwa launin fari. A ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita, "Farin Nilu" yana nufin kogin da aka samar a [[Tafkin A'a|Tafkin Lamba]], a mahaɗar Kogunan Bahr al Jabal da [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] . A ma'anar da ta fi faɗi, "Farin Nilu" yana nufin dukkan layukan kogin da ke malalowa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] zuwa haɗewa da Blue Nile: "Victoria Nile" daga Tafkin Victoria ta [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], sannan "Albert Nile" zuwa iyakar [[Sudan ta Kudu]], sannan kuma "Mountain Nile" ko "Bahr-al-Jabal" zuwa Tafkin Lamba. "Farin Nilu" wani lokacin yana iya haɗawa da tushen Tafkin Victoria, wanda mafi nisa daga ciki shine {{Cvt|2300|mi|km}} daga Blue Nile. [[Fayil:White_and_Blue_Nile-en.svg|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna Farin Kogin Nilu da [[Blue Nile]] a Gabashin Afirka.]] == Kwas ɗin == === Ruwan sama === [[Fayil:RusumoFalls2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo|Ruwan Rusumo]]]] [[Kogin Kagera]], wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria kusa da garin Bukoba na Tanzaniya, shine mafi tsayin kogin ciyar da Tafkin Victoria, kodayake majiyoyi ba su yarda da wanne ne mafi tsayin kogin Kagera ba, don haka shine mafi nisa daga Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Ana iya ɗaukar tushen Kogin a matsayin ko dai [[Kogin Ruvyironza|Ruvyironza]], wanda ke fitowa a Lardin Bururi, Burundi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (kusa da Bukirasaz), ko [[Kogin Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wanda ke kwarara daga Dajin Nyungwe a Rwanda. Waɗannan koguna biyu masu ciyar da ruwa sun haɗu kusa da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo|Rusumo Falls]] a kan iyakar Rwanda da Tanzania. Waɗannan magudanan ruwa an san su da wani taron da aka yi a ranakun 28-29 ga Afrilu 1994, lokacin da 'yan Ruwanda 250,000 suka ketare gadar Rusumo Falls zuwa Ngara, Tanzania, cikin awanni 24, a cikin abin da Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kira "babban gudun hijira mafi sauri a wannan zamani". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kagera wani ɓangare ne na iyakokin Rwanda-Tanzania da Tanzania-Uganda kafin ya kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria. [[Fayil:Flipping_raft_in_Bujagali_falls,_Uganda.jpg|left|thumb|Gilashin ruwa suna shawagi a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Bujagali kusa da bakin kogin Victoria]] Farin kogin Nilu a Uganda yana ƙarƙashin sunan "Victoria Nile" daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa Tafkin Albert, sannan kuma a matsayin "Albert Nile" daga nan zuwa kan iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[Fayil:Victoria_Nile_River,_Uganda_(15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]] Kogin Victoria yana farawa ne daga mashigar Tafkin Victoria, a Jinja, Uganda, a gefen arewacin tafkin. Daga ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira a mashigar tafkin, kogin ya ratsa ta magudanar ruwa ta Bujagali (wurin da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali take) kimanin {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} daga ƙasa daga Jinja. Daga nan kogin ya ratsa arewa maso yamma ta Uganda zuwa Tafkin Kyoga a tsakiyar ƙasar, daga nan ya nufi yamma zuwa Tafkin Albert. A Karuma Falls, kogin yana gudana a ƙarƙashin Gadar Karuna ( Kafin shiga Tafkin Albert, kogin ya matse cikin wata hanya mai faɗin mita bakwai kawai a [[Murchison Falls]], wanda ke nuna shiga [[Kyautar Albertine|reshen yamma]] na Gabashin Afirka . Daga nan kogin zai kwarara zuwa Tafkin Albert da ke fuskantar tsaunukan Blue Mountains a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] . Wani lokaci ana kiran fadin kogin daga Tafkin Kyoga zuwa Tafkin Albert da "Kyoga Nile". ==== Albert Nile ==== [[Fayil:A_track_and_pedestrians_cross_the_Albert_Nile_bridge_in_Northern_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Gada a kan kogin Albert]] Kogin da ke malala daga Tafkin Albert zuwa arewa ana kiransa da "Albert Nile". Yana raba yankin Yammacin Kogin Nilu na Uganda da sauran sassan ƙasar. Gada ta ratsa kogin Albert kusa da mashigar sa a gundumar Nebbi, amma ba a gina wata gada a kan wannan ɓangaren ba. Jirgin ruwa ya haɗa hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Adjumani da Moyo, kuma ana yin kewaya kogin ta hanyar ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. === A Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan === [[Fayil:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG|left|thumb|Haɗakar Blue and White Nile kusa da Khartoum]] Daga inda kogin ya shiga [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] daga Uganda, kogin yana shiga ƙarƙashin sunan "Mountain Nile". Daga Tafkin No a Kudancin Sudan kogin ya zama "Farin Nilu" a ma'anarsa mafi tsauri, don haka ya ci gaba zuwa arewa zuwa [[Sudan]] inda ya ƙare a haɗuwa da Blue Nile. Daga Nimule a Sudan ta Kudu, kusa da kan iyaka da Uganda, kogin ya zama sananne da "Mountain Nile" ko "Baḥr al-Jabal" (wanda kuma ake kira "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{Lang|ar|بحر الجبل}} ), a zahiri "Kogin Dutse" ko "Kogin Dutse". {{Refn|The [[Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' ({{lang|ar|بحر}}) can refer to either a sea or a large river}} Jihar Kudancin Sudan ta Tsakiyar Equatoria wadda kogin ke gudana ta cikinta an san ta da ''Bahr al-Jabal'' har zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> Yankin kudancin kogin ya haɗu da raƙuman ruwa da dama kafin ya isa yankin Sudan da kuma babban dausayin [[Sudd]] . Ya nufi Tafkin No, inda ya haɗu da Bahr el Ghazal kuma a can ya samar da Farin Nilu. <ref name=":0" /> Wani kogin anabranch mai suna Bahr el Zeraf yana kwarara daga Bahr al-Jabal a kuma yana gudana ta cikin Sudd, don daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da Farin Nilu. Dutsen Nile yana kwarara ta cikin ƙananan kwaruruka da kuma jerin raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da Fula (Fola) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> === A Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan === [[Image:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|left|Mahaɗar Nilu Mai Shuɗi da Nilu Mai Fari kusa da Khartoum]] Daga inda kogin ya shiga Sudan ta Kudu daga Uganda, kogin yana tafiya ne karkashin sunan "Nilun Tsauni". Daga Tabkin No a Sudan ta Kudu kogin ya zama "Nilu Mai Fari" a ainihin ma'anarsa, kuma haka yake ci gaba da tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa kasar Sudan inda yake karewa a mahadarsa da Nilu Mai Shudi. ==== Nilun Tsauni ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|Nilu Mai Fari a Uganda]] Daga Nimule a Sudan ta Kudu, kusa da kan iyaka da Uganda, kogin ya zama an san shi da sunan "Nilun Tsauni" ko "Baḥr al-Jabal" (kuma "Baḥr el-Jebel", بحر الجبل), a lafazin zahiri "Kogin Tsauni".{{refn|Kalmar Larabci ''baḥr'' (بحر) na iya nufin teku ko babban kogi}}<ref name=EB>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Nile |volume=19 |last1=Garstin |first1=William Edmund |author1-link=William Edmund Garstin |last2=Cana |first2=Frank Richardson |author2-link= |pages=692&ndash;699 |short=1}}</ref> Jihar Central Equatoria ta Sudan ta Kudu wacce kogin ke ratsawa ta kasance an san ta da sunan ''Bahr al-Jabal'' har zuwa shekarar 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=16 April 2006 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sashin kudancin kogin yana haduwa da rassan ruwa masu sauri da yawa kafin ya isa filayen Sudan da faffadan dausayi na Sudd. Yana yin hanyarsa zuwa Tabkin No, inda yake haduwa da Bahr el Ghazal sannan ya kafa Nilu Mai Fari a wurin.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Wani reshen kogi da ake kira Bahr el Zeraf yana kwarara ne daga Bahr al-Jabal kuma yana ratsawa ta cikin Sudd, domin daga karshe ya hadu da Nilu Mai Fari. Nilun Tsauni yana kwarara ta cikin matsatsun kwazazzabai da kuma kan jerin rassan ruwa masu sauri da suka hada da rassan ruwan Fula (Fola).<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Image:whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Nilu Mai Fari da Nilu Mai Shuɗi suna haɗuwa a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan.]] ==== Ainihin Nilu Mai Fari ==== Ga wasu mutanen, Nilu Mai Fari yana farawa ne a mahadar Nilun Tsauni da Bahr el Ghazal a Tabkin No.<ref name="Parsons"/> Kilomita 120 na Nilu Mai Fari dake kwarara zuwa gabas daga Tabkin No zuwa bakin Kogin Sobat suna da gangara kadan kuma suna dauke da dausayi da gulbi da yawa.<ref name="Shahin">{{cite book |last1=Shahin |first1=Mamdouh |title=Hydrology of the Nile Basin |date=1985 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780444424334 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152213/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lokacin da aka yi ambaliya, reshen Kogin Sobat yana dauke da dimbin laka, wanda ke kara daukaka kalar Nilu Mai Fari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 |title=Sobat River |access-date=21 January 2008 |edition=Online Library |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Daga Malakal, birni na biyu mafi girma a Sudan ta Kudu, kogin yana gudana a hankali amma ba tare da dausayi ba zuwa Sudan da arewa zuwa Khartoum. A kasan Malakal akwai Kodok, gurin da aka yi fadan Fashoda a shekarar 1898 wanda ya nuna karshen fafutukar raba Afirka (Scramble for Africa). A Sudan, kogin ya ba da sunansa ga jihar Sudan ta White Nile (Jihar Nilu Mai Fari), kafin ya hadu da mafi girman kogi wato Nilu Mai Shudi a Khartoum kuma ya kafa Kogin Nilu gaba daya. == Hanyoyin ruwa na cikin kasa == Nilu Mai Fari hanya ce ta ruwa da za a iya amfani da jiragen ruwa akanta tun daga Tabkin Albert zuwa Khartoum ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Jebel Aulia, sai dai kawai tsakanin Juba da Uganda ana bukatar inganta kogin ko gina tasha domin sanya shi ya zama mai saukin ratsawa da jiragen ruwa. A lokacin wani bangare na shekara, kogunan suna kasancewa masu saukin ratsawa da jiragen ruwa har zuwa Gambela a kasar Habasha, da kuma Wau a kasar Sudan ta Kudu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4g1yqicczeqx0shcl6fb4rz7i4o8j7t Ernest Ojukwu 0 152954 859445 842121 2026-06-17T15:09:07Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351214330|Ernest Ojukwu]]" 859445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ernest_Ojukwu.jpg|thumb|Ernest Ojukwu]] '''Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1960), Babban Lauyan [[Najeriya]] kuma Farfesa na Shari'a ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta Janar kuma Shugaban Augustine Nnamani Campus Enugu, Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Education |url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/Legal%20Education.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330060939/http://www.nigeria-law.org/Legal%20Education.htm |archive-date=30 March 2010 |access-date=13 January 2012 |publisher=International Centre for Nigerian Law}}</ref> Kafin nadinsa, ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Dean Faculty of Law, [[Jami'ar Jihar Abia]], Uturu daga 1995-2001.<ref name="Nwauche2">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref>Har ila yau, shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a ta Jami'o'i (NULAI Najeriya), dandalin da ya ci gaba da cimma burinsa na inganta Ilimin shari'a na asibiti da sake fasalin ilimin shari'aa a Najeriya. == Tarihi == Ernest Ojukwu ya fito ne daga Amaezigba Ahaba Imenyi, Karamar Hukumar Isuikwuato ta [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ya halarci [[Kwalejin Methodist Uzuakoli]] da [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia]] . Ojukwu ya kammala karatu a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife inda ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a da Jagora na Shari'o'i a 1983 da 1987 bi da bi. Ya kuma sami takardar shaidar a kan Sauran Magani na Rikici daga Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikicin Afirka ta Sacramento .<ref name="Nwauche3">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ernest Ojukwu ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1985 lokacin da ya shiga aikin Jami'ar Jihar Abia a matsayin Mataimakin Malami kuma ya fara yin aiki a cikin ɗakunan Cif G. N. Atulomah ..<ref name="Nwauche4">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref>A shekara ta 1998, ya tafi ya kafa tare da abokansa, wani kamfanin lauya mai suna Eleuthera Chambers . Ya tashi zuwa matsayin Dean na Faculty of Law a Jami'ar Jihar Abia inda ya yi aiki daga 1995-2001. <ref name="Nwauche">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba mai aiki sosai na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren reshen Aba na kungiyar daga 1992-1993 kuma Shugaban tsakanin 1997 da 1999.<ref name="Nwauche" />((((((((<(when he simultaneously joined the services of Abia State University as an Assistant Lecturer and began to practice Law in the chambers of Chief G. N. Atulomah.[1] In 1998, he left to establish with his friends, a Law firm named Eleuthera Chambers. He rose to the position of Dean of the Faculty of Law in Abia State University where he served from 1995-2001.[1] He was also a very active memberwhen he simultaneously joined the services of Abia State University as an Assistant Lecturer and began to practice Law in the chambers of Chief G. N. Atulomah.[1] In 1998, he left to establish with his friends, a Law firm named Eleuthera Chambers. He rose to the position of Dean of the Faculty of Law in Abia State University where he served from 1995-2001.[1] He was also a very active member Ernest Ojukwu ya wallafa da yawa. Shi ne co-marubucin Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, inganci da jagora kayan aiki kan Shari'a na Jama'a ga Daliban Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya da kuma Masu Shari'a, Edita na Jaridar Shari'a da Ayyuka ta Najeriya, & Edita-In-Chief Nigerian Bar Journal. Har ila yau, shi ne jagora a ci gaban ilimin shari'a na asibiti a Najeriya kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a ta Jami'o'i (NULAI Nigeria) wanda ke aiki don inganta ilimin shari'ar asibiti da sake fasalin ilimin shari'aa a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NETWORK OF UNIVERSITY LEGAL AID INSTITUTIONS |url=http://www.nulai.org |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Shi ne wakilin kasa na Najeriya a gasar Brown-Morsten International Client Consultation Competition . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Louis M. Brown and Forrest S. Mosten International Client Consultation Competition |url=http://www.brownmosten.com/pages/national_contacts.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821030115/http://brownmosten.com/pages/national_contacts.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Sha'awar Ojukwu a matsayin malami ya haɗa da batutuwa na Ci gaba da Ilimi na Shari'a, Shari'ar Jama'a da Samun Adalci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ernest Ojukwu |url=http://www.icle.nigerianbar.org/ojukwu.htm |access-date=13 January 2012 |website=Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Programme |publisher=Institute of Continuing Legal Education}}</ref> Ya kuma ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan sana'a na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya inda ya taɓa aiki a matsayin Shugaban, reshen Aba na kungiyar kuma a halin yanzu yana jagorantar taron ilimi da kwamitin ilimin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Innocent Anaba |date=13 February 2004 |title=How to Improve Standard of Legal Practice -- Professor Ernest Ojukwu |url=http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200402160442.html |access-date=13 January 2012 |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> == Littattafai == Ernest Ojukwu ya wallafa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ojukwu |first=ernest |title=Ernest Ojukwu - Independent Researcher |url=https://independent.academia.edu/ErnestOjukwu |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=independent.academia.edu |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne co-marubucin Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, inganci da jagora kayan aiki a kan Shari'ar Jama'a ga Daliban Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya da kuma Masu Shari'a. Ya kasance editan Jaridar Shari'a da Ayyuka ta Najeriya , & Babban Edita-In-Chief Nigerian Bar Journal ..<ref name="Nwauche6">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref>Wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa sun hada da: === Babi na Littafin === <small>1. OJUKWU ERNEST 2025: "Nijeriya- Tarihin Ilimi na Shari'a", ''Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Legal Education'', Babi na 73, 2025</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |title=73: Nigeria (history of legal education) |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/display/book/9781035302932/ch73.xml |url-status=live |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.elgaronline.com}}</ref> <small>2. MARYAM ABDULKADIR & ERNEST OJUKWU 2025: "Ilimi na shari'a a Afirka: Ilimi na shariʼa a Najeriya: Tafiya ta zuwa yanzu", Giddings, J, ed. , Ilimi na Shari'a na Duniya, Babi na 6, shafi na 94 Routledge (Taylor & Francis), 2025</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Clinical Legal Education |url=https://www.routledge.com/Global-Clinical-Legal-Education/Giddings/p/book/9781032390987 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> <small>3) OJUKWU ERNEST & UGOCHUKWU NJOKU 2021: "Ƙalubalen Shari'a da Kasuwanci da ke fuskantar Kamfanonin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki a Najeriya", Cyprian O. Ajah & Chukunweike A Ogbuabor, ed An Amazon in the Pinnacle of Justice (Rubuce-rubuce a cikin Darajar Mai Shari'a NP Emehelu, Enugu, shafuffuka 718-741</small> <small>4) OJUKWU ERNEST 2019: "Jaraba da Alƙalai: Batutuwan, Halin da Ra'ayoyi a Najeriya", D. Okeowo, ed, Trailblazer: Zaɓin Rubuce-rubuce da Takardu a Bikin Cif Folanke Solanke, SAN, CON, Babi na 7, Magnates na Shari'a na Najeriya, shafuffuka 93-118,</small> <small>5). OJUKWU ERNEST & UGOCHUKWU NJOKU 2018: "Kashewar Kuɗi da Kasuwanci na Lokaci, A. Adewopo, ed, Sabbin Ci gaba a Shari'a da Aiki a Najeriya- Rubuce-rubuce a Darajar Dele Adesina SAN, Babi na 15, Nigeria Biographers Nig Ltd, shafuffuka na 257-319</small> <small>6). OJUKWU ERNEST 2018: "Yin canji na gaske; Ilimi na shari'a a Najeriya- wani bangare sake tunaninsa", Grimes, R, ed, Sake Tunanin Ilimi na Shari'a a karkashin Dokar Jama'a da ta Jama'a: Taswirar Hanya don Canjin Gina, Shafuffuka 192-201.</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |date=2017 |title=Making a real change Legal education in Nigeria – partly re-imagined? |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315212074-21/making-real-change-ernest-ojukwu |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=Taylor and Francis Group}}</ref> <small>7) OJUKWU ERNEST 2011: David McQuoid-Mason, '''Ernest Ojukwu,''' da George Mukundi Wachira,, "Ilimi na Shari'a a Afirka: Ilimi na Shariʼa da Ayyukan Al'umma", a cikin Bloch Frank (ed), The Global Clinical Movement: Ilimi Lauyoyi don Adalci na Jama'a, Babi na 2, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011.</small><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2010 |title=The Global Clinical Movement: Educating Lawyers for Social Justice |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32882 |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=Oxford Academic}}</ref> <small>8) OJUKWU ERNEST, 2010: "Tambayar 2007 na Kwamitin Kasa kan Gyaran Ilimi na Shari'a Najeriya: Kalubale da Hanyar Ci gaba" Batutuwan Shari'a na Yanzu a cikin Shari'ar Najeriya, Essays in Honor of Chief Adegboyega Solomon Awomolo, SAN, Babi na 4, shafi na 101-124.</small> <small>9) OJUKWU ERNEST 2006: "Hanyar Jama'a" a cikin Uwais Ta hanyar Shari'o'i, Mai Shari'a Niki Tobi (ed), Babi na 16 shafi na 555 - 580.</small> <small>10) OJUKWU ERNEST 2006: "Crisis in Legal Education in Nigeria: Bukatar Gyara ko Canjin Halin?" Labarin Shari'a mai Rayuwa: Rubuce-rubuce a Darajar Mai Shari'a AG Karibi-Whyte (CON), Babi 15, shafi na 249-270.</small> <small>11) OJUKWU ERNEST 2005: Kalubale ga Ilimin Shari'a a cikin Commonwealth: Kwarewar Najeriya, Ci gaba da Dokar Kula da Adalci: Rubuce-rubuce a cikin Daraja na Niki Tobi, JSC, Babi na 10, shafi na 348- 366.</small> <small>12) OJUKWU ERNEST 2003: "Halin da ke faruwa a cikin Ilimin Shari'a: Nazarin Kwatanta na Najeriya, Amurka, Burtaniya, da Afirka ta Kudu, Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya: Shekaru arba'in na Hidima ga Kwarewar Shari'a, Babi na Xi, shafi na 133 - 141.</small> <small>13) OJUKWU ERNEST 2002: "Kayan Kasuwanci na Ƙasa Ba Dole ne su kasance a cikin Situs ba", Nweze C.C. ed. '''Adalci a cikin Tsarin Shari'a''', Masu Buga na Hudu, 2002, Babi na 12 shafi na 378 -389.</small> <small>14) OJUKWU ERNEST 2001: "Hukuncin Babban Kotun Tarayya da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1999", Awa Kalu Ed. Hon. Justice K.O. Anyah- A Titan a tamanin: (Rubuce-rubuce), Babi na 7 shafi na 194 - 207</small> <small>15) OJUKWU ERNEST 1999: "Sakamako na Dokar No. 62 1999 A kan Dokokin da ke akwai", Tafiya Hanyar Adalci (Rubuce-rubuce a Darajar Adalci C.I. Uche) Babi na 8 shafi na 129-143</small> === Littattafai === <small>1. OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, Dokar titi: 'Yanci na Bayani, 2016</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |last2=Adekoya |first2=Charles |date=2016-03-01 |title=Street Law: Freedom of Information Manual |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335277540_Street_Law_Freedom_of_Information_Manual |journal=Street Law: Freedom of Information Manual}}</ref> <small>2. OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, Littafin 'Yancin Bayanai don Asibitocin Shari'a, 2015</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |last2=Olatunji |first2=Olugbenga Ajani |date=2015-01-01 |title=FREEDOM OF INFORMATION HANDBOOK for LAW CLINICS |url=https://www.academia.edu/40132186/FREEDOM_OF_INFORMATION_HANDBOOK_for_LAW_CLINICS |journal=FREEDOM OF INFORMATION HANDBOOK for LAW CLINICS}}</ref> <small>3. OJUKWU ERNEST et al: Ilimin Shari'a na Asibiti: Darussan, Darussan da Kayan aiki, Abuja NULAI Najeriya, 2013.<ref name="Nwauche5">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref></small> <small>4. OJUKWU ERNEST: Ilimi na Shari'a a Najeriya: Tarihin Gyara da Canji a karkashin Tahir Mamman, Majalisar Ilimi ta Shari'a, 2013;</small> <small>5. OJUKWU ERNEST et al: Littafin hannu a kan gidan yarin da aka yi wa fursuna, Abuja, NULAI Najeriya, 2012</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |last2=Chiroma |first2=Isa Hayatu |date=2012-01-01 |title=Handbook on Prison Pre trial Detainee Law Clinic |url=https://www.academia.edu/40131714/Handbook_on_Prison_Pre_trial_Detainee_Law_Clinic |journal=Handbook on Prison Pre trial Detainee Law Clinic}}</ref> <small>6. OJUKWU ERNEST & LAGI, O: Littafin jagora a kan gidan yarin fursunoni kafin shari'a, Abuja, NULAI Najeriya, 2012</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |date=2012-10-01 |title=Manual on Law Clinic Prison Pre-trial Detainee Manual on Law Clinic Prison Pre-trial |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335277633_Manual_on_Law_Clinic_Prison_Pre-trial_Detainee_Manual_on_Law_Clinic_Prison_Pre-trial |url-status=live}}</ref> <small>7. OJUKWU ERNEST & OJUK WWU CHUDI: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, Helen-Roberts, 3rd Edition 2009.<ref name="Nwauche7">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref></small> <small>8. OJUKWU ERNEST & OJUKKU CHUDI: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, Helen-Roberts, 2nd Edition 2005.</small> <small>9. OJUKWU ERNEST & OJUK WWU CHUDI: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, Helen-Roberts, 2002</small> <small>13. OJUKWU ERNEST: Ayyukan Ma'aikatan Shari'a a Najeriya: Shari'a da Ayyuka, Helen-Roberts Research and Resources Ltd, Legas 1997.</small> === Littattafai === <small>1) OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, 2014: '''Dokar titi: Littafin 'Yancin Yara'''</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ehi |first=Emmanuel |last2=Omaka |first2=Amari |last3=Ojukwu |first3=Ernest |date=2014-01-01 |title=Street Law: Child Rights Manual |url=https://www.academia.edu/40132096/Street_Law_Child_Rights_Manual |journal=Street Law: Child Rights Manual}}</ref><small>'''.'''</small> <small>'''2)    ''' OJUKWU ERNEST, 2014: Shirin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Shari'a ga Lauyoyi a Najeriya'''Shirin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Shari'a don Lauyoyi a Najeriya'''</small> <small>3) OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, 2013: Tasirin Tasirin Ilimi na Shari'a a Najeriya'''Binciken Tasirin Ilimi na Shari'a a Najeriya'''</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=Fg4HgosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Fg4HgosAAAAJ:LkGwnXOMwfcC |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <small>4) OJUKWU ERNEST, 1997: '''Shin Fawehinmi V Abacha Hukuncin Daidai ne?''' , Bayanan Ayyuka na Shari'a (Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam No.1) </small> <small>5) OJUKWU ERNEST, 1997: Dokokin Ayyukan Kamfanoni 1992 Annotated (Legal Practice Notes No.2) </small> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kovzb95w6ftvz5e0wrfqqns6xpdujt 859448 859445 2026-06-17T15:15:27Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ernest_Ojukwu.jpg|thumb|Ernest Ojukwu]] '''Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1960), Babban Lauyan [[Najeriya]] kuma Farfesa na Shari'a ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta Janar kuma Shugaban Augustine Nnamani Campus Enugu, Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Education |url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/Legal%20Education.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330060939/http://www.nigeria-law.org/Legal%20Education.htm |archive-date=30 March 2010 |access-date=13 January 2012 |publisher=International Centre for Nigerian Law}}</ref> Kafin nadinsa, ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Dean Faculty of Law, [[Jami'ar Jihar Abia]], Uturu daga 1995-2001.<ref name="Nwauche2">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref>Har ila yau, shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a ta Jami'o'i (NULAI Najeriya), dandalin da ya ci gaba da cimma burinsa na inganta Ilimin shari'a na asibiti da sake fasalin ilimin shari'aa a Najeriya. == Tarihi == Ernest Ojukwu ya fito ne daga Amaezigba Ahaba Imenyi, Karamar Hukumar Isuikwuato ta [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ya halarci [[Kwalejin Methodist Uzuakoli]] da [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia]] . Ojukwu ya kammala karatu a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife inda ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a da Jagora na Shari'o'i a 1983 da 1987 bi da bi. Ya kuma sami takardar shaidar a kan Sauran Magani na Rikici daga Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikicin Afirka ta Sacramento .<ref name="Nwauche3">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ernest Ojukwu ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1985 lokacin da ya shiga aikin Jami'ar Jihar Abia a matsayin Mataimakin Malami kuma ya fara yin aiki a cikin ɗakunan Cif G. N. Atulomah ..<ref name="Nwauche4">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref>A shekara ta 1998, ya tafi ya kafa tare da abokansa, wani kamfanin lauya mai suna Eleuthera Chambers . Ya tashi zuwa matsayin Dean na Faculty of Law a Jami'ar Jihar Abia inda ya yi aiki daga 1995-2001. <ref name="Nwauche">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba mai aiki sosai na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren reshen Aba na kungiyar daga 1992-1993 kuma Shugaban tsakanin 1997 da 1999.<ref name="Nwauche" /> Ernest Ojukwu ya wallafa da yawa. Shi ne co-marubucin Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, inganci da jagora kayan aiki kan Shari'a na Jama'a ga Daliban Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya da kuma Masu Shari'a, Edita na Jaridar Shari'a da Ayyuka ta Najeriya, & Edita-In-Chief Nigerian Bar Journal. Har ila yau, shi ne jagora a ci gaban ilimin shari'a na asibiti a Najeriya kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a ta Jami'o'i (NULAI Nigeria) wanda ke aiki don inganta ilimin shari'ar asibiti da sake fasalin ilimin shari'aa a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NETWORK OF UNIVERSITY LEGAL AID INSTITUTIONS |url=http://www.nulai.org |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Shi ne wakilin kasa na Najeriya a gasar Brown-Morsten International Client Consultation Competition . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Louis M. Brown and Forrest S. Mosten International Client Consultation Competition |url=http://www.brownmosten.com/pages/national_contacts.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821030115/http://brownmosten.com/pages/national_contacts.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Sha'awar Ojukwu a matsayin malami ya haɗa da batutuwa na Ci gaba da Ilimi na Shari'a, Shari'ar Jama'a da Samun Adalci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ernest Ojukwu |url=http://www.icle.nigerianbar.org/ojukwu.htm |access-date=13 January 2012 |website=Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Programme |publisher=Institute of Continuing Legal Education}}</ref> Ya kuma ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan sana'a na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya inda ya taɓa aiki a matsayin Shugaban, reshen Aba na kungiyar kuma a halin yanzu yana jagorantar taron ilimi da kwamitin ilimin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Innocent Anaba |date=13 February 2004 |title=How to Improve Standard of Legal Practice -- Professor Ernest Ojukwu |url=http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200402160442.html |access-date=13 January 2012 |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> == Littattafai == Ernest Ojukwu ya wallafa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ojukwu |first=ernest |title=Ernest Ojukwu - Independent Researcher |url=https://independent.academia.edu/ErnestOjukwu |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=independent.academia.edu |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne co-marubucin Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, inganci da jagora kayan aiki a kan Shari'ar Jama'a ga Daliban Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya da kuma Masu Shari'a. Ya kasance editan Jaridar Shari'a da Ayyuka ta Najeriya , & Babban Edita-In-Chief Nigerian Bar Journal ..<ref name="Nwauche6">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref>Wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa sun hada da: === Babi na Littafin === <small>1. OJUKWU ERNEST 2025: "Nijeriya- Tarihin Ilimi na Shari'a", ''Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Legal Education'', Babi na 73, 2025</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |title=73: Nigeria (history of legal education) |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/display/book/9781035302932/ch73.xml |url-status=live |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.elgaronline.com}}</ref> <small>2. MARYAM ABDULKADIR & ERNEST OJUKWU 2025: "Ilimi na shari'a a Afirka: Ilimi na shariʼa a Najeriya: Tafiya ta zuwa yanzu", Giddings, J, ed. , Ilimi na Shari'a na Duniya, Babi na 6, shafi na 94 Routledge (Taylor & Francis), 2025</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Clinical Legal Education |url=https://www.routledge.com/Global-Clinical-Legal-Education/Giddings/p/book/9781032390987 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> <small>3) OJUKWU ERNEST & UGOCHUKWU NJOKU 2021: "Ƙalubalen Shari'a da Kasuwanci da ke fuskantar Kamfanonin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki a Najeriya", Cyprian O. Ajah & Chukunweike A Ogbuabor, ed An Amazon in the Pinnacle of Justice (Rubuce-rubuce a cikin Darajar Mai Shari'a NP Emehelu, Enugu, shafuffuka 718-741</small> <small>4) OJUKWU ERNEST 2019: "Jaraba da Alƙalai: Batutuwan, Halin da Ra'ayoyi a Najeriya", D. Okeowo, ed, Trailblazer: Zaɓin Rubuce-rubuce da Takardu a Bikin Cif Folanke Solanke, SAN, CON, Babi na 7, Magnates na Shari'a na Najeriya, shafuffuka 93-118,</small> <small>5). OJUKWU ERNEST & UGOCHUKWU NJOKU 2018: "Kashewar Kuɗi da Kasuwanci na Lokaci, A. Adewopo, ed, Sabbin Ci gaba a Shari'a da Aiki a Najeriya- Rubuce-rubuce a Darajar Dele Adesina SAN, Babi na 15, Nigeria Biographers Nig Ltd, shafuffuka na 257-319</small> <small>6). OJUKWU ERNEST 2018: "Yin canji na gaske; Ilimi na shari'a a Najeriya- wani bangare sake tunaninsa", Grimes, R, ed, Sake Tunanin Ilimi na Shari'a a karkashin Dokar Jama'a da ta Jama'a: Taswirar Hanya don Canjin Gina, Shafuffuka 192-201.</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |date=2017 |title=Making a real change Legal education in Nigeria – partly re-imagined? |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315212074-21/making-real-change-ernest-ojukwu |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=Taylor and Francis Group}}</ref> <small>7) OJUKWU ERNEST 2011: David McQuoid-Mason, '''Ernest Ojukwu,''' da George Mukundi Wachira,, "Ilimi na Shari'a a Afirka: Ilimi na Shariʼa da Ayyukan Al'umma", a cikin Bloch Frank (ed), The Global Clinical Movement: Ilimi Lauyoyi don Adalci na Jama'a, Babi na 2, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011.</small><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2010 |title=The Global Clinical Movement: Educating Lawyers for Social Justice |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32882 |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=Oxford Academic}}</ref> <small>8) OJUKWU ERNEST, 2010: "Tambayar 2007 na Kwamitin Kasa kan Gyaran Ilimi na Shari'a Najeriya: Kalubale da Hanyar Ci gaba" Batutuwan Shari'a na Yanzu a cikin Shari'ar Najeriya, Essays in Honor of Chief Adegboyega Solomon Awomolo, SAN, Babi na 4, shafi na 101-124.</small> <small>9) OJUKWU ERNEST 2006: "Hanyar Jama'a" a cikin Uwais Ta hanyar Shari'o'i, Mai Shari'a Niki Tobi (ed), Babi na 16 shafi na 555 - 580.</small> <small>10) OJUKWU ERNEST 2006: "Crisis in Legal Education in Nigeria: Bukatar Gyara ko Canjin Halin?" Labarin Shari'a mai Rayuwa: Rubuce-rubuce a Darajar Mai Shari'a AG Karibi-Whyte (CON), Babi 15, shafi na 249-270.</small> <small>11) OJUKWU ERNEST 2005: Kalubale ga Ilimin Shari'a a cikin Commonwealth: Kwarewar Najeriya, Ci gaba da Dokar Kula da Adalci: Rubuce-rubuce a cikin Daraja na Niki Tobi, JSC, Babi na 10, shafi na 348- 366.</small> <small>12) OJUKWU ERNEST 2003: "Halin da ke faruwa a cikin Ilimin Shari'a: Nazarin Kwatanta na Najeriya, Amurka, Burtaniya, da Afirka ta Kudu, Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya: Shekaru arba'in na Hidima ga Kwarewar Shari'a, Babi na Xi, shafi na 133 - 141.</small> <small>13) OJUKWU ERNEST 2002: "Kayan Kasuwanci na Ƙasa Ba Dole ne su kasance a cikin Situs ba", Nweze C.C. ed. '''Adalci a cikin Tsarin Shari'a''', Masu Buga na Hudu, 2002, Babi na 12 shafi na 378 -389.</small> <small>14) OJUKWU ERNEST 2001: "Hukuncin Babban Kotun Tarayya da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1999", Awa Kalu Ed. Hon. Justice K.O. Anyah- A Titan a tamanin: (Rubuce-rubuce), Babi na 7 shafi na 194 - 207</small> <small>15) OJUKWU ERNEST 1999: "Sakamako na Dokar No. 62 1999 A kan Dokokin da ke akwai", Tafiya Hanyar Adalci (Rubuce-rubuce a Darajar Adalci C.I. Uche) Babi na 8 shafi na 129-143</small> === Littattafai === <small>1. OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, Dokar titi: 'Yanci na Bayani, 2016</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |last2=Adekoya |first2=Charles |date=2016-03-01 |title=Street Law: Freedom of Information Manual |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335277540_Street_Law_Freedom_of_Information_Manual |journal=Street Law: Freedom of Information Manual}}</ref> <small>2. OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, Littafin 'Yancin Bayanai don Asibitocin Shari'a, 2015</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |last2=Olatunji |first2=Olugbenga Ajani |date=2015-01-01 |title=FREEDOM OF INFORMATION HANDBOOK for LAW CLINICS |url=https://www.academia.edu/40132186/FREEDOM_OF_INFORMATION_HANDBOOK_for_LAW_CLINICS |journal=FREEDOM OF INFORMATION HANDBOOK for LAW CLINICS}}</ref> <small>3. OJUKWU ERNEST et al: Ilimin Shari'a na Asibiti: Darussan, Darussan da Kayan aiki, Abuja NULAI Najeriya, 2013.<ref name="Nwauche5">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref></small> <small>4. OJUKWU ERNEST: Ilimi na Shari'a a Najeriya: Tarihin Gyara da Canji a karkashin Tahir Mamman, Majalisar Ilimi ta Shari'a, 2013;</small> <small>5. OJUKWU ERNEST et al: Littafin hannu a kan gidan yarin da aka yi wa fursuna, Abuja, NULAI Najeriya, 2012</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |last2=Chiroma |first2=Isa Hayatu |date=2012-01-01 |title=Handbook on Prison Pre trial Detainee Law Clinic |url=https://www.academia.edu/40131714/Handbook_on_Prison_Pre_trial_Detainee_Law_Clinic |journal=Handbook on Prison Pre trial Detainee Law Clinic}}</ref> <small>6. OJUKWU ERNEST & LAGI, O: Littafin jagora a kan gidan yarin fursunoni kafin shari'a, Abuja, NULAI Najeriya, 2012</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojukwu |first=Ernest |date=2012-10-01 |title=Manual on Law Clinic Prison Pre-trial Detainee Manual on Law Clinic Prison Pre-trial |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335277633_Manual_on_Law_Clinic_Prison_Pre-trial_Detainee_Manual_on_Law_Clinic_Prison_Pre-trial |url-status=live}}</ref> <small>7. OJUKWU ERNEST & OJUK WWU CHUDI: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, Helen-Roberts, 3rd Edition 2009.<ref name="Nwauche7">{{cite book|last=Nwauche, E.S|title=A Citation on Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu' in Chukwumaeze, U. U. and Erugo, S (eds) In Search of Legal Education (Essays in Honour of Ernest Ojukwu) Uturu|publisher=Abia State University Law Centre|pages=x-xi}}</ref></small> <small>8. OJUKWU ERNEST & OJUKKU CHUDI: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, Helen-Roberts, 2nd Edition 2005.</small> <small>9. OJUKWU ERNEST & OJUK WWU CHUDI: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Jama'a, Helen-Roberts, 2002</small> <small>13. OJUKWU ERNEST: Ayyukan Ma'aikatan Shari'a a Najeriya: Shari'a da Ayyuka, Helen-Roberts Research and Resources Ltd, Legas 1997.</small> === Littattafai === <small>1) OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, 2014: '''Dokar titi: Littafin 'Yancin Yara'''</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ehi |first=Emmanuel |last2=Omaka |first2=Amari |last3=Ojukwu |first3=Ernest |date=2014-01-01 |title=Street Law: Child Rights Manual |url=https://www.academia.edu/40132096/Street_Law_Child_Rights_Manual |journal=Street Law: Child Rights Manual}}</ref><small>'''.'''</small> <small>'''2)    ''' OJUKWU ERNEST, 2014: Shirin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Shari'a ga Lauyoyi a Najeriya'''Shirin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Shari'a don Lauyoyi a Najeriya'''</small> <small>3) OJUKWU ERNEST, da sauransu, 2013: Tasirin Tasirin Ilimi na Shari'a a Najeriya'''Binciken Tasirin Ilimi na Shari'a a Najeriya'''</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=Fg4HgosAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Fg4HgosAAAAJ:LkGwnXOMwfcC |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> <small>4) OJUKWU ERNEST, 1997: '''Shin Fawehinmi V Abacha Hukuncin Daidai ne?''' , Bayanan Ayyuka na Shari'a (Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam No.1) </small> <small>5) OJUKWU ERNEST, 1997: Dokokin Ayyukan Kamfanoni 1992 Annotated (Legal Practice Notes No.2) </small> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] schxzbq297wq8u7o13ezq4nidlbl0wx Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira 0 153615 859415 859163 2026-06-17T14:42:57Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati */ 859415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. == Manazarta == pwpyr3xfzmzlohxr9icefmmj0h7qqb5 859419 859415 2026-06-17T14:46:12Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu */ 859419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. == Manazarta == sbinu15l1urm4mdyt3ojjo9qlbuhwft 859421 859419 2026-06-17T14:47:21Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hukumomin gwamnati */ 859421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> == Manazarta == lngvr8e5pm5ulvn3xivz1qe3ecytquk 859422 859421 2026-06-17T14:47:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu */ 859422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == iw01gbk0n10udov6fy2lkl68smycts0 859429 859422 2026-06-17T14:52:59Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin tattalin arziki */ 859429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. == Manazarta == 46bjlhwfgvwdax6dafrcyrx2v08h9a8 859431 859429 2026-06-17T14:53:54Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi */ 859431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. '''Iya biya'''. Dangane da kuɗin fito na sandi 5 na dalar Amurka a kowace mita kyubik da kuma amfani da lita 200 ga kowane mutum a rana, wanda ya fi na Tsakiyar Turai yawa, takardar kuɗin ruwa ta kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar tana kaiwa daidai da dala 1.50 kacal. Kamar yaddda binciken da kamfanin ba da shawara na Chemonics ya gudanar ga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna, gida ɗaya da ke amfani da lita 218 ga kowane mutum a rana ya biya takardar kuɗin ruwa da magudanar ruwa daidai da kashi 0.81% na jimillar kuɗaɗen da gidan ke kashewa. Kashi 11% na gidaje kawai (waɗanda ke kashi 7.4% na al'umma) ne suka kashe sama da kashi 1% a kan ruwa da ruwan suda.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System%2fReports%2fDeliverables%2fCost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=12–16|date=January 2012|access-date=2012-10-12|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617191011/http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System/Reports/Deliverables/Cost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Kuɗaɗen haɗawa'''. Kuɗaɗen haɗa bututun ruwa babban kuɗi ne da gidaje ke kashewa. A yankuna matalauta, ana rage kuɗaɗen haɗawa kuma ana iya biya su daki-daki ta hanyar wani asusu na musamman da Kamfanin Holding, UNICEF da USAID suka kafa.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=14|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> '''Farashin da ake biya masu sayar da ruwa'''. A wasu matsugunai marasa tsari, yawancin mazauna ba su da damar samun ruwa ta hanyar doka, kuma yawancin mutane suna samun ruwa ne daga motocin dakon ruwa ko wuraren shan ruwa. Saboda mazauna yankin ba su da takaddun mallakar ƙasa na shari'a a kan filayen da suke zaune, ba su da ikon haɗa bututun ruwa da tsarin tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka. Ruwan da motocin dakon ruwa ke samarwa yana da farashin fam na Masar biyu zuwa uku a kowace lita 25, kimanin sau 300 fiye da kuɗin fito na ruwan famfo.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> '''Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida'''. Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida (septic tanks) na iya zama mai yawa. Wasu mutane suna guje wa amfani da ramin bayan gidansu, domin idan sun yi amfani da shi ramin yana cika da sauri kuma dole ne su biya kuɗin kwashe shi akai-akai. Don haka suna ci gaba da gurɓata muhallin da ke kewaye da su, koda baka da cewa suna da kayan tsaftar muhalli a gida.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> ===Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi=== Gwamnatocin Masar suna ba da tallafi mai yawa ga ɓangaren. Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar ta ƙasaita matakin dawo da jimillar kuɗaɗen kashewa a shekara ta 2012/13 a kan kashi 62%, da kuma dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa ban da na raguwar darajar kaddarori (depreciation) a kan kashi 76%. Hukumar tsara tsarin ta siffanta wannan a matsayin abin da bai isa ba idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan kwazo na dawo da sama da kashi 80% na cikakkun kuɗaɗen kashewa da sama da kashi 100% na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa.<ref name=EWRA/> Wannan ya gaza matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da aka samu a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa, ban da raguwar darajar kaddarori, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na gudanarwa ya kasance kashi 95% don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kama daga kashi 31% a Sinai zuwa kashi 134% a Beheira.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery"/> Duk da haka, matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa a fili yake cewa ya fi yadda yake a farkon shekarun 2000. Kamar yadda wani ƙasaitaccen bayani na kafin shekara ta 2007 ya nuna, dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa kashi 20% ne kawai, tare da kuɗaɗen fito a kan 0.23 EP kowace mita kyubik da kuɗaɗen kashewa a kan 1.10 EP kowace mita kyubik == Manazarta == gj42vub53so9uhp3r3jwqj7dgqiwcgm 859432 859431 2026-06-17T14:54:34Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi */ 859432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. '''Iya biya'''. Dangane da kuɗin fito na sandi 5 na dalar Amurka a kowace mita kyubik da kuma amfani da lita 200 ga kowane mutum a rana, wanda ya fi na Tsakiyar Turai yawa, takardar kuɗin ruwa ta kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar tana kaiwa daidai da dala 1.50 kacal. Kamar yaddda binciken da kamfanin ba da shawara na Chemonics ya gudanar ga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna, gida ɗaya da ke amfani da lita 218 ga kowane mutum a rana ya biya takardar kuɗin ruwa da magudanar ruwa daidai da kashi 0.81% na jimillar kuɗaɗen da gidan ke kashewa. Kashi 11% na gidaje kawai (waɗanda ke kashi 7.4% na al'umma) ne suka kashe sama da kashi 1% a kan ruwa da ruwan suda.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System%2fReports%2fDeliverables%2fCost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=12–16|date=January 2012|access-date=2012-10-12|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617191011/http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System/Reports/Deliverables/Cost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Kuɗaɗen haɗawa'''. Kuɗaɗen haɗa bututun ruwa babban kuɗi ne da gidaje ke kashewa. A yankuna matalauta, ana rage kuɗaɗen haɗawa kuma ana iya biya su daki-daki ta hanyar wani asusu na musamman da Kamfanin Holding, UNICEF da USAID suka kafa.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=14|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> '''Farashin da ake biya masu sayar da ruwa'''. A wasu matsugunai marasa tsari, yawancin mazauna ba su da damar samun ruwa ta hanyar doka, kuma yawancin mutane suna samun ruwa ne daga motocin dakon ruwa ko wuraren shan ruwa. Saboda mazauna yankin ba su da takaddun mallakar ƙasa na shari'a a kan filayen da suke zaune, ba su da ikon haɗa bututun ruwa da tsarin tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka. Ruwan da motocin dakon ruwa ke samarwa yana da farashin fam na Masar biyu zuwa uku a kowace lita 25, kimanin sau 300 fiye da kuɗin fito na ruwan famfo.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> '''Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida'''. Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida (septic tanks) na iya zama mai yawa. Wasu mutane suna guje wa amfani da ramin bayan gidansu, domin idan sun yi amfani da shi ramin yana cika da sauri kuma dole ne su biya kuɗin kwashe shi akai-akai. Don haka suna ci gaba da gurɓata muhallin da ke kewaye da su, koda baka da cewa suna da kayan tsaftar muhalli a gida.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> ===Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi=== Gwamnatocin Masar suna ba da tallafi mai yawa ga ɓangaren. Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar ta ƙasaita matakin dawo da jimillar kuɗaɗen kashewa a shekara ta 2012/13 a kan kashi 62%, da kuma dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa ban da na raguwar darajar kaddarori (depreciation) a kan kashi 76%. Hukumar tsara tsarin ta siffanta wannan a matsayin abin da bai isa ba idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan kwazo na dawo da sama da kashi 80% na cikakkun kuɗaɗen kashewa da sama da kashi 100% na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa.<ref name=EWRA/> Wannan ya gaza matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da aka samu a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa, ban da raguwar darajar kaddarori, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na gudanarwa ya kasance kashi 95% don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kama daga kashi 31% a Sinai zuwa kashi 134% a Beheira.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery"/> Duk da haka, matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa a fili yake cewa ya fi yadda yake a farkon shekarun 2000. Kamar yadda wani ƙasaitaccen bayani na kafin shekara ta 2007 ya nuna, dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa kashi 20% ne kawai, tare da kuɗaɗen fito a kan 0.23 EP kowace mita kyubik da kuɗaɗen kashewa a kan 1.10 EP kowace mita kyubik.<ref name="IDRC"/> A cewar wani ƙasaitaccen bayanin kuma, tsakanin shekara ta 1982 da 2004 gwamnati ta kashe fam biliyan 65 na Masar (kimanin dala biliyan 10.73 na Amurka a canjin kuɗi na shekarar 2004<ref>65 Egyptian Pound = 10.72820 US Dollar (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 40% na kuɗin aka dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji.<ref>Perard, Edouard (2008): [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1115555 OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 265: Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Water Supply: The Southern Mediterranean Experience]. Retrieved on October 18, 2008</ref> Matsakaicin rabon taron kuɗin haraji (jimillar ingancin taron kuɗi) an ƙasaita shi a kan kashi 47% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.<ref name=EWRA/> A shekara ta 2010 ya kasance kashi 57%, kama daga kashi 48% a Alkahira zuwa kashi 85% a Beni Suef.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=24|date=January 2012}}</ref> ===Saka hannun jari da samar da kuɗi=== '''Saka hannun jari''' a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga Masar ya zarce dala biliyan 9.15 a cikin shekaru 20 kafin shekarar 2007.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> Ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekarar 2009/2010, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ƙaruwa na saka hannun jari a shekarun baya.<ref name="USAID Subsidies"/> A cewar wata majiya ta daban, saka hannun jari ya yi ƙasa sosai a kan fam biliyan 4 na Masar (dala miliyan 650) a shekara ta 2011 da fam biliyan 3 na Masar (dala miliyan 490) a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="GWI Finance">{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Financial worries dampen Egypt's revival|date=November 2012}}</ref> Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya ƙasaita buƙatun saka hannun jari na tsawon shekaru 30 bayan shekara ta 2007 a kan kusan Euro biliyan 20, wanda kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuɗin za a buƙace shi ne don tsaftar muhalli.<ref>The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater of the Arab Republic of Egypt:National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, Report for the European Commission, May 2009, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> '''Samar da kuɗi'''. Gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyin saka hannun jari mafi yawancinsa tare da tallafin masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje. Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu yana ba da ƙaramin gudunmawa wajen samar da kuɗi, galibi ta hanyar kwangilar BOT guda ɗaya wacce aka bayar zuwa yanzu don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta dala miliyan 160. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 da 2010 Masar ta karɓi fiye da Euro biliyan 1 na tallafin ƙasashen waje don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 30% daga ciki tallafin kyauta ne (grants) sannan sauran kuma rance ne mai sauƙi tare da matsakaicin kuɗin ruwa na kashi 1%.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 17, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da Euro miliyan 200 kowace shekara, wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 10% kawai na kasafin kuɗin saka hannun jari na gwamnati don ɓangaren a cikin shekarar 2009/10. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gidaje, tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ruwa da ruwan suda ya kai fiye da fam biliyan 15 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.5) a shekarar 2009/10, gami da fam biliyan 13.4 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.2) na tallafin saka hannun jari, fam biliyan 0.66 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.1) na tallafin gudanarwa da fam biliyan 1 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.2) na tallafin gyarawa da farfaɗowa.<ref name="USAID Subsidies">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=20–21|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name="EGP 2010">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.17 US Dollar (2010-10-12); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref> == Manazarta == cmpx47ex64yjbzthocxgrs4g3rykba3 859434 859432 2026-06-17T14:55:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* Saka hannun jari da samar da kuɗi */ 859434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. '''Iya biya'''. Dangane da kuɗin fito na sandi 5 na dalar Amurka a kowace mita kyubik da kuma amfani da lita 200 ga kowane mutum a rana, wanda ya fi na Tsakiyar Turai yawa, takardar kuɗin ruwa ta kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar tana kaiwa daidai da dala 1.50 kacal. Kamar yaddda binciken da kamfanin ba da shawara na Chemonics ya gudanar ga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna, gida ɗaya da ke amfani da lita 218 ga kowane mutum a rana ya biya takardar kuɗin ruwa da magudanar ruwa daidai da kashi 0.81% na jimillar kuɗaɗen da gidan ke kashewa. Kashi 11% na gidaje kawai (waɗanda ke kashi 7.4% na al'umma) ne suka kashe sama da kashi 1% a kan ruwa da ruwan suda.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System%2fReports%2fDeliverables%2fCost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=12–16|date=January 2012|access-date=2012-10-12|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617191011/http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System/Reports/Deliverables/Cost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Kuɗaɗen haɗawa'''. Kuɗaɗen haɗa bututun ruwa babban kuɗi ne da gidaje ke kashewa. A yankuna matalauta, ana rage kuɗaɗen haɗawa kuma ana iya biya su daki-daki ta hanyar wani asusu na musamman da Kamfanin Holding, UNICEF da USAID suka kafa.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=14|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> '''Farashin da ake biya masu sayar da ruwa'''. A wasu matsugunai marasa tsari, yawancin mazauna ba su da damar samun ruwa ta hanyar doka, kuma yawancin mutane suna samun ruwa ne daga motocin dakon ruwa ko wuraren shan ruwa. Saboda mazauna yankin ba su da takaddun mallakar ƙasa na shari'a a kan filayen da suke zaune, ba su da ikon haɗa bututun ruwa da tsarin tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka. Ruwan da motocin dakon ruwa ke samarwa yana da farashin fam na Masar biyu zuwa uku a kowace lita 25, kimanin sau 300 fiye da kuɗin fito na ruwan famfo.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> '''Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida'''. Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida (septic tanks) na iya zama mai yawa. Wasu mutane suna guje wa amfani da ramin bayan gidansu, domin idan sun yi amfani da shi ramin yana cika da sauri kuma dole ne su biya kuɗin kwashe shi akai-akai. Don haka suna ci gaba da gurɓata muhallin da ke kewaye da su, koda baka da cewa suna da kayan tsaftar muhalli a gida.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> ===Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi=== Gwamnatocin Masar suna ba da tallafi mai yawa ga ɓangaren. Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar ta ƙasaita matakin dawo da jimillar kuɗaɗen kashewa a shekara ta 2012/13 a kan kashi 62%, da kuma dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa ban da na raguwar darajar kaddarori (depreciation) a kan kashi 76%. Hukumar tsara tsarin ta siffanta wannan a matsayin abin da bai isa ba idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan kwazo na dawo da sama da kashi 80% na cikakkun kuɗaɗen kashewa da sama da kashi 100% na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa.<ref name=EWRA/> Wannan ya gaza matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da aka samu a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa, ban da raguwar darajar kaddarori, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na gudanarwa ya kasance kashi 95% don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kama daga kashi 31% a Sinai zuwa kashi 134% a Beheira.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery"/> Duk da haka, matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa a fili yake cewa ya fi yadda yake a farkon shekarun 2000. Kamar yadda wani ƙasaitaccen bayani na kafin shekara ta 2007 ya nuna, dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa kashi 20% ne kawai, tare da kuɗaɗen fito a kan 0.23 EP kowace mita kyubik da kuɗaɗen kashewa a kan 1.10 EP kowace mita kyubik.<ref name="IDRC"/> A cewar wani ƙasaitaccen bayanin kuma, tsakanin shekara ta 1982 da 2004 gwamnati ta kashe fam biliyan 65 na Masar (kimanin dala biliyan 10.73 na Amurka a canjin kuɗi na shekarar 2004<ref>65 Egyptian Pound = 10.72820 US Dollar (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 40% na kuɗin aka dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji.<ref>Perard, Edouard (2008): [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1115555 OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 265: Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Water Supply: The Southern Mediterranean Experience]. Retrieved on October 18, 2008</ref> Matsakaicin rabon taron kuɗin haraji (jimillar ingancin taron kuɗi) an ƙasaita shi a kan kashi 47% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.<ref name=EWRA/> A shekara ta 2010 ya kasance kashi 57%, kama daga kashi 48% a Alkahira zuwa kashi 85% a Beni Suef.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=24|date=January 2012}}</ref> ===Saka hannun jari da samar da kuɗi=== '''Saka hannun jari''' a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga Masar ya zarce dala biliyan 9.15 a cikin shekaru 20 kafin shekarar 2007.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> Ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekarar 2009/2010, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ƙaruwa na saka hannun jari a shekarun baya.<ref name="USAID Subsidies"/> A cewar wata majiya ta daban, saka hannun jari ya yi ƙasa sosai a kan fam biliyan 4 na Masar (dala miliyan 650) a shekara ta 2011 da fam biliyan 3 na Masar (dala miliyan 490) a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="GWI Finance">{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Financial worries dampen Egypt's revival|date=November 2012}}</ref> Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya ƙasaita buƙatun saka hannun jari na tsawon shekaru 30 bayan shekara ta 2007 a kan kusan Euro biliyan 20, wanda kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuɗin za a buƙace shi ne don tsaftar muhalli.<ref>The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater of the Arab Republic of Egypt:National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, Report for the European Commission, May 2009, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> '''Samar da kuɗi'''. Gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyin saka hannun jari mafi yawancinsa tare da tallafin masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje. Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu yana ba da ƙaramin gudunmawa wajen samar da kuɗi, galibi ta hanyar kwangilar BOT guda ɗaya wacce aka bayar zuwa yanzu don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta dala miliyan 160. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 da 2010 Masar ta karɓi fiye da Euro biliyan 1 na tallafin ƙasashen waje don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 30% daga ciki tallafin kyauta ne (grants) sannan sauran kuma rance ne mai sauƙi tare da matsakaicin kuɗin ruwa na kashi 1%.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 17, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da Euro miliyan 200 kowace shekara, wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 10% kawai na kasafin kuɗin saka hannun jari na gwamnati don ɓangaren a cikin shekarar 2009/10. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gidaje, tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ruwa da ruwan suda ya kai fiye da fam biliyan 15 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.5) a shekarar 2009/10, gami da fam biliyan 13.4 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.2) na tallafin saka hannun jari, fam biliyan 0.66 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.1) na tallafin gudanarwa da fam biliyan 1 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.2) na tallafin gyarawa da farfaɗowa.<ref name="USAID Subsidies">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=20–21|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name="EGP 2010">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.17 US Dollar (2010-10-12); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref> ==Haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje== [[File:Egypt Zagazig Aug-2007.jpg|thumb|300px|Wani sashe na birnin Zagazig, babban birnin lardin Al Sharqia, ɗaya daga cikin larduna huɗu da masu ba da kuɗi na Turai huɗu ke ba da tallafi a ƙarƙashin Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda.]] Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Amurka da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje mafi mahimmanci a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar ta fuskar samar da kuɗi. Da sauran masu ba da taimako na ƙasashe da dama, da kuma UNDP da UNICEF, su ma suna taka rawa a ɓangaren. Masu ba da taimako na Turai suna ƙara ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka tare a ƙarƙashin Asusun Saka Hannun Jari na Maƙwabta na EU (NIF), wanda ke tallafawa Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (IWSP) a larduna huɗu na yankin Delta a lokacin matakinsa na farko (Gharbia, Sharkia, Damietta, da Beheira) da larduna huɗu a Upper Egypt a lokacin matakinsa na biyu. IWSP yana tattara rance daga Jamus, Faransa da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai gami da tallafin kyauta daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ƙaimi ga sauran masu ba da taimako don haɗa rance da juna don haka su daidaita hanyoyinsu na aiki. Akwai ƙungiyar masu ba da taimako ta ɓangaren ruwa wacce EU da Netherlands ke jagoranta tare. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, ƙasar Netherlands tana kan aiwatar da janye taimakonta a hankali daga ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. === Tarayyar Turai === Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar kyauta, ƙarfafa hukumomi, tallafawa Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, gami da samar da kuɗi don hanyar sadarwa ta rediyo da mitocin ruwa.<ref name="HCWW"/> Tallafin kasafin kuɗi yana gudana ne ta hanyar abin da ake kira Shirin Gyaran Ɓangaren Ruwa, gami da matakin farko na Euro miliyan 80 (2005-2009) da matakin biyu na Euro miliyan 120 (2011-2015). Ana ba da kuɗaɗen ƙarfafa hukumomi ga Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (Euro miliyan 6 don 2008-2010 da miliyan 1.5 don 2011-2013) da Kamfanin Holding (Euro miliyan 1.5 don 2011-2013). EU kuma tana haɗin gwiwa wajen ba da kuɗin saka hannun jari tare da masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen Turai da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai, musamman Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na IWSP.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 3-5, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> ===Faransa=== Hukumar Raya Ƙasashe ta Faransa tana tallafawa shirin IWSP (duba sama). Tana ba da gudunmawar Euro miliyan 40 ga jimillar kuɗin aikin da ya kai Euro miliyan 295.<ref>{{cite web | website = Agence Française de Développement | title = Improved water and wastewater services programme in the Nile Delta region | url= http://www.afd-egypte.org/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/9201 | access-date = 2009-02-06 }}</ref> === Jamus === Jamus tana samar da kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da taimakon fasaha don ayyuka a Qena da Kafr El Sheikh, da kuma shirin IWSP (duba sama), wanda KfW ita ce ke gaba wajen bayar da taimakon.<ref name="HCWW"/> Hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta GIZ tana taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa ƙarfin aiki na Kamfanin Holding da Kamfanoni biyu masu alaƙa a Qena da Kafr el Sheikh.<ref>Water Supply and Wastewater Management Program of the German-Egyptian Development Cooperation, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> === Amurka === Ƙasar Amurka ta tallafawa haɓaka ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar tun farkon shekarun 1980. Ta ba da tallafi ga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren da suka kafa kamfanin holding da hukumar tsara tsarin. USAID ta ɗauki nauyin masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da Alexandria inda ta ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa tsarin taron ruwan suda da sarrafa shi don kawar da zubar da ruwan suda maras sarrafawa a cikin teku.<ref>USAID Egypt:2004 - 2009 Accomplishments:Potable Water and Sanitation</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin taimakon fasaha ga Babban Hukumar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGWA) ta hanyar tsarin dabarun aiki, horo da tsarin bayanan gudanarwa.<ref>Global Water Partnership Integrated Water Resources Management Toolbox:Egypt: Improving public sector performance - institutional strengthening of the Alexandria general water authority</ref> == Manazarta == p42svzp5x1995ax4hruukwmh0ge1eat 859436 859434 2026-06-17T14:55:46Z Sirjat 20447 /* Amurka */ 859436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa <sup>mai</sup> tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 <sup>m3</sup> a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita <sup>1000</sup> na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 <sup>kawai</sup> a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a <sup>kowace</sup> rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |date=2013-06-02 }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip">{{cite journal | author = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) | year = 2008 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf | access-date = 2009-02-05}}</ref> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga Spain, wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. '''Iya biya'''. Dangane da kuɗin fito na sandi 5 na dalar Amurka a kowace mita kyubik da kuma amfani da lita 200 ga kowane mutum a rana, wanda ya fi na Tsakiyar Turai yawa, takardar kuɗin ruwa ta kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar tana kaiwa daidai da dala 1.50 kacal. Kamar yaddda binciken da kamfanin ba da shawara na Chemonics ya gudanar ga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna, gida ɗaya da ke amfani da lita 218 ga kowane mutum a rana ya biya takardar kuɗin ruwa da magudanar ruwa daidai da kashi 0.81% na jimillar kuɗaɗen da gidan ke kashewa. Kashi 11% na gidaje kawai (waɗanda ke kashi 7.4% na al'umma) ne suka kashe sama da kashi 1% a kan ruwa da ruwan suda.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System%2fReports%2fDeliverables%2fCost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=12–16|date=January 2012|access-date=2012-10-12|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617191011/http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System/Reports/Deliverables/Cost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Kuɗaɗen haɗawa'''. Kuɗaɗen haɗa bututun ruwa babban kuɗi ne da gidaje ke kashewa. A yankuna matalauta, ana rage kuɗaɗen haɗawa kuma ana iya biya su daki-daki ta hanyar wani asusu na musamman da Kamfanin Holding, UNICEF da USAID suka kafa.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=14|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> '''Farashin da ake biya masu sayar da ruwa'''. A wasu matsugunai marasa tsari, yawancin mazauna ba su da damar samun ruwa ta hanyar doka, kuma yawancin mutane suna samun ruwa ne daga motocin dakon ruwa ko wuraren shan ruwa. Saboda mazauna yankin ba su da takaddun mallakar ƙasa na shari'a a kan filayen da suke zaune, ba su da ikon haɗa bututun ruwa da tsarin tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka. Ruwan da motocin dakon ruwa ke samarwa yana da farashin fam na Masar biyu zuwa uku a kowace lita 25, kimanin sau 300 fiye da kuɗin fito na ruwan famfo.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> '''Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida'''. Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida (septic tanks) na iya zama mai yawa. Wasu mutane suna guje wa amfani da ramin bayan gidansu, domin idan sun yi amfani da shi ramin yana cika da sauri kuma dole ne su biya kuɗin kwashe shi akai-akai. Don haka suna ci gaba da gurɓata muhallin da ke kewaye da su, koda baka da cewa suna da kayan tsaftar muhalli a gida.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> ===Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi=== Gwamnatocin Masar suna ba da tallafi mai yawa ga ɓangaren. Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar ta ƙasaita matakin dawo da jimillar kuɗaɗen kashewa a shekara ta 2012/13 a kan kashi 62%, da kuma dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa ban da na raguwar darajar kaddarori (depreciation) a kan kashi 76%. Hukumar tsara tsarin ta siffanta wannan a matsayin abin da bai isa ba idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan kwazo na dawo da sama da kashi 80% na cikakkun kuɗaɗen kashewa da sama da kashi 100% na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa.<ref name=EWRA/> Wannan ya gaza matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da aka samu a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa, ban da raguwar darajar kaddarori, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na gudanarwa ya kasance kashi 95% don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kama daga kashi 31% a Sinai zuwa kashi 134% a Beheira.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery"/> Duk da haka, matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa a fili yake cewa ya fi yadda yake a farkon shekarun 2000. Kamar yadda wani ƙasaitaccen bayani na kafin shekara ta 2007 ya nuna, dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa kashi 20% ne kawai, tare da kuɗaɗen fito a kan 0.23 EP kowace mita kyubik da kuɗaɗen kashewa a kan 1.10 EP kowace mita kyubik.<ref name="IDRC"/> A cewar wani ƙasaitaccen bayanin kuma, tsakanin shekara ta 1982 da 2004 gwamnati ta kashe fam biliyan 65 na Masar (kimanin dala biliyan 10.73 na Amurka a canjin kuɗi na shekarar 2004<ref>65 Egyptian Pound = 10.72820 US Dollar (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 40% na kuɗin aka dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji.<ref>Perard, Edouard (2008): [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1115555 OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 265: Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Water Supply: The Southern Mediterranean Experience]. Retrieved on October 18, 2008</ref> Matsakaicin rabon taron kuɗin haraji (jimillar ingancin taron kuɗi) an ƙasaita shi a kan kashi 47% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.<ref name=EWRA/> A shekara ta 2010 ya kasance kashi 57%, kama daga kashi 48% a Alkahira zuwa kashi 85% a Beni Suef.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=24|date=January 2012}}</ref> ===Saka hannun jari da samar da kuɗi=== '''Saka hannun jari''' a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga Masar ya zarce dala biliyan 9.15 a cikin shekaru 20 kafin shekarar 2007.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> Ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekarar 2009/2010, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ƙaruwa na saka hannun jari a shekarun baya.<ref name="USAID Subsidies"/> A cewar wata majiya ta daban, saka hannun jari ya yi ƙasa sosai a kan fam biliyan 4 na Masar (dala miliyan 650) a shekara ta 2011 da fam biliyan 3 na Masar (dala miliyan 490) a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="GWI Finance">{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Financial worries dampen Egypt's revival|date=November 2012}}</ref> Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya ƙasaita buƙatun saka hannun jari na tsawon shekaru 30 bayan shekara ta 2007 a kan kusan Euro biliyan 20, wanda kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuɗin za a buƙace shi ne don tsaftar muhalli.<ref>The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater of the Arab Republic of Egypt:National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, Report for the European Commission, May 2009, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> '''Samar da kuɗi'''. Gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyin saka hannun jari mafi yawancinsa tare da tallafin masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje. Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu yana ba da ƙaramin gudunmawa wajen samar da kuɗi, galibi ta hanyar kwangilar BOT guda ɗaya wacce aka bayar zuwa yanzu don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta dala miliyan 160. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 da 2010 Masar ta karɓi fiye da Euro biliyan 1 na tallafin ƙasashen waje don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 30% daga ciki tallafin kyauta ne (grants) sannan sauran kuma rance ne mai sauƙi tare da matsakaicin kuɗin ruwa na kashi 1%.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 17, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da Euro miliyan 200 kowace shekara, wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 10% kawai na kasafin kuɗin saka hannun jari na gwamnati don ɓangaren a cikin shekarar 2009/10. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gidaje, tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ruwa da ruwan suda ya kai fiye da fam biliyan 15 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.5) a shekarar 2009/10, gami da fam biliyan 13.4 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.2) na tallafin saka hannun jari, fam biliyan 0.66 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.1) na tallafin gudanarwa da fam biliyan 1 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.2) na tallafin gyarawa da farfaɗowa.<ref name="USAID Subsidies">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=20–21|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name="EGP 2010">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.17 US Dollar (2010-10-12); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref> ==Haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje== [[File:Egypt Zagazig Aug-2007.jpg|thumb|300px|Wani sashe na birnin Zagazig, babban birnin lardin Al Sharqia, ɗaya daga cikin larduna huɗu da masu ba da kuɗi na Turai huɗu ke ba da tallafi a ƙarƙashin Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda.]] Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Amurka da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje mafi mahimmanci a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar ta fuskar samar da kuɗi. Da sauran masu ba da taimako na ƙasashe da dama, da kuma UNDP da UNICEF, su ma suna taka rawa a ɓangaren. Masu ba da taimako na Turai suna ƙara ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka tare a ƙarƙashin Asusun Saka Hannun Jari na Maƙwabta na EU (NIF), wanda ke tallafawa Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (IWSP) a larduna huɗu na yankin Delta a lokacin matakinsa na farko (Gharbia, Sharkia, Damietta, da Beheira) da larduna huɗu a Upper Egypt a lokacin matakinsa na biyu. IWSP yana tattara rance daga Jamus, Faransa da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai gami da tallafin kyauta daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ƙaimi ga sauran masu ba da taimako don haɗa rance da juna don haka su daidaita hanyoyinsu na aiki. Akwai ƙungiyar masu ba da taimako ta ɓangaren ruwa wacce EU da Netherlands ke jagoranta tare. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, ƙasar Netherlands tana kan aiwatar da janye taimakonta a hankali daga ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. === Tarayyar Turai === Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar kyauta, ƙarfafa hukumomi, tallafawa Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, gami da samar da kuɗi don hanyar sadarwa ta rediyo da mitocin ruwa.<ref name="HCWW"/> Tallafin kasafin kuɗi yana gudana ne ta hanyar abin da ake kira Shirin Gyaran Ɓangaren Ruwa, gami da matakin farko na Euro miliyan 80 (2005-2009) da matakin biyu na Euro miliyan 120 (2011-2015). Ana ba da kuɗaɗen ƙarfafa hukumomi ga Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (Euro miliyan 6 don 2008-2010 da miliyan 1.5 don 2011-2013) da Kamfanin Holding (Euro miliyan 1.5 don 2011-2013). EU kuma tana haɗin gwiwa wajen ba da kuɗin saka hannun jari tare da masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen Turai da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai, musamman Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na IWSP.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 3-5, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> ===Faransa=== Hukumar Raya Ƙasashe ta Faransa tana tallafawa shirin IWSP (duba sama). Tana ba da gudunmawar Euro miliyan 40 ga jimillar kuɗin aikin da ya kai Euro miliyan 295.<ref>{{cite web | website = Agence Française de Développement | title = Improved water and wastewater services programme in the Nile Delta region | url= http://www.afd-egypte.org/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/9201 | access-date = 2009-02-06 }}</ref> === Jamus === Jamus tana samar da kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da taimakon fasaha don ayyuka a Qena da Kafr El Sheikh, da kuma shirin IWSP (duba sama), wanda KfW ita ce ke gaba wajen bayar da taimakon.<ref name="HCWW"/> Hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta GIZ tana taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa ƙarfin aiki na Kamfanin Holding da Kamfanoni biyu masu alaƙa a Qena da Kafr el Sheikh.<ref>Water Supply and Wastewater Management Program of the German-Egyptian Development Cooperation, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> === Amurka === Ƙasar Amurka ta tallafawa haɓaka ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar tun farkon shekarun 1980. Ta ba da tallafi ga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren da suka kafa kamfanin holding da hukumar tsara tsarin. USAID ta ɗauki nauyin masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da Alexandria inda ta ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa tsarin taron ruwan suda da sarrafa shi don kawar da zubar da ruwan suda maras sarrafawa a cikin teku.<ref>USAID Egypt:2004 - 2009 Accomplishments:Potable Water and Sanitation</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin taimakon fasaha ga Babban Hukumar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGWA) ta hanyar tsarin dabarun aiki, horo da tsarin bayanan gudanarwa.<ref>Global Water Partnership Integrated Water Resources Management Toolbox:Egypt: Improving public sector performance - institutional strengthening of the Alexandria general water authority</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin masana'antar sarrafa ruwa a ƙauyuka a lardunan Minya da Beni Suef gami da birnin Mansoura, babban birnin lardin Dakahlia, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta.<ref>USAID: USAID funds slow sand filter treatment plants to provide clean village drinking water</ref><ref>USAID:Meeting water demands and improving health conditions for 650,000 Egyptians</ref> A shekara ta 2008 USAID ta fara ayyukan taimakon fasaha guda biyu, ɗaya don samar da tsarin gudanarwa da kayan aiki ga hukumomin amfanar jama'a, ɗayan kuma da nufin "ɓullo da tsarin dabarun aiki ga ɓangaren", "ƙirƙirar tsari don haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu", da "inganta tsarin saka hannun jari" a matakin ƙasa.<ref>Chemonics:Current Projects in the Middle East {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132526/http://www.chemonics.com/projects/submit_search_contracts.aspx?showBack=1&selRegion=%7B493488B1-885F-4FB7-B01D-54C73217F21A%7D |date=2011-09-30 }}, accessed on November 22, 2010</ref> ===Bankin Duniya=== An amince da '''Aikin Haɗaɗɗen Ababen More Rayuwa na Tsafta da Ruwan Suda''' a shekara ta 2008 kuma ana saƙon zai ƙare a shekara ta 2014. Babban makasudinsa shi ne inganta yanayin tsafta da muhalli mai dorewa gami da ingancin ruwa a lardunan Delta guda uku na Beheira, Gharbia da Kafr El-Sheikh. Bugu da ƙari, za a kafa tsarin sanya ido da auna sakamako na cikin gida domin inganta yanayin tsaftar muhalli don haka inganta yanayin muhalli da lafiya. Aikin kuma ya ƙunshi sashe na haɓaka hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki. Kamar yaddda Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, aikin shi ne ƙoƙari na farko na babban mataki don tattauna tsaftar muhalli na karkara a Masar. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dala miliyan 201.5 ne, wanda Bankin Duniya ke samar da fiye da rabinsa (dala miliyan 120).<ref>{{cite web | website = World Bank | title = Projects - Egypt, Arab Republic of : Integrated Sanitation& Sewerage Infrastructure Project | url= http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P094311&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2009-02-05 }}</ref> Mataki na biyu na aikin, wanda ya faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu larduna huɗu (Menoufia da Sharkia a Delta, Assiut da Sohag a Upper Egypt) an amince da shi a shekara ta 2011 tare da adadin kuɗi dala miliyan 200.<ref>{{cite web|website=IRC|title=Egypt: World Bank supports improved rural sanitation for 1.2 million people|url=http://www.source.irc.nl/page/65316|access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> ===Sauransu=== Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasen waje na gaba sun kasance masu ƙwazo a ɓangaren a shekara ta 2008: * Ƙasar Denmark ta ba da taimakon fasaha ga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na Aswan, * Ƙasar Italiya ta ba da taimako ga Kamfanon Ruwa na Alkahira don sayo kayan gano zubar ruwa da ba da horo, * Ƙasar Japan ta ba da taimakon fasaha ga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na Sharqia, da kuma * Ƙasar Netherlands ta tallafawa wani Aikin Haɗaɗɗen Tsaftar Muhalli.<ref name="HCWW">[http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.i == Manazarta == hwt1upag5e0i1obirxb27anfv04nlg7 Isaac Kwadwo Adjei-Mensah 0 153630 859459 843762 2026-06-17T16:21:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isaac Kwadwo Adjei Mensah''' (20 Satumba 1944 - 7 Yuni 2015) ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne kuma ya kasance memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a yankin [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]] na Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Final Funeral Rites Of Late Adjei-Mensah Observed |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201508/252117.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131304/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201508/252117.php |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brong Ahafo Region |url=http://www.ghanareview.com/parlia/BrongAhafo.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.ghanareview.com}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na majalisa a majalisa ta 2 da 3 na jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4 kuma Ministan Yankin na Yankin Brong-Ahafo, da kuma Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-25 |title=Techiman North MP eulogizes Adjei-Mensah |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Techiman-North-MP-eulogizes-Adjei-Mensah-377645 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adjei Mensah ya fito ne daga Jama Tempori a yankin Brong-Ahafo na Ghana . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1944. Ya halarci Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Sarauniya Maryamu kuma ya sami Jagora na Shari'a (LL.M). Daga nan sai ya halarci Gray's Inn kuma ya sami Legum Baccalaureus (LL.B) daga can. Adjei Mensah ta babban ilimi ya kasance a cikin Shari'a. == Ayyuka == Adjei Mensah lauya ce ta hanyar sana'a. Ya kuma kasance ɗan siyasan Ghana. == Siyasa == Adjei Mensah ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa . An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a yankin Brong Ahafo a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4. Alex Kyeremeh ne ya gaje shi a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. An fara zabarsa a majalisa a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997 bayan ya lashe zaben Ghana na shekara ta 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Techiman North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/61/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131307/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/61/index.php |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> == Zabe == An zabi Adjei Mensah a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a babban Zaben Ghana na 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kasa. Mazabarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na kujeru 7 na majalisa daga cikin kujeru 21 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lashe a wannan zaben na yankin Brong Ahafo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliamentary Chamber: Parliament Elections held in 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219090455/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123_92.htm |archive-date=2020-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Brong Ahafo Region |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143635/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa ta lashe jimlar 'yan tsiraru 92 daga cikin kujeru 200 a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4.<ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi da kuri'u 9,830 daga cikin kuri'u 20,362 da aka jefa. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 49.8% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Isaac Osei-Antwi na New Patriotic Party, Thomas Oti na National Reform Party, James Stephen Fordwour na United Ghana Movement da Yeboah Godfrey na Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun sami kuri'u 10,563, 533, 529 da 177 bi da bi daga cikin jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. Wadannan sun kasance daidai da 39.5%, 2.0%, 2.0% da 0.7% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Techiman North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/61/index.php |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127021618/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/61/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results -Atebubu North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/247/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928032238/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/247/index.php |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> Masu jefa kuri'a a wannan zaben na 2000 a cikin mazabar Techiman ta Arewa sun nuna irin jefa kuri'u a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa da aka zaba a wannan mazabar shine [[John Kufuor|John Kuffour]] na jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party. <ref name=":5" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adjei Mensah Kirista ne. Shi ne mahaifin [[Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare|Elizabeth Ofosu-Agyare]], tsohon Ministan yawon bude ido, al'adu da fasaha, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne memba na majalisar dokoki na Techiman North inda ya yi aiki a matsayin MP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Exclusive Events Ghana Ltd Mourns With Mrs. Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638713/photos-exclusive-events-ghana-ltd-mourns-with.html |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshun |first=Beatrice |title=President Mahama eulogises late I.K Adjei Mensah |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.4379166 |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.gbcghana.com |language=en}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Adjei Mensah ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2015. <ref name=":6"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] eo6c9lulrcmna2u9qtvcto0mbl5e9wp Ja-Ela 0 153792 859525 844282 2026-06-17T18:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859525 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ja-Ela</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Tunanin da aka yi amfani da shi<br /></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Suburb|Yankin da ke kusa da birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Jaela5.jpg|250x250px|A Stretch of Ja-Ela town along the [[A3 Highway (Sri Lanka)|Negombo-Colombo Road]]]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Yankin garin Ja-Ela a kan [[A3 Highway (Sri Lanka)|Hanyar Negombo-Colombo]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|349x349px|Ja-Ela is located in Sri Lanka]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:68.116%;left:27.071%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Ja-Ela]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ja-Ela</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 7°4′0′′N 79°53′36′′E / 7.06667°N 79.89333°E / 7. 06667; 79.89-333<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ja-Ela&params=7_4_0_N_79_53_36_E_region:LK_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°4′0′′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°53′36′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.06667°N 79.89333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.06667; 79.89333</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Sri Lanka]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Gampaha |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Majalisar Birni&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Majalisar Birnin Ja-Ela |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Mai girma&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Syammika Dias (UPFA) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+5:30 (SLST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">11350</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar yanki | class="infobox-data" |011 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.jaela.ds.gov.lk/ www.jaela.ds.govlk.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328054725/http://www.jaela.ds.gov.lk/ |date=2014-03-28 }}</span> |} '''Ja-Ela''' (Sinhala) wani gari ne, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|20|km}} (12 a arewacin tsakiyar birnin [[Kolombo|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] . Ja-Ela tana kan hanyar A3 wacce ta haɗu da Colombo - Katunayake Expressway a Ja-Elas Interchange . == Magana == Asalin sunan ba shi da tabbas, kuma akwai wasu fassarori da dama da za a iya jayayya a kansu game da sunan. Duk da haka, bisa ga ingantattun shaidu na tarihi, asalin wurin, Ja Ela ya dogara ne akan harsunan Malay da Sinhala. "Ja" da "Javan" kalmomi ne da Sinhalese, Moors & Tamils ​​ke amfani da su don magance Malays/Javanese ko waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyar Indonesia kuma kalmar "Ela" ta samo asali ne daga harshen Sinhala ma'ana rafi, tafki ko magudanar ruwa. == Majalisar karamar hukuma == Ja-Ela tana karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Birnin Ja-Ela. == Yawan jama'a == 32,175 Yawancin mutanen Ja-Ela galibi Sinhalese ne, tare da sauran al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru kamar Tamils, Musulmai da Burghers. Tebur mai zuwa ya taƙaita yawan jama'ar yankin Ja-Ela DS wanda ya rufe bangarorin birane da yankunan karkara, bisa ga kabilanci (Census 2012) {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" !Ƙabilar !Yawan jama'a !% na jimlar |- |Sinhalese |186,086 |92.34% |- |Sri Lankan Moors |853 |0.423% |- |Tamil na Sri Lanka |8,042 |4% |- |Tamil na Indiya |1,236 |0.613% |- |Burghers |3,453 |1.71% |- |Bharatha |45 |0.02% |- |'Yan Malay na Sri Lanka |1,239 |0.614% |- |Sri Lankan Chetty |120 |0.06% |- |Sauran |447 |0.22% |- |Jimillar |201,521 |100% |- |} Tushen: Ma'aikatar Ƙidaya da Kididdiga, 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by divisional secretariat division, sex and sector |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/pophousat/cph2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/District/Gampaha.pdf |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics}}</ref> Yawancin mazauna suna cikin ƙungiyar Kirista, sannan yawancin Buddha suka biyo baya. Rukunin addini a cikin Ja-ela DS Division bisa ga ƙidayar shekara ta 2012 sune kamar haka Roman Katolika 99,515-49.38%, Buddha 87,772-43.55%, Sauran Kiristoci 7,746-3.84%, Hindu 4,235-2.10%, Musulmai 2,115-1.05%, Sauran 138-0.07%. == Sufuri == Wannan unguwar tana kan babbar hanyar A3, tsakanin garin [[Kolombo|Colombo]] da garin Negombo. Ja-Ela tana kusa da Filin jirgin saman Bandaranaike. Har ila yau akwai tashar bas a Ja-Ela wanda ke ba da damar zuwa [[Kolombo|Colombo]], Negombo, Gampaha. An rage matsalolin zirga-zirga a Ja-Ela bayan gabatarwar Colombo - Katunayake Expressway, wanda ke ba da musayar a Ja-Éla. === Jirgin kasa === Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Ja-Ela tana kan layin Puttalam kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1908. Ita ce tasha ta huɗu a layin kuma tana da nisan kilomita 22.15 (mil 13.76) daga tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Colombo Fort. Tashar tana ba da damar shiga yankunan Colombo, Putlam da Chilaw ga masu ababen hawa. Ba wai kawai tashar tana cikin tsakiyar garin Ja-Ela ba, har ma ita ce tashar da ta fi kusa da titin Negombo-Colombo Main. Saboda haka, an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin da suka fi shahara a yankin. == Makarantu == * Kwalejin Kristi Sarki, Tudella * Maryamu Mai Tsarki, Tudella * Kwalejin St. Maries, Ja-Ela * Jayanthi Vidyalaya, Ja-Ela * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Sarki - Kapuwatta <ref>{{Cite web |title=King's International College |url=http://www.kicsl.com/ |access-date=16 February 2019 |website=King's International |publisher=King's Care}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === {{Weather box}}{{Geographic Location (8-way)|Centre=Ja-Ela|North=[[Seeduwa]]|Northeast=[[Ekala, Sri Lanka|Ekala]]|East=Niwandama|South=[[Kandana]]|West=Pamunugama(Bopitiya)}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}{{Suburbs of Colombo}} dh22yanw2vpqajvsz1cn1d9uqkj0iyv Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Aljeriya 0 154131 859798 845153 2026-06-18T07:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin '''Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa a Aljeriya''' ya yi cikakken bayani game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke kusa da gabar tekun [[Aljeriya]] . == Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Aljeriya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Port/Harbour name !Province !Town name !Coordinates !UN/Locode !Max. draught (m) !Max. deadweight (t) !Remarks |- |Port of Algiers |Algiers Province |[[Aljir|Algiers]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|36|46|N|03|04|E}} |DZALG |10 |58687 |Large-sized port, also known as Port of Alger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alger Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1351?name=ALGER&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Oran |Oran Province |[[Oran]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|35|43|N|00|40|W}} |DZORN |11.2 |64499 |Medium-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oran Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1331?name=ORAN&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Skikda |Skikda Province |[[Skikda]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|36|53|N|06|55|E}} |DZSKI |11.5 |119456 |Medium-sized port.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skikda Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1365?name=SKIKDA&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Third largest commercial port in Algeria after Algiers and Oran. |- |Port of Bejaia |Béjaïa Province |[[Béjaïa]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|36|44|N|05|05|E}} |DZBJA |11.5 |116715 |Large-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bejaia Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1359?name=BEJAIA&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of the Gulf of Béjaïa. |- |Port of Annaba |[[Lardin Annaba|Annaba Province]] |[[Annaba]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|36|54|N|07|47|E}} |DZAAE |10 |64499 |Medium-sized port.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skikda Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1367?name=ANNABA&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Annaba was described as the "chief seaport of Algeria after Oran and Algiers," by Baedeker's in 1911.<ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=Bona, Algeria |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8787/ |access-date=25 September 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928095217/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8787/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Port of Arzew |Oran Province |Arzew |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|35|50|N|00|16|W}} |DZAZW |15 |174008 |Medium-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arzew Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1332?name=ARZEW&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Mostaganem |Mostaganem Province |Mostaganem |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|35|55|N|00|04|E}} |DZMOS |8.2 |39959 |Medium-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mostaganem Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1333?name=MOSTAGANEM&country=Algeria |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kwantena == Manazarta == fjb5eby0ojh6nzhvnkiul9zse1d79aj Masana'antar kamun kifi a Uganda 0 154198 859485 845284 2026-06-17T17:14:40Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338367244|Fishing industry in Uganda]]" 859485 wikitext text/x-wiki    [[Fayil:Fishermen_with_fish_nets_at_gaba_landing_site_in_Kampala.jpg|thumb|Mai kamun kifi da ƙaramin raga don kamun kifi a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Gaba, Kampala.]] [[Fayil:A_fisherman_with_a_fish_net_for_sprat.JPG|thumb|Mai kamun kifi da ragar kifi don fesawa]] [[Fayil:Fishing_nets_used_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Wani mai kamun kifi yana shirya raga don kamun kifi a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Gaba, Kampala.]] [[Fayil:Pond_for_breeding_young_fish_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|tafkin kiwon kifi a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaban Kifi, Kajjansi]] [[Fayil:Fish_cage_off_the_shore_of_lutoboka_landing_site_kalangala.JPG|thumb|Kekunan Kifi a bakin tekun wurin saukar lutoboka Kalangala]] Akwai manyan hanyoyin samun kifi guda biyu a [[Uganda]] ; ɗaya daga kifin ruwa ne, ɗayan kuma daga kamun kifi a koguna da [[Jerin tabkuna na Uganda|tafkuna]] . Na biyun ya ƙunshi mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci na dukkan kamun kifi. Ruwan buɗaɗɗen ruwa ya mamaye kashi 15.3 cikin ɗari na saman Uganda kuma ya ƙunshi manyan tafkuna guda biyar ( [[Tafkin Victoria]], [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert (Afirka)]], [[Tafkin Kyoga]], [[Tafkin Edward]] da [[Tafkin George (Uganda)]] ) waɗanda su ne manyan hanyoyin samun kifi a ƙasar. Tafkin Victoria ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi mahimmancin wurin ruwa a Uganda a girma da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar ga jimillar kama kifi, sai kuma [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] da [[Tafkin Kyoga]] . Manyan hanyoyin samar da kifi a Uganda ga kasuwannin cikin gida da na fitarwa su ne gundumomi a Tafkin Victoria, musamman Mukono, Mpigi, Kalangala, Masaka da Luwero. Gundumomin Tafkin Kyoga, Albert, George da Edward su ne wasu manyan hanyoyin samar da kifi. Manyan cibiyoyin birane a yankin Tafkin Victoria, wato Kampala, Masaka, Jinja da Entebbe su ne manyan cibiyoyin kasuwancin cikin gida don samar da kifi sabo. Duk da cewa wadataccen kayan kifi yana isa ga waɗannan kasuwannin da kuma mafi yawan sauran kasuwannin hedikwatar gundumomi, rashin isassun kayayyaki yana isa ga yawancin kasuwannin karkara. <ref name="unuftp">[http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf.pdf "Towards an {{Sic|Appropiate}} Management Regime for the Fisheries Resources of Uganda/"] unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> Ana yin babban samar da kifi a kan ƙaramin sikelin, domin yawancin kamun kifi ana yin su ne ta amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa na katako (wanda aka gina da katako) waɗanda tsawonsu ya kai mita shida zuwa takwas, waɗanda ake tuƙawa da kwale-kwale, ko kuma, a lokuta da dama, injin mai da aka manne a bayan jirgin. Waɗannan jiragen ruwa masu sauƙi sun isa su ɗauki masunta zuwa da kuma daga wuraren kamun kifi da cikakken kifi. == Tarihi == Tushen, a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da 1990, gwamnati ta fara gyara fannin kamun kifi. Yanzu haka fannin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-09 |title=Here is the origin of Emputa |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/here-is-the-origin-of-emputa-1583084 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Ƙarnuka da yawa da suka wuce, yawancin al'ummomin masunta ne ke zaune a gefen tafkin waɗanda ke musanya kifi da wasu kayayyakin abinci. Ayyukan kamun kifi sun kasance ta hanyar amfani da kayan gargajiya kamar mashi, kibau, tukwane na kifi, da kuma kama kifi da hannu a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkuna, koguna da fadama ko kuma gubar kifi da ganyen gida. Duk da haka, waɗannan nau'ikan kayan aiki da hanyoyin har yanzu suna nan a ƙananan tafkuna, Kogin Nilu da yankunan da ba su da zurfi na Tafkin Victoria. Aikin kamun kifi yana da ɗan sauƙi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, 'yan kasuwa na ƙasashen waje sun gabatar da kayan aikin kamun kifi na Japan waɗanda suka fi tasiri a fannin kamun kifi fiye da auduga, hemp da flax. Kayan aikin kamun kifi na nailan sun ba da halaye mafi girma na kama kifi fiye da kowane kayan aiki, galibi saboda ƙarfin juriya, daidaiton girman raga, juriya ga gogewa da juriya na kayan zaren nailan. Gabatar da sabbin nau'ikan kifaye ya kuma haɓaka samar da kifi. Yawan kifin ya ƙaru sau shida a cikin shekaru 30, wanda ya tashi daga tan 60,000 a shekarar 1961 zuwa tan 245,000 a shekarar 1990, wani ɓangare saboda yawan amfanin tafkunan, amma kuma saboda ƙaruwar ƙoƙarin kama kifi. A shekarar 1983, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan samar da shi a tan 78,000, an kiyasta yawan samar da mai ko matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa mai ɗorewa (MSY) a tan 150,000, duk da haka, zuwa shekarar 1990, yawan samar da kifi ya zarce wannan matakin da tan 55,000. <ref name="unuftp">[http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf.pdf "Towards an {{Sic|Appropiate}} Management Regime for the Fisheries Resources of Uganda/"] unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> A duk yankunan da ke wajen yankin tsakiyar [[tafkin Kyoga]], yawan kifaye ya ƙaru a duk tsawon shekarun 1980. Gwamnatin Uganda ta tallafa wa shirye-shirye da dama don ƙara yawan samar da kifi da sarrafa shi. A shekarar 1987, wani shiri na haɓaka kamun kifi wanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya kafa wani taron bita na gina jiragen ruwa da gyara su a Jinja ; wani kamfanin sarrafa kifi, cibiyoyin tattara kifi da dama, da cibiyoyin tallata kifi a yankuna da dama na Uganda. Sun kuma aiwatar da amfani da [[Babban mota|motocin sanyaya daki]] don jigilar [[kifi]] . [[Sin|China]] ta gudanar da sake gina wuraren adana kifi a [[Kampala]] a farkon shekarun 1980. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, gwamnati ta kafa Kamfanin Hadin Gwiwa na Kamun Kifi na Sino-Uganda don amfani da damar kamun kifi a [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Ƙungiyar Binciken Kamun Kifi ta Ruwan Kasa ta Uganda ta sa ido kan yanayin kamun kifi da kuma daidaiton flora da fauna a tafkunan Uganda. A shekarar 1989, wannan ƙungiyar ta yi gargaɗi game da yawan kamun kifi, musamman a yankin Tafkin Kyoga, inda sakamakon inganta yanayin tsaro da wahalhalun tattalin arziki ya nuna ƙaruwar kashi 40 cikin ɗari a ayyukan kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na cikin gida. Wani abin damuwa na biyu a fannin kamun kifi shi ne yadda ciyawa ke yaɗuwa a tafkuna masu fama da gurɓataccen iska. A ƙarshen shekarar 1989, jami'ai ba su yi nasara ba wajen takaita nau'ikan da matakan gurɓatattun abubuwa da aka shigar a cikin tafkuna da dama na ƙasar. Ita sa gwamnati ta haramta wannan nau'in kamun kifi, kuma jami'an yankin suna neman hanyoyin hana sayar da kifayen da aka kama ta wannan hanyar. Duk da haka, duk da haka, haramcin biyu sun kasance da wahalar aiwatarwa; kamun kifi da dynamite ya ci gaba a shekarar 1989 duk da yawan shaharar da ke tattare da wannan aikin. == Tattalin arzikin kamun kifi a Uganda == [[Fayil:Ice_container_for_fish_storage_in_Kalangala.JPG|thumb|Akwatin kankara don ajiyar kifi a Kalangala]] Bangaren kamun kifi na Uganda yana da muhimmanci a fannin samar da ayyukan yi, rage talauci da kuma kudaden shiga na kasashen waje. Kamun kifi yana daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki. Tafkuna, koguna da fadama suna da fadin kilomita 44,000 na fadin kasar Uganda mai fadin kilomita 241,000. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kifi galibi a wuraren da ruwa ke buda kuma suna samar da rayuwa ga mutane da yawa a [[Uganda]] . Akwai kimanin (2002) kimanin masunta 250,000 (136,000 a Tafkin Victoria), yayin da kusan mutane miliyan daya (700,000 a kusa da Tafkin Victoria) ke amfana daga ayyukan da suka shafi kamun kifi kamar sarrafa kifi na gida, cinikin kifi, gina kwale-kwale, sarrafa kifi a masana'antu, yin raga, cinikin kayan kamun kifi, binciken kamun kifi, ayyukan fadadawa da gudanarwa. == Kifin Ruwa == [[Fayil:Fish_pond_at_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|tafkin kifi a Kajjansi]] [[Fayil:Tank_used_for_breading_fish_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|Tankin kifi da ake amfani da shi don yin burodi a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Kifi, Kajjansi]] [[Fayil:Fish_nets_used_at_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|Ana amfani da ragar kifi a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaban Kifi, Kajjansi]] Tare da shiga tsakani na gwamnati da goyon bayan da take bayarwa daga abokan hulɗa na ci gaba kamar FAO, kiwon kamun kifi ya sake ƙaruwa har zuwa tan 15,000 na kifi a halin yanzu (2005) da aka samar daga tafkuna 20,000 na matsakaicin girman mita <sup>500.</sup> Saboda ƙarancin wadatar irin kifi, kifin kifi ya ragu, kuma kifin kifin Afirka ta Arewa, tare da tilapia na Nile, sun maye gurbinsa. Duk da cewa kiwon kifi a Uganda ya zuwa yanzu ya dogara ne akan tafki da rayuwa, karuwar sha'awar kiwon kifi a kasuwanci yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga kiwon kifi bisa ga al'adar keji. Al'adar kudanci ita ce tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a ƙasar. Sauran nau'ikan al'adun kifi kamar al'adar keji an fara tattaunawa da su musamman daga manoman kifi masu tasowa. A da, manoma, kashi 99 cikin 100 waɗanda manoman kifi ne masu rayuwa, suna da tafkuna daga mita <sup>50</sup> zuwa mita <sup>200.</sup> Yawancinsu (kimanin kashi 60 cikin 100) suna nan a matakin samarwa ba tare da ƙarancin kayan aiki ko gudanarwa na fasaha ba. Tare da himmar tallata kiwon kifi, ƙoƙarin samarwa don ƙara saman tafkin ya haifar da matsakaicin matsakaicin mita 500 a <sup>kowace</sup> tafki. Manoma a wannan matakin sun ɗauki amfani da kayan aiki kamar iri da abincin kifi masu inganci. Duk da haka, abincin yawanci ana yin sa ne a gona ta amfani da dabarun da Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Kamun Kifi, Kajjansi ta bayar. Har zuwa kwanan nan, yawancin manoman kifi a Uganda talakawa ne a ƙauyuka waɗanda ke yin kiwon kamun kifi don rayuwa tare da tafkuna waɗanda galibi ba su wuce mita 500 <sup>ba,</sup> waɗanda aka gina ta amfani da aikin iyali. Waɗannan tsarin samar da kayayyaki ne marasa inganci ko babu, tare da ƙarancin ko babu buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun. Waɗanda suka sami horo kan kula da tafkuna galibi suna yin takin tafkunansu da ko dai takin kaza ko taki na shanu da duk wani sharar gida na halitta. Yawan samarwa yawanci yana tsakanin 5.&nbsp;kg zuwa 10&nbsp;kg/100 <sup>m2</sup> (watau 500&nbsp;kg zuwa 1,000&nbsp;kg a kowace hekta) a kowace shekara. Adadin tafkuna a wannan matakin an kiyasta su ne daga fam 11,000 zuwa 15,000 tare da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na aiki a halin yanzu. Waɗannan tafkuna 11,000 zuwa 15,000 suna da matsakaicin girman mita <sup>200</sup> kuma kimanin manoma 8,000 ne ke mallakar su. == Nau'ikan kifaye a Uganda == [[Fayil:Fisherman_with_nile_perch_at_Gaba_landing_site.jpg|thumb|Wani mai kamun kifi da ke zaune a kan kogin Nilu a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Gaba]] [[Fayil:Fisherman_with_tilapia_at_Gaba_landing_site.jpg|thumb|Wani mai kamun kifi dauke da tilapia a wurin saukar Gaba]] == Kayan kamun kifi da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a Uganda == Kamun kifi a Uganda ana siffanta su da kwale-kwale na katako, kuma a wani ɓangaren ma, kwale-kwalen fiberglass ne. Wasu kwale-kwalen dutse ana amfani da su. Kwale-kwalen katako gabaɗaya suna da tsawon mita 4 zuwa 12, kuma kwale-kwalen dutse suna da matsakaicin mita 3.5. Jimillar jiragen ruwa kusan 17,000 ne kuma kusan kashi 20% na waɗannan injina ne. Masuntan hannu suna amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban, gami da kwale-kwale, seines da ƙugiya da layi. A wurare da dama, ana ci gaba da amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya da suka haɗa da kwanduna, tarkuna da ragar sauro. Giyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da ragar gill, ragar lift, ragar scoop da ake amfani da su wajen kamun kifi masu sauƙi; kayan ƙugiya da layi (layin hannu, sandunan kamun kifi ko tackles) da tarkon kifi. <ref name="unuftp">[http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf.pdf "Towards an {{Sic|Appropiate}} Management Regime for the Fisheries Resources of Uganda/"] unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> === Gillnet === A halin yanzu manyan kamun kifi ne kuma sanannen kayan kamun kifi da ake amfani da su wajen kama kifi a manyan ruwa da ƙananan ruwa. Yawanci ana sanya su ne da magariba sannan a jawo su da asuba. Ana yin kamun kifi a [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], amma ba kasafai ake yin su a wasu ruwa ba. Nau'in kifaye da ake so a yi amfani da su wajen kamun kifi a kan layi sune Nile Perch, Tilapia species, Bagrus, Clarias, Protopterus, Alestes, Hydrocynus da sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama kifi. Rakunan kifi suna da girma dabam-dabam. Ana amfani da ƙananan raga don kamun kifi ƙananan kifaye yayin da manyan raga ake amfani da su don kamun kifi manyan kifaye. Misali, ana amfani da raga rabin inci zuwa inci ɗaya don kamun kifi Nkejje, inci ɗaya har zuwa inci 6 don kamun kifi na tilapia, da kuma sama da inci 6 don kamun kifi na Nile. Masunta suna amfani da kwale-kwale don ja gida. Girman jirgin ruwan, girman kifin yana ƙaruwa. Rata ɗaya zai iya kaiwa 10.&nbsp;kg, ba tare da kifi ba. Ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ba zai iya ɗaukar irin wannan nauyin ba. === Layin Dogon === Hanyar da aka haɓaka a shekarun 1980 don amfani da kifayen da ke farautar dabbobi kamar Lates niloticus, Protopterus, Clarias, Bagrus, da sauransu. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi dogon layin babban layi (mita 100-300), wanda aka haɗa da igiya mai kama da monofilament (diamita 1.00-2.00).&nbsp;mm) ko igiya mai filament mai yawa (ply 36-60) kuma tana ɗauke da gajerun snoods (mita 0.3-0.8) waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙugiyoyin kifi da aka yi amfani da su wajen kama kifi. Ana shirya dogon layi don saitawa da safe ko rana ta ma'aikata ko ma'aikata masu haya (1-2). Ana amfani da ƙugiya da ƙugiya ta halitta (misali ƙananan kifaye masu rai, yanka nama, tsutsotsi na ƙasa da kwari). Ana sanya kayan aikin da yamma a wurin kamun kifi da aka riga aka tsara sannan a bar su su yi kamun kifi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba cikin dare ɗaya. Yawanci ana yin jigilar kifaye da wuri washegari da safe ingancin kifin da aka girbe ta wannan hanyar yawanci yana da kyau. === Kayan Aikin Kamun Kifi === Matasa maza suna kamun kifi yayin da mata ke shiga busar da kifi (sardines), sarrafa kifi na gargajiya da girki. Mutanen da ba sa zuwa kamun kifi da kansu amma suna ɗaukar haya don kama kifi, suna da mafi yawan rukunin kamun kifi. Shiga cikin iyali ba shi da yawa. Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu a kamun kifi sun haɗa da masu sayar da kifi, masu jiragen ruwa da masu shan sigari. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2yude9xlr35j0jh6gm9dvdm5c486za1 859486 859485 2026-06-17T17:17:04Z Engineer014 44591 859486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databo}}   [[Fayil:Fishermen_with_fish_nets_at_gaba_landing_site_in_Kampala.jpg|thumb|Mai kamun kifi da ƙaramin raga don kamun kifi a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Gaba, Kampala.]] [[Fayil:A_fisherman_with_a_fish_net_for_sprat.JPG|thumb|Mai kamun kifi da ragar kifi don fesawa]] [[Fayil:Fishing_nets_used_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Wani mai kamun kifi yana shirya raga don kamun kifi a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Gaba, Kampala.]] [[Fayil:Pond_for_breeding_young_fish_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|tafkin kiwon kifi a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaban Kifi, Kajjansi]] [[Fayil:Fish_cage_off_the_shore_of_lutoboka_landing_site_kalangala.JPG|thumb|Kekunan Kifi a bakin tekun wurin saukar lutoboka Kalangala]] Akwai manyan hanyoyin samun kifi guda biyu a [[Uganda]] ; ɗaya daga kifin ruwa ne, ɗayan kuma daga kamun kifi a koguna da [[Jerin tabkuna na Uganda|tafkuna]] . Na biyun ya ƙunshi mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci na dukkan kamun kifi. Ruwan buɗaɗɗen ruwa ya mamaye kashi 15.3 cikin ɗari na saman Uganda kuma ya ƙunshi manyan tafkuna guda biyar ( [[Tafkin Victoria]], [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert (Afirka)]], [[Tafkin Kyoga]], [[Tafkin Edward]] da [[Tafkin George (Uganda)]] ) waɗanda su ne manyan hanyoyin samun kifi a ƙasar. Tafkin Victoria ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi mahimmancin wurin ruwa a Uganda a girma da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar ga jimillar kama kifi, sai kuma [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] da [[Tafkin Kyoga]] . Manyan hanyoyin samar da kifi a Uganda ga kasuwannin cikin gida da na fitarwa su ne gundumomi a Tafkin Victoria, musamman Mukono, Mpigi, Kalangala, Masaka da Luwero. Gundumomin Tafkin Kyoga, Albert, George da Edward su ne wasu manyan hanyoyin samar da kifi. Manyan cibiyoyin birane a yankin Tafkin Victoria, wato Kampala, Masaka, Jinja da Entebbe su ne manyan cibiyoyin kasuwancin cikin gida don samar da kifi sabo. Duk da cewa wadataccen kayan kifi yana isa ga waɗannan kasuwannin da kuma mafi yawan sauran kasuwannin hedikwatar gundumomi, rashin isassun kayayyaki yana isa ga yawancin kasuwannin karkara. <ref name="unuftp">[http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf.pdf "Towards an {{Sic|Appropiate}} Management Regime for the Fisheries Resources of Uganda/"] unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> Ana yin babban samar da kifi a kan ƙaramin sikelin, domin yawancin kamun kifi ana yin su ne ta amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa na katako (wanda aka gina da katako) waɗanda tsawonsu ya kai mita shida zuwa takwas, waɗanda ake tuƙawa da kwale-kwale, ko kuma, a lokuta da dama, injin mai da aka manne a bayan jirgin. Waɗannan jiragen ruwa masu sauƙi sun isa su ɗauki masunta zuwa da kuma daga wuraren kamun kifi da cikakken kifi. == Tarihi == Tushen, a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da 1990, gwamnati ta fara gyara fannin kamun kifi. Yanzu haka fannin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-09 |title=Here is the origin of Emputa |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/here-is-the-origin-of-emputa-1583084 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Ƙarnuka da yawa da suka wuce, yawancin al'ummomin masunta ne ke zaune a gefen tafkin waɗanda ke musanya kifi da wasu kayayyakin abinci. Ayyukan kamun kifi sun kasance ta hanyar amfani da kayan gargajiya kamar mashi, kibau, tukwane na kifi, da kuma kama kifi da hannu a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkuna, koguna da fadama ko kuma gubar kifi da ganyen gida. Duk da haka, waɗannan nau'ikan kayan aiki da hanyoyin har yanzu suna nan a ƙananan tafkuna, Kogin Nilu da yankunan da ba su da zurfi na Tafkin Victoria. Aikin kamun kifi yana da ɗan sauƙi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, 'yan kasuwa na ƙasashen waje sun gabatar da kayan aikin kamun kifi na Japan waɗanda suka fi tasiri a fannin kamun kifi fiye da auduga, hemp da flax. Kayan aikin kamun kifi na nailan sun ba da halaye mafi girma na kama kifi fiye da kowane kayan aiki, galibi saboda ƙarfin juriya, daidaiton girman raga, juriya ga gogewa da juriya na kayan zaren nailan. Gabatar da sabbin nau'ikan kifaye ya kuma haɓaka samar da kifi. Yawan kifin ya ƙaru sau shida a cikin shekaru 30, wanda ya tashi daga tan 60,000 a shekarar 1961 zuwa tan 245,000 a shekarar 1990, wani ɓangare saboda yawan amfanin tafkunan, amma kuma saboda ƙaruwar ƙoƙarin kama kifi. A shekarar 1983, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan samar da shi a tan 78,000, an kiyasta yawan samar da mai ko matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa mai ɗorewa (MSY) a tan 150,000, duk da haka, zuwa shekarar 1990, yawan samar da kifi ya zarce wannan matakin da tan 55,000. <ref name="unuftp">[http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf.pdf "Towards an {{Sic|Appropiate}} Management Regime for the Fisheries Resources of Uganda/"] unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> A duk yankunan da ke wajen yankin tsakiyar [[tafkin Kyoga]], yawan kifaye ya ƙaru a duk tsawon shekarun 1980. Gwamnatin Uganda ta tallafa wa shirye-shirye da dama don ƙara yawan samar da kifi da sarrafa shi. A shekarar 1987, wani shiri na haɓaka kamun kifi wanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa ya kafa wani taron bita na gina jiragen ruwa da gyara su a Jinja ; wani kamfanin sarrafa kifi, cibiyoyin tattara kifi da dama, da cibiyoyin tallata kifi a yankuna da dama na Uganda. Sun kuma aiwatar da amfani da [[Babban mota|motocin sanyaya daki]] don jigilar [[kifi]] . [[Sin|China]] ta gudanar da sake gina wuraren adana kifi a [[Kampala]] a farkon shekarun 1980. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, gwamnati ta kafa Kamfanin Hadin Gwiwa na Kamun Kifi na Sino-Uganda don amfani da damar kamun kifi a [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Ƙungiyar Binciken Kamun Kifi ta Ruwan Kasa ta Uganda ta sa ido kan yanayin kamun kifi da kuma daidaiton flora da fauna a tafkunan Uganda. A shekarar 1989, wannan ƙungiyar ta yi gargaɗi game da yawan kamun kifi, musamman a yankin Tafkin Kyoga, inda sakamakon inganta yanayin tsaro da wahalhalun tattalin arziki ya nuna ƙaruwar kashi 40 cikin ɗari a ayyukan kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na cikin gida. Wani abin damuwa na biyu a fannin kamun kifi shi ne yadda ciyawa ke yaɗuwa a tafkuna masu fama da gurɓataccen iska. A ƙarshen shekarar 1989, jami'ai ba su yi nasara ba wajen takaita nau'ikan da matakan gurɓatattun abubuwa da aka shigar a cikin tafkuna da dama na ƙasar. Ita sa gwamnati ta haramta wannan nau'in kamun kifi, kuma jami'an yankin suna neman hanyoyin hana sayar da kifayen da aka kama ta wannan hanyar. Duk da haka, duk da haka, haramcin biyu sun kasance da wahalar aiwatarwa; kamun kifi da dynamite ya ci gaba a shekarar 1989 duk da yawan shaharar da ke tattare da wannan aikin. == Tattalin arzikin kamun kifi a Uganda == [[Fayil:Ice_container_for_fish_storage_in_Kalangala.JPG|thumb|Akwatin kankara don ajiyar kifi a Kalangala]] Bangaren kamun kifi na Uganda yana da muhimmanci a fannin samar da ayyukan yi, rage talauci da kuma kudaden shiga na kasashen waje. Kamun kifi yana daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki. Tafkuna, koguna da fadama suna da fadin kilomita 44,000 na fadin kasar Uganda mai fadin kilomita 241,000. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kifi galibi a wuraren da ruwa ke buda kuma suna samar da rayuwa ga mutane da yawa a [[Uganda]] . Akwai kimanin (2002) kimanin masunta 250,000 (136,000 a Tafkin Victoria), yayin da kusan mutane miliyan daya (700,000 a kusa da Tafkin Victoria) ke amfana daga ayyukan da suka shafi kamun kifi kamar sarrafa kifi na gida, cinikin kifi, gina kwale-kwale, sarrafa kifi a masana'antu, yin raga, cinikin kayan kamun kifi, binciken kamun kifi, ayyukan fadadawa da gudanarwa. == Kifin Ruwa == [[Fayil:Fish_pond_at_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|tafkin kifi a Kajjansi]] [[Fayil:Tank_used_for_breading_fish_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|Tankin kifi da ake amfani da shi don yin burodi a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Kifi, Kajjansi]] [[Fayil:Fish_nets_used_at_Aquaculture_Research_and_Development_Centre,_Kajjansi.JPG|thumb|Ana amfani da ragar kifi a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaban Kifi, Kajjansi]] Tare da shiga tsakani na gwamnati da goyon bayan da take bayarwa daga abokan hulɗa na ci gaba kamar FAO, kiwon kamun kifi ya sake ƙaruwa har zuwa tan 15,000 na kifi a halin yanzu (2005) da aka samar daga tafkuna 20,000 na matsakaicin girman mita <sup>500.</sup> Saboda ƙarancin wadatar irin kifi, kifin kifi ya ragu, kuma kifin kifin Afirka ta Arewa, tare da tilapia na Nile, sun maye gurbinsa. Duk da cewa kiwon kifi a Uganda ya zuwa yanzu ya dogara ne akan tafki da rayuwa, karuwar sha'awar kiwon kifi a kasuwanci yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga kiwon kifi bisa ga al'adar keji. Al'adar kudanci ita ce tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a ƙasar. Sauran nau'ikan al'adun kifi kamar al'adar keji an fara tattaunawa da su musamman daga manoman kifi masu tasowa. A da, manoma, kashi 99 cikin 100 waɗanda manoman kifi ne masu rayuwa, suna da tafkuna daga mita <sup>50</sup> zuwa mita <sup>200.</sup> Yawancinsu (kimanin kashi 60 cikin 100) suna nan a matakin samarwa ba tare da ƙarancin kayan aiki ko gudanarwa na fasaha ba. Tare da himmar tallata kiwon kifi, ƙoƙarin samarwa don ƙara saman tafkin ya haifar da matsakaicin matsakaicin mita 500 a <sup>kowace</sup> tafki. Manoma a wannan matakin sun ɗauki amfani da kayan aiki kamar iri da abincin kifi masu inganci. Duk da haka, abincin yawanci ana yin sa ne a gona ta amfani da dabarun da Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Kamun Kifi, Kajjansi ta bayar. Har zuwa kwanan nan, yawancin manoman kifi a Uganda talakawa ne a ƙauyuka waɗanda ke yin kiwon kamun kifi don rayuwa tare da tafkuna waɗanda galibi ba su wuce mita 500 <sup>ba,</sup> waɗanda aka gina ta amfani da aikin iyali. Waɗannan tsarin samar da kayayyaki ne marasa inganci ko babu, tare da ƙarancin ko babu buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun. Waɗanda suka sami horo kan kula da tafkuna galibi suna yin takin tafkunansu da ko dai takin kaza ko taki na shanu da duk wani sharar gida na halitta. Yawan samarwa yawanci yana tsakanin 5.&nbsp;kg zuwa 10&nbsp;kg/100 <sup>m2</sup> (watau 500&nbsp;kg zuwa 1,000&nbsp;kg a kowace hekta) a kowace shekara. Adadin tafkuna a wannan matakin an kiyasta su ne daga fam 11,000 zuwa 15,000 tare da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na aiki a halin yanzu. Waɗannan tafkuna 11,000 zuwa 15,000 suna da matsakaicin girman mita <sup>200</sup> kuma kimanin manoma 8,000 ne ke mallakar su. == Nau'ikan kifaye a Uganda == [[Fayil:Fisherman_with_nile_perch_at_Gaba_landing_site.jpg|thumb|Wani mai kamun kifi da ke zaune a kan kogin Nilu a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Gaba]] [[Fayil:Fisherman_with_tilapia_at_Gaba_landing_site.jpg|thumb|Wani mai kamun kifi dauke da tilapia a wurin saukar Gaba]] == Kayan kamun kifi da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a Uganda == Kamun kifi a Uganda ana siffanta su da kwale-kwale na katako, kuma a wani ɓangaren ma, kwale-kwalen fiberglass ne. Wasu kwale-kwalen dutse ana amfani da su. Kwale-kwalen katako gabaɗaya suna da tsawon mita 4 zuwa 12, kuma kwale-kwalen dutse suna da matsakaicin mita 3.5. Jimillar jiragen ruwa kusan 17,000 ne kuma kusan kashi 20% na waɗannan injina ne. Masuntan hannu suna amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban, gami da kwale-kwale, seines da ƙugiya da layi. A wurare da dama, ana ci gaba da amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya da suka haɗa da kwanduna, tarkuna da ragar sauro. Giyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da ragar gill, ragar lift, ragar scoop da ake amfani da su wajen kamun kifi masu sauƙi; kayan ƙugiya da layi (layin hannu, sandunan kamun kifi ko tackles) da tarkon kifi. <ref name="unuftp">[http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf.pdf "Towards an {{Sic|Appropiate}} Management Regime for the Fisheries Resources of Uganda/"] unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref> === Gillnet === A halin yanzu manyan kamun kifi ne kuma sanannen kayan kamun kifi da ake amfani da su wajen kama kifi a manyan ruwa da ƙananan ruwa. Yawanci ana sanya su ne da magariba sannan a jawo su da asuba. Ana yin kamun kifi a [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], amma ba kasafai ake yin su a wasu ruwa ba. Nau'in kifaye da ake so a yi amfani da su wajen kamun kifi a kan layi sune Nile Perch, Tilapia species, Bagrus, Clarias, Protopterus, Alestes, Hydrocynus da sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama kifi. Rakunan kifi suna da girma dabam-dabam. Ana amfani da ƙananan raga don kamun kifi ƙananan kifaye yayin da manyan raga ake amfani da su don kamun kifi manyan kifaye. Misali, ana amfani da raga rabin inci zuwa inci ɗaya don kamun kifi Nkejje, inci ɗaya har zuwa inci 6 don kamun kifi na tilapia, da kuma sama da inci 6 don kamun kifi na Nile. Masunta suna amfani da kwale-kwale don ja gida. Girman jirgin ruwan, girman kifin yana ƙaruwa. Rata ɗaya zai iya kaiwa 10.&nbsp;kg, ba tare da kifi ba. Ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ba zai iya ɗaukar irin wannan nauyin ba. === Layin Dogon === Hanyar da aka haɓaka a shekarun 1980 don amfani da kifayen da ke farautar dabbobi kamar Lates niloticus, Protopterus, Clarias, Bagrus, da sauransu. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi dogon layin babban layi (mita 100-300), wanda aka haɗa da igiya mai kama da monofilament (diamita 1.00-2.00).&nbsp;mm) ko igiya mai filament mai yawa (ply 36-60) kuma tana ɗauke da gajerun snoods (mita 0.3-0.8) waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙugiyoyin kifi da aka yi amfani da su wajen kama kifi. Ana shirya dogon layi don saitawa da safe ko rana ta ma'aikata ko ma'aikata masu haya (1-2). Ana amfani da ƙugiya da ƙugiya ta halitta (misali ƙananan kifaye masu rai, yanka nama, tsutsotsi na ƙasa da kwari). Ana sanya kayan aikin da yamma a wurin kamun kifi da aka riga aka tsara sannan a bar su su yi kamun kifi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba cikin dare ɗaya. Yawanci ana yin jigilar kifaye da wuri washegari da safe ingancin kifin da aka girbe ta wannan hanyar yawanci yana da kyau. === Kayan Aikin Kamun Kifi === Matasa maza suna kamun kifi yayin da mata ke shiga busar da kifi (sardines), sarrafa kifi na gargajiya da girki. Mutanen da ba sa zuwa kamun kifi da kansu amma suna ɗaukar haya don kama kifi, suna da mafi yawan rukunin kamun kifi. Shiga cikin iyali ba shi da yawa. Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu a kamun kifi sun haɗa da masu sayar da kifi, masu jiragen ruwa da masu shan sigari. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s8wjere71ntztev9pj8e7ununwl4pug Jerin Ƙauyuka a Jihar Adamawa 0 154313 859801 845549 2026-06-18T07:57:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan jerin ƙauyuka ne da ƙauyuka a [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], [[Najeriya]] waɗanda [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|yankin karamar hukuma]] (LGA) da gundumar / yanki suka shirya (tare da [[Lambobin gidan waya a Najeriya|Lambobin gidan waya]] da aka ba su). <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2019 |title=Postcodes Nigeria |url=http://www.postcodes.ng/ |website=postcodes.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2019 |title=NIPOST (Nigerian Postal Service) |url=http://www.nigeriapostcode.com.ng/ |website=www.nigeriapostcode.com.ng |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-date=2021-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909035952/https://www.nigeriapostcode.com.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ta hanyar lambar gidan waya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !LGA !District / Area !Postal code !Villages |- | rowspan="7" |[[Demsa]] |Bali |642109 |Bali; Barinkin Jatau; Bomni; Bujin Kona; Dakkli; Dem; Donwa I; Donwa II; Guri; Kpankpai; Kpasham; Kwafara; Tamshi; Yagombali |- |Bille |642110 |Bajan Long; Bamaro; Bille; Dakusung; Dingle Dutse; Ga-Fulani; Gah belwa I; Gah Belwa II; Gansari; Gorin Kasuwa; Maizanshe; Mayo Bandaru; Ntorong; Pishi; Tere; Waka apare; Waka Tunga |- |Borrong |642105 |Bange; Borrong; Borrong Habe; Busso; Dili; Garan Loh; Gosho; Kunteri; Lassale; Linga; Loh; Mbumaa; Morro; Morro II; Ngongolang; Salabangha; Takka; Tikka Lafiya; Tunga; Uganda; Wuro Swangu |- |Demsa |642103 |Bwashi; Dakanta; Demsa New; Demsa Old; Dowaya; Dwam; Farai; Gani Gaku; Gindin Dutse; Gorogbake; Green Village; Gwassala; Hosere Bembal; Kadomum; Kawon; Kindam; Kokumto; Kudiri; Kunliro; Kwale; Kwayine; Lanyaling; Lupanga; Maliki; Mbukanga; Moya Nyalibi; Murgarang; Nzuramta; Pode; Sabon Gari; Wuro Laka; Wuro Yero; Zuran |- |Dong |642108 |Bolon; Fara Baraune; Gada Lawaru; Janawuri; Kedemure; Lawaru; Ngbekedewe; Unguwan Tukur |- |Gwamba |642107 |Billachi; Bungudo; Byelanga; Famtami; Gamba; Lassala; Mbamburu; Sabewa; Salara; Sondi; Tswaban; Wuro Munchi |- |Mbula |642102 |Bajifang; Bangun; Chafan; Garan-Mbula; Guguri; Kade; Kpakmyagi; Kulangilung; Kulasala; Labakuri; Mbula Kuli; Nzungwaling; Shime; Tahau; Tahau Gula; Tandakai; Tassala; Tsonbwang; Tsware; Uni-Lab |- | rowspan="7" |[[Fufore]] |Daware |640108 |Babirwo; Bagale; Bngo; Daware; Digino Jubawo; Digino Ngarawo; Furo; Hamdallah'Holmawo'Kadang; Nyibire; Pariya Hqtrs D; Wuro-Yolde; Yaungo |- |[[Gurin, Fufore|Gurin]] |640104 |Bappawo; Beli Chiuti; Chigari; Chikito; Fema; Filingo; Gawi; Gurin Town; Hes-Beti; Jammare; Mbamga; Muninga; Pateri; Perda; Vamni; Wuro-Yolde |- |Malabu |640103 |Balachi Konchi; Bilachi Bwatiye; Chekeuro; Dasin Abba Kumbo; Farang; Goshidang; Kofa Gafade; Kofa-Lamurde; Litare; Magdari; Malabu; Mbilla Malabu; Mubako; Nassarawo; Teleuchi; Wuro-Bokki; Wuro-Kachalla; Wuro-Ujiri |- |Mayo-Inne |640106 |Boggare; Budiyang; Hegga Barudu; Hirungo; Kiri; Mayo Mbulo; Sirotore; Watango Hqtrs; Wuro-Sam |- |Nyibango |640109 |Bati; Jili; Koksupa; Mboi; Nyibango; Ugi; Wom-Jangi; Wuro Jauro; Yadim Kura DHQS |- |Riba |640107 |Chafajaule; Dasin Bwatiye; Dasin Hausa; Dulo Bwatiye; Dulo-Fulani; Farang-Farang; Fufore; Ribadu; Slomsi; Wuro-Mallum |- |Verre |640105 |Bai; Baraja; Beti Giware; Doaka Fulani; Gagdi; Guigwa; Gurati; Karlahi & DHQS; Tali; Toza |- | rowspan="7" |[[Ganye]] |Banarikiuso |642115 |Bagana; Dabosino; Dagumal; Daingubi; Dajubin; Dakauro; Dakemdu; Daketi Keri; Dakpukum bambi; Dalanvau; Dalepkin; Dalkiname'Daluya; Damoka; Dapellum; Dataguba-Sani; Dimoso; Dinyabbi; Dmkusum; Ga Farang; Gang Yigen Gaiga; Gangaila; Ganglomen; Gangnuyika; Gangtimeni; Gangwoki; Garaja Garuwa; Gawakola; Gayemjangba; Goso; Jamisu; Juzengti; Kineni; Kokiwa; Kong lata; Lekwoshi; Manti; Nabantura; Nadeu; Najira; Nasiti; Naya; Nolomi'Nasa; Sandoka; Saugubi; Tiduti; Timkiti; Timpukki (Fulani); Timpukki (Sanda); Timpukki (Umaru); Timtubi; Timyemma; Wowokki; Yab van viti; Yapashi; Yemlaibu |- |Ganye |641110 |Tiri Gari; Bappare; Dadiri; Dadiri Gada; Gangdona; Gangene; Ganye; Jauro Siriki Sumaki; Kanasuwe; Mallam Hore; Peshi; Sabon Layi; Waja; Wuro Gadogi |- |Gurum |642116 |Dabo Bara; Dabtelum; Daguma; Dajabi Chamba; Dakobben; Dakom; Dakuma; Dakuna; Dakuna tiba; Dalam; Dalebi Fulani; Danubi; Dapeon Vahu; Darah; Dat Mibu Gari; Dattam Sama; Dauti; Dimkurma; Dimkurma Fulani; Gamgkobo; Gangdiyi; Gangkwah; Gatanen; Gudin; Gurum Pawo; Jangani gari; Jangpan; Jusan; Lingbi; Masah; Mayo bewa; Nasiti; Nayabbo; Nayah; Sabon; Sadon Chamba; Saman; Samarun; Sambem; Sammeti gari; Sangbang; Sangotim; Sanjetiti; Sanjetum; Santanen; Santarum; Sanzuseu Kiti; Saudon Fulani; Saukem; Sitim; Soppken; Tarum; Tiabuti; Timbenkum; Timbeurki; Timpoma; Timtubbi; Timyela; Wokji; Yola Chabbal |- |Jaggu |642114 |Angawab Mammuye; Bambe; Banshe; Bari Gajere; Bari Gare; Bibadu; Foka; Garamba; Ibadan; Jaggu; Jalingo; Jaudi; Jauro Bello; Jauro Idi; Jawo Fulani Bantahi; Jutingal; Kubaje; Leko; Mapiadi; Nabon; Nakomi; Nassarawo (Yspachi); Natubi; Nayiti Yelwa; Ngurote Jokate; Padimso; Peshi Yika; Sabon Layi; Sakule; Wadore (Jalingo); Wuro Baka |- |Sugu |641111 |Arnadodebbo; Batal (Chamba); Batal (Fulani); Biri (Wuro Hausa); Bwole; Da'age; Dabadu; Dabaku; Dabgerum; Dabulla; Daburma; Dadera; Dago; Daloo; Dampiya; Danjangla; Dapellum; Dataraa; Desigba'a; Deuti; Dissol; Faragba; Gamgaraso; Gamgbanen; Gamu; Ganglumgorori; Gangsanen; Gangteme; Gangtum Wuro; Gangwoni; Jagaba; Jamisu; Jijjiwa; Ju'kurum; Ju'sangum; Juduisa; Kamen; Kass (Mumuyawa); Komyegga; Kona Uku; Luggere; Mayo Kurdo; Nabeng; Naomi; Nawai; Naya; Naya Pu'ivan; Sabere; Sabere Karandang; Sabon Layi; Sahl Kano; Sakkamidari; Samaran; Sambari; Sanbum; Sandokka; Sankom; Sanyikkmi; Sugu; Tapare Gangtum; Tim Moni; Tim Yenuma; Timdesi; Timdokkami; Timkusum; Timpki; Timukum (Timpukum); Tit Yabumso; Tunga (Kumsaran); Wukari; Wuro Lemu; Wuromodibbo; Yalaki; Yandomenbu; Yem Kani bu; Yem'amalamu; Yemdakkamenb; Yemdimdo |- |Timdore |641112 |Abuja; Dabora; Daguni; Dasine; Dasksam; Dayiri; Dayiri (Fulani); Dimgbara; Gang Bannen; Gang Jonen; Gang Won; Gangbeu-en Munmmniye; Gangbuen; Gangkoen; Ganglaren; Gangminomi; Gayen imyema; Jauro Saga; Mallam Audi; Nagboko; Naya; Nongvan; Sabon Layi; Sakkuwa; Samari Ssebo; Sandasini; Sandoka; Sangubi; Sanjo Fulani; Sanjubi; Sankuran; Sankurum; Sanlala (Misan-Kut-ta); Sanyiri; Sausiri; Tasa; Timdore (Fulani); Timyenmia |- |Yebbi |641113 |Alhamisa; Balankaren; Basule; Burum; Buweti; Damema; Dasuku; Dawu; Degorde; Dinkokum; Gamgmen; Gang Duren; Gang Gamen; Gang Yaware; Gang Yeun; Gangbebbi; Gangbiren; Ganggoken; Gangjairi; Gangjomen; Gangjuken; Gangkero; Ganglari; Gangmuyal; Gangpokken; Gangsanen; Gangtari; Gangvan; Gbanni; Gbokkni; Gbukni; Gbunglung; Ginti; Jangpuli; Jarandi; Kaika; Kakusum; Karan; Kemkusum; Konage; Kotolo; Kubbi; Kurumji; Kusmji; Labari; Lamvan; Lisabi; Mago; Muranin; Nagana; Nalomi; Nashiri; Nawaru; Neksiri; Ngurore-Yebbi; Nwejjah; Nyagang; Nyemgpke; Sabon Layi Lungu; Sarkinyema; Semendeunivan; Sese; Seuchi; Shiga Daniyya; Talading; Timdingga; Timkori; Timyami |- |[[Girei]] |Gerie |652105 |Damare; Daniyel; Gerei; Gereng; Jabbi Lamba; Jefan; Jera Bakari; Jera Bonyo; Labondo; Lainde; Mallam Machigu; Modire; Ruwo Amsani; Tambo; Wuro Dole |- | rowspan="4" |[[Gombi]] |Ga'Anda |652101 |Kanesu'Kangohobe; Alhaji Buda; Bada; Banga; Baru; Boga; Boma; Dadware; Dangwara; Farma Anawa; Ferumara; Ga'anda; Gahumba; Galga; Gangrang; Ganjare; Gardama; Garfite; Hina; Jula; Kamsu; Karkwane; Kawunda; Kojoli; Koko; Kwanta; Njebjeba; Palara; Prakwanta; Shime; Ulfa; Umdur; Urshelima; Vurwara; Wambai; Zangara; Zangra; Zanra |- |Garkida |652109 |Babal Palsura; Bala Ungi; Balhona I; Balhona II; Bawa; Bebe; Bijibiji'; Blwhona; Dangula Bijibiji; Dangula Killba; Demna; Dongo; Dzangwala Tasha Yusuf; Futudan; Ganji; Gardama; Garkida; Gegeli; Gir; Girgithang; Guyaku; Hursada; Hurunda; Jau; Jouk on John; Kurara; Kwalamba; Kwari; Lubu; Mbewa; Merja; Ngina Kara; Ngurore; Parijo; Pirfa; Pirkasa; Raba; Shigane; Sosai; Tashan Yusufu; Tofa; Tsakesimta; Vurgwi; Wuyaku; Zthzurzu |- |Guyaku |652108 |Alaji Buda; Barma; Barmishu; Bokki; Dahai; Farmi Shi; Ferumara; Gada Mai Saje; Gardama; Garin Dadi; Gombi; Gulza; Gural; Jula Barni'Kanguru Gun; Kaudi Fulani; Kaula'; Kawunda; Kojoli; Kurara Alh. Maijo; Kwanan Kura; Kwarwa; Maraba Sangere; Marja; Mbilla; Mijiwana; Muchalla; Sabon Gari; Tawa; Turba; Walaw; Wmbai; Wugulsa; Wulbara; Wungara; Wuro Pappa |- |Lala |652107 |Alanra; Bafi; Bala; Bidel; Bidim; Dimaska; Dingai; Dini Fulani; Dkungama; Dungal; Duwa; Fotta; Gabun; Ganjing; Hursama; Hursea; Jebral; Jebre; Joroboi; Kandesum; Kanjita; Kilake; Kilar; Kiro; Kwada; Kwanta Korra; Kwaran Gwashe; Melbasi; Ngalga; Riji; Sabon Gari; Sama; Shanapa; Shime; Sokra; Talire; Tangda; Tawasu; Tunu; Unguwan Nene; Wamdituru; Wammirote; Wojoli; Yamthiar; Yang; Zugru |- | rowspan="7" |Guyuk |Banjiram |643110 |Banjiram; Gugu; Gunda; Kwadadai; Lokoro; Sukelye |- |Bobini |643111 |Arah/The; Bobini; Bodeno; Doma; Gorotoro; Mada; Wawi |- |Chikila |643107 |Chikila; Dangir; Gwalura; Jiu; Sili |- |Dukul |643108 |Falu; Gundenyi; Gwana; Kurnyi; Lamz; Lapandi; Walu |- |Dumna |643109 |Boshikiri; Burthi; Dumna Dutse; Dumna Zerbu; Salbu; Zakawon |- |Guyuk |643101 |Guyuk; Jagira; Lakumna; Purakayo; Udun Guyuk |- |Kola |643112 |Kerau; Kola; Pondiwe; Theble |- | rowspan="6" |[[Hong (Nijeriya)|Hong]] |Daktsi |650111 |Buzza; Dagza; Dulchidama; Dzumah; Fachi; Gudumiya; Mbu Inyi; Midillah; Mothol; Ngalbi; Pella; Pella Gwaja; Tasha hindenga; Uding; Wuro Bokki; Zhedinyi |- |Dugwamba |650109 |Dabna; Daku; Dazal; Garaha; Garaha Dutse; Kinging; Kuddah; Kwaprey; Lar; Mbanga; Mugwalar; Shashau; Washim; Zah |- |Gaya |650107 |Chika; Faah Gaya; Gay Gartsanu; Gaya Thlang; Jabba Gaya; Kura Gay; Mubula; Sikaluri |- |Hong |650107 |Fadama Reke; Hong; Mutuku |- |Kuliyi |650108 |Bangshika; Dulmava; Dulwachira; Dzegayerima; Garavi; Gashaka; Jabba; Jalingo; Kala'a; Kubtava; Kwakwa'ah; Kwambula; Kwatau; Lugga; Makera; Maki; Mbalwaha; Mbulagyeng; Mijili; Mombol; Mung; Shiwa |- |Uba |650110 |Dzakwa; Gashala; Hildi'Husara; Kwarhi; Migzil; Mukuving; Njerri; Uba |- | rowspan="9" |[[Jada (Nijeriya)|Jada]] |Danaba |641127 |Danaba; Nadeu; Naguma |- |Jada |641107 |Dagula; Jada; Jamtari; John Holt; Pakorgel; Sarkin Yamma |- |Koma |641109 |Choncha; Deggi; Konglo; Ngolomba; Samlo; Tantile; Tuli |- |Leko |641108 |Dalami; Kubi; Mayo-Hako; So'o; So'o Yelli |- |Mapeo |641126 |Jalingo; Lengdo; Mapeo Gari; Mayo-Bewa |- |Mayo-Kalaye |641124 |Gangnai; Kilbawo; Mayo-Kalaye; Nassarawo; Wuro Abbo |- |Mbulo |641123 |Farang Van; Mangla; Mbngan Tiren; Mbulo Gari; Mbulo Kombuwal; Pola |- |Nyibango |641122 |Banche; Dashen; Nyibango |- |Yelli |641125 |Balauru; Gaadjo; Kojoli; Koma; Mayo-Ine; Namberu; Sapeo |- | rowspan="6" |[[Lamurde]] |Gyawana |642114 |Bafio; Dauto; Dubwagun; Goh; Gyawana; Hoki; Kowei; Labawa; Lugere; Mbemum; Ngbakowo; Ngodogoron; Opalo; Overseer; Pude; Sabannah; Shemun; Tingno Kogi; Zekun |- |Kwah |642116 |Balaifi; Bandawa; Bolere; Botoni II; Bunari; Dullum; Dutsen Maka; Gurben Baure; Gyakan; Kauya; Kwah; Ruwan Zafi; Song; Tsayawa |- |Lafiya |642113 |Kupte; Lafiya; Mamsirme; Mere; Ngbebonge; Sabonlayi; Tudun Wada; Turakra |- |Lamurde |642104 |Bajen; Gangare Tito; Gongong Rigange; Hadiyo; Kauya; Lamurde; Mwana Mango; Mwana Tari; Mwana Wongo Estate; Nasarawo; Ngbamoto; Rigange; Sabon Gari; Toto |- |Suwa |642117 |Badim; Bashaka; Bulkutu; Galu; Gunduli; Kizza; Kwaa; Kwana; Lassin; Luwafute; Mala; Sulne; Suwa; Tiso; Tsayawa I; Wankan; Wodipwa |- |Waduku |642115 |Anguwan Kuka; Anguwan Waja; Botoni; Kutu; Mallah; Tingno Dutse; Waduku; Wame II; Zuggo |- | rowspan="5" |[[Madagali]] |Duhu |651111 |Duhu; Dzuel; Giwa Bula; Kojiti; Kuburshuwa; Kuda; Kwakwaghu; Kwalbadi; Kwambula; Lumadu; Mayowandu; Njahili; Pallam; [[Shuwa Madagali|Shuwa]]; Thalwancina; Tsitil; Wurogas; Zhau |- |Gulak |651113 |Bakin Dutse; Bitiku; Dar; Gadadamayo; Gadadamayo uda; Ghantsa; Ghumbili; Guak; Gwaram; Hashi; Hyambula I; Hyambula II; Iirsa; Jalingo; Kafin Hausa; Kaya; Kubu; Kuda Wazu; Kwamda; Lamore; Makwan; Pambul; Tsidla; Wanuki; Yinagu |- |Kirchinga |651110 |Dagali; Gadamayo; Kirchinga; Kopa; Kwammnu; Maigana; Maradi; Shuwari; Wurongayandi |- |Madagali |651102 |Bebel; Chakawa; Ghunilse; Gilma; Sukur Daurawa; Sukur Settlement; Turtakiva; Viengo; Visik; Visik Mattakam; Wagga; Yebango |- |[[Sukur]] |651112 |Damai Kasa; Damai Sama; Giwa Higgi; Gubla; Jelang; Kurang; Mafer; Magar; Mildo Shalmi; Mildo Vapura; Muduvu; Ndalmi; Rugudum; Sukur; Wakara; Wula Mango |- | rowspan="5" |[[Maiha]] |[[Belel, Najeriya|Belel]] |650106 |Alamisa; Belel; Bodeje; Boloko; Bungel; Jamtari; Kasagila; Kirdagirma; Kiringabu; Konkol Bappare; Mayoteyel; Pete; Tirsi; Wuro Kurori |- |Maiga |650104 |Bwade; Cede; Dafra; Hubari; Hudu; Jalingo Buih; Kesure; Kilanye; Kubaje; Kuna; Kwa'aboon; Lande; Lugdera; Lunde; Maiha; Manjikir; Nguli; Paraiyel; Salma; Sikmavi; Wuro Kau |- |Mbila |650115 |Boken; Dude; Ejunturi; Furiemo; Kasagila; Lefen; Lugga; Lugga Ahamadu; Maiha Gari; Majaula; Mbegechi; Nassarawo; Tambajam; Wuro Alaji; Wuro Deeh; Wuro Iya |- |Pakka-Vokuna |650114 |Bashem; Fulberi; Furamane; Humbutudi; Kilangi; Kuna; Maner; Mbalagi; Pakka; Pegin; Tongo; Vokuna; Wuro Dafter |- |Sarau |650105 |Bafere; Dagchere; Holma; Jababa; Jalingo Mbamba; Jamtari; Jilang; Kolwa; Kungoli; Kwagol; Laide; Massagala; Mayo Vamde; Njanyi; Njilang; Sarau; Walewal Manga; Watango Jamtari; Wuro Ahmadu; Wuro Badde; Wuro Gende; Wuro Mallam |- | rowspan="5" |[[Mayo-Belwa|Mayo Belwa]] |Bajama |642121 |Alkali Manga; Bajama; Bum Bum; Bunyayi; Chukkol Fulani; Dapanti; Gorobi; Mayo Danbe; Nassarawo Jereng; Ubaka; Wakka; Yelwa |- |Binyeri |641103 |Binyeri; [[Gambe]]; Gang Fada; Ganglushi Bamfo; Gangsubeni; Gangtagani; Mbanga; Mbullo; Mokki; Pola Kanoki; [[Gundumar Tola-Binyeri|Tola]]; Tola Jabu |- |Mayo Belwa |641101 |Binkola; Chukkol; Garu; Gengle; Kauram; Mbilla; Ndikong; Ribadu; Sindigawa; Tugga; Wappa; Yoffo; Yolde Gubdo |- |Mayo Farang |641102 |Gijaro; Labara; Liringo; Mayo Farang; Mbalgara; Sate Jauro Mbilla; Wuro Bantare |- |Mayo Lamja |642120 |Bambe; Bura Manga; Ganglamja; Lamja; Mayo Lamja; Munchi; Zabi |- | rowspan="8" |[[Michika]] |Bazza |651103 |Bazza Margi; Dilichime; Jigalambu; Kudzum; Tsukumu; Tuden Wada; VIH; Watsila |- |Futu |651106 |Futudu; Futuless; Himike; Vu-Kaghe |- |Garta |651105 |Diwa; Garta; Garta Kasa; Ghevi; Glumchi; Hule; Kemale; Mwagwa; Nkala; Pee; Sima Gali; Sima Mallo; Simakwande |- |Madzi |657108 |Bedi; Gra; Kasuwa Naira; Kelen Kela; Kubi; Kuda; Kura Tsandza; Madzi; Madzi II; Muzuku; Tilli; Wambilumi; Warakandza; Watu II; Yamue |- |Michika |657101 |Anguwan Layi Lassa; Bokka; Bulabili; Dzuroke; Jang; Kambadea; Kwabapale; Kwalia; Layi Lughu; Likune; Michika; Mutse; Rafin Samyi; Sangari I; Villegwa; Vu-Zhehyi |- |Nkafa |651109 |Dlaka; Dzali; Gilhenki; Hudzukwi; Kwatsabe; Lidle; Mboruro; Mbradzewi; Minkisi; Moda; Mukaracitta; Mumi; Murva; Nkafa Mnalamai; Pambulo; Patha; Wuro Gayandi; Wuro Ngiki |- |Nkafa |651107 |Ghenjawa; Waya Ndawa; Wula; Wurarike |- |Zah |651104 |Sufuku; Thukudou; Zah; Zah Megha |- | rowspan="4" |[[Mubi ta Arewa|Mubi North]] |Bahuli |650113 |Bakaya; Bantahi; Duga; Gada Mayo; Ginnziha; Gudumiya; Guri; Gurmanjara; Gurunshida; Maduguva; Mbiduwa; Nduku; Tsamu Tela; Tsemo; Wafango |- |Mayo Bani |650102 |Betso; Betso Manga; Cha; Dadgala; Didif; Hosere Tumbal; Jerengol; Kelluje; Kotirde; Kwa; Manzil; Muva; Suzuwa; Tapare |- |Mobu (Ruru) |650101 |Barama; Dazala; Diagil; Kwaba; Kwachifa; Wuro Barka; Wuro Gendeji; Wuro Harde; Yaza |- |Muchalla |650112 |Baagira; Chabul; Duda; Gyumbula; Kamnda; Kapoli; Kiriya; Koma; Kwaskine; Maskoka; Mbamba; Mitira; Miza; Mujilu; Mukta; Muvudi; Muvur; Pawi; Ribawa; Vimtim; Wudivi |- |[[Mubi ta Kudu|Mubi South]] |Gella |650211 |Chaba; Dirbishi; Duvu; Gandira; Girburum; Gude; Kwaja; Lamorde; Mujara; Mugulbu; Nassarawo; Nduku; Sahuda; Yadaba |- | rowspan="3" |[[Numan (Nijeriya)|Numan]] |Bare |642112 |Bare; Batache; Daso; Daso Fulani; Fare; Jere; Koh; Luram; Morro; Ngella; Ngendan; Nuguwun Soja; Nyol 'Usulu; Sabon - Pegi - Bare; Takoh; Tamara; Tamu; Uban Doma |- |Numan |642101 |Dorawa I; Dorawa II; Hayin Gaba; Imburu; Kikan; Kodomti; Kwapuke; Ngbalang; Nzoruwe; Pullum; S/Pegi Ngbarang; Shafforon; Zambun; Zangun |- |Vulpi |642111 |Bandawa Daudu; Bang; Bang Kala; Bokotei; Bolki- Gon; Bulkm; Bwei; Byemti; Gamadio; Garin Gomro; Gemun; Kanti; Kwnan Bujem; Lawe Salti; Monaga; Nega; Ngawalti; Ngbalapun; Nzumoso; Sabon Layi; Salti; Tegbele; Tungan - Besa; Tungan - Ladan; Vulpi; Wodi Kakai; Yanga |- | rowspan="5" |[[Shelleng]] |Bakta |643104 |Bakta; Birwit; Dakkiti; Golla; Gwadinge; Gwagarap; Jabbi Makki; Jakinda; Jonkolo; Kondoronhe; Kula Duse; Lagonsho; Laidedama; Lanuwa; Lipiro; Pupa; Sabon Pegi; Sembuluri; Waoje; Welmet; Wuroladde |- |Bodwai |643106 |Bandah; Biki; Bodwai; Bolama; Deben; Dolla; Goroshi; Gorum; Gusungu; Gwakta; Gwapopolok; Homra; Iwiriwi; Jalingo; Jimbo; Karlaje; Komadi; Kongma; Leda; Nafada; Pella; Ruhum; Shebta; Surara; Tangah |- |Kiri |643105 |Bare Fulani; Bayen Dutse Gundo; Bobere; Bubari; Dabewo; Gargajo; Garin Baba Dija; Gundo; Jalingo; Jauro Boderi; Kem; Kiri; Kogindole; Kurungu; Lababiri; Labau; Lajang; Nasarawo; Rimi; Sabon Pegi Washakara; Talum; Wuro-Gelaide |- |Libbo Dutse |643103 |Dakiti; Dumburi Fulani; Gadajuga; Gargijik; Gimakurje; Jabi; Kambila; Katte; Kukumli; Labaram; Lakati; Libbo Dutse; Mittim; Shumshi; Vanera; Wadafa; Wurotuge; Wuroyanka; Zaunan-Bako |- |Shelleng |643102 |Barata; Bira-Bira; Boburo; Bokayeki; Dabewo; Doge; Dunge; Gidan Koshi; Gombel; Gondong; Gukuri; Gwagira; Jamali; Jihadi; Jonkolo; Jumbul; Ketembere; Kula Kasa; Kula Ladeno; Labau; Lama; Monpdode; Shelleng; Tetek; Timbu; Wuroginnaji I; Wuroginnaji II; Yalo; Yelwa; Yorong |- | rowspan="5" |[[Song (Nijeriya)|Song]] |Ditera |652104 |Dirma; [[Dumne]] |- |Mboi |652107 |Gudu; Mboi |- |Song |652102 |Chukkol; Gben; Loko; Mbilla; Song |- |Waltadi |652106 |Waltadi |- |Zumo |652103 |Boloko; Holma; Karlahi; Kilange Hirna; Lappae; Zuno |- | rowspan="4" |[[Toungo (Nijeriya)|Toungo]] |Dawo |641119 |Adamu; Biniji; Dananji; Ganti; Jiman Buwanga; Jimon; Kagin Baba; M. Jaja; Nappi; Okalat; Songeli; Tapore; Taraba; Timbangor |- |Gamu |641118 |Babre; Badu; Biniji; C. Nadu; Mai Fula; Nayini; Simdagau; Sungwara; Tafida; Tapare; Timdoga |- |Kini |641117 |Adany Jim; Bauchi Gusa; Dichire; Galabiye; Kini Forest; M. Kom; Samkin Baka; Tim Koron |- |Tungo |641106 |Ardo Sambo; Arne Da Bako; Baba; Bavehi; Dameji; Galabje; Gamti; Gasa-Nappi; Gemda; J. Dewa; Kilta; Kubali; Kubore; Labore; Mao Habe; Mayo Dukein; Nuibago; Sabongai |- |[[Yola ta Arewa|Yola North]] |[[Jimeta]] |640211 |Alkalawa; Ajiya; Bachure; Doubeli; Gerio; Gwadabawa; Jambutu; Karewa; Limawa; Luggere; Nassarawo; Njo'bare; Nyakkore; Rumde; Sebore Dougirei; Wuro Fulbe; Yelwa |- | rowspan="2" |[[Yola ta Kudu|Yola South]] |Namtara |640102 |Changala; Goduwu; Gongoshi; Kulangu; Lagire; Namtari Gurel; Namtari Manga; Ngolamba; Ngorore; Wuro Yanka |- |Yola (Rural) |640101 |Bbamba; Bole; Maalkobhi; Njomboli Fulani; Njombvoli Fulan; Njoomboliyo; Rugange; Sebore; Yola-Town; Yolde Pate |} == Ta hanyar zaɓe == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin rukunin zabe, gami da ƙauyuka da makarantu, waɗanda aka shirya ta hanyar zaɓe. {| class="wikitable sortable" !LGA !Ward !Polling Unit Name |- | rowspan="10" |Demsa |Bille |Bamoro I/ Central Pri. Sch.; Bamoro II/ Near Bamako Clinic; Daku Sung/ Dakusung Pri. Sch.; Gadamayo/ Ext. Pri. Sch.; Gah - Fulani/ Pri. Sch.; Gejembo/ Pri. Sch.; Gidan Killu/ Playing Ground; Kwafara I/ Tere Pri. Sch.; Kwafara II/ Playing Ground |- |Borrong |Bange/ Bange Primary School; Kunteri/ Kunteri Pri. Sch.; Mbumara/ Playing Ground; Morro/ Morro Primary Sch.; Tikka/ Tikka Pri. Sch.; Ung. Ganji/ Near Cottage Hospital; Ung. Jenjo/ Playing Ground; Ung. Mbulawa/ Borrong II Pry. Sch. |- |Demsa |Gani Gaku/ Pri. Sch.; Kodomun/ Pri. Sch.; Kudiri/ Kudiri Pri. Sch.; Kunliro/ Kunliro Pri. Sch.; Kwayine/ Kwayine Pri. Sch.; Murgarang/ Pri. Sch.; Sabon Demsa I/ Viewing Centre; Sabon Demsa II/ L. G. Pavillion; Tsohon Demsa/ N. A Office |- |Dilli |Billachi/ Billachi Pri. Sch.; Bosso/ Bosso Pri. Sch.; Dwam Loh/ Football Ground; Lakati/ Playing Ground; Linga/ Ext. Pri. Sch.; Loh/ Loh Pri. Sch.; Mbungudo/ Open Space; Murgwaying/ Dilli Pri. Sch. |- |Dong |Farabaraune/ Farabaraune Pry. Sch.; Janawuri/ Janawuri Pry. Sch.; Ngbekendewe/ Pry. Sch. Ground; Uro I/ Dong Pry. Sch.; Uro II/ Old Market Premises |- |Dwam |Dwam Pare/ Playing Ground; Dwam Sakato/ Pry. Sch.; Kawon Dowaya/ Pry. Sch.; Kwale/ Kwale Pry. Sch.; Sabon Gari/ Pry. Sch.; Zuran/ Football Playing Ground |- |Gwamba |Bunzal/ Open Space Near K/Jauro; Byalanga/ Byalanga Pry. Sch.; Gidan Mission I/ Gwamba Pry. Sch.; Lassala/ Lassala Pry. Sch.; Sanlara/ Playing Ground |- |Kpasham |Bajiye I/ Kpasham Pry. Sch.; Bajiye II/ Market Premises; Bali Tanshi/ Open Space Near K/Jauro; Bali Yashi/ Viewing Centre; Bomni/ Bomni Pry. Sch.; Bujum Kona/ Pry. Sch.; Dakli/ Playing Ground; Kpankwai/ Playing Ground; Kwafara/ Pry. Sch.; Tagombali/ Pry. Sch.; Yadini/ Yadini Pry. Sch. |- |Mbula Kuli |Bajifang/ Viewing Centre; Kade/ Ext. Pry. Sch.; Kpakmyagi/ Bagun Pry. Sch.; Kulassala/ Labakuri/ Ext. Pry. Sch.; Kuli I/ Central Mbula Pry. Sch.; Kuli II/ Mbula Market Premises; Mwarawo/ Pry. Sch.; Nzungwaling/ Playing Ground; Tahau/ Tahau Pry. Sch.; Tassala/ Tassala Market |- |Nassarawo Demsa |Bolon/ Bolon Pry. Sch.; Gada Nume/ Pry. Sch.; Kedemure/ Pry. Sch.; Kokumto/ Pry. Sch.; Lawaru/ Pry. Sch.; N/ Demsa I/ N/Demsa Pry. Sch.; N/Demsa II/ Near Numan Hotel; N/Demsa III/ Near Viewing Centre |- | rowspan="11" |Fufore |Beti |Beti Wuro Mallum/ Beti Wuro Mallum Pry. Sch.; Chigari/ Chigari Pry. Sch.; Gawi/ Gawi Pry. Sch.; Baumshe Pry School; Ba Usumanu Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Chigari; Kofar Jauro Doukerol; Kofar Jauro Garin Tsada; Beli Chiuti Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Jalingo; Kofar Jauro Nyukka; Kofar Jauro Sawun; Kofar Jauro Shigalafiya; Gari Chekke (Kofar Jauro Wurochekke); Wuro Ardo/ Wuro Ardo Pry. Sch.; Zamfara Pry. Sch. |- |Farang |Farang Pry. Sch.; Farang Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Doukerol; Gdss Farang; Kofar Jauro Holmare; Kofar Jauro Hore Nyiwa; Kofar Jauro Jalingo; Kofar Jauro Kuro; Kofar Jauro Litare; Magaji Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Malabu; Mubako Pry Sch; Damare Pry Sch; Sabon Gari Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Tala; Kofar Jauro Wuro Bello; Kofar Jauro Wuro Heso; Kofar Jauro Wuro Jijiwa; Sabon Gari Pry. Sch |- |Fufore |Central Pry. Sch. I; Central Pry. Sch. II; Central Pry. Sch. III; G. S. S. Fufore I; G. S. S. Fufore II; G. S. S. Fufore III; Kapo Pry. Sch.; Kofar Alh. B. Nai; Kofar Alh. Mu'Azu; L. G Secretariat; Kofar Jauro Hausari I; Kofar Jauro Hausari II; Kofar Jauro Wurokurori; Margire Pry. Sch. I; Margire Pry. Sch. II; Njanjanre Pry. School; Sabon Gari Pry. Sch. |- |Gurin |Chikito Pry. Sch.; Filingo Pry. Sch.; Gurin Dispensary I; Gurin Dispensary II; Gurin G. S. S. I; Gurin G. S. S. II; Gurin Maternity; Gurin Tapare I; Gurin Tapare II; Gdss Gurin; Les Beti Pry Sch; Jubawo Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Karewa; Kofar Jauro Karlahi; Kofar Jauro Maitari; Muninga Pry Sch I; Muninga Pry Sch II; Kofar Jauro Nassarawo; Central Pry Sch Gurin I; Central Pry Sch Gurin II; Kofar Jauro Zumore; Parda Dispensary; Wuro Yolde Pry. Sch. |- |Karlahi |G. D. S. S. Karlahi; Area Court; Kofar Ardo Fulani; Kofar Jauro Bagauri; K. Jauro Beti Giware; K. Jauro Bossivani; K. Jauro Gagdi; K. Jauro Gogra; K. Jauro Kila Sakra; K. Jauro Lugga; K. Jauro Luggere; K. Jauro Paturu; K. Jauro Sabon Gari; K. Jauro Wamgo Garga; Kofar Jauro Wuro Jauro Yahya; Ngurore Pry. Sch; Toza Pry. Sch. |- |Mayo Ine |Kabillo Dispensary; Area Court Mayo Ine; Area Court Mayoine; Kofar Jauro Garu; Kofar Jauro Guliyang; Kahjang Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Kinikoi; Kiri Fulani Pry Sch.; Kofar Jauro Lainde; Kofar Jauro Mallare; Kofar Jauro Mayo Saganare; Kofar Jauro Mbilla; Kofar Jauro Nastirde; Ndingala Pry Sch.; Kofar Jauro Semti; Wuro Lamido Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Wuro Viccho; Limi Pry Sch; Mayo Sirkah Pry Sch; Wuro Sham Pry School; Wuro Sham Sabon Pegi |- |Pariya |Bagale Pry. Sch.; Bengo Pry. Sch.; Daware Pry Sch I; Daware Pry Sch II; Digino Ngarawo Pry. Sch.; Furo Pry. Sch.; Kadarbu Pry. Sch.; Digino Jubawo Pry Sch; Fuforeyel Pry Sch; Hamdalla Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Hodango; Kofar Jauro Jambutu Bagale; Mbilla Holmawo Pry Sch; Mbodejam Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro M/ Bello; Kofar Jauro Nassarawo; Wuro Ahi Yaungo Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Wuro Alaji; Wuro Yolde Pry Sch; Nassarawo Pry. Sch.; Pariya A Pry Sch; Pariya B Pry Sch; Pariya Gdss; Wuro Mou Pry Sch; Yaungo Pry. Sch. |- |Ribadu |Chaufajaule Pry. Sch.; Dasin Bwatiye Pry. Sch.; Dulo Bwatiye Pry. Sch.; Kofar Jauro Baure I; Kofar Jauro Baure II; Kofar Jauro Bodere; Kofar Jauro Farang Farang; Kofar Jauro Kuka; Nafori Pry Sch; Dulo Fulani Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Tumbinde; Kofar Waziri Ribadu; Near Bore Hole Dasin; Ribadu Pry. Sch.; Wuro Mallum Pry. Sch. Ribadu |- |Uki Tuki |Cholli Pry. Sch.; Gurinati Pry. Sch.; Jili Pry. Sch.; Kofar Jauro Baiward; Kofar Jauro Bello Doos; Kofar Jauro Jammare; Kofar Jauro Jampa; Kofar Jauro Safatawa |- |Wuro Bokki |Dasin Abba Kumbo Pry. Sch. I; Dasin Abba Kumbo Pry. Sch. II; Kamarsa Pry. Sch.; Bilachi Pry Sch; Gdss Malabu; Wuro Ujiri Pry Sch; Malabu Pry Sch; Malabu Dispensary; Kofar Jauro Jambutu; Mbilla Bilachi Pry Sch; Kofar Jauro Nadere; Kofar Jauro Suwawo; Wuro Hausa Pry Sch; Bilachi Dispensary; Kofar Jauro Wuro Marafa; Wuro Bokki Pry. Sch. |- |Yadim |Bati Primary School; Kofar Jauro Kori Walol Kobi; Kofar Jauro Samboi; Kofar Jauro Sambi; Kofar Jauro Wom Bagga; Nyibango Primary School; Ugi Primary School; Womba Primary School; Womjangi Primary School; Yadim Primary School I; Yadim Primary School II |- | rowspan="10" |Ganye |Bakari Guso |Babidi/ Kj Babidi; Bakari Guso/ Kj Bakari Guso; Dimoso/ Kj Dimoso; Dirdiu D. Sabo/ D. Pry. Sch. I; Dirdiu D. Sabo/ D. Pry. Sch. II; Gangtimen/ Kj Hamm. Bori; Jatau/ Jatau Pry. Sch.; Jauro Buba Bello/ K. J. Buba; Konglata/ Kj Konglata; Sani Garga/ Kj S. Garga; Dangana Pry Sch II (Tekere Naya/Kj T. Naya) |- |Gamu |Dissol Nalomi/ Dissol Pry. Sch.; Gamu Bariki/ Gamu Pry. Sch.; Gangtoma/ Tiyabumso Pry. Sch.; Kurum/ Kurum Pry. Sch.; Nalomi/ G. Maso/ Kj Nalomi; Sabere Karandang/ Sabere Pry. Sch.; Samberi/ Kj Samberi; Sankom/ Sankom Pry. Sch. |- |Ganye I |Maiduguri/ Kj Maiduguri; Sabon Layi/ In Front Of Prison; Sabon Layi I/ Ganye I Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi II/ Ganye I Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi/ Ganye II Pry. Sch.; Old Market III; Old Market III(Unguwan Barade); Unguwan Barade/ K. Tela Konta; Unguwan Hausawa I/ Old Market; Oldmarket Ganye IV Pry Sch; Unguwan Hausawa/ K. Shehu Daka; Magistrate Court; Nipost Office; Waziri Abbo/ Ganye IV Pry. Sch.; Yalaki/ Gangwari Palace |- |Ganye II |Min Of Works And Housing Ganye; New Motor Park Ganye; Dadiri/ Kj Dadiri; Jauro Hore/ Kj Hore; Luggere I/ Gra Pry. Sch.; Luggere II/ Gra Pry. Sch.; Luggere/ Gangaraso; Luggere/ Sub - Treasury; Luggere/ General Hospital; Nwanjumi/ Nwanjumi; Pessi/ Pessi Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi/ S. Layi Pry. Sch.; Tappare/ Vtc Ganye; Trigali Dama/ Kj T. Dama; Wukari/ Kj Wukari |- |Gurum |Bakari Adamu/ Gurumpawo Pry. Sch. I; Bakari Adamu/ Gurumpawo Pry. Sch. II; Dakuna Dakem/ Kj Dakem; Dakuna Tiba/ Kj Dakuna Tiba; Dalebi/ Dalebi Pry. Sch.; Jangeni/ Jangeni Pry. Sch.; Jauro Dabbo/ Kj Dabbo; Jusam/ Kj Jusam; Kiren Sando/ K. Sandon; Sammeri/ Sammeri Pry. Sch.; Sandon/ Kj Sandon; Sanguding/ Sanguding Pry. Sch.; Sankuma/ Kj Sankuma; Samman Gatanen/ Kj Saman; Sanlingbi/ Kj Sanlingbi; Santarum/ Kj Santarum; Sanvan/ Sanvan Pry. Sch. |- |Jaggu |Balgare/ Balgare Pry. Sch.; Bari Gajere/ Bari Pry. Sch.; Dakola/ Kj Dokala; Jaggu Sabon Layi/ Jaggu Pry. Sch.; Jauro Idi/ Kj Idi; Ribadu Yelwa/ Kj Ribadu Yelwa; Wadore/ Kj Wadore |- |Sangasumi |Kanisue/ Kj Kanisue; New Market; Sangassumi/ Kj Jimilla; Sangassumi/ Kj Kiba Ahmadu; Sangassumi/ Yelwa Rd. Junction; Sangassumi/ K. Yaro Kano; Sangassumi/ Vet. Office; Sangassumi/ Gangwari Sq.; Sangassumi/ S. Pry. Sch.; Santasa/ Kj Santasa |- |Sugu |A. Debbo/ A. Debbo Pry. Sch.; Batal Chamba/ Kj Batal; Dagoo/ Kj Dagoo; Dampiya I & II/ Kj Dampiya; Gangbanen/ Gangbanen Pry. Sch.; Gangtum Tappare/ G. Tappare Pry. Sch.; Gangtum Tappare/ Kj Nawai; Gsss Sugu/ Govt. S. S. Sugu; Janganen Gbeurum/ J. Gbeurum Pry. Sch.; Jusangum/ Kj Jusangum; Jutingo/ Kj Jutingo; Mayo Kordo/ Kj Mayo Kordo; Sandoka/ Immigration Office; Sankolum Dagena/ Sankolum Pry. Sch.; Sugu Town Hall; Sugu Viewing Centre |- |Timdore |Chamba Dayiri/ Dayiri Pry. Sch.; Dabora Dogo/ Kj Dabora; Dajan Daguni/ Dajan Pry. Sch.; Daksami/ Daksami Pry. Sch. I; Daksami/ Daksami Pry. Sch. II; Gangjonen/ Gangjonen Pry. Sch.; Gangminoni/ Kj Gangminomni I; Gangminoni/ Kj Gangminomni II; Gidan Kowa; Nangwan Pry Sch II; Nangwan Pry Sch I; Sabon Layi G. Laren/ S. Layi Pry. Sch.; Sandoka/ Sandoka Pry. Sch.; Sangub. S. Kuvan/ Kj Sangub; Sanjo Chamba/ Kj Sanjo Chamba; Sanjo Fulani/ Kj S. Fulani |- |Yebbi |Basule/ Kj Basule; Dimbiweri Sani Nagana/ Dimbi Pry. Sch. I; Dimbiweri Sani Nagana/ Dimbi Pry. Sch. II; Ganjari Jarande/ Kj Jarande; Gangjubi Kavan Nya/ Ganjub Pry. Sch.; Ganjuken G. Lari/ Gang Juken; Gbanin/ Kj Gbanin; Janpuli/ Kj Janpuli; Kaika/ Bakin Tasha Kaika; Kofar Gangyaware/ Kj Kakusum; Kubi Lisabi/ Kj Lisabi; Labari/ Kj Labari; Ngurore Yebbi/ Ngurore Pry. Sch.; Tading Kakusum/ Kj Gangmen; Timko. Timya. Nya/ Timko Pry. Sch. |- | rowspan="10" |Girei |Dakri |Anguwan Labaran/ Kofar Jauro Moh; Bajabure Housing Estate/ Phase II Road 2; Dakri Alhaji/ Kofar Alh. Bakari; Kofar Jauro Bobbo/ Kofar Jauro Bobbo; Kofar Jauro Yahaya/ Kofar Jauro Yahaya; Labondo/ Kofar Jauro; University/ Near Girls Hostel |- |Damare |Badirisa/ Kofar Jauro Adamu; Bajabure/ Kofar Jauro Yuguda I; Bajabure/ Kofar Jauro Yuguda II; Damare/ Damare Pry. Sch.; Karamti/ Kofar Mai Anguwa Sani; Lainde D/Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Sani; Yelwa/ Kofar Jauro Ali |- |Gerei I |Ardo Maguwa/ Kofar Ardo; Holmare/ Kofar Jauro; Hottollore/ Kofar Jauro; Kofar Alhaji Abba; Kofar Dallatu; Kofar Lawwalu/ Near Girei Market; Kofar Ubandoma/ Palace Gate; Kofar Wakili Misa/ Kofar Wakili Yahaya; Kolere/ Kofar Jauro; Wakili Yuguda/ Battare |- |Girei II |Bapetel Kila/ Girei II Pry. Sch.; Kofar Buba Margi; Kofar Galadima; Kofar Maiturare; Kofar Sarkin Hausawa; Njarenga/ Kofar Jauro Njarenga; Sangere W/Madi/ Kofar Jauro |- |Gereng |Fawaire / Kofar Jauro Duniya; Gereng 'I' / Gereng 'I' Pry. Sch.; Gereng 'II' / Gereng 'II' Pry. Sch.; Jauro Dagiya / Dagiya Pry. Sch.; Kangling / Kangling Pry. Sch.; Kofar Arnado / Kofar Jonah; Kofar Jauro Jatau / Vudeitu - No -Ine; Kofar Jauro Kalifa / Gereng 'B' Pry. Sch.; Kofar Nasara Kwaha Lumo |- |Jera Bakari |Gudusu/ Kofar Iya; Kaptarare/ Kofar Jauro Shehu; Ruwo Amsami/ Kofar Chiroma; Ruwo Basambo/ Kofar Modibbo Sa'Adu; Ruwo Sani/ Kofar Kaigama; Somyel/ Kofar Ardo |- |Jera Bonyo |Abba Murke/ Kofar Jauro Dango; Ardo Hayatu/ Fattude Jauro; Daneyel/ Daneyel Pry. Sch.; Jera Bonyo Pry. Sch.; Jera Bonyo W/Mala/ Kofar Barade; Pasagida/ Kofar Ardo Bamanga; Sabon Gari Daneyel/ Kofar Jauro S/Gari |- |Modire/ Vinikilang |Jabbire/ Kofar Jauro Jabbire; Kofar Jauro Buba/ Borehole Jauro Buba; Kofar Waya I; Kofar Waya II; Modire/ Kofar Mai Jimilla; Njobbore/ Kofar Jauro Njobbore; Tudun Wada/ Kofar Jauro Tudun Wada; Vinikilang Borehole/ Vinikilang First Borehole; Vinikilang Pry. Sch./ Vinikilang Pry. Sch. |- |Tambo |Bakopi/ Bakopi Pry. Sch.; Bidimchi/ Bidimchi Pry. Sch.; Kpongno/ Kpongno Pry. Sch.; Luru/ Luru Pry. Sch.; Murposa/ Murposa Market; Puporo/ Kofar Jauro Tiki Tiki; Tambo Jimoh / Tambo Jimoh Pry. Sch.; Tambo Manga/ Tambo Pry. Sch.; Suyi/ Kofar Jauro Ethan |- |Wuro Dole |Anguwan Hausawa/ Kofar Alh. Inuwa; Basarki/ Kofar Basarki; Goneri/ Kofar Safe; Jabbi Lamba/ Kofar J/Jabbi Lamba; Jibiro/ Gada Walewol; Mallam Madugu/ Filin Awon Auduga; Nasarawo/ Kofar Modibbo Julde; Sangere Margi/ Kofar Jauro Margi; Wuro Dole/ Kofar Jauro Wuro Dole |- | rowspan="10" |Gombi |Boga/ Dingai |Boga/ Boga Primary School; Boga/ Kofar Jauro; Dingai/ D/Maska /Kofar Jauro; Dingai / Dingai Primary School; Hurtunda /Okafor Jauro; Dingai / Jebre Primary School; Dingai /Johita / Kofar Jauro; Kilar/ Dingai/ Kofar Jauro; Kwadumra/ Kofar Jauro; Kwargwashe Dingai/ Pry. Sch.; Sama Farticha - Kofar Jauro; Sirta / Dingai/ Kofar Jauro; Shime/ Boga Pry. Sch.; Zangra/ Boga Pry Sch |- |Duwa |Dahra/ Kofar Jauro; Duwagari/ Pry. Sch.; Fotta/ Fotta Pry. Sch.; Fotta/ Fotta Clinic; Jaraboi/ Kofar Jauro; Jere/ Kofar Jauro; Kiro/ Kofar Jauro; Leme Fulani/ Kofar Jauro; Riji/ Pry. Sch. |- |Ga'Anda |Dadwari/ Pry. Sch.; Gangrang Pry. Sch.; Gudban/Korko; Hina/ Kofar Jauro; Hurtunda/ Kofar Jauro; Kanjara/ Pry. Sch.; Kampamta/ Kofar Jauro; Kwanta/ Pry. Sch.; Kojoli/Wanthera/ K/Jauro Kojoli; Njenjiba/ Kofar Jauro; Tubar/ Kofar Jauro, Tubar; Urdun/ Hurshalima/ Kofar Jauro Urdun |- |Gabun |Barda - Kofar Jauro; Bidim/ Kofar Jauro; Galgafun - Gagafun Pri. Sch; Ganjikta - Kofar Jauro; Hurduwa - Gabun Clinic; Hurgabun - Kofar Jauro; Kankeshir - Kofar Jauro; Kamsubura - Kofar Jauro; Wamerete - Kofar Jauro; Wumturu - Wumturu Pri. Sch. |- |Gombi North |Bawa Centre/ Kofar Jauro; Gudumiya/ Kofar Jauro; Huji/ V. T. C. Gombi; Kofar Ahmadu Gadu/ K-Ahmadu Gadu; Makera/ Gombi II Pry. Sch. I; Makera/ Gombi II Pry. Sch. II; Makera/ Gombi II Pry. Sch. III; Makera/ Gombi II Pry. Sch. IV; Sabon Layi Sullubawa/ Gombi I Pry. Sch.; Sosai Tappare/ Kofar Jauro; Tashan Ga'Anda; Ung. Buba Ba Sullube/ Gindin Ganji; Ung. Moh'D Dan Hadeja/ Clinic II Gombi; Ung. Dadin Kowa/ Kofar Jauro Abdu |- |Gombi South |Garin Dadi Mahauchi/ Kofar Dadi Mahauchi; Jekada Fari/ Gombi I Pry. Sch. I; Jekada Fari/ Gombi I Pry. Sch. II; Jekada Fari/ Gombi I Pry. Sch. III; Jekada Fari/ Gombi I Pry. Sch. IV; Old Market I; Old Market II; Sangere Mararaba/ Gombi II Pry. Sch.; Ung. Jauro Musa/ Kofar Jauro Musa I; Ung. Jauro Musa/ Kofar Jauro Musa II; Ung. Faransa/ Kofar Modibbo Suleiman I; Ung. Faransa/ Kofar Modibbo Suleiman II; Ung. Faransa/ Ung. Faransa Pry. Sch.; Ung. Faransa/ Islamiya Pry. Sch. |- |Garkida |Hursama/ Kofar Jauro; Mbewa/ Kofar Jauro; Ung. Hausawa/ Kofar Jauro; Ung. Fulani/ Kofar Jauro; Ung. Pwossi/ Kofar Jauro I; Ung. Pwossi/ Kofar Jauro II; Ung. Kabura/ Kofar Jauro; Ung. Wakili Malam/ N/Garkida Pry. Sch. I; Ung. Wakili Malam/ N/Garkida Pry. Sch. II; Wuyaku/ Pry. Sch. |- |Guyaku |Balwhowa/ Pry. Sch.; Dongo/ Kofar Jauro; Dzangola/ Pry. Sch.; Guyaku/ Guyaku Clinic; Hushipra/ Pry. Sch.; Jau/ Kofar Jauro; Kurara/ Kofar Jauro; Kwalamba/ Pry. Sch.; Parijo/ Pry. Sch.; Pirkasa/ Pry. Sch.; Sabon Gari/ Kofar Jauro; Virgwi/ Kofar Jauro; Ung. Sullubawa/ Kakwara; Wungara/Girgithang/ Pry. Sch. |- |Tawa |Bokki Tawa/ Pry. Sch.; Dahai/ Mayozamba/ Kofar Jauro Dahai; G/Bebe/ Dispensary; Garfite/ Kofar Jauro; Kaudi Hona/ Kofar Jauro; Mararraban Bokki/ Kofar Jauro; Mijiwana/ Kofar Jauro; Muchalla/ Pry. Sch.; Wugulsa/ Kofar Jauro; Wulabara/ Wulaba Pry. Sch. |- |Yang |Futena/ Pry. Sch.; Fotta Dutse/ Kofar Jauro; Ganjing/ Kofar Jauro; Kondusun/ Pry. Sch.; Sheno Gormoso/ Pry. Sch.; Yang/ Yang Pry. Sch. I; Yang/ Yang Pry. Sch. II |- | rowspan="10" |Guyuk |Banjiram |Banjiram/ K/M Banjiram; Deremina/ Banjiram Pry. Sch.; Deremina/ Gugu Pry. Sch.; Kwasalda/ Banjiram II Pry. Sch.; Kwasalda/ K/M Kwasalda; Kongora/ K/Dagacin Kwadada I; Krista/ Gss Banjiram |- |Bobini |Arah Teh/ Teh Pry. Sch.; Bilasi/ K/Dagacin Bobini; Dangu/ Dangu Pry. Sch.; Gwalam/ Gwalam Pry. Sch.; Jankaram/ Jankaram Pry. Sch.; Jauro Jalo/ K/Jauro Jalo; Krista/ Bobini Pry. Sch. |- |Bodeno |Bodeno/ Bodeno Pry. Sch.; Changilgaliye/ K/Maiunguwa; Doma/ Doma Pry. Sch.; Gorotoro/ Wawi/ Gorotoro Pry. Sch.; Mada/ Mada Pry. Sch.; Wawi/ Wawi Pry. Sch. |- |Chikila |Dangir Dutse/ K/Maiunguwa; Gimekiye/ Gimekiye Pry. Sch.; Gubaliye/ Gubaliye Pry. Sch.; Gubaliye/ K/M Zwarala; Gwalura/ K/M Gwalura; Gwasilwa/ Gwasilwa Pry. Sch.; Jaung/ K/M Jaung; Jiu Krista/ K/M Tholo; Jiukwata Pry. Sch.; Kalkira/Kofar D. Chikila; Kalwura/ Sili Centre Pry. Sch.; Krista Chikila/ Chikila Pry. Sch.; Krista Gwalura/ Gwalura Pry. Sch.; Krista Dangir/ K/M Krista; Krista Sili/ Sili Kassa Pry. Sch.; Thereng/ Sili T/ Pry. Sch.; Tholo/ Kongla K/M Unguwa; Womiye/ K/M Womiye; Yatsireliye/ Dangir Pry. Sch.; Yemothi/ K/M Yemothi |- |Dukul |Chirka/ Lamza II Pry. Sch.; Dakatsamza/ K/M Ung. Dakatsamza; Falu Tsikiye/ Falu Pry. Sch.; Gwanah/ Gwanah Pry. Sch.; Gwaziliya/ Gwaziliya Pry. Sch.; Kwagima/ Lamza Pry School; Kangima Tswinthire Pry. Sch.; Larabi/ Gundenyi Pry. Sch.; Tsikiye/ T/Kofar Mai Ungwar Falu; Walnye/ Gundenyi II Pry. Sch.; Walukrista/Walu Primary School; Zabala/ Zabala Pry. Sch. |- |Dumna |Bolekum/ Zakawon Pry. Sch.; Gwalura/ K/M Gwalura; Krista/ D/Dutse Pry. Sch.; Logali/ K/M Logali; Longuda/ Boshikiri Pry. Sch.; Sisikira Zirbu Pry. Sch.; Tsalbu/ K/Dagacin Tsalbu; Tekan/ Burthi Pry. Sch. |- |Guyuk |Chakawo/ K/M Chakawo; Gamabwasu/ Old Market; Jagira/ Jagira Pry. Sch.; Kwadangir/ Guyuk I Pry. Sch.; Kwampani/ K/Dagacin Bolekum; Nepa/ Nepa Office; Pillah/ K/Kwandi; Pwalamwarliye/ Police Barracks; Pwalamwarliye/ K/M Waja; Rabi/ K/Jauro Rabi; Sisikira/ K/M Sisikira; Swakise/ K/M Swakise; Zursingilaliye/ Central Sch. |- |Kola |Halaung/ Kerau Pry. Sch.; Kerau/ K/Dagacin Kerau; Kola Dutse/ K/Dagacin Kola; Kola Mission/ Kola Pry. Sch.; Krista/ Pondiwe Pry. Sch.; Lumbur/ K/M Lumbur; Mararabar Kola/ Kola II Pry. Sch.; Pondiwe/ K/M Pondiwe; Theble/ Theble Pry. Sch.; Yatsireliye/ K/M Yatsireliye |- |Lokoro |Deremina/ Lokoro Pry. Sch.; Gunda/ Gunda Pry. Sch.; Kawa/ K/Dagacin Kawa; Shidekise/ Market Square; Sukeliye/ Sukeliye Pry. Sch.; Yakwana/ K/M Yakwana |- |Purokayo |Deremina/ Purokayo Pry. Sch.; Deremina/ Kofar Dagacin Lakumna; Nassarawo/ Nassarawo Pry. Sch.; Zabisonka/ K/M Zabisonka |- | rowspan="12" |Hong |Bangshika |Bangshika Mission/ Kofar Jauro Haruna; Dilguda/ Kofar Jauro Ismaila; Dilmava/ Kofar Jauro Pella; Jiga-Jiga/ Kwambla Pry. Sch.; Kala'A Jalingo/ Kala'A Pry. Sch.; Kala'A Layi/ Kofar Jauro Abel; Kala'A Mission/ Kofar Jauro Kala'A; Kubutava/ Kubutava Pry. Sch.; Kwanan Kuka/ Kwanan Kuka Pry. Sch.; Kwatau/ Kwatau Pry. Sch.; Makera/ Makera Pry. Sch.; Mbalwaha/ Mbalwaha Pry. Sch.; Mblagyang/ Kofar Jauro Mblagyang; Mutuku/ Kofar Jauro Irimiya; Negadanya/ Kofar Jauro Usman; Pathangda/ Kofar Jauro Pathangda |- |Daksiri |Balanga/ Kofar Jauro Balanga; Bizirguna I/ Uding Pry. Sch. I; Bizirguna II/ Uding Pry. Sch. II; Bizirguna III/ Uding Pry. Sch. III; Dakza/ Dakza Pry. Sch.; Holma/ Kofar Jauro Holma; Unguwan Daksiri/ Daksiri Pry. Sch.; Unguwan Jagula/ Dilchinama Pry. Sch.; Unguwan Manda/ Mitil Daji Pry. Sch.; Unguwan Nuvu/ Tiding Pry. Sch.; Wajawari/ Zhedinyi Pry. Sch.; Wuro Bokki / Wuro Bokki Pry. Sch. |- |Garaha |Buzugu/ Kofar Jauro Ezra Yau; Duwariya/ Kofar Jauro Duwariya; Gabba/ Kofar Jauro Dogo; Garaha Dutse/ Garaha Dutse Pry. Sch.; Hulbara/ Kofar Jauro Hulbara; Kinging/ Kofar Jauro Alkali; Larh/ Kofar Jauro Hassan; Mijiji/ Kofar Jauro Caleb; Mojili I/ Garaha Mojili Pry. Sch.; Mojili II/ Garaha Mojili Pry. Sch.; Mojili III/ Garaha Mojili Pry. Sch.; Muzzu/ Kofar Sarki; Kwapre/ Kofar Joseph; Shashau/ Market Square |- |Gaya |Bugu/Chika/ Kofar Jauro Toma; Gartsanu/ Gartsanu Pry. Sch.; Gashala Guw/ Guw Pry. Sch.; Gashala Mbula/ Mubula Pry. Sch.; Gaya Bitirhuya/ Kofar Jauro Yohanna; Huduma/ Kofar Jauro Hamidu; Kuva Gaya I/ Kuva Gaya Pry. Sch.; Kuva Gaya II/ Kuva Gaya Pry. Sch.; Kuva Yashe/ Fa'A Pry. Sch.; Maki/ Maki Pry. Sch.; Mijili Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Mijili; Mijili Mission/ Mijili Pry. Sch.; Mubuta/ Kofar Jauro Mbuta; Mulata/ Kofar Jauro Mulata; Musda/ Kofar Jauro Haruna; Zubagu/ Kofar Jauro Zubagu |- |[[Hong (Nijeriya)|Hildi]] |Guw I/ Guw Pry. Sch.; Guw II/ Guw Pry. Sch.; Kadala/ Kofar Jauro Glaji; Kaigama/ Kofar Jauro Yaduma; Njemedi/ Njemedi Pry. Sch.; Paragalda I/ Hildi A. Pry. Sch.; Paragalda II/ Hildi A. Pry. Sch.; Sambo/ Hildi B. Pry. Sch. |- |Hong |Alhaji Sule/ Kofar Jauro Sule; Bikirmiya/ Fadama Reke Pry. Sch.; Dakfula I/ District Office Hong; Dakfula II/ Viewing Centre Hong; Dakfula III/ Kofar Jauro Bello; Dakfula IV/ Kofar Ahmadu Burba; Gudumiya/ Kofar Gudumiya Pry. Sch.; Kikidi Makera Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Makera; Kwabaktina/ Kwabaktina Pry. Sch.; Unguwan Alh. Umaru I/ Kofar Alh. Yuguda; Unguwan Alh. Umaru II/ Kofar Jauro Gudu; Unguwan Alh. Umaru III/ Dispensary Hong; Unguwan Alh. Umaru IV/ Jauro Isa Makera; Unguwan Alh. Umaru V/ Kofar Alh. Ahmadu (White House); Unguwan Hausawa I/ Kofar Jauro Hausawa; Unguwan Hausawa II/ Kofar Jauro Hausawa |- |Hushere Zum |Adda Abba/ Kofar Jauro Sule; Barkari/ Kofar Jauro Musa; Dadawaloji/ Kofar Abdullahi; Gangni/ Dziga Yerima Pry. Sch.; Jambala/ Garari Pry. Sch.; Jamtari/ Kofar Jauro Jamtari; Killing I/ Dilwachira Pry. Sch. I; Killing II/ Dilwachira Pry. Sch. I; Mallam Hassan/ Kofar Jauro Hassan; Marma/ Kofar Jauro Usman; Minyiu/ Kofar Ardo Salihu; Mombol I/ Mombol Pry. Sch.; Mombol II/ Market Square; Wuro Garba/ Kofar Jauro Moh'D |- |Kwarhi |Gashala/ Kofar Jauro Gashala; Gashala Migzil/ Migzil Pry. Sch.; Mararaba/ Near Alh. Bala's House; Sabon Gari/ Kwarhi A. Pry. Sch.; Tapare/ K. B. C.; Thalhuya/ Thalhuya Pry. Sch. |- |Mayo Lope |Gashala/ Gashala Pry. Sch.; Kumartai/ Kofar Jauro Kumartai; Kurmi Mayo Lope/ Kofar Jauro K/Mayo Lope; Mirinyi Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Fulani Miryi; Misirdanyi/ Gashala Dispensary; Njairi/ Njairi Pry. Sch.; Pada I/ Bakin Kasuwa; Pada II/ Bakin Kasuwa |- |Shangui |Gabba/ Shangui Pry. Sch.; Mandzaa/ Jauro Iliya; Mbuvu/ European Quarters; Munga/ Munga Pry. Sch.; Waja/ Kofar Jauro Timothawus |- |Thilbang |Babal Midilla/ Babal Midilla Pry. Sch.; Buzza/ Kofar Jauro Mile Bakwai; Dzambulau/ Thabu Pry. Sch.; Fachi/ Fachi Pry. Sch.; Gashaka/ Gashaka Pry. Sch.; Giwa Uding/ Ngalbi Pry. Sch.; G. S. S. Hong; Kokko/ Kofar Jauro Kokko; Madii/ Pella I Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi/ Kofar Jauro Yakubu; Sibir Kucha'A/ Dzuma Pry. Sch.; Unguwan Fulani/ Market Square; Unguwan Hausawa/ Kofar Jauro Bako |- |Uba |Dumde I/ Uba C. Pry. Sch. I; Dumde II/ Uba C. Pry. Sch. II; Dumde III/ Uba Dispensary; Jalingo/ Jalingo Pry. Sch.; Mangau/ Kofar Jauro Mangau; Mubula/ Kofar Jauro Sisi; Mufa Chaka/ Kofar Alh. Buba; Mufare/ Kofar Jauro Migilda; Para/ Market Square; Unguwan Sarki I/ District Office I; Unguwan Sarki II/ District Office I; Wuro Kae/ Kofar Jauro Wuro Kae |- | rowspan="11" |Jada |Danaba |Bawuro/ Bawuro Pry. Sch.; Bello Tonga/ Kofar Jauro Bello Tonga; Danaba Tsoho/ Danaba Pry. Sch.; Dashe/ Kofar Jauro Dashe; Dimkusun/ Dimkusun Pry. Sch.; Gangsanen/ Kofar Jauro Gangsanen; Gangtangen/ Nadeu Primary School; Kamenya/ Kamenya Pry. Sch.; Naguma/ Wuro Alhaji/ Naguma Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi/ Danaba Pry. Sch.; Saman/ Kofar Jauro Saman; Pry Sch Sandaguni; Sanguding/Sanguding Pry Sch; Sankeupo/ Sankeupo Pry. Sch. |- |Jada I |Bappate/ L. G Nursery, Pry. Sch.; Bello Ma'Aji/ Kofar Jauro Bello Ma'Aji; Bobda/ Kofar Jauro Bobda; Jamtari/ Jamtari Pry. Sch.; Kolere I/ Kofar Sarki Jada; Kolere II/ Kofar Sarki Jada; Kolere III/ Jada Dispensary; Kolere IV/ Jada Dispensary; Marware I/ Kofar Jauro Marware; Marware II/ L. C. C. N Bookshop Jada; Nyagang Kugama/ Kofar Jauro Nyagang; Tudun Wada I/ Jada I Pry. Sch.; Tudun Wada II/ Jada I Pry. Sch.; Wailare/ Gindin Rimi Wailare; Wuro Alh/ Jauro Laro/ Kofar J. Laro; Wuro Hausa/ Central Pry. Sch.; Kashin Yawo / L. G Nursery Pri. Sch. |- |Jada II |Dagbeula Gari/ Kona Uku Pry. Sch.; Dam/ Kofar Modibbo Yahya Wuro Reke; Duta - Era I/Kofar Jauro Duta Era; Duta - Era II/Kofar Jauro Duta Era; Gettado/ Kofar Jauro Gettado; G. S. S. Jada/ G. S. S. Jada; John Holt/ Gangwaso Pry. Sch.; Katsina I/ Kofar Jauro Katsina; Katsina II/ Kofar Jauro Katsina; Keumsi/ Kofar Jauro Keumsi; Pakorgel/ Pakorgel Pry. Sch.; Sarkin Yamma/ Sarkin Yamma Pry. Sch.; Wuro Yerima/ Kofar Jauro Alh. Buba |- |Koma I |Choncha/ Choncha Pry. Sch.; Dakpali/ Kofar Jauro Dakpali; Delengi/ Kofar Jauro Delengi; Gawi/ Gawi Pry. Sch.; Karo/Pindo/ Gindin Dimbo; Nali/ Kofar Jauro Nali; Nassarawo/ Nassarawo Pry. Sch.; Ngolomba/ Kofar Jauro Ngolomba; Saru Gari/ Kofar Jauro Saru Gari; Tantile/ Tantile Pry. Sch.; Unguwan Kalo/ Kofar Jauro Kalo; Usman Yammi I/ Kofar Jauro Gabdo; Usman Yammi II/ Kofar Jauro Usman Yammi; Wip/ Kofar Jauro Wip; Yebri/ Kofar Jauro Yebri |- |Koma II |Bantaji/ Kofar Jauro Bantaji; Betti/ Betti Pry. Sch.; Delli/ Kofar Jauro Delli; Gbaggi/ Kofar Jauro Gbaggi; Kewal/Kewal Pry. Sch.; Komni/ Kofar Jauro Komni; Konglo/ Kofar Jauro Konglo; Namjoro/ Kofar Jauro Namjoro; Samlo/ Samlo Pry. Sch.; Suli/ Kofar Jauro Suli; Tuli/ Tuli Pry. Sch.; Wari Bata/ Kofar Jauro Wari Bata; Wuro Jatau/ Gindin Mango Tree |- |Leko |Abejo/ Kofar Jauro Abejo; Open Space(Kj Usman Bayami); Chitta/ Chitta Pry. Sch.; Dalami/ Dalami Pry. Sch.; Football Field Dinaru; Football Field Dundehi; Gaji/ Gaji Pry. Sch.; Gwalgu Pry Sch; Jauro Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Gindin Kuka; Kubi Pry Sch .; Kubi Yero/ Kubi Yero Pry. Sch.; Mayo Hako/ Mayo Hako Clinic; So'O/ So'O Pry. Sch. |- |Mapeo |Dimkemi/ K. J. Kulu Wurba Koma; Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Fulani; Jalingo I/ Jalingo Dispensary; Open Space Jalingo II Lettere(Jalingo II/K/J Lettere); Kareji Natubi/ Kofar Jauro Natubi; Kojoli Jabbe/ Kojoli Jabbe Pry. Sch.; Lengdo I/ Lengdo Pry. Sch. I; Lengdo II/ Lengdo Pry. Sch. II; Mapeo/ Mayo Bewa/ Mapeo Pry. Sch.; Tappare/ Kofar Jauro Tappare; Vere/ Kofar Arnado Vere |- |Mayokalaye |Bagobiri/ Normadic Pry. Sch. Bagobiri; Dabala/ Kofar Jauro Dabala; Gangnai/ Gangnai Pry. Sch.; Gonglare/ Gonglare Pry. Sch.; Kilbawo/ Kilbawo Pry. Sch.; Modawal/ Kofar Jauro Modawal; Mayo Diya/ Kofar Jauro Mayo Diya; Nassarawo Jiru/ Nassarawo Pry. Sch.; Tasau Korkai/ Tasau Pry. Sch.; Wuro Abbo/ Wuro Abbo Pry. Sch.; Wuro Londe/ Jodare/ Gindin Tsamiya S/Gari |- |Mbulo |Farang Rai/ Kofar Jauro Farang Rai; Farang Van/ Farang Van Pry. Sch.; Gangmobi/ Gangmobi Pry. Sch.; Gangsanji/ Gangsanji Pry. Sch.; Area Court Kareji Natubi; Gangyaki/ Gangyaki Pry. Sch.; Jarandi/ Kofar Jauro Jarandi; Islamiya Pry Sch Jauro Joda; Kojoli/ Gangalada/ Gangalada Pry. Sch.; Pry Sch Tappare; Pry Sch Vere; Mbulo Kombuwal/ Mbulo K. Pry. Sch.; Pola/ Pola Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi/ Mbulo Pry. Sch.; Gdss Mbulo; Timkoba/ Kofar Jauro Timkoba; Pry Sch Weyibenso |- |Nyibango |Banche/ Banche Pry. Sch.; Boro/ Boro Pry. Sch.; Dashen/ Dashen Pry. Sch.; Open Space Kj/Gangabdu; Gangkoben/ Gangkoben Pry. Sch.; Open Space Kj/Gangsaka; Gangwaja/ Gangwaja Pry. Sch.; Jarandi Pry Sch; Madugu/ Girl Child Pry. Sch.; Open Space Kj/Mayo Galbi; Nyibango/ Nyibango Pry. Sch.; Sabon Gari I/Sabon Gari Pry Sch; Open Space Kj Sabon Gari; Supen/ Kofar Jauro Supen; Wuro Jatau/ Damoka Pry. Sch. |- |Yelli |Alh. Mayine/ Kofar J. Alh. Mayine; Alh. Jatau/ Kofar J. Alh. Jatau; Bello Ndamba/ Wuro Usman Pry. Sch.; Kojoli 2 Pry Sch (Bikkoi Kaji); Mboju Majadu; Borkono/ Borkono Pry. Sch.; Dagga/ Jaggi/ Kofar Jauro Dagga; Gadjo/ Gadjo Pry. Sch.; Kali/ Bayero/ Kofar Jauro Kali; Kojoli I/ Kojoli Pry. Sch.; Kojoli II/ Kofar Jauro Fulani; Namberu/ Namberu Pry. Sch.; Sapeo/ Sapeo Pry. Sch.; Sudi Chede/ Kofar Jauro Sudi; Kojoli 3 Pry Sch |- | rowspan="10" |Lamurde |Dubwangun |Bafyau/ Bafyau Pry. Sch.; Bafyau/ Kofar Jauro; Goh/ Kofar Jauro; Kwanogwe/ Kofar Jauro; Kwazumong/ Kofar Baba Giwa; Mbemun/ Unguwan Mission; Mbemun/ Kofar Jauro; Pude/ Kofar Baba Miji; Pude/ Kofar Mal. Iko; Tabongo/ Dubwangun Pry. Sch. |- |Gyawana |Bimukaling/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Fanz / Senior Staff Club I; Fanz / Senior Staff Club II; Garin Mallam Isa/ Kofar Jauro; Garin Overseer/ Kofar Jauro; Kasuwan Dare/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Low Cost/ Junior Staff Club; Mupun/Kofar Jauro; Ngbakowo/ Kofar Jauro; Supto/ Kofar Jauro |- |Lafiya |Dispensary/ Lafiya Dispensary; Lafiya/ Lafiya Pry. Sch.; Mamsirme/ Mamsirme Pry. Sch.; Mamsirme/ Kofar Sarki; Mere/ Lafiya Market; Tsohon Sarki/ Kofar Tsohon Sarki; Tsohon Tasha/ Kofar Wakili Paul |- |Lamurde |Hadiyo/ Kofar Mallam Ma'Amu; Hadiyo/ Kofar Paul Ogah; Gomburto/ Motor Park; Kasuwa/ Old Market; Kpashimuna/ Gindin Tsamiya; Madon/ Vude Kwete; Mwana/ Kofar Baba Ethan; Mwana/ Mwana Pry. Sch.; Mwanatari/ Mwanatari Pry. Sch.; Ngbebonge/ Ngbeonge Pry. Sch.; Sabon Gari/ Kofar Sarkin Kasuwa; Sabon Gari/ Unguwa Katsinawa; Sanga/ Viewing Centre; Shafan/ Town Hall; Tanzoluti/ Lamurde Pry. Sch. |- |Mgbebongun |Badun/ Kofar Sarki; Botoni/ Kofar Jauro; Hodipwa/ Kofar Jauro.; Kutu/ Kofar Jauro; Sabon Layi/ Sabon Lati Pry Sch; Tubto/ Tubto Pry Sch; Wammi/ Kofar Jauro; Tingno Kogi/ Pry. School; Tingno Kogi/ Kofar Wakili |- |Ngbakowo |Jangagura/ Ngbakowo Pry Sch.; Kabawa/ Kofar Jauro; Kabawa/ Kofar Sarkin Hausawa.; Kowei/ Kofar Jauro; Ngodogoron/ Kofar Jauro; Ngodogoron/ Kofar Wakili; Pomokolang/ Kofar Mai Anguwa |- |Opalo |Dauto/ Kofar Jauro; Gwasala/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Hoki/ Hoki Pry. Sch.; Kwalikita/ Kofar Eram; Ngbaruwe/ Kofar Tufule; Ngbazikang/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Shemun/ Kofar Jauro; Takusang/ Opalo Pry. Sch.; Zekun/ Zekun Pry. Sch. |- |Rigange |Bajen/ Kofar Jauro; Bajen/ Kwahabun; Dome/ Kofar Mal. Neban; Gongong/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Korgosei/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Ngbamupto/ Rigange Pry. Sch.; Tito/ Kofar Sarkin Hausawa; Tito/ Tito Pry. Sch.; Zina/ Kofar Jekamiah |- |Suwa |Bagani Song/ Kofar Jauro; Bariki/ Suwa Pry. Sch. I; Bariki/ Suwa Pry. Sch. II; Bollore/ Bollore Pry. Sch.; Bollore/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Bulkutu/ Bulkutu Pry. Sch.; Bunari/ Bunari Pry. Sch.; Dullum/ Dullum Pry. Sch.; Goye Kizza/ Kofar Yohanna Madaki; Lassun/ Lassun Pry. Sch.; Ruwan Zafi/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Sabon Pegi/ Kofar Wakili |- |Waduku |Bandawa/ Kofar Jauro; Dwenti/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Gyilla/ Kofar Jauro; Kagbare/ Kofar Mai Ung. James; Kwahuba/ Kofar Mal. Sunday; Kwa Mission/ Kofar Baba Elam; Lagos/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Ngbabonge/ Waduku Pry. Sch.; Ngbayofe/ Vude Poto; Tingno Tsakiya/ Kofar Bala Dangogo |- | rowspan="10" |Madagali |Babel |Bebel; Dirif/ Near Bulama's Resi.; Kamburu/ Sukur Sett Pry. Sch. I; Mazawa/ Mazawa Pry. Sch.; Nyibango/ Nyibango Pry. Sch.; Wuro Sara/ Wuro Sara Pry. Sch. |- |Duhu/ Shuwa |Duhu Mayo/ Njahili Pry. Sch.; Gwaba Nuhu I/ Duhu Pry. Sch. I; Gwaba Nuhu II/ Duhu Pry. Sch. II; Haruna/ Birshishiwa Pry. Sch.; Kolbadi/ Kolbadi Pry. Sch.; Kuburshuwa/ Near Lawan's House; Kwambula/ Kwabula Pry. Sch.; Lumadu/ Lumadu Pry. Sch.; Ndirakudiya/ Duriya Dluku Area; Shuwa Bakari I/ Shiwa Cen. Pry. Sch. I; Shuwa Bakari II/ Shiwa Cen. Pry. Sch. II; Shuwa Bakari III/ Shiwa Cen. Pry. Sch. III; Shuwa Kutiju I/ Shiwa Cen. Pry. Sch. I; Shuwa Kutiju II/ Shiwa Cen. Pry. Sch. II; Thalwachina/ Thalwachina Pry. Sch. |- |Gulak |Daryirthal/ Market Area; Gadadamai Kuda/ Pry. Sch. Gadadamai; Gdss/ Gdss Football Field; Ghantsa/ Ghantsa Pry. Sch.; Ghumbili/ Open Square; Giwakamda/ Giwa Mbula Pry. Sch.; Gulak Gari I/ District Office I; Gulak Gari II/ District Office II; Gwaram/ Village Open Square; Imirsa/ Imirsa Pry. Sch.; Jalingo I/ Jalingo Pry. Sch. I; Jalingo II/ Jalingo Pry. Sch. II; Kaya Kadir/ Kaya Pry. Sch.; Kuda Wazu/ Village Open Square; Lumare/ Market Square; Mararaba Jatau I/ Cent. Pry. Sch.; Mararaba Jatau II/ Cent. Pry. Sch.; Ngurgu'U/ Ngurgu'U Pry. Sch.; Wanu Muzai/ Wanu Pry. Sch. |- |Hyambula |Bitiku Juli/ Juli Pry. Sch.; Bitiku Papka/ Health Centre; Gadadamai/ Village Open Square; Kafin Hausa/ Kafin Hausa Pry. Sch.; Makandau/ Hyabula Pry. Sch.; Ngur Madu/ Near Mallam's Res.; Sabon Gari I/ Market Square I; Sabon Gari II/ Market Square II; Shaban/ Disp. Hyambula |- |K/Wuro Ngayandi |Duwala/ Duwala Pry. Sch.; Eliyasu/ Phc Kopa; Gwazu/ Maradi Pry. Sch.; Kirchinga I/ Gdss Kirchinga; Kirchinga II/ Gdss Kirchinga; Ko'E/ Kopa Cent. Pry. Sch.; Kopa Ladan/ Kopa Pry. Sch.; Kuda Wuro/ Wuro Nganyadi Pry. Sch.; Maiganamargi/ At Shuwari Pry School; Nasarawo/ Gadamaye Pry. Sch. |- |Madagali |Ardo Ahmadu/ Dev. Area Office; Burhang I/ Near Lawan's Area I; Burhang II/ Near Lawan's Area II; Disa/ Disa Open Square; Humshi/ Ardo's Open Field; Hurgo/ Hurgo Pry. Sch.; Ijafaru I/ Gss Madagali; Ijafaru II/ Gss Madagali; Kaigama/ Open Square; Sabon Gari I/ Gss Madagali; Sabon Gari II/ Gss Madagali; Sabon Layi I/ Sabon Layi Pry. Sch.; Sabon Layi II/ Sabon Layi Pry. Sch.; Visik Matakam/ Open Square; Visik Yale/ Visik Pry. Sch. |- |Pallam |Gari/ In Front Of Bulamas House; Giwa Gulak/ Market Square; Husada/ Husada Pry. Sch.; Kauye/ Kauye Pry. Sch.; Kwafur/ Dzuel Pry. Sch.; Kwapalma/ Wudufi Duriya; Kyalde/ In Front Of Bulamas House; Sidagha/ Open Square; Wudifi/ Open Square; Wudumulmu/ Pallam Pry. Sch.; Wurogas I/ Wurogas Pry. Sch.; Wurogas II/ Open Square |- |Shelmi / Sukur/ Vapura |Dugun/ Village Open Square; Giwa Tumahu/ Ward Head Area; Guvak/ Jira Pry. Sch.; Jilang/ Jilang Kafin Hausa; Kurang/ Near Ward Head Area; Mafer/ Mafer Pry. Sch.; Rugudum/ Rugudum Pry. Sch.; Sabon Gari/ Market Square; Shishiwa/ Mildu Pry. Sch.; Tilmari/ Ward Head Area; Ubashi/ Near Ardo's Area; Vapura/ Vapura Pry. Sch. |- |Wagga |Chakawa Gari/ Chakawa Pry. Sch.; Danzang/ Near Ardo's Res.; Dumankara/ Liman Kara Square; Gamace/ Wagga Mangoro; Gubla I/ Gubla Pry. Sch.; Gubla II/ Gubla Pry. Sch.; Jilayu/ At Majibe Bulama; Madira/ Wagga Pry. Sch.; Magar/ Near Magar Orchard; Mandaka/ Mandaka Pry. Sch.; Turtakiva/ Tur Pry. Sch.; Zake /Wagga Mangoro |- |Wula |Dirbilla/ Ardo's Open Square; Kushir/ Village Open Square; Muduvu/ Muduvu Pry. Sch.; Wakulu/ Near Bulama's Res.; Wutukuvu/ Ardo's Open Square; Zulumtum/ Village Open Square |- | rowspan="10" |Maiha |[[Belel, Najeriya|Belel]] |Belel/ Belel Pry. Sch.; Boloko/ Boloko Pry. Sch.; Bungel/ Kofar Ardo Hammawa; Jamtari I; Jamtari II; Jamtari III; Belel Pry Sch; Kirngabu/ Bakin Kwalta; Kolere ''A''/ Kofar Jauro Danburam; Kolere ''B''/ Kofar Jauro Buba; Pette Gari/ Kofar Ardo; Sabon Layi/ Kofar Jauro Julde; Gss Belel |- |Humbutudi |Basulum/ Lugdira Pry. Sch.; Dalehi/ Dalehi Dispensary; Dilwacira/ Mbalagi Pry. Sch.; Humbutudi/ Humbutudi Pry. Sch. I; Humbutudi/ Humbutudi Pry. Sch. II; Humbutudi Pry Sch; Kwalavaya/ Behind Ayuba's House; Lubum/ Kofar Jauro; Mudurusa/ Kofar Jauro; Murkuma/ Kofar Jauro; Parnyel/ Kofar Jauro |- |Konkol |Bakin Kasuwa ''A''/ Kofar Jauro Adamu I; Bakin Kasuwa ''B''/ Kofar Jauro Adamu II; Bantahi/ Kofar Tella Njidda; Bappare/ Kofar Jauro Buba; Konkol Pry Sch; Ibadan/ Konkol Dispensary; Mararaban Konkol/ Konkol 1 Pry. Sch.; Wuro Bamadi/ Kofar Isa Iyawa |- |Maiha Gari |Boken/ Boken Pry. Sch.; Mandara Pry Sch; Jaba Jaba/ Kofar Jauro; Karewa/ Kofar Jauro; Lugga/ Lugga Dispensary; Maiha Gari/ Maiha Gari Dispensary I; Maiha Gari/ Maiha Gari Dispensary II; Nasarawo/ Mandara Pry. Sch. I; Nasarawo/ Mandara Pry. Sch. II; Nassarawo Lugga/ Kofar Jauro |- |Manjekin |Dafra/ Kofar Jauro Yahya; Gashiga/ Kofar Hamman Laral; Jalingo - Bu/ Kofar Yerima Sajo; Jambutu/ Salma Pry. Sch.; Kwa'Abo'On/ Kwa'Abo'On Pry. Sch.; Manjekin/ Manjekin Pry. Sch. I; Manjekin/ Manjekin Pry. Sch. II; Matsimin/ Kofar Jauro; Wuro Kawu/ Wuro Kawu Pry. Sch.; Yango/ Kofar Modibbo Sadu |- |Mayonguli |Buba Pakka 'A'/ Kofar Jauro I; Buba Pakka 'B'/ Mazulva Pry. Sch. II; Buba Pakka 'C'/ Mazulva Pry. Sch. III; Bwade/ Kofar Jauro; Fada/ District Office I; Fada/ District Office II; Fulbere/ Kofar Jauro; Hamdalla/ Kofar Jauro Ali; Hudu/ Kofar Jauro; Jalingo Maiha Pry Sch; Mangiden/ Kofar Ardo; Nassarawo/ Maksha Pry. Sch. I; Nassarawo/ Maksha Pry. Sch. II; Panjauda/ Kofar Jauro I; Panjauda/ Kofar Jauro II; Toungo/ Jalingo Maiha Pry. Sch. I; Toungo/ Jalingo Maiha Pry. Sch. II |- |Pakka |Furemane/ Kofar Jauro Hamman; Kuwa/ Kofar Jauro; Ma'Ane/ Kofar Jauro; Madeda/ Pakka Pry. Sch.; Maduwa/ Market Square I; Maduwa/ Market Square II; Pegin/ Pegin Pry. Sch.; Pakka Pry Sch; Toungo/ Kofar Ardo |- |Sorau 'A' |Kowagol/ Kowagol Pry. Sch.; Kubare/ Kofar Jauro; Njillang/ Kofar Jauro; Wuro Boka/ Kofar Jauro; Wuro Gende/ Kofar Jauro; Wuro Kolwa/ Kofar Jauro; Wuro Ladde/ Wuro Ladde Pry. Sch. |- |Sorau 'B' |Bafere/ Kofar Jauro; Bokkire/ Mayo Vamde Pry. Sch.; Bolware/ Sorau Pry. Sch.; Gashiga/ Kofar Jauro; Holmare/ District Office I; Holmare/ District Office II; Kolere/ Sorau Pry. Sch.; Gss Sorau (B); Lainde/ Kofar Jauro Lamu; Masagala/ Masagala Pry. Sch.; Tara/ Kofar Jauro; Wafango/ Kofar Jauro |- |Tambajam |Daram/ Kofar Commissioner; Disa/ Kofar Jauro; Dzarma/ Kofar Jauro; Mabegechi/ Kofar Jauro; Tambajam/ Tambajam Pry. Sch.; Wuro Alh./ Wuro Alh. Pry. Sch.; Wuro Iya/ Wuro Iya Pry. Sch.; Wuro Jagi/ Bawo Hosere Pry. Sch.; Wuro Majabi/ Kofar Jauro |- | rowspan="11" |Mayo - Belwa |Bajama |Bajama Fulani Pri. School; Dapanti K/Jaso/ Gorobi Pry. Sch.; Goni/ Goni Pry. Sch.; Kudaku J/Maisamari/ Gorobi Pry. Sch.; Wakare/ Kofar Jauro; Wakule/ Goni Pry. Sch.; Wayere I/ Kofar J/Wayere I; Wayere II/ Kofar J/Wayere II |- |Binyeri |Bamfo/ Bamfo Pry. Sch.; Binyeri I/ Binyeri Pry. Sch. I; Binyeri II/ Binyeri Pry. Sch. II; Binyeri III/ Binyeri Pry. Sch. III; Binyeri IV/ Kofar Jauro Dupen; Boyu/ Boyu Pry. Sch.; Gangbarani/G/Pana/ Kofar J/G/Barani; Gangpana/ Gangpana Pry. Sch.; Gangtagani I/ G/Tagani Pry. Sch. I; Gangtagani II/ G/Tagani Pry. Sch. II; Hammagabdo/ Kofar Jauro H/Gabdo; Jampuru/ Jampuru Pry. Sch.; Moki/ Moki Pry. Sch. |- |Gangfada |Ardo Baya/ Kofar Jauro; Gambe I/ Gambe Pry. Sch. I; Gambe II/ Gambe Pry. Sch. II; Gangfada/ G/Fada Pry. Sch.; Gangkerol/ Kofar Jauro; Mashiyeri/ Polakuni Pry. Sch.; Mbanga/ Mbanga Pry. Sch.; Mbullo/ Kofar Jauro; Pola Kanoki/ Kofar Jauro; Pola Kuni/ Kofar Maiunguwa; Sittim/M/Koleni/ Koleni Pry. Sch.; Tibabara/ Kofar Jauro |- |Gengle |Bidda/ Bidda Pry. Sch.; Gengle/ Gengle Pry. Sch.; Kancharoo/ Kofar Jauro; Kona/ Kona Pry. Sch.; Kugama/ Kugama Manga Pry. Sch.; Kugama Wuro Dabo/ Kofar Jauro Kugama; Tugga Wuro / Tugga Pry School; Wappa Fulani/ Wappa Pry. Sch.; Wuro Aminu/Kofar Jauro; Yandang Karaje/ Y/ Karaje Pry. Sch. |- |Gorobi |Dapanti Yudindin/ A/ Manga Pry. Sch.; Noking/ Kofar Jauro Noking; Nyabalang/ Kofar Jauro Nyabalang; Ubakka I/ Ubakka Pry. Sch. I; Ubakka II/ Ubakka Pry. Sch. II; Wageren Yelwa/ Wageren Pry. Sch.; Watachi I/ Kofar Jauro Watachi; Watachi II/ Kofar Jauro Watachi; Wagure/ Kofar J/Wagure; Wakka/ Wakka Pry. Sch.; Yazani Tumari/ Kofar J/ Tumari; Yotti Giriri/ Mayolope Pry. Sch. |- |Mayo-Belwa |Hammanyero I - Old Nursery Pri. Sch.; Hammanyero II - Old Motor Park; Hayatu I Old Township Police Station; Hayatu II - Kofar Bello Umar; Jamtari - Kofar Jauro; Sabon Gari - G. S. S M / Belwa; Sarkin Shanu I - Mayo Belwa I; Sarkin Shanu II - Mayo Belwa II; Tudun Wada I - T /Wada Pri. Sch. I; Tudun Wada II - T /Wada Pri. Sch. II; Tudun Wada III - T /Wada Pri. Sch. III; Tudun Wada IV Lamdo Kabbi; Model Pry Sch I; Model Pry Sch II; Wuro Abba / M / Saganare - Mbilla Pri. Sch.; Wuro Abba / Vendalam - Kofar J/V/Dalam; Wuro Jabbi - L. G Secretariat; Wuro Mana I - Islamiya Pri. Sch. I; Wuro Mana II - Islamiya Pri. Sch. II; Wuro Mana III - Islamiya Pri. Sch.; Yelwa I - Yelwa Pri. Sch. I; Yelwa II - Yelwa Pri. Sch. II; Zango I - Viewing Centre; Zango II - Inside UNICEF Pry. Sch. |- |Mayo Farang |Dibanci Jilima I/ Kofar Jauro Teme; Dibanci Jilima II/ Kofar Jauro Dibanci; Gijaro/ Gijaro Pry. Sch.; Gunure/ Kofar Jauro; Kokoli/ Kofar Jauro; Kusake R/Giwa/ R/Giwa Pry. Sch.; Laide Dangsa Gijaro/ K/Jauro Laide; Liringo/Sakingo/ Kofar J/Liringo; Mayo Farang I/ Mayo Farang Pry. Sch. I; Mayo Farang II/ Mayo Farang Pry. Sch. II; Mayo Lamja/ Mayo Lamja Pry. Sch.; Mbalgare/ Mbalgare Pry. Sch.; Ngorong/ Kofar Jauro; Sate Koseyel - Joye/ Kofar Jauro; Sebore Ahmadu I/ Kofar J/Sebore; Sebore Ahmadu II/ Sebore Pry. Sch.; Wuro Alim/Kj W/Alim; Wuro Biriji/ Kofar Jauro Bello; Wuro Liman/ Kofar J/W/Liman; Wuro Yombe/ W/Yombe Pry. Sch. |- |Nassarawo Jereng |Bambe Fulani - Bambe Pri. Sch.; Bura/ Bura Pri. Sch.; Dadoru / Dadoru Pri. Sch.; Dangsa / Kofar J/ Dangsa; Dangsa / Bargal / Dangsa Pri. Sch.; Ganglamja/G/Pelum / Ganglamja Pri. Sch.; Jatuluyu / Kofar Jauro; Jeleng / Jeleng Pri. Sch.; Jereng Fulani / Jereng Pri. Sch.; Jereng Hausa / Viewing Centre; Mumnapi Yamdo / Kofar Jauro Yamdo; Pong / Mibolo / Kofar Jauro; Zabi / Sakla / Zabi Pri. Sch. |- |Ndikong |Dalehi / Dalehi Pri. Sch.; Garu - Gari / Garu Pri. Sch.; Jamdudi /Jamdudi Pri. Sch.; Mayo Jafa/Nyakari / Kofar Mai Unguwa; Nassarawo / Ndikong Pri. Sch.; Ndikong Diwa Yanta / Ndikong Pri. Sch.; Sindigawo / Sindigawo Pri. Sch.; Wuro Jauro Gumbi / Kofar Jauro Gumbi; Wuro Yombe/ Kugama / Wuro Yombe Pri. Sch. |- |Tola |Bura / Bura Pri. Sch.; Dayino Kossa / Kofar J/ Dayino; Dejja M / Lesdi / Kofar J / Dejja; Fada I / Tola V/Centre I; Fada II / Tola V/Centre II; Gang Bindol I / Tola Market I; Gang Bindol II / Tola Market II; Gangdidol / Kofar J/Gangdidol; Gangwaso Kofa - G/Waso Pri. Sch.; Gangwaso Bakari / Kofar J/G/Waso; Kibang / Kibang Pri. Sch.; Sabon Gari W/Jama'A / Kofar Jauro/W/Jama'A; Tola Jabu / Kossa - Tola Jabu Pri. Sch.; Walowol Iware / Kofar Jauro |- |Yoffo |Binkola Gari I /Binkola Pri. Sch. I; Binkola Gari I I /Binkola Pri. Sch. II; Chukkol Batare / Chukkol Batare Pri. Sch.; Chukkol Joda G. D. S. S Chukkol; Dundere / Kofar Jauro; Kanjang Kofar Jauro; Mayo Lamja Karimu / M/Lamja Pri. Sch.; Mbela Lagaje / Mbela Pri. Sch.; Mumbake / Mumbake Pri. Sch.; Namjo Fulani / Namjo Pri. Sch.; Ndiyam Dadi Kofar Jauro; Wuro Bornoji / Kofar Jauro; Yoffo Fulani / Yoffo Pri. Sch. |- | rowspan="16" |Michika |Bazza Margi |Jule / Biang Pri. Sch.; Kamingiri / Kamingiri Pri. Sch.; Ldaba / Ldaba Pri. Sch.; Mukulo / Kofar Bulama; Pou Drimbi / F. W. A Pri. Sch.; Ung. Ardo / Kasuwa Bazza I; Ung. Ardo / Kasuwa Bazza II |- |Futudou / Futules |Dabala Vandi I & II /Kofar Bulama Zira; Dibike / Ung Bulama; Didibe Tizhe / Ung Bulama; Gamb A / Ung. Bulama; Himikeless I & II / Ung. Bulama; Kampika I& II / Futuless Pri. Sch; Kwakwaghume / Ung. Bulama Hinci; Kavoa / Vagura / Ung. Bulama Dipe.; Kavao/ Ung. Bulama; Muzayi / Gamba / Futudou Pri. Sch.; Mulke / Kofar Bulama; Nde / Magwa / Ung Bulama; Ung. Ardo / Ung. Ardo Futudou; Yiwa Tapwa / Ung. Bulama Detumba; Whazili/ Tse |- |Garta / Ghunchi |Ghumghani / Ghunghani Pri. Sch.; Gwarme / Viam - Ung. Viam; Hosere/ Dzukwi - Ung. Bulama; Kamelgu /Ghuchi Pri. Sch.; Kwabardade / Kwabardade Pri. Sch.; Magwa / Kankala Garta Pri. Sch.; Ndimndimi / Ung. Bulama; Ung. Ardo / G. D. S. S Garta; Whazama / Central Pri. Sch. Garta |- |Jigalambu |Gari Biri / View Centre; Garu Pulu / Old Market; Jigalambu / Jigalambu Pri. Sch.; Kankilachimi / Kankila Pri. Sch.; Kura / Tsandza - Ung. Bulama; T / Wada / Muzu - Tudun Wada Pri. Sch. |- |Madzi |Bulashafa / Bulashafa Pri. Sch.; Kubi / Kasuwan Kubi; Kwadzale / Kuburshosho Pri. Sch.; Watu I / Watu Pri. Sch. I; Watu II / Watu Pri. Sch. II; Yambule / Yambule Pri. Sch. |- |Michika I |Fulbere / Area Court No I; Fulbere / Central Pri. Sch.; Hausari/ Near D. H. Office; Hausari / Hausari Pri. Sch. I; Hausari / Hausari Pri. Sch. II; Hausari / Hausari Pri. Sch. III; Kolere / Timber Shed; Matakam I / Central Pri. Sch. I; Matakam II / Central Pri. Sch. II; Sabon Layi I / Near Agric Office; Sabon Layi II / Co-Op. Office; Ubare I / Co-Op. Office; Ubare II / Area Court No I; Zaibadari I / Zaibadari Pri. Sch. I; Zaibadari II / Zaibadari Pri. Sch. II; Zaibadari III / Zaibadari Pri. Sch. III |- |Michika II |Chasdewol I / Chasdewol Pri. Sch.; Chasdewol II /G. S. S Michika; Jang / G. S. S Jang; Lughu / Lughu Pri. Sch.; Munkurahe / Central Pri. Sch.; Sangere I / G. S. S Michika; Sangere II / Yaskule Pri. Sch. |- |Minkisi/ Wuro Ngiki |Ardo Ma'Azu/ Pambula Pry. Sch.; Dlira / Ung. Bulama; Drigimi/ Drigimi Pry. Sch.; Jiddel I/ Jiddel Pry. Sch.; Jiddel I/ Nurvoa Pry. Sch.; Mbororo/ Kasuwa Mbororo; Tiafarshi / Drigimi Pri. Sch.; Ung. Ardo Hantifa / Kofar Ardo Hantifa; Ung. Ardo / Liddle Pri. Sch. |- |Moda / Dlaka / Ghenjuwa |Damago / Kofar Bulama; Hudzukwi Pri. School; Jauro Salihu / Moda Pri. Sch.; Kwadiri / Kwadir Pri. Sch.; Ung. Ardo Tari Yawa / Kofar Ardo Tari Yawa; Ung. Ardo Tari Yawa / Kofar Bulama Kide; Wajara Ndawa I / Barki Dlaka Pri. Sch. I; Wajara Ndawa II / Barki Dlaka Pri. Sch. II |- |Munkavicita |Dzugwalde P/Pali - Kofar Bulama; Kule Mbule / Nkafamiya Pri. Sch.; Mrazhiwe / Kofar Bulama; Patha / Patha Pri. Sch.; Zilli Hante / Kofar Bulama |- |Sina / Kamale / Kwande |Ghumtupe / Kofar Bulama; Hufuki / Kofar Bulama; Kamalgu Pri. Sch.; Kilanga / Kofar Bulama; Nyiburi Pri. School; Sina Gali Pri. School; Sinamala / Bizi / Bizi Sabo Pri. Sch.; Tadaha / Ung. Bulama; Ung. Ardo / Ung. Ardo; Wafungo / Kwatsuba / Sinakwande Pri. Sch.; Whate / Whate Pri. Sch.; Wuro Boki / Wuro Boki Pri. Sch.; Wuro Nanga / Kasuwa Sina |- |Thukudou / Sufuku / Zah |Buppa / Kofar Bulama; Buppa Drisha / Kofar Bulama; Drishi / Ung. Bulama; Kalu Kasa / Kofar Bulama; Kalu Kazzhiwa / Kofar Bulama; Mitama Tsala / Kofar Bulama; Mitsa / Kofar Bulama Bitrus Zira; Muhale / Kulange - Kofar Bulama; Mungaba / Kofar Bulama; Mutana Mugha; Zah Gappa / Kofar Bulama; Zah Gretia / Zah Gretia Pri. Sch.; Zah Kure / Karaza - Kofar Bulama; Zah Lagu / Zahmugha Pri. Sch. |- |Sukumu / Tillijo |Delchim/ Delchim Pri. Sch.; Kudzum / Kudzum Pri. Sch.; Kasuwa Lughu; Mija / Kofar Bulama; Pa Kwada / Kofar Bulama; Shafa / Shafa Pri. Sch.; Tsukumu / Tilijo / Tsukumu Pri. Sch.; Tsukumu I / Demo Pri. Sch.; Wamu / Kriya / Wamu Pri. Sch.; Whabozhi / Whabozhi Pri. Sch.; Watsila Pri. Sch. |- |Tumbara / Ngabili |Juje / Kofar Bulama; Kwabapale / Kwabapale Pri. Sch.; Kwanbadia / Kasuwa Kuturu; Villegwa / Villegwa Pri. Sch |- |VI / Boka |Dagawa I/ Ung. Bulama Dagawa I; Dagawa II/ Ung. Bulama Dagawa II; Hyala Mughala / Ung. Bulama; Kachinkala / Kaltha - Ung. Bulama; Shike Gabas / Ung. Bulama; Tisa / Ung. Bulama; Ung. Ardo Boka / Kofar Ardo Boka; Ung. Ardo VI / Ung. Ardo VI |- |Wamblimi / Tilli |Mbunte / Ung. Bulama; Mushinte Kasuwa Naira; Sabon Baku / Kofar Bulama; Sabon Dave Kofar Bulama; Sabon Wanjeje Kofar Bulama; Tili Miya / Tili Pri. Sch.; Yamwe /Khourvi Pri. Sch. |- | rowspan="11" |Mubi North |Bahuli |Guranga Pri. Sch./ Guranga; Kofar Jauro Balaya/ Duga; Kofar Jauro Girlahwa/ Girlahwa; Kofar Jauro Guri/ Guri; Kofar Jauro Hayatu/ Nduku; Kofar Jauro M. T. Mara/ M. T. Mara; Kofar Jauro Mbiduwa/ Mbiduwa; Kofar Jauro Wafango / Wafango; Kofar Jauro Tsemo/ Tsemo; Kofar Jauro Tsema/ Girmanjara; Maduguva Pri. Sch./ Maduguva; R C M/ Boitsama |- |Betso |Bakin Kasuwa/ Bakin Kasuwa I; Bakin Kasuwa/ Bakin Kasuwa II; Betso Dispensary/ Mashodi; Betso Pri. Sch./ Betso Mango; Girpa/ Girpa; Hosere/ Hosere; Jauro S./ Layi/ Sabon Layi; Kofar Jauro Mageu/ Mageu; Kofar Jauro Kaya/ Kaya; Kwa Pri. Sch./ Kwa; Manzil Pri. Sch./ Manzil; Suzuwa Pri. Sch./ Suzuwa |- |Digil |Batande/ Batande; Didif Pri. Sch./ Didif; Digil Pri. Sch./ Lesswuro; Hurida Pri. Sch./ Hurida; Kofar Ardo Marafa/ Douwuro; Kofar Jauro Yaza/ Yaza; Muchalare/ Muchalare; Wuro Barka/ Wuro Barka; Wuro Harde Pri. Sch./ Wuro Harde |- |Kolere |Abdu Mawachi/ Treatment Plant; Kallamu Mahauchi; Kofar Abba Goni/ Kolere Arewa; Kofar Alh. Njidda/ K. Round About; New Kolere Pry Sch I; New Kolere Pry Sch II; Kofar Jauro Garba/ Garba; Under Neem Tree (Open Space) M. Stati; Njidda Yawalla; Gindin Manguro (Open Space ) Sa'Ad Lamorde; W. T. Plant/ Power House |- |Lokuwa |District Office; Gada Market/ Kasuwa Gada; Kasuwa Rake/ Kofar Kudu; Kofar Aboki/ Alh. Abdu; Kofar J. Musa/ Jauro Musa; Local Govt. G/House; Lokuwa Maternity; Lokuwa I Pri. Sch. I; Lokuwa I Pri. Sch. II; Lokuwa II Pri. Sch. III; Mohammed Kachalla; Mohammed Mana/ Kofar Moh'D; Mubi I Pri. Sch.; Ministry Of Land & Survey/ Garden City; Rest House/ G. R. A.; Shuware/State Low Cost; Shuware G. S. S.; Federal Poly/Sport Centre; Wuro Gude Primary School |- |Mayo Bani |Giwablam Pry Sch./ Bajaugafu; Jarengol Pri. Sch./ Jarengol; Jauro Kurmi Husara/ Kurmi; Kofar Jauro Didif/ Didif; Kofar Jauro Digire/ Digire; Kofar Jauro Dadigal/ Dadigal; Kofar Jauro Lainde/ Lainde; Kofar Jauro Kotirde Ubare/ Ubare; Kofar Jauro Birma/ Birma Layi; Mayo Bani Pry. Sch./ Bulure; Muva Pry. Sch./ Muva Layi; Tappare Pri. Sch./ Tappare |- |Mijilu |Dispensary/ Chima Dau; Jambula Pri. Sch./ Jambula; Gazha Market/ Gazha; Jauro Tsanyi/ Tsanyi; Jauro Yakwa/ Yakwa; Kiyya/ Maza I; Kiyya/ Maza II; Kofar Ardo/ Tari; Kofar Jauro/ Kurli; Kofar Jauro/ Kulmi; Kofar Jauro/ Lainde; Kofar Jauro/ Muji; Kofar Jauro/ Mirinyi; Kopali/ Kopali; Kwasikini Pri. Sch./ Kaghi; Miza Pri. Sch./ Hunda; Mukta Pri. Sch./ Dagwatari; Wuduvi Pri. Sch./ Wuduvi |- |Muchalla |Bagira Pri. Sch./ Guvwamda; Chambal Pri. Sch./ Mandara; Kamuda Pri. Sch./ Kamuda Muvur; Kofar Ardo Buba/ Dangira; New Village Square/ Farapayo; Open Space In Front Of K/Ardo Dirlaya; Kofar Ardo Garba/ Gemowa Garba; Kofar Ardo Girzaka Gurnura; Kofar Ardo Gurnuva/ Gurnuva; Kofar Ardo Kaba/ Kaba; Kofar Jauro Kudiya/ Kudiya; Kofar Jauro Magura/ Magura; Kofar Jauro Madiva/ Madiva; Kofar Jauro Mavura/ Mavura; Kofar Jauro Muji/ Muji; Kofar Jauro Ribawa/ Ribawa; Kofar Mallam Aji; Market Stall/ Taskwa; Maskoka Pri. Sch./ Maskoka; Much Dev. Area Office/ Hutiya Ardo; Mucgal Pri. Sch./ Mabinya; Mitiri Pri. Sch./ Gemoma Maikol; Mitiri Pri. Sch./ Kofar Jauro Isa; Pwagwi Pri. Sch./ Mbulaya |- |Sabon Layi |Adult Education Centre; Bus Stop/ Station; Gindin Durmi/ Bulure; Islamiya Pri. Sch./ Anguwar Durmi; Anguwan Tasha/Bayan Tsohon Tasha I; Angwuwan Tasha/Bayan Tsohon Tasha II; Kofar Adamu Zakka/ Adamu; Kofar Alhaji Mana/ Alh. Mana I; Kofar Alhaji Mana/ Alh. Mana II; Kofar Alkali Paryel/ Al. Paryel; Kofar Ardi Malaya/ Virde; Kofar Baba Gire / Baba Gire I; Kofar Buba Song/ K. Buba Song; Kofar Dallatu/ Dallatu; Kofar Ishaku/ Ishaku; Kofar Isa Ahmadu/ W. Isa Ahmadu; Kofar Jauro Abba; Kofar Abdu; Kofar Jauro Julde/ Julde; Kofar Jibrilla/ Jibrilla; Kofar Modibbo/ Modibbo Suleiman; Kofar Yakubu/ Yakubu; Yangonjo / Kofar Yangonjo; Sarkin Shanu/ S. Shanu I; Sarkin Shanu/ S. Shanu II; Tobacco Store/ T. Store |- |Vimtim |Mbamba Pri. Sch./ Mbamba; Bakin Kasuwa/ Lepro; Bule House/ Lira; Duda Pri. Sch./ Duda; Muzuwa/Kofar Jauro Muzuwa; Koma Pry Sch./ Bavige; Kofar Buwangal/ Buwangal; Kofar Jauro/ Bamilla; Vimtim Pri. Sch./ Mararaba |- |Yelwa |Gadan Jini/ Gadan Jini; Hajiya Yanbiu/ Hajiya Yanbiu; Kochifa Dispensary/ Kochifa; Kofar Adamu Gajere/ Adama Gajere; Kofar Alh. Ibrahim Idirisu/ Alh. Idrisu; Kofar Siddiki/ Siddiki; Kofar Isa Wanzam/ Mobili Station; Kofar Iya Fago/ Wuro Jibir; Kofar Musa Zira/ Musa Zira; Kofar Ismaila/ Ismaila; Kofar Salihu M. B/ Salihu M. B; Kofar Sulei Makeri/ Sule Makeri; Yelwa Pry Sch./ Yelwa; Kofar J. Yusuf/Yusuf; Kofar Moh'D Kaigama/Kaigama; Kofar Umaru Mai/ Umaru Mai; Mallam Sule/High Land Hotel; Near Gidado Shop/Gidado; Tukuban Nama/Bakin Kasuwa; Urban Planning/ Y. Sabon Pegi; Yelwa Court No 3/ Boderel |- | rowspan="10" |Mubi South |Dirbishi/Gandira |Dirbishi/Kofar Ardo Dirbishi; Dirbishi/Dirbishi Primary School I; Dirbishi/Dirbishi Primary School II; Gandira/ Gandira Primary School; Kwakwa/ Kofar Jauro Bulus; Magira/ Kofar Jauro Sali; Tumda/ Tumda Pri. Sch. |- |Duvu/ Chaba/ Girburum |Chaba Fulani/ Near Masallachi; Chaba Fulani/ Kofar Jauro Zubairu; Girburum/ Kofar Jauro Adamu; Guza Guza/ Andaza; Lahwa/ Duvu Pri. Sch.; Lumore/ Near Lumore Market; Rinda/ At Fedeco; Rugumbura/ Kofar Jauro Sa'Idu; Wujalaya/ Near Masallachi |- |Gella |Lumore/ Near Viewing Centre Gella; Malhwa/ Gella II Pri. Sch.; Mbaga/ Kofar Lawan Jirgina; Kagu'A Kofar Majidadi; Tougore/ Kofar Alh. Sali Nene Gella; Yahuma/ Kofar Bulus Buba |- |Gude |Gindin Kurna/ Gindin Kurna Wuropatuji; Gyadkwara/ Kofar Ibrahim; Jauro Sa'Adu/ Kofar Jauro Sa'Adu; Kalari/ Kofar Ardo Shehu; Munduva/ Munduva Pri. Sch.; Munduva/ Kofar Jauro Munduva; Ngavahi/ Kofar Alh. Bamanga; Va'Atita/ Kofar Jauro Va'Atita; Wuro Patuji/ Kofar Jauro Madugu; Wuro Patuji/ Wuro Patuji Pri. Sch. |- |Kwaja |Kinga/ Kinga Pri. Sch.; Kissa/ Kofar Jauro Sa'Idu; Lumore/ Kwaja Pri. Sch.; Maza Koya/ Kofar Jauro Alh. Ahmadu I; Maza Koya/ Kofar Jauro Alh. Ahmadu II; Mburima/ Kofar Wakili Jauro Musa Hammawa; Mizuwa/ Kofar Jauro Hayatu Ardo |- |Lamorde |Dazala/ Dazala Pri. Sch.; Gaya/ Gaya Gindin Kurna; Gaya/ Gaya Gindin Mongoro; Gi'Ima/ Kofar Jauro Gi'Ima; Gerewol/ Gerewol Pri. Sch.; Gerewol/ Kofar Jauro Arhan Kunu; Jalingo/ Govt. Day Secondary Sch. Lamorde; John Holt/ Kofar Jauro John Holt; Kabang/ Mubi II Pri. Sch. I; Kabang/ Mubi II Pri. Sch. II; Kabang/ Kabang Pri. Sch.; Lamorde/ Gwallem Pri. Sch.; Sabon Pegi/ Sabon Pegi Pri. Sch.; Wuro Hamagu/ Wuro Hamagu Pri. Sch.; Wuro Heso/ Kofar Jauro Wuro Heso |- |Mujara |Girpara/ Kofar Jauro Ibrahim; Kichiha/ Near Sahuda New Market; Madanya/ Madanya Pri. Sch.; Mbulma/ Mbulma Pri. Sch.; Mujara/ Kofar Jauro Sa'Adu; Ngoba/ Kofar Jauro Ngoba; Pukurwa/ Kofar Jauro Galle; Sahuda/ Sahuda Pri. Sch.; Sahuda Sabon Layi/ Near Custom Barrack; Shimbi/ Mujara Dispensary; Tantila/ Tantila Pri. Sch.; Taski/ Kofar Wodili Buba; Yewa Fulani/ Yewa Pri. Sch. |- |[[Magulbu|Mugulbu]]/ Yadafa |Daja/ Kofar Kaigama Yakubu; Girji/ Kofar Jauro Buba; Lugdira/ Kofar Jauro Mamre; Mbilla/ Kofar Jauro Sa'Adu; Muda/ Muda Pri. Sch. I; Muda/ Muda Pri. Sch. II; Muchami/ Kofar Jauro Sa'Adu; Mugulbu/ Mugulbu Dispensary; Ngabda/ Kofar Jauro Buba |- |Nassarawo |Fed, State Information/ State Information Office, Near Gen. Hospital Mubi; Gindin Rimi/ Near Former Victory Hotel, Ahmadu Bello Way; Husseini Gombe/ Kofar Husseini Gombe Nassarawo; Husseini Nagge/ Kofar Husseini Nagge Mudang Road; Kasuwan Borkono/ Near Kasuwan Borkono Gella Road; Kofar Goni/ Kofar Alh. Goni, No. 21 Gude Road; Kwacham/ Kwacham Pri. Sch.; Lawyer Istifanus/ Kofar Lawyer Istifanus Mudang Road; Mararaban Fada/ Catholic Church Junction, Ahmadu Bello Way; Musa Ayanke/ Kofar Late Musa Ayanke, No. 10 Fiyel Street; Old Bank Of The North/ No. 30 Sebore Road; Remand Home/ Near Remand Home; Sebore/ Sebore Pri. Sch.; Tashan Gella/ Near Tashan Gella, Gella Road; Tike/ Kofar Mallam Adamu, Behind Cattle Market Mubi; Tike/ Opposite Tike Cattle Market Gate; Wuro Bulude/ Wuro Bulude Pri. Sch. |- |Nduku |Bajaule/ Kofar Jauro Haziel; Beta/ Kofar Jauro Beta; Dubu Dubu/ Kofar Jauro Dubu Dubu; Kaftara/ Kofar Jauro Kaftara; Kagi'I/ Kagi'I Pri. Sch.; Kwadankin/ Kofar Jauro Kwadankin; Nduku/ Nduku Pri. Sch.; Tsaranyi K/Jauro Tsaranyi |- | rowspan="10" |Numan |Bare |Batache/ Kofar Mai Anguwa Peter; Daso/ Pri. Sch.; Gyadang/ Pri. Sch.; Ngyallah/ Kofar Sarki; Sabon Pegi/ Pri. Sch.; Tamu/ Kofar Mai Unguwa Bwalo Rana; Fare/ Kofar J. Othaniel Saulaya; Ubandoma/ Kofar Jauro Umar Ubandoma |- |Bolki |Bang/ Bang Pri. Sch.; Bokki/ K. J. Kadah L.; Bolki/ Bolki Pri. Sch. I; Bolki/ Bolki Pri. Sch. II; Gon/ K. J. Istifanus M.; Kegbale/ Kegbale Pri. Sch.; Lawe/ Lawe Pri. Sch.; Nega/ K. J. Nzopurato A.; Nyapuli/ K. J. Ishaya N.; Nzumoso/ Nzumoso Pri. Sch.; Yanga E/ Yanga Pri. Sch.; Yanga E. E / Yanga Pri. Sch. |- |Gamadio |Bwei/ Bwei Pri. Sch.; Dandu/ K. J. Daniel Wayamko; Dome/ Gamadio Pri. Sch.; Gamadio/ K. J. Jauro Kaitanga; Hodikakai/ K. J. Iliya Myamugaoron; Kanti/ K. J. Sule Kidda; Kikon/ K. J. Kemuel Kakanda; Tunga Bisa/ Kofar Jauro Fielis Mangyi; Tunga Ladan/ Tunga Pry School |- |Imburu |Gindin Gada/ Hayin Gada; Kwapukai/ Kwapukai; Ngbalang Kasuwa/ Ngbalang; Ngbalang Wurkun/ Ngbalang; Ngbangballo/ Zangun C. A. C.; Ngbauro/ Imburu; Rocco Gate/ Ngbalang; Shafan/ Imburu; Vormokye/ Zangon L. C. C. N; Vormokye / Zangon L. C. C. N; Vudekoron/ Imburu |- |Kodomti |Bulkun/ Bulkun Pri. Sch.; Byemti/ Byemti Pri. Sch.; Kikan/ K. J. Nzomoto Luwareno; Kulkon/ K. Mai Ang. Mwasaron; Kwahuba/ Kwahuba Pri. Sch.; Nzoruwe/ Nzoruwe Pri. Sch.; Pullum/ K. Jauro Klah Lugaino; Voti Kodomti/ K. Jauro Mr Micheal Munnon; Voti Shaforon/ K. Jauro Zabadi Goma; Vudegbekto/ Kodomti Pri. Sch. |- |Numan I |Anguwan Waja/ Numan III Pry School; Bamtato/ K. Mai Ang. Topogbange; N P C Road/ N P C Premises; Sgss/ Gtss/ Sakato G. S. S; Stadium Road/ Makwada Square; Tudun Wada/ Kofar Mallam Ishaya; Unguwar Wurkun/ K. Mai Ang. Hananiya; Vtc, Gss/ V. T. C |- |Numan II |Ngbabulang/ Kofar Yamath; Ngbakouto/ Kofar Jauro Somode House; Ngbauro/ Ngbauro; Ngbayofe/ Kofar Baba Sanu; Nokowon/ Nokowon; Nupawa/ Near Chief Orobo's House; Pare Centre/ Pare Pri. Sch.; Youth Centre/ Youth Centre; Zabarma/ Near Liman's House |- |Numan III |Fada/ Fada; John Holt/ John Holt; Makera/ Makera; Old Market/ Old Market; Prisons/ Prisons; Unguwar Gangare/ Gangare; Unguwar Sarkin Hausawa/ Hausawa; Upper Area Court/ Upper Area Court |- |Sabon Pegi |Barkindo/ K. Mai Ang. Madugu; Dowaya/ K. Jauro Umar; G. R. A./ G. R. A Quarters; Graceland/ Kofar Babandiya; Gweda Mallam/ Gweda Mallam Pri. Sch. I; Gweda Mallam/ Gweda Mallam Pri. Sch. II; Gwoza Road/ Unguwan Musa; Home Economics/ Home Economics Dept.; Massallaci/ Kofar Victor Smith; Unguwan Ali/ K. Audu Mai Karfe |- |Vulpi |Bangwe/ K. J Bli Furema; Bokotye/ K. J Esthon Ndugo; Bonanga/ Kofar J. Bitrus; Gbalapun/ Gbalapun Pri. Sch.; Gyemun/ K. J Edward Sakto; Kwagoro/ Kwangoro Pri. Sch; Ngwalti/ K. J Halilu; Salti/ Salti Pri. Sch.; Vulpi/ Vulpi Pri. Sch.; Vulpi/ Kwahanogwe |- | rowspan="10" |Shelleng |Bakta |Babra/ Kofar Jauro Kula; Bakta/ Kula Pri. Sch.; Deben/ Deben Pri. Sch.; Unguwan Gede/ Kofar Jauro Gede; Jekinda/ Kofar Jauro |- |Bodwai |Bodwai/ Bodwai Pri. Sch. I; Bodwai/ Bodwai Pri. Sch. II; Bolama/ Bolama Pri. Sch. III; Dalwa/ Dalwa Pri. Sch.; Jalingo Biki/ Jalingo Pri. Sch.; Riwi Riwi/ Riwi Riwi Pri. Sch.; Tanga/ Gwakla Pri. Sch.; Tongra, Goroshi/ Kofar Buntumai; Ung. Kasuwa/ In Front Of Bodwai Market |- |Gundo |Ajiya/ Kofar Jauro Ajiya; Bobere/ Bobere Dispensary; Daso/ Daso Pri. Sch.; Gundo/ Gundo Pri. Sch.; Kem/ Kem Pri. Sch.; Lababiri/ Kasuwan Dare; Tudun Kem/ Kofar Jauro Golo; Tudun Kem/ Tudun Market; Yerimajo/ Kofar Jauro |- |Gwapopolok |Bangda/ Kofar Jauro; Gorum/ Nafada Pri. Sch.; Gwapopolok/ Gwapopolok Pri. Sch.; Karlaje/ Kofar Modibbo; Karlaje/ Karlaje Pri. Sch.; Kongma/ Kongma Pri. Sch. |- |Jumbul |Bira Bira/ Bira Bira Pri. Sch.; Jamali/ Jamali Pri. Sch.; Jonkolo Jamri/ Jonkolo Pri. Sch.; Jumbul, Wama / Boburo Pri. Sch.; Gombeyel/ Kofar Jauro; Gombeyel/ Tashan Gombeyel; Kula Kasa/ Kula Pri. Sch.; Sadiq Buba/ Kofar Jauro |- |Ketembere |Barata/ Barata Pri. Sch.; Bura Bello/ Kofar Kuna Buba; Gondong/ Gondong Pri. Sch.; Gukuri/ Gukuri Pri. Sch.; Jihadi/ Kofar Jauro; Ketembere/ Ketembere Pri. Sch.; Laba'U/ Laba'U Pri. Sch. |- |Kiri |Bopalda/ Opp. Police Post; Kiri/ Kiri Pri. Sch.; Lajirmi/ Govt. Rest House; Nasarawo Wuro/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Sabon Pegi/ Dev. Area Office; Ung. Talum/ Kofar Maiunguwa |- |Libbo |Dumburi/ Kofar Jauro; Gargijik/ Kofar Jauro; Kambilam/ Kambilam Pri. Sch.; Libbo/ Libbo Pri. Sch. I; Libbo/ Libbo Pri. Sch. II; Wuro Yanka/ Wuro Yanka Pri. Sch. I; Wuro Yanka/ Wuro Yanka Pri. Sch. II; Wuro Yanka/ Bakin Kasuwa |- |Shelleng |Amna/ Amna's Palace; Amna/ Kofar Wakili Yidak; Amna/ Dispensary; Awa/ Kofar Maianguwa; Awa/ Motor Park; Bokayeki/ Kofar Jauro; Gwaila/ G. S. S Assembly G.; Kambari/ Kofar Maina; Lajirmi Kasuwan Dare; Sabon Pegi/ Education Dept.; Shelleng/ Shelleng Pri. Sch.; Tashan Bodwai/ Tashan Bodwai; Tetek/ Tetek Pri. Sch.; Ung. Titus/ Min. Of Agric |- |Tallum |Gwagarap/ Gwagarap Pri. Sch.; Kula Dutse/ Kofar Jauro Kula; Lainde Dama/ Kofar Jauro; Tallum/ Tallum Pri. Sch.; Tsohon Gwagarap/ Kofar Mai Unguwa; Wuro Ladde/ Motor Park |- | rowspan="11" |Song |Dirma |Bapta/ Bapta; Batum Pri. Sch.; Batum Sumsuma; Botta / Botta; Bwadai; Bwara; Dolon; Dombi; G. D. S. S Dirma I; G. D. S. S Dirma II; Kah; Koti Tanda; M/ Koti; Shiure Dispensary; Simko; Simlatin; Tinde Laru I; Tinde Laru II; Tinde Mbwai |- |Dumne |Bakka; Bodoma; Dimdima; Dumne B Pri. Sch.; Golla; Hombo Pri. Sch.; Hombo Kasita; Kasuwa; Kofar Jauro; K. Wakili Bauna; Kogi; Malero; Pella; Pulle Yanka; Sangra; Shilon Pri. Sch.; Simra; Tasha; Walkisha |- |Gudu Mboi |Bradeng/ Bradeng; Garin Tuwo; Gudu Pri. Sch.; Handa Pri. Sch.; K. Banga Pri. Sch.; Kofar J. Ahmadu; Maborgal; Sintire; Tumpa |- |Kilange Funa |Ardo Muazu; Damare; Gola Fulani; Gola Usman; Kofar Ardo; Koribu; Muri Manda; Sabon Gari; Walowol; Wuro Babba; Wuro Badiddi; Wuro Buba; Wuro Mallum; Zumore |- |Kilange Hirna |Boloko; Dallol; Geledi; Geleng I(Open Square); Geleng II(Open Square); Kanawa; Kungo; Tasu Hausa; Wuro Daudu |- |Sigire |Chibawuro; Golare; Golontobal; Gulungo; Kesure; Kofar Ardo; Sigire; Sigire Gadamayo |- |Suktu |Ang. Jauro; Balma; Bariki; Gbawe; Jimbo Fulani; Jimbo Tadi; Kuma Pri. Sch; Kumle Sokoron; Kwadango; Maseno; Mbai; Leti Gben; Roma Church; Salasa Pri. Sch.; Suktu Pri. Sch.; Suktu Satte; Zabna; Zata Ang. Jauro; Zata Batodo |- |Song Gari |Atiku Pri. Sch.; Babal K. Sarki; Bichel I Kofar Jauro; Bichel II(Open Square); Bolki Pri. Sch.; Clinic A; Clinic B; Dadinkowa Hausawa; Dadinkowa J. Aminu; Dauchi; Fulani Mbalyebbe; Hayin Gada Loko; Hokkata; Kaulara; Kitchiu; Kofar Abduwa; Kofar Modibbo; K. J Saidu; K. J Umaru; Mbilla; Prof. J. A Pri. Sch.; Sabon Loko; Sawin; Viewing Centre; V. T. C Song |- |Song Waje |Babal; Burtum; Didango; Galamba; Gewan Pri. Sch.; Kofar Ardo Murke II; Kofar Mairiga; Mudungo; Muleng Kuro; Sayejo; Wuro Koncha; Wuro Lainde I; Wuro Lainde II |- |Waltandi |Babra; Dabal; Dikir Pri. Sch.; Gangane; Garkijik; Gbanglangra; Gora; Kipiro; Kukta Pri. Sch.; Prambe Pri. Sch.; Sakida; Sau Biri; Sebulur; Waltadi Pri. Sch. |- |Zumo |Baduware; Chalawa; Karallahi; Karewa; Kolere I; Kolere II; Labbare; Labbare/ K. J. Wambai; Lamorde; Mayel Kewe; Mayo Ngalbiwa |- | rowspan="10" |Toungo |Dawo I |Bonen Danki / Kofar Jauro Bonen Danki; Bonen Koko / Kofar Jauro Bonen Koko; Gangsen I/ Kofar Jauro G/Seni; Gangtaren Wasi / Kofar Jauro G/Wasi; Gangwaren / Kofar Jauro G/Waren; Gidan Biri / Kofar Jauro G/Biri; Jangla / Kofar Jauro Jangla; Timbuang / Kofar Jauro Timbuang; Timkei / Kofar Jauro Timkei |- |Dawo II |Daka Laje / Kofar Jauro Daka Laje; Dalumen/ Kofar Jauro Dalumen; Dottiwa/ Kofar Jauro Dottiwa; Gajere Timwo/ Kofar Jauro G/Timwo; Gakseum/ Kofar Jauro Gakseum; Mayo Baji/ Kofar Jauro Mayo Baji; Mayo Duken/ Kofar Jauro M/Duken; Mayo Vem/ Kofar Jauro M/Vem; Mikusum/ Kofar Jauro Mikusum; Waziri/ Kofar Jauro Waziri |- |Gumti |Bodel/ Kofar Jauro Bodel; Deujiman/ Kofar Jauro Deujiman; Deutipsan/ Kofar Jauro Deutipsan; Deutipsan Mumuye/ Kofar Jauro D. T. Mumuye; Deuyemti/ Kofar Jauro Deuyemti; Gum/ Kofar Jauro Gum; Gumti/ Gumti Pri. Sch.; Luggere Bana/ Kofar Jauro L/Bana; Tapare/ Kofar Jauro Tapare |- |Kiri I |Binaka/ Kofar Jauro Binaka; Dalasum/ Dalasum Pri. School; Dasiso/ Kofar Jauro Dasiso; Dayam/ Kofar Jauro Dayam; Jauro Laweso/ Kofar Jauro Laweso; Kiri Petel/ District Office Kiri; Kiri Petel/ Kiri Pri. Sch.; Mayo Loru/ Dukudu Pri. Sch.; Mentani/ Mentani Pri. Sch.; Unguwan Hausa/ Kofar Jauro U/Hausa |- |Kiri II |Dakeu/ Kofar Jauro Dakeu; Jiji/ Kofar Jauro Jiji; Kila Jubseri/ Kila Jubseri Pri. Sch.; Makama/ Timbukun Pri. Sch.; Taksi Ganten/ Kofar Jauro Taksi; Timbo/ Timbo Pri. Sch.; Timbo/ Kofar Jauro Timbo; Timgbu/ Timgbu Pri. Sch. |- |Kongin Baba I |Gassanopi/ Kofar Maiunguwa; Jiman/ Kofar Maiunguwa; Kogin Baba/ Kogin Baba Pri. Sch.; Lawan Konti/ Kofar Maiunguwa; Songoli/ Kofar Maiunguwa |- |Kongin Baba II |Danbara/ Kofar Jauro; Gangwaren/ Kofar Jauro; Hore Yiwa/ Kofar Jauro; Kenna/ Kofar Jauro; Yakpen/ Kofar Jauro |- |Toungo I |Barade/ Toungo Main Market; Barade/ Toungo Motor Park; Barade/ Kofar Jauro Barade; Barade/ Kofar Jauro Barade Opp. Well; Garba Chamba/ G. S. S Toungo; Garba Chamba/ Toungo II Pri. Sch.; Mayo Sangnare/ Kofar Jauro M/Sangnare |- |Toungo II |Lainde Chitta/ Lainde Chitta Pri. Sch.; Mayo Bakari/ Kofar Jauro M/Bakari; Mayo Butali/ Kofar Jauro M/Butali; Mayo Gbagbag/ Mayo Gbagbag Pri. Sch.; Mayo Sumsum/ Kofar Jauro M/Sumsum; Yerima Isa/ District Office Toungo; Yerima Isa/ Opp. Area Court Office; Yerima Isa/ Local Govt. Secretariat |- |Toungo III |Gangzamanu/ Gangzamanu Pri. Sch.; Gangzamanu/ Kofar Jauro; Gangsoren/ Kofar Mai Anguwa; Jangawe Babale/ Nawai Pri. Sch.; Lawan Daka/ Kofar Maiunguwa; Madaki Chacha/ Kofar Maiunguwa Mayo Chacha; Nadu/ Nadu Pri. Sch.; Wambai Taksi/ Kofar Maiunguwa W/Taksi; Yeliso/ Kofar Jauro Yeliso |- | rowspan="9" |Yola North |Alkalawa |Alkali Mokolo / 81 Kurmi Road; Alhaji Musa / 100 Majalisa Road; Baba Salma / No 6 Mokolo Close; Bobboi Wanzam / No 7 Nepa Road; Gra Pri. Sch. Infront Of H/M's Office; Gra Pri. Sch. Infront Of Class II; Gra Pri. Sch. Infront Of Class VI; Gra Pri. Sch. Infront Of Class Ivb; Isa Rumingo / 22 Ganye St; Kofar Ma'Aji / 16 Maalisa Rd; Kofar Moh'D Kiri / 48 Kurmi Rd.; Kofar Moh'D Zubairu / 79 Nepa Rd.; Kofar Jama'A / 25 Ibadan St.; Kofar Sarkin Tasha / 7 Taraba St.; Kofar Suleiman S/Kasuwa - 46 Tafida Rd; Kofar Siddiki / 35 Ganye Street |- |Ajiya |Alh. Buba Jalo / 5 Abeokuta St; Alh. Jalo / No 2 Jen Close; Ajiya Clinic Opp. Ajiya Clinic; Bubakari Maigari / 1, Kaduna St.; Central Pri. Sch. /Central Pri. Sch. I; Central Pri. Sch. /Central Pri. Sch. II; Central Pri. Sch. /Central Pri. Sch. III; Central Pri. Sch. /Central Pri. Sch. IV; Central Pri. Sch. /Central Pri. Sch. V; Kofar Gana / No 9 Ndaforo St.; Kofar Nabara / 120 Nepa Rd.; Opp. Cp's House / 14 Ibrahim Attah Rd. |- |Doubeli |Benin St. / No 16 Benin St; Capital Sch. / Capital Sch. I; Capital Sch. / Capital Sch. II; Capital Sch. / Capital Sch. III; Capital Sch. / Capital Sch. IV; Capital Sch. / Capital Sch. V; Demsawo Pri. Sch. / Demsawo Pri. Sch. I; Demsawo Pri. Sch. / Demsawo Pri. Sch. II; Demsawo Pri. Sch. / Demsawo Pri. Sch. III; Demsawo Pri. Sch. / Demsawo Pri. Sch. IV; Doubeli Gdss / Doubeli Gdss I; Doubeli Gdss / Doubeli Gdss II; Doubeli Gdss / Doubeli Gdss III; Ganiyu Alh. / 14 Demsawo St.; Gindin Goruba / 127 Bye - Pass; Jalo Alh. / No 50, Geriyo St.; Maiunguwa Moh'D / 5 Warwar St.; Mohammed Shuwa / Opp Geriyo St.; Musa Gobe / 3 Benin Street; Musa Karim Lamido / 5 Karim St.; Mijinyawa Yuguda / Opp Cattle Mkt; Sansani / Off Mambila St. |- |Gwadabawa |Command Pri. Sch. / Command Pri. Sch.; Ghali Mu'Azu/ 95 Tafida Rd; Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. / Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. I; Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. / Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. II; Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. / Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. III; Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. / Gwadabawa Pri. Sch. IV; Majalisa Pri Sch. / Majalisa Pri. Sch. I; Majalisa Pri Sch. / Majalisa Pri. Sch. II; New Govt. House / Opp Main Gate; New Govt. House / G. G. S. S. Main Gate; New Govt. House / Near Police Post I; New Govt. House / Near Police Post II; New Fce Staff Sch. / Staff School; Old Govt. House / Opp Main Gate; Old Govt. House / Behind Ribadu Square; Units Of 80 Houses / Opp Ndlea; Yola Club / No 1 Adamawa Rd. |- |Jambutu |Damilu Pri. Sch. / Damilu Pri. Sch. I; Damilu Pri. Sch. / Damilu Pri. Sch. II; Jambutu Pri. Sch. / Jambutu Pri. Sch I.; Jambutu Pri. Sch. / Jambutu Pri. Sch II.; Kofar Audu Damilu/ Kofar Jauro; Kofar Jauro Audu Maiwada; Kofar Hamza/ No 166 Jambutu; Kofar Jauro Jambutu/ Kofar Jauro; Kofar J/Nyokere/Kofar/ Nyokere; Kofar Yerima/Opp Jambutu Estate |- |Karewa |Bachure/ Kofar Jauro Bachure I; Bachure/ Kofar Jauro Bachure II; Bekaji Pri. Sch I; Bekaji Pri. Sch. II; Gdss (Army) Staff Qtrs. I; Gdss (Army) Staff Qtrs. II; Gdss (Army) Staff Qtrs. III; Gdss (Army) Staff Qtrs. IV; Karewa Gdss I; Karewa Gdss II; Karewa Pri. Sch. I; Karewa Pri. Sch. II; Kofare/ Kofar Jauro Kofare; Malamre Market; Malamre Qtrs/ Kofar Suleiman Wapanda; Nyibango/ Kofar Jauro Nyibango; State Poly I; State Poly II; State Poly III |- |Limawa |Alh Garba/ 50 Zango St.; Buba Manda/ 46 Zango St.; Dasin Mai Riga; Isa Isawa/ 31 S/Wuta St.; Jauro Hairu/ Off M/Belwa St.; Kofar Alh. Abdulrahman/ Off Mayanka St.; Kofar Audu Maiyadi/ Off M/Belwa St.; Paris Hammanjoda/ 217 M/Mustapha; Sabo B. Dako/ 22 Yelwa St.; Sani Rabo/ 25 Yelwa St.; Sununnu/ 1 Mayanka St.; Zango Rd/ 90 Zango Rd; Zango Rd/ 50 Zango Rd I; Zango Rd/ 50 Zango Rd II |- |Luggere |Diwaki/ No. 6 Gimba Rd; Kadiri Tela/ 37 Catholic St.; Luggere Pri. Sch. I; Luggere Pri. Sch. II; Luggere Pri. Sch III; Luggere Pri. Sch. IV; Luggere Pri. Sch. V; M. Madu/ 21 Owerri St.; Maiunguwa Musa/ 60 B. Hungushi Rd; Manu Gamji/ 54 Bishop St.; Mallam H. Dampah/ Off Bishop St.; Madalla Chemist/ 14 Bishop St.; Yahya Moda/ 23 Muri St.; Yahya Tela/ 28 Bishop St. |- |Rumde |Kofar Alh. Goda/ 68 Taraba St.; Kofar Liman Rumde/ 33 Church St.; Kofar M. Hammawa/ 15 Church St.; Kofar Mai Itache/ 67 Church St.; Kofar Mai Lawuje/ 63 Fombina St.; Kofar Wakili Dahiru/ 61 Fombina St.; Kofar Moh'D Dahiru (Wuro Kuturu); Rumde Pri. Sch. I; Rumde Pri. Sch. II; Rumde Pri. Sch. III |- | rowspan="11" |Yola South |Adarawo |Kofar Jauro Mandarare/ Near Lamido's Farm; Kofar Jauro Manga/ Njoboliyo Road; Kofar Jauro Wuro Chekke/ Near U. B. R. B. D. A. Yola; Kofar Mai Anguwa Dahiru/ Kilanyi St. W/Hausa; Kofar Mai Anguwa Uwaisu/ Near TV Viewing Centre; Kofar Yahya Tobacco/ Wuro Hausa Ward Yola; T. V. Viewing Centre/ Wuro Hausa Ward Yola; Wuro Hausa Dispensary/ Wuro Hausa Ward Yola; Wuro Hausa Pri. Sch./ Wuro Hausa Ward Yola I; Wuro Hausa Pri. Sch./ Wuro Hausa Ward Yola II; Wuro Hausa Pri. Sch./ Wuro Hausa Ward Yola III |- |Bako |Bako Pri. Sch./ Off Modibbo Adama Way Yola IV; Bako Pri. Sch./ Off Modibbo Adama Way Yola V; Bako Pri. Sch./ Off Modibbo Adama Way Yola VI; Bako Pri. Sch./ Off Modibbo Adama Way Yola VII; Kofar Alh. Jauro/ Chiroma Road; Kofar Grand Khadi/ Off Modibbo Adama Way; Kofar Waziri/ Off Modibbo Adama Way; Mustafa Pri. Sch./ Modibbo Adama Way I; Mustafa Pri. Sch./ Modibbo Adama Way II; Mustafa Pri. Sch./ Modibbo Adama Way III; Yelwa Govt. Sec. Sch./ Off Modibbo Adama Way |- |Bole Yolde Pate |Bole II Pri. Sch./ After Shagari Lowcost; Gindin Gamji/ Shagari Pri. School; Kofar Jauro Bole I/ After Shagari Lowcost; Kofar Jauro Douchechi/ After Shagari Lowcost; Kofar Jauro Gujubabu/ Along Yadim Road; Kofar Jauro Njaccingo/ Along Mayo Ine Road; Kofar Jauro Wuro Addayel/ Along Yadim Road; Kofar Jauro Yolde Pate/ Along Yadim Road; Shagari Dispensary/ Shagari Phase I. I; Shagari Dispensary/ Shagari Phase I. II; Shagari Dispensary/ Shagari Phase I. III; Shagari Govt. Day Sec. Sch./ Shagari Phase I; Tc Demonstration Pri. Sch./ Near T. C Yola; Yolde Pate Pri. Sch./ Along Yadim Road |- |Namtari |Changala Pri. Sch./ Changala Village; Kofar Jauro Boggare/ Boggare Village; Kofar Jauro Doulabi/ After Namtari Manga; Kofar Jauro Ndumga/ After Army Barracks; Kofar Jauro Ngolomba/ Ngolomba Village; Kofar Jauro Sangere Bode/ Near N. T. A Transmitter Numan Road; Kofar Jauro Rumde Kila/ After Army Barracks; Kofar Jauro Wauro Jabbe/ Near Tractor Hiring Unit; Malkohi Pri. Sch./ After Army Barracks; Namtari Gurel Pri. Sch./ Off Numan Road. I; Namtari Gurel Pri. Sch./ Off Numan Road. II; Namtari Manga Pri. Sch./ Off Numan Road. III; Namtari Manga Pri. Sch./ Off Numan Road. IV; Wauru Jabbe Pri. Sch./ Near Tractor Hiring Unit; Wuro Dadi Pri. Sch./ Wuro Dadi Village |- |Ngurore |Goduwo Pri. Sch./ Goduwo Village; Kofar Ardo Wuro Yanka/ Near Ngurore Market; Kofar Bello Wurkum/ Near Ngurore Market; Kofar Chiroma/ Near Police Station; Kofar Elisha Mbula/ Anguwan Yandang; Kofar Haruna/ Goduwo Road; Kofar Jauro Falire/ Along Goduwo Road; Kofar Jauro Konankuka/ Eastern Part Of Ngurore; Kofar Jauro Mboi/ Off Goduwo Road; Kofar Jauro Sabon Gari/ Along Goduwo Road; Kofar Mai Anguwa Nassarawo/ Nassarawo Ward Ngurore; Kofar Mai Anguwa Toungo/ Toungo Ward Ngurore; Kofar Salihu Banenne/ Anguwan Yandang; Kulangu Pri. Sch./ Along Goduwo Road. I; Langire Pri. Sch./ Along Goduwo Road. II; Ngurore Pri. Sch./ Ngurore Pri. Sch.; T. V. Viewing Centre/ Near Pri. Sch.; Wuro Yanka Pri. Sch./ Wuro Yanka Ward |- |Makama 'A' |Damare Pri. Sch./ Damare Ward Yola. I; Damare Pri. Sch./ Damare Ward Yola. II; Damare Pri. Sch./ Damare Ward Yola. III; Kofar Baba Audu/ Abuja Road Near Yerima's House; Kofar Bamanga Yahya/ Shehu Street; Kofar Bayi/ Eastern Lamido's Palace. I; Kofar Bayi/ Eastern Lamido's Palace. II; Kofar Khadi Bamanga/ Shehu Street; Kofar Mai Mandara/ Abuja Road; Kofar Modibbo Girei/ After Kofar Bayi; Kofar Modibbo Zelani/ Near Modibbo Zelani Mosque; Kofar Umaru Kila/ Damare Ward; Kofar Umaru Ngaudere/ Near Damare Police Station; Yelwa Pri. Sch./ After Yerima's House |- |Makama 'B' |Civil Area Court/ Near Education Dept Yola; Fattude Girei Pri. Sch./ Abuja Road Yola; Kofar Baba Abba/ Abuja Road Yola; Kofar Baba Bature/ Yerima Street Yola; Kofar Baraya/ Abuja Road Yola; Kofar Wakili Office/ Off Sanda Road; Kofar Wali Abba/ Wali Ward Yola; Sanda Pri. Sch./ Off Abuja Road. I; Sanda Pri. Sch./ Off Abuja Road. II; Sanda Pri. Sch./ Off Abuja Road; T. V Viewing Centre/ Near Education Dept |- |Mbamba |Kofar Jauro Kofare/ Off Fufore Road; Kofar Jauro Rumde Jabbi/ Opp Upper Benue; Kofar Jauro Sarki Jikir/ Opp Mbamba Kona; Kofar Jauro Wurkum/ Along Fufore Road; Kofar Lawan Sebore/ Off Fufore Road By Right; Mbamba Dispensary/ Along Fufore Road; Njoboli Pri. Sch./ Off Fufore Road. I; Njoboliyo Pri. Sch./ Off Fufore Road. II; Njoboliyo Pri. Sch./ Off Fufore Road By Leg; Rugange Pri. Sch./ After Njoboliyo. I; Rugange Pri. Sch./ After Njoboliyo. II; T. V Viewing Centre Njoboli/ Off Fufore Road; Upper Benue Pri. Sch./ Along Fufore Road |- |Mbamoi |Kofar Ahmadu Danburam/ Off Sokoto St. Junction By The Left; Kofar Ahmadu Duwa/ Off Ladan Street; Kofar Ahmadu Wambai/ Kofar Ahmadu Wambai; Kofar Galadima/ Galadima Ward Yola; Kofar Magatakarda/ Ladan Street Yola; Kofar Mahmudu Ribadu/ Off Chiroma Road; Kofar Umaru Babban Mofti/ Mbamoi Ward Yola; Kofar Wali Dahiru/ Mbamoi Ward Yola. I; Kofar Wali Dahiru/ Mbamoi Ward Yola. II; Kofar Yamma/ Near Lamido's Palace |- |Toungo |Govt. Day Sec. Sch/ Near Yola Motor Park. I; Govt. Day Sec. Sch/ Near Yola Motor Park. II; Govt. Day Sec. Sch/ Near Yola Motor Park. III; Hammawa Pri. Sch./ Madaki Junction Yola. IV; Hammawa Pri. Sch./ Madaki Junction Yola. V; Hammawa Pri. Sch./ Madaki Junction Yola. VI; Kofar Baba Mustafa/ Near A. Y. T Petrol Station; Kofar Wakili Asibiti/ Behind Yola Market; Toungo Pri. Sch./ Madaki Street Junction. I; Toungo Pri. Sch./ Madaki Street Junction. II |- |Yolde Kohi |Dingali Pri. Sch./ Off Mayo - Belwa Road; Gongoshi Dispensary/ In Gongoshi Village; Gongoshi Pri. Sch./ In Gongoshi Village; Hosere Dispensary./ Off Numan Road; Hosere Pri. Sch./ Off Numan Road; Kofar Jauro Dubire/ Off Mayo Belwa Road; Kofar Jauro Ibbare/ Mayo Belwa Road; Kofar Jauro Mallam Musa/ Off Mayo Belwa Road; Kofar Jauro Ngasaga/ Numan Road; Kofar Jauro Tabra/ Off Mayo Belwa Road; Sabana Pri. Sch./ Along Numan Road; Yolde Kohi Pri. Sch./ Along Mayo - Belwa Road |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ec6w38urfzg5rwzs9p5na341kzebv17 Jerin ambaliyar ruwa a Sudan 0 154526 859735 846204 2026-06-18T05:03:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Sudan]], ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa akai-akai saboda yawan ruwan [[Blue Nile|kogin Blue Nile]], wanda ya haɗu da [[White Nile]] a [[Khartoum]] . Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, akwai mutane 388,600 da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta shafa a kowace shekara. <ref name="AutoA4-1">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Humanitarian Update, September 2022 (No. 08) - Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-humanitarian-update-september-2022-no-08 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ranar ambaliyar ruwa ! matakin ! asara |- | [[1946 Sudan floods|1946]] | ba a sani ba | Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekarar 1946 ta haifar da mummunar barna a Sudan, inda ta yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka da kuma yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=سنتمتران يفصلان النيل عن فيضان 1946 القياسي واجلاء سكان قرية غمرتها السيول بالدمازين – صحيفة التغيير السودانية, اخبار السودان |url=https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2013/08/27/%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%86-1946-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 1988|1988]] | {{Convert|15.68|m3}} | Mutane 76 sun mutu, daruruwan sun ji rauni, da kuma asarar tattalin arziki da yawa |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2007|2007]] | ba a sani ba | Mutane 64 sun mutu, 335 sun ji rauni, kuma gidaje 30,000 sun lalace <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawn Daily: United Nations estimates damage caused by Sudan floods |url=https://www.dawn.com/2007/08/06/rss.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102005557/http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/06/rss.htm |archive-date=2 January 2009 |access-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2013|2013]] | {{Convert|17.4|m3}} | Sama da mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa, inda ta lalata gidaje sama da 25,000. Hukumomin gwamnati sun kuma sanar da mutuwar kusan mutane 50. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2013 |title=Floods affect 300,000 across Sudan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/8/23/floods-affect-300000-across-sudan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909053726/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/08/2013823113149149635.html |archive-date=2019-09-09 |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=[[قناة الجزيرة|الجزيرة (قناة)]]}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2018|2018]] | {{Convert|15.6|m3}} | Akalla mutane 23 ne suka mutu, sama da mutane 60 suka jikkata, sama da gidaje 19,640 suka rushe, kuma kimanin mutane 222,275 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=السودان.. فيضانات تقتل وتصيب عشرات {{!}} الحرة |url=https://www.alhurra.com/latest/2018/08/13/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.alhurra.com |language=ar |archive-date=2020-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910223704/https://www.alhurra.com/latest/2018/08/13/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020|2020]] | Fiye da {{Convert|17|m3}} | Akalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu, sama da mutane 500,000 ambaliyar ta shafa, sannan sama da murabba'in mita 100,000 ta lalata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=فيضانات السودان.. عشرات القتلى و100 ألف منزل منهار وإعلان البلاد منطقة كوارث طبيعية |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/politics/2020/9/6/%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022|2022]] | {{Convert|16.42|m3}} | A cewar rahotanni, sama da mutane 97,227 sun rasa matsugunansu, <ref name="displacement.iom.int">{{Cite web |title=Sudan - Rainy Season Summary (May–October) (Update 009) {{!}} Displacement |url=https://displacement.iom.int/reports/sudan-rainy-season-summary-may-october-update-009 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=displacement.iom.int}}</ref> dabbobi 4,800 sun rasa muhallinsu, kuma kusan hekta 5,100 na ƙasa sun lalace ko sun lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=(Updated) Sudan – Flood Death Toll Rises, Nile Climbs Above Alert Level in Khartoum – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/sudan-floods-update-late-august-2022 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Devastation in South Sudan following fourth year of historic floods |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2022/10/635251694/devastation-south-sudan-following-fourth-year-historic-floods.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2024|2024]] | ba a sani ba | Akalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu, akalla gidaje 12,000+ sun lalace ko sun lalace, gonaki 198,000 (kimanin eka 205,500) sun lalace, kuma an raba mutane 44,000+ da muhallansu. |} == Manazarta == 5qwclljvip5vlgqupsxw64hrwyncudh John Briscoe (masanin injiniya na ruwa) 0 155118 859960 847866 2026-06-18T11:39:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''John Briscoe''' (30 ga Yuli, 1948 - 12 ga Nuwamba, 2014) injiniyan muhalli ne ɗan asalin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a fannin Ayyukan Lafiyar Muhalli a Sashen Lafiyar Muhalli a Makarantar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard . An san shi da "Mr. Water" ga masana tattalin arziki na muhalli. A Harvard, Briscoe ya kuma yi nadin mukamai a Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa ta Harvard (SEAS) a matsayin Farfesa Gordon McKay na Aikin Injiniyan Muhalli, <ref>{{Cite web |title=johnbriscoe |url=http://johnbriscoe.seas.harvard.edu/ |access-date=2017-11-14 |website=johnbriscoe.seas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> da kuma a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy . Aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ƙoƙarin da ake yi na ƙasashe masu tasowa don samun nasarar sarrafa da adana ruwa a matsayin wata hanya mai tamani. A farkon 2014, ya sami Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm - "Kyautar Ruwa ta Nobel" - saboda "gudummawa marasa misaltuwa ga kula da ruwa a duniya da na gida - gudummawar da ta shafi manyan yanayi, yanayi, da kuma cibiyoyi - waɗanda suka inganta rayuwa da rayuwar miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya." Ya yi magana da Turanci, [[Afrikaans|Afirkanci]], [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]], [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]], da [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == * 1948 - An haife shi a Afirka ta Kudu * 1969 - Digiri na farko, Injiniyan Jama'a, [[Jami'ar Cape Town]], [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]] * 1976 - Digiri na uku, [[Injiniyan muhalli|Injiniyan Muhalli]], Jami'ar Harvard * Hukumomin ruwa na gwamnati na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], Injiniya * Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalara, yanzu haka ICDDR,B, [[Bangladesh]], Likitan Cututtuka * Jami'ar North Carolina, Farfesa a fannin [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Albarkatun Ruwa]] * 1989-2009 - Bankin Duniya (shekaru 20): Ya taimaka wajen kula da ayyukan albarkatun ruwa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki ta ruwa, da tsafta a Bankin Duniya kuma ya yi shawarwari kan batutuwan ruwa ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kasuwanci * 1989-2009 - Bankin Duniya, darektan ƙasa na [[Brazil]] : Matsayin Briscoe wajen shafar ci gaban Bankin Duniya shine batun Babi na 13 a cikin tarihin Sebastian Mallaby mai cikakken tarihi, "Mai Bankin Duniya," Penguin 2006. * 2009-2014 - Farfesa a fannin Lafiyar Muhalli, Makarantar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard, Boston, MA * 2014 - Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm - "Kyautar Ruwa ta Nobel" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Giant in global water management receives Stockholm Water Prize |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/2014-stockholm-water-prize/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=SWF - Stockholm Water Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi John Briscoe a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya girma. Mahaifiyarsa Thelma tana kula da gidan kula da yara da kuma gidan marayu a garin baƙar fata na Soweto . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An ga matsanancin talauci da wadata na ƙasarsa a yanayin zamantakewa da muhalli, yankunan bakin teku masu kyau sun bambanta da busasshiyar ƙasa amma mai mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki, inda ake gudanar da manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Ya bayyana fahimtar cewa fahimtar ruwa muhimmin abu ne wajen fahimtar ci gaban albarkatun Afirka ta Kudu da kuma rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa na nahiyar. Ya ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ra'ayoyi yayin da yake zaune a cikin Bangladesh, inda ya shaida yadda ayyukan ruwa da kariyar ambaliyar ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki za su iya inganta rayuwar ɗan adam sosai. Ya shafe sauran aikinsa yana sarrafa ruwa, ko don dalilai na muhalli ko na ɗan adam, da kuma yin amfani da ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water - Bastion of Life by Full Partner Professional |url=http://www.fullpartnerpro.com/utility/showArticle/?objectID=86869&back=javascript:history.back() |access-date=2017-11-14 |website=www.fullpartnerpro.com |archive-date=2017-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234243/http://www.fullpartnerpro.com/utility/showArticle/?objectID=86869&back=javascript:history.back() |url-status=dead }}</ref> John ɗan asalin Afirka ta Kudu ne, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan gine-gine [[Jami'ar Cape Town|a Jami'ar Cape Town]] a shekarar 1969, digiri na biyu a [[Injiniyan muhalli|fannin injiniyan muhalli]] a shekarar 1972, da kuma digiri na uku a [[Injiniyan muhalli|fannin injiniyan muhalli]] a Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1976. Kafin ya zo Harvard, ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a hukumomin ruwa na gwamnati na Afirka ta Kudu da Mozambique; masanin cututtuka a Cibiyar Bincike ta Cholera, wacce yanzu ake kira ICDDR,B a Bangladesh; farfesa a fannin albarkatun ruwa a Jami'ar North Carolina; kuma, tsawon shekaru 20, a Bankin Duniya, inda ya taimaka wajen kula da ayyukan albarkatun ruwa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki ta ruwa, da tsaftar muhalli. Ya yi shawarwari kan batutuwan ruwa ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kasuwanci. A Harvard, John ya ƙaddamar da Shirin Tsaron Ruwa na Harvard a duk faɗin jami'a, wanda ke mai da hankali kan manyan ƙalubale a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya, ciki har da ikon samar wa mutane da ingantaccen ruwan sha da abinci, samar da makamashi da kuma ci gaba da bunƙasa tattalin arziki, da kuma haɓaka ingancin muhalli. Ya koyar da darussa masu farin jini na digiri na farko da na biyu kan ruwa kuma an zaɓe shi don manyan kyaututtukan koyarwa da jagoranci. Bugu da ƙari, ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daga faɗin jami'a a cikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa kan kula da ruwa a kwaruruka na [[Colorado]], [[Kogin Indus|Indus]], [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], Murray-Darling, da Sao Francisco. == Ilimi == * 1965: An yi karatun digiri a Kwalejin 'Yan'uwan Kirista ta St Patrick's Kimberley [Kwalejin 'Yan'uwan Kirista] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Creamer, T. |date=5 December 2014 |title=Renowned SA recipient of Nobel prize for water dies |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/renowned-sa-recipient-of-nobel-prize-for-water-dies-2014-12-05 |access-date=17 June 2018 |publisher=Engineering News}}</ref> * 1965-1969: Digiri na farko (na farko a fannin Injiniyan Jama'a) a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]], [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], ya samu lambar yabo a shekarar 1969. * 1970-1972: MS a Injiniyan Muhalli, Jami'ar Harvard, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1972 * 1972-1976: Digirin Digiri na uku a Injiniyan Muhalli, Jami'ar Harvard, ya ba shi digirin digirgir a shekarar 1976 : Babban fanni: Injiniyan Albarkatun Ruwa; Ƙananan fannoni: tattalin arziki da kididdigar alƙaluma * 1993: Darasin Jagoranci a Cibiyar Jagorancin Kirkire-kirkire, Greensboro, North Carolina * 1998: Shirin Ci Gaban Zartarwa—Makarantun Kasuwanci na Harvard da Stanford Masu Digiri == Littattafai == John Briscoe ya wallafa littattafai da dama a mujallu daga fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da lafiyar jama'a, abinci mai gina jiki, ilimin cututtuka, albarkatun ruwa, ilimin kididdigar jama'a, ilimin ɗan adam, kimiyyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Littattafansa sun haɗa da labarai sama da 120 a cikin mujallun ƙwararru masu hukunci da littattafai takwas: * Briscoe, John, Richard G. Feachem da Mujibur M. Rahaman, <u>Kimanta Tasirin Lafiya: Samar da Ruwa, Ilimi Kan Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsabtace Muhalli</u>, IDRC Press, Ottawa, Kanada, shafuka 80, 1986. * Briscoe, John da David de Ferranti, <u>Ruwa ga Al'ummomin Karkara: Taimaka wa Mutane Su Taimaka wa Kansu</u>, Bankin Duniya, Washington DC, shafuka 32, 1988. * John Briscoe, <u>Brazil: Sabuwar Kalubalen Lafiyar Manya</u>, Bankin Duniya, Washington DC, shafuka 133, 1990 (a Turanci da Fotigal). (Dabarun Haɗin Gwiwa na Ƙasashen Brazil/Bankin Duniya) * Bankin Duniya (Babban marubuci), <u>Tsarin Ruwa na Bankin Duniya</u>, Washington DC, Fabrairu 2003. * John Briscoe da RPS Malik, <u>Tattalin Arzikin Ruwa na Indiya: Takaita Rayuwa don Makomar Tashin Hankali</u> . Oxford University Press, 2006. * John Briscoe da RPS Malik (masu gyara), <u>Littafin Jagora kan Ci gaban Albarkatun Ruwa da Gudanarwa a Indiya</u>, Oxford University Press, 2007. * John Briscoe da Usman Qamar, <u>Tattalin Arzikin Ruwa na Pakistan: Gudun Ruwa Mai Sauƙi</u>, Oxford University Press, 2007. * Bankin Duniya (Babban marubuci), <u>Dabarun Haɗin Gwiwa na Ƙasashe don Brazil, 2007-2010</u>, Washington DC, 2007. (Dabarar Sashen Ruwa na Bankin Duniya ) == Sabis == * Ya yi aiki a Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ruwa ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa * Wanda ya kafa manyan kamfanonin ruwa na duniya : Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya : Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa na Duniya : Hukumar Duniya kan Madatsun Ruwa * Majalisar Ajanda ta Duniya, Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya * Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara, Murray Darling Basin Authority * Memba na Majalisar, Mashahurin Ƙwararrun Ruwa, [[Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya]] * Babban Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Ruwa, McKinsey da Kamfani '''Shawarwari''' * Bankin Duniya * [[Bankin Cigaban Asiya|Bankin Raya Asiya]] * Majalisar Leken Asiri ta Ƙasa ta Amurka * Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 52if3qw1s3ak6fly6s10axqcoxh0uau Jerin koguna na Ghana 0 155220 859749 848269 2026-06-18T06:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin koguna ne a Ghana. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. == [[Ghana]] == [[Fayil:Pra_River.gif|right|thumb|266x266px|Tsarin Kogin Pra]] * [[Kogin Biya|Kogin Bia]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Major Rivers Of Ghana |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ghana.html |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref> * [[Kogin Tano]]<ref name=":0" /> ** [[Kogin Nini]] * [[Kogin Ankobra]]<ref name=":0" /> * [[Kogin Pra (Ghana)|Kogin Pra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pra Basin » Water Resources Commission Of Ghana |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/basins/pra-basin/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802045427/http://wrc-gh.org/basins/pra-basin/ |archive-date=August 2, 2016 |access-date=2019-01-26 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}</ref> ** [[Kogin Ofin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pra {{!}} river, Ghana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pra-River |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> ** [[Kogin Birim]] [http://citifmonline.com/2017/07/12/birim-river-taking-shape-after-galamsey-fight-photos/] ** [[Kogin Anum]] * [[Kogin Ayensu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-04 |title=3 students drown in River Ayensu |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/october-4th/3-students-drown-in-river-ayensu.php |access-date=2019-01-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420142557/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/october-4th/3-students-drown-in-river-ayensu.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kogin Densu]] * [[Kogin Volta]] <ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Volta_river_black_white_red_descriptions.PNG|right|thumb|304x304px|Tsarin kogin Volta]] Kogin Angongwi Todzie Tafkin Volta Kogin Afram Kogin Asukawkaw Oti Kogin Atakora Kogin Sene Daka Kogin Pru Kogin Black Volta (Mouhoun River) Tain River White Volta (Nakambé) Kulpawn Kogin Sisili Red Volta (Nazinon). ** [[Angongwi]] ** [[Kogin Todzie]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Todzie stream, Ghana |url=http://gh.geoview.info/todzie,2294524 |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=gh.geoview.info}}</ref> ** [[Tafkin Volta]] *** [[Kogin Afram]] *** [[River Asukawkaw|Kogin Asukawkaw]] *** [[Kogin Oti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Major Rivers Of Ghana |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ghana.html |access-date=2019-01-26 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref> **** [[Kogin Mo]] *** [[Kogin Atakora]] *** [[Kogin Sene]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Seine {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/tag/river-seine/ |access-date=2019-01-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> *** [[Kogin Daka]] *** [[Kogin Pru]] *** [[Black Volta]] (River Mouhoun) **** [[Kogin Tain]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=24 year man drowns in River Tain |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/24-year-man-drowns-in-River-Tain-218381 |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> [10] *** [[White Volta]] (Nakambé) Kogin Kulpawn Kogin Sisili Red Volta (Nazinon) [11] **** [[Kogin Kulpawn]] ***** [[Kogin Sisili]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adjorlolo |first=Ruth Abla |title=Construction of a temporal bridge over River Sissili to begin in earnest |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.2014630 |access-date=2019-01-26 |website=www.gbcghana.com |language=en}}</ref> **** [[Red Volta]] (Nazinon) == Dubi kuma == * [[Batutuwan muhalli a Ghana|Yanayin ƙasar Ghana]] * {{Commons-inline|Category:Rivers of Ghana|Rivers of Ghana}} == Manazarta == niqufjzleo153faib5au9bg3l5ilk0b Jerin koguna na Lesotho 0 155267 859750 848362 2026-06-18T06:25:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Lesoto_OSM.png|thumb|Koguna na Lesotho]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a Lesotho. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. [[Fayil:OrangeRiverUpington.jpg|thumb|Rana a kan Kogin Orange kusa da Upington a Arewacin Cape]] * [[Kogin Orange]] (River Senqu) Kogin Caledon (River Mohokare) Little Caledon Kogin Ngoe Kogin Tele Kogin Makhaleng Kogin Senqunyane Kogin Mantsonyane Kogin Tsedike Kogin Malibamatšo Kogin Pelaneng Kogin Dinakeng Kogin Khubelu Kogin Mokhotlong ** [[Kogin Caledon]] (Mohokare River) Little Caledon Kogin Ngoe *** [[Little Caledon River (Lesotho)|Little Caledon River]] *** [[Ngoe River|Kogin Ngoe]] ** [[Tele River|Kogin Tele]] ** [[Kogin Makhaleng]] ** [[Kogin Senqunyane]] *** [[Mantsonyane River|Kogin Mantsonyane]] ** [[Tsedike River|Kogin Tsedike]] ** [[Kogin Malibamatšo]] *** [[Pelaneng River|Kogin Pelaneng]] ** [[Dinakeng River|Kogin Dinakeng]] ** [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] ** [[Kogin Mokhotlong]] == Manazarta == * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/lesotho_pol90.jpg Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka ta tsakiya 1990] * [http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ GEOnet Sunayen Sabon] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= WaterwayMap.org Jerin]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} da [https://waterwaymap.org/#map=7/-29.544/28.328 taswirar mu'amala na rafi da koguna na Lesotho] daga WaterwayMap.org cjbeoe0c1gkottre89kppjtn5afad1w Jima'i na zamantakewa 0 155524 859866 849652 2026-06-18T09:37:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jinsi''', wanda wani lokacin ake kira '''yanayin zamantakewa''', shine bambancin mutum ɗaya a cikin shirye [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|-shiryen yin jima'i]] a waje da dangantaka mai himma . Mutanen da suka fi ''iyakance kansu'' a fannin zamantakewa ba sa son yin jima'i na yau da kullun ; sun fi son [[So|ƙauna]], sadaukarwa da kusanci na motsin rai kafin yin jima'i da abokan soyayya. Mutanen da ba su ''da iyaka'' a fannin zamantakewa sun fi son yin jima'i na yau da kullun kuma sun fi jin daɗin yin jima'i ba tare da soyayya, sadaukarwa ko kusanci ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=J. A. |last2=Gangestad |first2=S.W. |year=1991 |title=Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=870–883 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.870 |pmid=1865325}}</ref> == Aunawa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  An tsara kundin nazarin zamantakewa da zamantakewa (SOI-R) don auna zamantakewa da zamantakewa, tare da manyan maki na SOI waɗanda suka dace da yanayin da ba a iyakance ba da ƙananan maki na SOI waɗanda ke nuna yanayin da ya fi ƙuntatawa. SOI-R kuma yana ba da damar kimantawa daban-daban na fannoni uku na zamantakewa da zamantakewa: hali, hali da sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penke |first=L. |last2=Asendorpf |first2=J. B. |year=2008 |title=Beyond global sociosexual orientations: A more differentiated look at sociosexuality and its effects on courtship and romantic relationships |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=1113–1135 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1113 |pmid=18954197 |s2cid=2213695}}</ref> == Bambancin jinsi da yanayin jima'i == Maza suna da mafi girman maki na SOI kuma ba su da iyaka fiye da mata a cikin al'adu daban-daban. <ref name="FirstSchmitt">{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=D. P. |year=2005 |title=Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=247–311 |doi=10.1017/s0140525x05000051 |pmid=16201459 |s2cid=25458417}}</ref> <ref name="Schmitt">{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=D. P. |year=2007 |title=Sexual strategies across sexual orientations: How personality traits and culture relate to sociosexuality among gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and heterosexuals |journal=Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality |volume=18 |issue=2–3 |pages=183–214 |doi=10.1300/j056v18n02_06 |s2cid=146229768}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai ƙarin bambanci a cikin maki a cikin kowane jinsi fiye da tsakanin maza da mata, wanda ke nuna cewa kodayake matsakaicin namiji ba shi da iyaka fiye da matsakaicin mace, mutane na iya bambanta a cikin zamantakewa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba. <ref name="Gangestad">{{Cite journal |last=Gangestad |first=S. W. |last2=Simpson |first2=J. A. |year=2000 |title=The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=573–587 |doi=10.1017/s0140525x0000337x |pmid=11301543 |s2cid=33245508}}</ref> Mata masu jinsi biyu ba su da wani takaitaccen tsari a halayen zamantakewa fiye da mata [[Maɗigo|masu jinsi]] biyu da kuma mata masu jinsi biyu . Mata masu jinsi biyu kuma su ne mafi rashin takaitawa a halayen zamantakewa, sai kuma 'yan madigo sannan kuma mata masu jinsi biyu. <ref name="Schmitt"/> Maza [[Jima'in jinsi|masu jinsi biyu]] da maza masu jinsi biyu suna kama da maza masu jinsi biyu a halayen zamantakewa, domin suna nuna halaye marasa iyaka dangane da mata. Duk da haka, maza masu jinsi biyu su ne mafi rashin takaitawa a halayen zamantakewa, sai kuma maza masu jinsi biyu sannan kuma maza masu jinsi biyu. Wannan yana iya zama saboda maza masu jinsi biyu suna da ƙarin abokan tarayya waɗanda suka fi son saduwa ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, ta yau da kullun. <ref name="Schmitt" /> Rashin iyawa ta zamantakewa yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar farko da jima'i, yawan [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]] da kuma yawan abokan hulɗar jima'i a tsawon rayuwa. Mata marasa iyaka suna da yawan tunanin jima'i da suka shafi rinjaye da kuma ƙarancin matakan ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da mata masu ƙuntatawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yost |first=M. R. |last2=Zurbriggen |first2=E. L. |year=2006 |title=Gender differences in the enactment of sociosexuality: An examination of implicit social motives, sexual fantasies, coercive sexual attitudes, and aggressive sexual behavior |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=163–173 |doi=10.1080/00224490609552311 |pmid=16817063 |s2cid=8940795}}</ref> == Bambance-bambancen ɗaiɗaikun mutane == Mutane waɗanda ba su da wata matsala ta zamantakewa ta hanyar jima'i suna da mafi girman maki idan aka yi la'akari da buɗewar da za su fuskanta, <ref name="Wright">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=T. M. |year=1999 |title=Female sexual behavior: Analysis of Big Five trait facets and domains in the prediction of sociosexuality |journal=Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering |volume=59 |page=5611}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lameiras Fernández |first=M. |last2=Rodríguez Castro |first2=Y. |year=2003 |title=The Big Five and sexual attitudes in Spanish students |journal=Social Behavior and Personality |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=357–362 |doi=10.2224/sbp.2003.31.4.357 |doi-access=free}}</ref> su zama masu son kai, <ref name="Wright" /> ba sa son juna, [2] ƙasa da gaskiya - tawali'u, [ <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bourdage |first=J.S. |last2=Lee, K. |last3=Ashton, M.C. |last4=Perry, A. |year=2007 |title=Big Five and HEXACO model personality correlates of sexuality |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1506–1516 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=D. P. |last2=Buss |first2=D. M. |year=2000 |title=Sexual dimensions of person description: Beyond or subsumed by the Big Five? |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=141–177 |citeseerx=10.1.1.386.6601 |doi=10.1006/jrpe.1999.2267}}</ref> batsa, <ref name="Seal">{{Cite journal |last=Seal |first=D. W. |last2=Agostinelli |first2=G. |year=1994 |title=Individual differences associated with high-risk sexual behaviour: Implications for intervention programmes |journal=AIDS Care |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1080/09540129408258653 |pmid=7833356}}</ref> mafi saurin fushi, <ref name="Seal" /> mafi yuwuwar samun salon haɗewa mai gujewa, [ <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=K. A. |last2=Shaver |first2=P. R. |year=1995 |title=Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=267–283 |doi=10.1177/0146167295213008 |s2cid=145711350}}</ref> ƙarancin yuwuwar samun salon haɗewa mai aminci, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simon |first=E. P. |year=1997 |title=Adult attachment style and sociosexuality |journal=Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering |volume=57 |page=5966}}</ref> kuma suna da maki mafi girma akan halayen uku masu duhu (misali narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=J. D. |last2=Shrira |first2=L. |last3=Campbell |first3=W. K. |year=2006 |title=Theoretical models of narcissism, sexuality, and relationship commitment |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=367–386 |doi=10.1177/0265407506064204 |s2cid=143798856}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jonason |first=P. K. |last2=Li |first2=N. P. |last3=Webster |first3=G. W. |last4=Schmitt |first4=D. P. |year=2009 |title=The Dark Triad: Facilitating short-term mating in men |journal=European Journal of Personality |volume=23 |pages=5–18 |citeseerx=10.1.1.650.5749 |doi=10.1002/per.698 |s2cid=12854051}}</ref> Mafi girman maza <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=A. P. |year=2004 |title=Self-perceived attractiveness and masculinization predict women's sociosexuality |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=113–124 |bibcode=2004EHumB..25..113C |doi=10.1016/s1090-5138(03)00085-0}}</ref> da maraice <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jankowski |first=Konrad S |last2=Díaz-Morales |first2=Juan Francisco |last3=Vollmer |first3=Christian |last4=Randler |first4=Christoph |year=2014 |title=Morningness–eveningness and sociosexuality: Evening females are less restricted than morning ones |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=68 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.006}}</ref> a cikin mata yana da alaƙa da zamantakewa mara iyaka. Babban sa ido kan kai kuma yana da alaƙa da zamantakewa mara iyaka, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko yanayin jima'i ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sakaguchi |first=K. |last2=Sakai |first2=Y. |last3=Ueda |first3=K. |last4=Hasegawa |first4=T. |year=2007 |title=Robust association between sociosexuality and self-monitoring in heterosexual and non-heterosexual Japanese |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=815–825 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.006}}</ref> Mutane masu ra'ayin addini na asali (watau addini a matsayin ƙarshe) galibi suna da ƙuntatawa ta zamantakewa, yayin da waɗanda ke da ra'ayin addini na waje (watau addini a matsayin hanyar cimma burin da ba na addini ba) galibi ba su da iyaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowatt |first=W.C. |last2=Schmitt |first2=D.P. |year=2003 |title=Associations between religious orientation and varieties of sexual experience |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=455–465 |citeseerx=10.1.1.550.8478 |doi=10.1111/1468-5906.00194}}</ref> == Dabi'un saduwa == === Dalilai === Mata marasa iyaka suna da sha'awar yin jima'i na ɗan lokaci fiye da mata masu ƙuntatawa saboda suna ganin ƙarin fa'idodi da ke tattare da saduwa ta ɗan lokaci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da fa'idodin jima'i (misali, jin daɗin sabon abokin tarayya), fa'idodin albarkatu (misali, karɓar kyaututtuka masu tsada) da haɓaka ƙwarewar lalatarsu. Zamantakewa ba ta da alaƙa da fa'idodin ɗan gajeren lokaci ga maza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greiling |first=H. |last2=Buss |first2=D. M. |year=2000 |title=Women's sexual strategies: The hidden dimension of extra-pair mating |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=929–963 |doi=10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00151-8}}</ref> Idan ana kallon kyawawan samfuran mata, maza marasa iyaka suna da sha'awar kyawun jikin samfuran, yayin da maza masu iyaka suna nuna sha'awar halayen zamantakewa da ake kyautata zaton mata masu kyau ke da shi. Mata marasa iyaka suna ba da rahoton sha'awar shaharar samfuran maza masu kyau kuma ba sa sha'awar son sadaukarwa, idan aka kwatanta da mata masu iyaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Townsend |first=J. M. |last2=Wasserman |first2=T. |year=1998 |title=Sexual attractiveness: Sex differences in assessment and criteria |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=171–191 |bibcode=1998EHumB..19..171T |doi=10.1016/s1090-5138(98)00008-7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Abubuwan da abokin tarayya ke so === Maza da mata masu sha'awar jima'i ba tare da wata iyaka ba suna ɗaukar abokan aure na ɗan gajeren lokaci waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar jima'i mafi girma a matsayin abin so, yayin da mata masu ƙuntatawa suna ɗaukar rashin ƙwarewar jima'i na abokan tarayya a matsayin abin so. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiederman |first=M. W. |last2=Dubois |first2=S. L. |year=1998 |title=Evolution and sex differences in preferences for short-term mates: Results from a policy capturing study |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=153–170 |bibcode=1998EHumB..19..153W |citeseerx=10.1.1.522.7377 |doi=10.1016/s1090-5138(98)00006-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sprecher |first=S. |last2=Regan |first2=P. C. |last3=McKinney |first3=K. |last4=Maxwell |first4=K. |last5=Wazienski |first5=R. |year=1997 |title=Preferred level of sexual experience in a date or mate: The merger of two methodologies |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1080/00224499709551901}}</ref> Mutane marasa ƙuntatawa suna ba da fifiko ga kyawun jiki da sha'awar jima'i na abokan tarayya, yayin da mutane masu ƙuntatawa suna ba da fifiko ga halaye masu nuna kyawawan halaye na mutum da na iyaye (misali, kirki, alhakin, aminci). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=J. A. |last2=Gangestad |first2=S. W. |year=1992 |title=Sociosexuality and romantic partner choice |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=60 |pages=31–51 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00264.x}}</ref> Hukuncin sha'awar jima'i ya fi canzawa a cikin maza marasa ƙuntatawa fiye da maza masu ƙuntatawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Townsend |first=J. M. |last2=Wasserman |first2=T. |date=June 1997 |title=The perception of sexual attractiveness: sex differences in variability |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=243–268 |doi=10.1023/a:1024570814293 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=9146813 |s2cid=25593234}}</ref> Mutane suna iya tantance yanayin zamantakewa na fuskokin da kwamfuta ta samar da kuma na gaske, tare da alaƙar zamantakewa mara iyaka da ƙarin kyau a fuskokin mata da kuma girman namiji a fuskokin maza. Mata sun fi son fuskokin maza da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin zamantakewa, yayin da maza suka fi son fuskokin mata marasa iyaka, duka na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boothroyd |first=L. G. |last2=Jones |first2=B. C. |last3=Burt |first3=D. M. |last4=DeBruine |first4=L. M. |last5=Perrett |first5=D. I. |year=2008 |title=Facial correlates of sociosexuality |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5428/1/5428.pdf |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=211–218 |bibcode=2008EHumB..29..211B |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boothroyd |first=L.G. |last2=Cross |first2=C.P. |last3=Gray |first3=A.W. |last4=Coombes |first4=C. |last5=Gregson-Curtis |first5=K. |year=2011 |title=Perceiving the facial correlates of sociosexuality: further evidence |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1481586 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=422–425 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.017}}</ref> === Hulɗar dangantaka === Mata marasa iyaka suna ba da rahoton yin mu'amala ta zamantakewa da maza a kowace rana fiye da mata masu ƙuntatawa. Duk da haka, mutanen da ba su da ƙuntatawa suna kimanta mu'amalarsu da abokansu na kud da kud (ba na soyayya ba) a matsayin ƙasa da inganci (watau, ba shi da daɗi da gamsarwa) fiye da mutanen da aka ƙuntata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hebl |first=M. R. |last2=Kashy |first2=D. A. |year=1995 |title=Sociosexuality and everyday social interaction |journal=Personal Relationships |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=371–383 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00099.x}}</ref> Mutanen da ba su da ƙuntatawa kuma suna iya ɗaukar yaudara ko rashin aminci a matsayin abin karɓa a wasu yanayi (misali, lokacin da suke cikin mummunan dangantaka), kuma suna ba da rahoton yin yaudara fiye da mutanen da aka ƙuntata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=S. S. |last2=Cauffman |first2=E. |year=1999 |title=Your cheatin' heart: Attitudes, behaviors, and correlates of sexual betrayal in late adolescents |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=227–252 |doi=10.1207/s15327795jra0903_1}}</ref> Alaƙar da ke tsakanin yanayin zamantakewa da rashin aminci tana gudana ne ta hanyar sadaukarwa, ma'ana mutanen da ba su da ƙuntatawa na iya yin yaudara saboda ba su da alƙawarin da suka yi wa abokin tarayya fiye da mutanen da aka ƙuntata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mattingly |first=B. A. |last2=Clark |first2=E. M. |last3=Weidler |first3=D. J. |last4=Bullock |first4=M. |last5=Hackathorn |first5=J. |last6=Blankmeyer |first6=K. |year=2011 |title=Sociosexual orientation, commitment, and infidelity: A mediation analysis |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=222–226 |doi=10.1080/00224540903536162 |pmid=21675178 |s2cid=25319954}}</ref> == Hormones == Mutane da ke da alaƙa da juna yawanci suna da ƙarancin matakan [[testosterone]] fiye da mutanen da ba su da aure. Duk da haka, an gano cewa wannan ya shafi mutanen da ke da ƙayyadadden yanayin zamantakewa. Matakan testosterone na maza da mata da ke da alaƙa da juna, ba tare da iyakancewa ba sun fi kama da mata da maza marasa aure. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edelstein |first=R.S. |last2=Chopik |first2=W.J. |last3=Kean |first3=E.L. |year=2011 |title=Sociosexuality moderates the association between testosterone and relationship status in men and women |url=http://edelsteinlab.psych.lsa.umich.edu/pubs/Edelstein%20et%20al%202011%20HB.pdf |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.007 |pmid=21645516 |s2cid=10417454 |access-date=2026-06-06 |archive-date=2021-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313110735/https://edelsteinlab.psych.lsa.umich.edu/pubs/Edelstein%20et%20al%202011%20HB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Al'adu == A yankunan da ke fama da yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, maza da mata suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin matakan zamantakewa, domin farashin rayuwa mara kyau (watau, rashin iyakancewa) na iya wuce fa'idodin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=M. |last2=Murray |first2=D. R. |year=2008 |title=Pathogens, personality and culture: Disease prevalence predicts worldwide variability in sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness to experience |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=212–221 |citeseerx=10.1.1.476.4335 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.212 |pmid=18605861}}</ref> == Ma'anar == Possessing an unrestricted sociosexuality seems to increase the likelihood of having a son by 12-19% in American samples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanazawa |first=S. |last2=Apari |first2=P. |year=2009 |title=Sociosexually unrestricted parents have more sons: A further application of the generalized Trivers-Willard hypothesis (gTWH) |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=320–330 |doi=10.1080/03014460902766918 |pmid=19306221 |s2cid=16529638}}</ref> This may be explained by the generalized Trivers-Willard hypothesis, which states that parents who possess any heritable trait that increases males' reproductive success above females' will have more sons, and will have more daughters if they possess traits that increase females' reproductive success above males'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanazawa |first=S |year=2005 |title=Big and tall parents have more sons: Further generalizations of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=235 |issue=4 |pages=583–590 |bibcode=2005JThBi.235..583K |doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.02.010 |pmid=15935175}}</ref> Since unrestricted sociosexuality increases the reproductive fitness of sons more than daughters (as males have the potential to have more offspring through casual sex), unrestricted parents have a higher-than-expected offspring sex ratio (more sons). == Ka'idoji masu dacewa == === Ka'idar saka hannun jari ta iyaye === A cewar ka'idar saka hannun jari ta iyaye, jinsin da ke saka jari sosai a cikin 'ya'ya yakan zama mai nuna bambanci kuma yana da iyaka ga zamantakewa (yawanci mata, saboda ciki, haihuwa da shayarwa). A cikin shekara guda, mace za ta iya haihuwa sau ɗaya (sai dai idan an yi ciki da yawa), ba tare da la'akari da adadin abokan hulɗa da ta yi ba, yayin da namiji zai iya samun 'ya'ya fiye da adadin matan da ya yi barci da su saboda haihuwa da yawa. Don haka, ya kamata mata su kasance masu zaɓi da ƙuntatawa don samun 'ya'ya tare da abokan hulɗa waɗanda ke da kyawawan kwayoyin halitta da albarkatu, waɗanda za su iya samar da 'ya'ya masu yuwuwa. Duk da haka, maza na iya ƙara lafiyarsu ta hanyar kasancewa ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba da kuma samun 'ya'ya da yawa tare da mata da yawa. Don haka, tunda maza ba sa buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai a jiki (ba tare da juna biyu ba), suna da alaƙa da zamantakewa mara iyaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bovet |first=Jeanne |date=4 June 2019 |title=Evolutionary Theories and Men's Preferences for Women's Waist-to-Hip Ratio: Which Hypotheses Remain? A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |pages=1221 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01221 |pmc=6563790 |pmid=31244708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ka'idar rabon jinsi === Matsakaicin jinsi na aiki shine adadin mazan da ke fafatawa da jima'i idan aka kwatanta da adadin mata masu fafatawa da jima'i a cikin rukunin saduwa na gida. <ref name="FirstSchmitt"/> Matsakaicin jinsi na aiki yana nuna cewa akwai maza da yawa fiye da mata, yayin da ƙarancin rabon jinsi yana nuna cewa mata da yawa suna samuwa ta hanyar jima'i fiye da maza. Matsakaicin jinsi na aiki (maza da yawa) yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin maki na SOI (ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa), saboda maza dole ne su gamsar da fifikon mata na dangantaka ta aure na dogon lokaci idan suna son yin gasa don ƙarancin adadin mata. Ƙananan rabon jinsi (ƙarancin mata) suna da alaƙa da ƙarin zamantakewa mara iyaka, saboda maza za su iya buƙatar ƙarin jima'i na yau da kullun idan sun yi ƙaranci kuma suna cikin buƙata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=F. A. |year=1991 |title=Secular trends in human sex ratios: Their influence on individual and family behavior |journal=Human Nature |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=271–291 |doi=10.1007/bf02692189 |pmid=24222281 |s2cid=824054}}</ref> === Ka'idar dabarun yawan jama'a === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen amfani da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen amfani da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen amfani da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tantance maza ta hanyoyi biyu: damarsu ta zama mai samar da kyakkyawan yanayi ga 'ya'ya da kuma matsayin ingancin kwayoyin halittarsu. Yanayin da ake amfani da shi a yankin ya kamata ya rinjayi halayen da mata suka fi so. A cikin yanayi mai wahala inda kulawa tsakanin iyaye biyu ke da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar jarirai, ya kamata mata su fi daraja kyawawan halaye na iyaye, wanda hakan ke sa maza su rungumi zamantakewa mai takaitacciya kuma su zuba jari mai yawa a kan 'ya'yansu don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa 'ya'yansu sun tsira. A cikin yanayin da cututtuka suka yi kamari, ya kamata mata su ba da fifiko ga kyawawan kwayoyin halitta da za su taimaka wa 'ya'ya su tsayayya da cututtuka, wanda hakan ke sa maza masu lafiya su kasance ba tare da wata takura ba a fannin zamantakewa domin su yada kwayoyin halittarsu ga 'ya'ya da yawa. <ref name="Gangestad"/> === Ka'idar tsarin zamantakewa === A bisa ka'idar tsarin zamantakewa, rabon aiki da tsammanin zamantakewa yana haifar da bambance-bambancen jinsi a cikin zamantakewa. A cikin al'adu waɗanda ke da matsayi na jinsi na gargajiya (inda mata ke da 'yanci kaɗan fiye da maza), bambance-bambancen jinsi a cikin zamantakewa ya fi girma. A cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, inda mata ke da ƙarancin damar samun iko da kuɗi fiye da maza, ana sa ran ya kamata a takaita mata ta hanyar jima'i kuma su yi jima'i kawai da maza a cikin mahallin dangantaka mai himma, yayin da maza na iya zama marasa iyaka ta hanyar jima'i idan sun so. A cikin al'ummomin da suka fi daidaito, inda maza da mata ke da daidaito ga iko da kuɗi, bambancin jinsi a cikin zamantakewa ba shi da yawa, domin mutane na iya ɗaukar nauyin zamantakewa na ɗayan jinsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=W. |last2=Eagly |first2=A. H. |year=2002 |title=A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of men and women: Implications for the origins of sex differences |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=128 |issue=5 |pages=699–727 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699 |pmid=12206191 |s2cid=6751650}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Abokai masu dangantaka da fa'idodi * Jima'i tsakanin ɗan adam * Polyamory * Rashin sha'awa * Tashin hankalin jima'i * Matsayin jima'i * Halin jima'i na yanayi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.larspenke.eu/en/research/soi-r.html Kayayyakin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan fahimtar zamantakewa da jinsi] {{Human sexuality}}{{Sexual identities}}{{Sexual ethics}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7o4g5s336qjxbjjuhsrxpe4so0jzpjn Jima'i na yara 0 155525 859865 849654 2026-06-18T09:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halayen jima'i a cikin yara''' sun zama ruwan dare, kuma suna iya kasancewa daga al'ada da kuma dacewa da ci gaba zuwa cin zarafi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kellogg |first=Nancy D. |last2=Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect |date=2009-09-01 |title=Clinical Report—The Evaluation of Sexual Behaviors in Children |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/124/3/992/71844/Clinical-Report-The-Evaluation-of-Sexual-Behaviors |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=992–998 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1692 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=19720674 |s2cid=6269473 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗannan halaye na iya haɗawa da motsa kai, sha'awar jima'i, son sani game da nasu ko wasu [[jinsi]], nuna jiki (nuna jikin wani ga wani yaro ko babba), kallon kallon batsa (yunƙurin ganin jikin wani yaro ko babba), halayen rawar da jinsi ke takawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedrich |first=William N. |last2=Fisher |first2=Jennifer |last3=Broughton |first3=Daniel |last4=Houston |first4=Margaret |last5=Shafran |first5=Constance R. |date=1998-04-01 |title=Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/101/4/e9/61998/Normative-Sexual-Behavior-in-Children-A |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=e9 |doi=10.1542/peds.101.4.e9 |issn=1098-4275 |pmid=9521975 |s2cid=5436544 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan jima'i tsakanin mutane. Fiye da kashi 50% na yara za su shiga wani nau'in halayen jima'i kafin su kai shekara 13 (kusan [[Balaga|lokacin balaga]] ), gami da abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i da wasu yara. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗannan abubuwan na iya haɗawa da shafa juna, binciken al'aura tsakanin mutane da kuma yin al'aura; yayin da hulɗar shiga tsakani ( shigar dijital, ta baki ko ta al'aura, da sauransu) ya fi wuya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Gail |date=2000 |title=Childhood sexuality: a decade of study. Part I—research and curriculum development |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0145213499001180 |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00118-0 |pmid=10660008 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Halayen jima'i == === Son sani === Ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin yara ɗaya-ɗaya, yara gabaɗaya suna son sanin jikinsu da na wasu kuma suna bincika jikinsu ta hanyar wasan jima'i na bincike . " Wasan likita " misali ne na irin wannan binciken yara; ana ɗaukar irin waɗannan wasannin a matsayin al'ada a cikin ƙananan yara. Ana ɗaukar jima'i na yara a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da halayen jima'i na manya, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan manufa. A tsakanin yara, shigar al'aura da hulɗa ta baki da al'aura ba kasafai ake gani ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedrich |first=William N. |last2=Fisher |first2=Jennifer |last3=Broughton |first3=Daniel |last4=Houston |first4=Margaret |last5=Shafran |first5=Constance R. |year=1998 |title=Normative sexual behavior in children: a contemporary sample |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/4/e9.abstract |journal=Pediatrics |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=E9 |doi=10.1542/peds.101.4.e9 |pmid=9521975 |s2cid=5436544 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=}}</ref> kuma ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin kwaikwayon halayen manya. Irin waɗannan halaye sun fi yawa a tsakanin yaran da aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar jima'i. A cewar Ƙungiyar Kula da Damuwa ta Yara ta Ƙasa, yara suna da sha'awar dabi'a game da jikinsu da kuma gawarwakin wasu waɗanda ya kamata a magance su ta hanyar da ta dace da shekarunsu. A cewar rahoton: * Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara huɗu wani lokacin za su taɓa al'aurarsu ko kuma su kalli al'aurar wasu. * Tun daga shekaru uku zuwa bakwai, yara kan yi sha'awar sanin inda jarirai suka fito. Suna iya bincika jikin wasu yara da manya saboda son sani, sannan kuma su fara jin kunya da kuma bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin halayen sirri da na jama'a. Ga wasu yara, taɓa al'aura yana ƙaruwa, musamman lokacin da suka gaji ko suka fusata. Suna iya ƙoƙarin ganin wasu suna saka ko cire kayansu ko kuma wataƙila za su "zama likita". * Tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa goma sha biyu, yara na iya fara faɗaɗa sha'awarsu ga hotunan mutanen da ba su da sutura da ake samu a kafofin watsa labarai. Suna iya buƙatar sirri game da jikinsu kuma su fara sha'awar abokansu ta hanyar jima'i. === Tausasawa === Wasu yara suna shiga cikin sha'awar jima'i tun suna ƙanana. Yayin da suke shekara 8 ko 9, wasu yara suna fahimtar cewa sha'awar jima'i wani nau'in sha'awar jima'i ne na musamman kuma za su nemi waɗannan abubuwan jin daɗi ta hanyar gani daban-daban, taɓa kai, da kuma tatsuniyoyi. === Abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i tsakanin mutane === Yara da yawa suna shiga cikin wasu wasannin jima'i, yawanci tare da 'yan'uwa ko abokai. Wasan jima'i da wasu yawanci yana raguwa yayin da yara ke kammala karatunsu na firamare, duk da haka har yanzu suna iya samun sha'awar soyayya ga takwarorinsu. Matakan son sani sun kasance masu yawa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, suna ƙaruwa a lokacin [[balaga]] (kusan shekarun ƙuruciya) lokacin da babban ƙaruwar sha'awar jima'i ya faru. Haka nan, yin jima'i da juna ko wasu gwaje-gwajen jima'i tsakanin matasa masu shekaru iri ɗaya na iya faruwa, kodayake tilastawa ta al'ada ko addini na iya hana ko ƙarfafa ɓoye irin wannan aikin idan akwai matsin lamba mara kyau na takwarorinsu ko kuma idan manyan hukumomi ba za su yarda da hakan ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1997 bisa ga iyakantattun canje-canje ya gano babu wata alaƙa tsakanin wasan jima'i na yara ƙanana (shekaru 6 zuwa ƙasa) da kuma daidaitawa daga baya. Binciken ya lura cewa sakamakonsa bai nuna a taƙaice cewa babu irin wannan alaƙar ba. Binciken bai kuma magance matsalar sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i masu tsanani ko abubuwan da suka faru masu tsanani ko waɗanda ba a so ba. <ref name="Okami">{{Cite journal |last=Okami |first=Paul |last2=Olmstead |first2=Richard |last3=Abramson |first3=Paul R. |year=1997 |title=Sexual experiences in early childhood: 18-year longitudinal data from the UCLA family lifestyles project - University of California, Los Angeles |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1080/00224499709551902}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a ƙasar Finland ya gano cewa kashi 2.4% na waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi sun taɓa yin jima'i da wani da ya fi shekaru biyar girma a lokacin ƙuruciya. Bayyana irin waɗannan abubuwan ga manya ko takwarorinsu ya dogara ne akan ko an yi amfani da tashin hankali a lokacin aikin da kuma ingancin abin da ya faru (mutanen da ba su kira abin da ya faru da cin zarafi ba, wanda ya wakilci kashi 51% na samfurin, ba su da ikon bayar da rahoto ga manya, amma ba takwarorinsu ba). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahtinen |first=Hanna-Mari |last2=Laitila |first2=Aarno |last3=Korkman |first3=Julia |last4=Ellonen |first4=Noora |date=2018 |title=Children's disclosures of sexual abuse in a population-based sample |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0145213417304052 |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |language=en |volume=76 |pages=84–94 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.011 |pmid=29096161 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Gano bambance-bambancen jinsi === [[Fayil:Martin_Van_Maele_-_La_Grande_Danse_macabre_des_vifs_-_04.jpg|thumb|" ''Me yasa ba kwa son zama yarinya? Domin ba na son yin fitsari da komai.'' " Zane na Martin van Maële a cikin ''La Grande Danse macabre des vifs'', 1905.]] Da shigewar lokaci, yara suna ƙara fahimtar bambancin jinsi, kuma suna son zaɓar abokai da abokan wasa na jinsi ɗaya, wani lokacin suna raina akasin jinsi ɗaya. Yara na iya barin kusancinsu da iyayensu na jinsi ɗaya su kuma ƙara shaƙuwa da iyayensu na jinsi ɗaya. A wannan lokacin, yara, musamman 'yan mata, suna nuna ƙara sanin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa game da jima'i, tsiraici, da sirri. <ref name="Richardson-Schuster">Richardson, Justin, M.D., and Schuster, Mark, M.D., Ph.D. ''[http://www.enotalone.com/article/2479.html Everything You Never Wanted Your Kids to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid They'd Ask)] {{Webarchive}}'', 2003, Three Rivers Press</ref> Yara na iya amfani da kalmomin jima'i don gwada martanin manya. "Barkwanci da banɗaki" (barkwanci da tattaunawa da suka shafi ayyukan banɗaki), waɗanda ke akwai a farkon matakai, ya ci gaba. Yayin da wannan matakin ke ci gaba, zaɓin yara na zaɓar abokan jinsi ɗaya yana ƙara zama abin mamaki kuma yana ƙara ɓata wa jinsi ɗaya suna. <ref name="CASA_1">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2012 |title=Child & adolescent sexuality |url=http://www.secasa.com.au/pages/child-and-adolescent-sexuality/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212117/http://www.secasa.com.au/pages/child-and-adolescent-sexuality/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=South Easter CASA Centre Against Sexual Assault}}</ref> == Ci gaban jima'i == === Kula da yara === A wuraren kula da yara a wajen gida, akwai matsala wajen tantance irin ɗabi'ar da ta dace da kuma abin da zai iya nuna cin zarafin yara (CSA). A cikin 2018, wani bincike mai zurfi da aka gudanar kan cibiyoyin kula da yara na Denmark (waɗanda, a ƙarni na baya, suka jure wa tsirara da kuma yin aikin likita) ya gano cewa manufofin zamani sun zama masu tsauri sakamakon tuhumar ma'aikatan kula da yara da CSA. Duk da haka, yayin da CSA ke faruwa, martanin na iya zama saboda "tsoro na ɗabi'a" wanda ya fi ƙarfin yawansa kuma yawan amsawar da ake yi na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau. Ana aiwatar da tsauraran manufofi ba don kare yara daga barazanar da ba a saba gani ba, amma don kare ma'aikata daga zargin CSA. Manufofin sun haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ma'aikatan kula da yara waɗanda ke ci gaba da yarda cewa halayen da suka shafi tsirara wani ɓangare ne na ci gaban yara da kuma waɗanda ke ba da shawarar a sa ido sosai kan yara don hana irin wannan ɗabi'ar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leander |first=Else-Marie Buch |last2=Larsen |first2=Per Lindsø |last3=Munk |first3=Karen Pallesgaard |year=2018 |title=Children's Doctor Games and Nudity at Danish Childcare Institutions |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-1144-9 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=863–875 |doi=10.1007/s10508-017-1144-9 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=29450663 |s2cid=46838503 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> === Balaga === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Bincike == Nazarin da aka yi kan halayen jima'i na yara ƙanana ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaeser |first=Frederick |last2=DiSalvo |first2=Claudia |last3=Moglia |first3=Ron |date=2000 |title=Sexual Behaviors of Young Children That Occur in Schools |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01614576.2000.11074361 |journal=Journal of Sex Education and Therapy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=277–285 |doi=10.1080/01614576.2000.11074361 |issn=0161-4576 |s2cid=142993207 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ba a cika tattara ilimin da ya shafi halayen jima'i na yara ta hanyar yin hira kai tsaye da yara ba, wani ɓangare saboda la'akari da ɗabi'a. Ana tattara bayanai game da halayen jima'i na yara ta hanyar lura da yara ana yi musu magani saboda halayen da suka shafi matsala, kamar amfani da ƙarfi a wasan jima'i, sau da yawa ana amfani da 'yan tsana daidai gwargwado ; Tunawa da manya da lura da masu kula da su. Yawancin littattafan binciken jima'i da aka buga sun fito ne daga ƙasashen Yamma. === A farkon karni na 20 === Har sai da [[Sigmund Freud]] ya buga ''Makaloli Uku kan Ka'idar Jima'i'' a shekarar 1905, yara galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba sa son jima'i, ba sa son jima'i sai daga baya suka girma. Freud yana ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka yi nazari sosai kan jima'i tsakanin yara, kuma yarda da wanzuwarsa babban canji ne. Banda Freud, sauyin zamani daga jima'i a lokacin ƙuruciya da ake fahimtarsa a matsayin ra'ayi na cututtuka zuwa wani ɓangare na al'ada na ɗabi'ar yara shi ma ya shafi Albert Moll, Carl Jung, William Stern da [[Charlotte Bühler]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana ɗaukar Freud a matsayin babban mutum a cikin "gano jima'i a lokacin ƙuruciya," aikinsa ya samu tasiri daga tattaunawa da aka riga aka yi game da wannan batu wanda ya fara a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sauerteig |first=Lutz D.H. |date=2012 |title=Loss of Innocence: Albert Moll, Sigmund Freud and the Invention of Childhood Sexuality Around 1900 |journal=Medical History |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=156–183 |doi=10.1017/mdh.2011.31 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=3381499 |pmid=23002291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Kinsey ==== Alfred Kinsey a cikin Rahoton Kinsey (1948 da 1953) ya haɗa da bincike kan martanin da yara ke yi game da jima'i, ciki har da yara kafin su balaga (kodayake babban abin da rahotannin suka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne manya). Duk da cewa da farko akwai damuwa cewa ba za a iya samun wasu bayanai a cikin rahotanninsa ba tare da lura ko shiga cikin cin zarafin yara ba, an bayyana bayanan daga baya a cikin shekarun 1990 cewa an tattara su daga littafin tarihin wani mai lalata da yara guda ɗaya wanda ke lalata da yara tun 1917. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinsey Institute director denies allegations by Reisman |url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/cont-akchild.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212143625/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/cont-akchild.html |archive-date=2014-02-12 |access-date=2013-12-04 |publisher=Kinseyinstitute.org}}</ref> Wannan ya sa bayanan suka zama marasa amfani, ba wai kawai saboda sun dogara gaba ɗaya akan tushe ɗaya ba, amma bayanan an ruwaito su ne ta hanyar jita-jita ta wani mai lura da ba shi da tabbas . A cikin 2000, mai bincike ɗan ƙasar Sweden Ing-Beth Larsson ya lura, "Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu ba da shawara su ambaci Alfred Kinsey", saboda ƙarancin manyan bincike na halayen jima'i na yara da ke gaba. == Matsalolin zamani == A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, 'yancin jima'i ya samo asali ne sakamakon wani babban fashewar al'adu a Amurka bayan juyin juya halin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], da kuma yawan kafofin watsa labarai na sauti da aka rarraba a duk duniya ta hanyar sabuwar fasahar lantarki da bayanai. Yara suna da damar samun damar shiga da kuma rinjayar kayan aiki, duk da takunkumi da software na sarrafa abun ciki . === Ilimin jima'i === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Yawan ilimin jima'i a makarantun gwamnati ya bambanta sosai a faɗin duniya, kuma a cikin ƙasashe kamar Amurka inda ake tantance abubuwan da ke cikin darussan ta hanyar gundumomin makarantu daban-daban. Jerin bidiyon ilimin jima'i daga Norway, waɗanda aka yi niyya ga yara 'yan shekara 8-12, sun haɗa da bayanai dalla-dalla da hotunan haihuwa, tsarin jiki, da canje-canjen da suka saba faruwa yayin balaga. Maimakon zane-zane ko hotuna, ana ɗaukar bidiyon a cikin ɗakin ajiya tare da mutane tsirara na kowane zamani. Mai gabatarwa, likita, yana jin daɗin yin bincike sosai da taɓa sassan jiki masu dacewa, gami da al'aura. Duk da cewa bidiyon sun lura cewa shekarun yarda a Norway shine 16, ba a jaddada kauracewa ba. Duk da haka, har zuwa 2015, jihohi 37 na Amurka sun buƙaci manhajar ilimin jima'i ta haɗa da darussa kan kauracewa kuma 25 sun buƙaci a jaddada hanyar "kawai a ce a'a". Bincike ya nuna cewa ilimin jima'i da wuri da cikakken ba ya ƙara yiwuwar yin jima'i, amma yana haifar da sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiya gabaɗaya. === Matsayin da kafofin sada zumunta ke takawa kan jima'i tsakanin yara === Tasirin kafofin sada zumunta kan jima'i ga matasa damuwa ce da ke buƙatar ci gaba da bincike don fahimtar juna. Bincike ya nuna cewa fallasa abubuwan jima'i a shafukan sada zumunta na iya yin tasiri ga halayen jima'i na matasa, imani, da halayensu, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin raunin da suke ciki a wannan lokacin ci gaban da ake tsara rawar jinsi, halayen jima'i, da halaye. <ref name="Adolescent sexuality and the media">{{Cite journal |last=Joel W Grube |first=Enid Gruber |date=2000 |title=Adolescent sexuality and the media: a review of current knowledge and implications. |journal=Western Journal of Medicine |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1136/ewjm.172.3.210 |pmc=1070813 |pmid=10734819}}</ref> <ref name="Social Media and Sexual Behavior Am">{{Cite journal |last=Nancy Allen |first=Matthew Broom |date=2017 |title=Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Is there a link? |journal=JMIR Public Health and Surveillance |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e28 |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7149 |pmc=5457530 |pmid=28526670 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin yawan amfani da shafukan sada zumunta da kuma ƙaruwar halayen haɗarin jima'i a tsakanin matasa. <ref name="Social Media and Sexual Behavior Am" /> An danganta fallasa ga hotunan jima'i a shafukan sada zumunta da imani da halaye masu matsala tsakanin masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu kallo, musamman waɗanda ke shafar matasa waɗanda suka fi kamuwa da waɗannan tasirin kuma suna iya ƙarfafa halayen jima'i masu haɗari, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan kamuwa da cuta da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i da kuma ɗaukar ciki ba tare da niyya ba. <ref name="publications.aap.org">{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Rebecca L |last2=Strasburger |first2=Victor C |last3=Brown |first3=Jane D |date=2017 |title=Sexual Media and Childhood Well-being and Health |journal=Pediatrics |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=S162–S166 |doi=10.1542/peds.2016-1758X |pmid=29093054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Ridder |first=Sander |date=2017 |title=Social Media and Young People's Sexualities: Values, Norms, and Battlegrounds |journal=Social Media + Society |volume=3 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/2056305117738992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kafofin sada zumunta na iya samun sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau akan yanayin jima'i na yara da matasa. Misali, yana iya samar da wuri mai aminci don bincika asalin jima'i da bayyana kansa ga matasa LGBTQ+, yana haɓaka haɗin kai, tallafin zamantakewa, da tasiri mai kyau akan walwala. <ref name="publications.aap.org" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Randolph C.H. |date=2023 |title=Benefits and risks of LGBT social media use for sexual and gender minority individuals: An investigation of psychosocial mechanisms of LGBT social media use and well-being |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=139 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2022.107531 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayin da waɗanda suka fara ɗaukar asalin LGBTQ+ a cikin matasa ke amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don fahimtar jima'insu da kuma haɗuwa da mutane masu ra'ayi ɗaya, suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen tallafi da ci gaba na motsin rai, <ref name="Adolescent sexuality and the media"/> yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kafofin sada zumunta na iya fallasa yara ga bayanai marasa inganci da masu cutarwa game da jima'i, ci gaba da halayen jima'i masu haɗari, da kuma ba da ɓoye sirri ga haɗarin da ke iya tasowa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ripes |first=Jessie |date=26 May 2021 |title=The Pros and Cons of Social Media on Sexuality |url=https://www.modernintimacy.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-social-media/ |website=Modern Intimacy}}</ref> wanda aka rufe a cikin sassan da ke gudana. === Yin lalata da yara === [[Fayil:Visconti-andresen4.jpg|thumb|Luchino Visconti, [[Sergio Garfagnoli]] da Björn Andrésen a lokacin yin fim na ''Mutuwa a Venice'' a 1970]] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yara sun fuskanci matsalar jima'i kafin lokaci, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar matakin ilimin jima'i ko halayen jima'i wanda ba a saba gani ba a shekarun su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaeser |first=Fred |date=2001-10-30 |title=The effects of increasing sexualization on children |url=http://aboutourkids.med.nyu.edu/aboutour/articles/sexual.html#effects |access-date=February 22, 2007 |website=Towards a Better Understanding of Children's Sexual Behavior |publisher=NYU Child Study Center |quote=We know that exposure to sexualized messages, particularly those that are incomprehensible, can have several effects on children.}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan jima'i kafin lokaci da aka ambata sun haɗa da nuna jima'i a [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]] da batutuwan da suka shafi hakan, musamman a kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi niyya ga yara; [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallata]] kayayyaki masu alaƙa da jima'i ga yara, gami da tufafi; rashin kulawa da tarbiyyar iyaye; samun damar shiga al'adun manya ta [[Yanar gizo|intanet]] ; da kuma rashin cikakkun shirye-shiryen ilimin jima'i na makaranta. Ga 'yan mata da matasa musamman, bincike ya gano cewa jima'i yana da mummunan tasiri ga " kallon kansu da ci gaban lafiya". Masana'antar sinima ta sha samun zarge-zargen lalata yara ƙanana, nuna wa gawarwakin 'yan mata ƙanana son rai, da kuma ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin mata a tsakanin yara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Charlie |title=The dangers of child sexualization in media |url=https://theblackandwhite.net/80880/feature/the-dangers-of-child-sexualization-in-media/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The Black and White}}</ref> Masu tallata fina-finai galibi suna nuna ƙananan 'yan mata a matsayin waɗanda suka girmi shekarunsu na ainihi da kuma yin halayen da ke da alaƙa da manyan mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=USA |first=CHILD |date=2023-04-18 |title=Oversexualization in Hollywood: Brooke Shields |url=https://childusa.org/oversexualization-in-hollywood-brooke-shields/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=CHILD USA |language=en-US}}</ref> Yara 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokutan ba sa yarda da amfani da kamanninsu da shugabannin kafofin watsa labarai ke yi ba; Brooke Shields bai yi nasarar yin ƙoƙarin hana hotunanta tsirara daga bugawa ba, kuma Björn Andrésen ya ji cewa darakta Luchino Visconti ya yi jima'i da bayyanarsa bayan fitowar ''fim ɗin Death in Venice'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=2021-11-30 |title=Björn Andrésen on His Tortured Relationship With Luchino Visconti's 'Death in Venice': 'That Son of a Bitch Sexualized Me' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/bjorn-andresen-sexual-exploitation-luciano-visconti-death-in-venice-1235122373/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, [[Finn Wolfhard]] ya sami maganganu da dama na lalata daga shugabannin kafofin watsa labarai kuma ya nemi masu yin hira da su daina yin waɗannan kalamai a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/hollywood/old-stranger-things-clip-from-2017-comic-con-exposes-how-mike-aka-finn-wolfhard-was-sexualised-as-a-teen/ar-AA1Spi01 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> An danganta kafofin sada zumunta da karuwar cin zarafin yara da cin zarafinsu. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa dandamalin sada zumunta sun zama wani babban abin da ke haifar da yaduwar kayan cin zarafin yara (CSAM) cikin sauri, wanda hakan ke haifar da karuwar yaduwar irin wannan abun ciki mai ban tsoro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiel |first=David |last2=DiResta |first2=Renee |date=24 July 2023 |title=Addressing Child Exploitation on Federated Social Media |url=https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/io/news/addressing-child-exploitation-federated-social-media |website=Stanford University |publisher=Cyber Policy Center}}</ref> <ref name="counteringcrime.org">{{Cite web |title=How the Internet is Drowning in Child Sex Abuse Content |url=https://www.counteringcrime.org/how-the-internet-is-drowning-in-child-sex-abuse-content |website=Alliance to counter crime online |access-date=2026-06-06 |archive-date=2024-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302073952/https://www.counteringcrime.org/how-the-internet-is-drowning-in-child-sex-abuse-content |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Company |first=Fast |last2=Article |first2=Curated |date=30 November 2022 |title=SOCIAL MEDIA IS ACCELERATING THE SPREAD OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE MATERIAL |url=https://givingcompass.org/article/social-media-is-accelerating-the-spread-of-child-sexual-abuse-material |website=Giving Compass}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu cin zarafin yara suna amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don gano da kuma kula da waɗanda za su iya zama waɗanda abin ya shafa, kuma ƙungiyoyin sada zumunta na rufe ko masu zaman kansu suna ba su damar yin hulɗa da takwarorinsu masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya da kuma ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a yi rikodin da raba CSAM a ɓoye. <ref name="counteringcrime.org" /> === Cin zarafin yara ta hanyar jima'i === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Cin zarafin yara ta hanyar jima'i ana bayyana shi a matsayin babba ko matashi babba da ke da alaƙa da yara. <ref name="medline2008">{{Cite web |date=2008-04-02 |title=Child Sexual Abuse |url=https://medlineplus.gov/childsexualabuse.html |website=Medline Plus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}</ref> <ref name="APA Guidelines">{{Cite journal |date=August 1999 |title=Guidelines for psychological evaluations in child protection matters. Committee on Professional Practice and Standards, APA Board of Professional Affairs |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=586–93 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586 |pmid=10453704 |quote='''Abuse, sexual (child)''': generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person.}}</ref> Illolin cin zarafin yara ta hanyar jima'i sun haɗa da [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]], matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali, <ref name="Widom2007">{{Cite journal |last=Widom |first=CS |last2=DuMont |first2=K |last3=Czaja |first3=SJ |date=January 2007 |title=A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070102092229.htm |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49 |pmid=17199054 |access-date=January 3, 2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Anxiety|damuwa]], <ref name="levitan">{{Cite journal |last=Levitan |first=Robert D. |last2=Rector |first2=Neil A. |last3=Sheldon |first3=Tess |last4=Goering |first4=Paula |year=2003 |title=Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: issues of co-morbidity and specificity |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1002/da.10077 |pmid=12577276 |s2cid=26031006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> saurin kamuwa da ƙarin cin zarafi a lokacin girma, <ref name="Messman-Moore">{{Cite journal |last=Messman-Moore |first=Terri L. |last2=Long |first2=Patricia J. |year=2000 |title=Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=489 |doi=10.1177/088626000015005003 |s2cid=145761598}}</ref> da raunin jiki ga yaro, da sauran matsaloli. <ref name="dinw">{{Cite journal |last=Dinwiddie |first=Stephen H. |last2=Heath |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Dunne |first3=Michael P. |last4=Bucholz |first4=Kathleen K. |last5=Madden |first5=Pamela A.F. |last6=Slutske |first6=W.S. |last7=Bierut |first7=Laura Jean |last8=Statham |first8=Dixie J. |last9=Martin |first9=Nicholas G. |date=January 2000 |title=Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1017/S0033291799001373 |pmid=10722174 |s2cid=15270464}}</ref> Cin zarafin yara da wani ɗan uwa ke yi wa wani mutum a matsayin jima'i wani nau'i ne na jima'i, kuma yana iya haifar da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|mummunan rauni na tunani]] na dogon lokaci, musamman ma a yanayin jima'i na iyaye. Yara da aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar lalata da yara a wasu lokutan suna nuna halayen jima'i da suka wuce gona da iri, wanda za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin halayen da ba su dace da al'ada ba. Halayen da suka fi nuna alamun cutar na iya haɗawa da yawan yin jima'i a bainar jama'a da tilastawa, sarrafa ko yaudarar wasu yara yin [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|ayyukan jima'i]] marasa yarda ko waɗanda ba a so, wanda kuma ake kira " cin zarafin yara kanana ". Ana tsammanin halayen jima'i su ne mafi kyawun alama cewa an ci zarafin yaro ta hanyar lalata. <ref name="larsson_cite_kendall" /> Yara da ke nuna halayen jima'i suma suna iya samun wasu matsalolin ɗabi'a. Sauran alamun cin zarafin yara na iya haɗawa da bayyanar damuwa bayan tashin hankali a cikin ƙananan yara; tsoro, tashin hankali, da mafarkai masu ban tsoro a cikin ƙananan yara 'yan makaranta; da baƙin ciki a cikin manyan yara. ==== A tsakanin 'yan'uwa ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A shekarar 1980, wani bincike da aka gudanar kan ɗaliban jami'a 796, kashi 15 cikin 100 na mata da kashi 10 cikin 100 na maza sun ba da rahoton wani nau'in jima'i da ya shafi ɗan'uwa; yawancin waɗannan ba su yi jima'i na gaske ba. Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na waɗannan abubuwan an bayyana su a matsayin cin zarafi ko cin zarafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelhor |first=D. |year=1980 |title=Sex among siblings: A survey on prevalence, variety, and effects |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=171–194 |doi=10.1007/BF01542244 |pmid=7396691 |s2cid=7206053}}</ref> Wani takarda a shekarar 1989 ta ba da rahoton sakamakon wani tambaya tare da amsoshi daga ɗaliban jami'a 526 waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri, inda kashi 17 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka amsa suka bayyana cewa sun yi jima'i da ɗan'uwa kafin lokacin ƙuruciya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwald |first=Evan |last2=Leitenberg |first2=Harold |date=October 1989 |title=Long-term effects of sexual experiences with siblings and nonsiblings during childhood |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=389–399 |doi=10.1007/BF01541971 |pmid=2818170 |s2cid=43279816}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} * Jima'i tsakanin matasa * [[Shekarar yarda|Shekarun yarda]] * Ilimin halayyar ci gaba * Wasan al'aura * Likita mai wasa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Citation|last=Diana Gittins}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=Stevi Jackson}} * {{Cite book|last2=Doreen Rosenthal}} * {{Cite book|last3=Sharon Lamb}} * {{Cite book|last3=Sharon Lamb}} * {{Cite book|last2=Lyn Mikel Brown}} *   * {{Cite book|last2=Judith Levine}} {{Human sexuality}}{{Sexual ethics}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3j4owzfsmq8ph5dagpwpqr7m48um47e Magungunan rigakafi 0 155539 859547 859194 2026-06-17T19:05:42Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317090813|Anticestodal agent]]" 859547 wikitext text/x-wiki Wakilin antiCestoda magani ne da ake amfani da shi wajen kawar da tsutsotsi don yaki da kamuwa da cututtukan tapeworm. Ya samo sunansa daga Cestoda . Misalan sun hada da: * albendazole * albendazole sulfoxide * dichlorophen * niclosamide * quinacrine == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Dubi kuma == * Kashewar Taeniacide {{Anthelmintics}} 66g15j3gxhwbb180e09azhzu4843cp5 859760 859547 2026-06-18T06:56:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356570133|Antibiotic]]" 859760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Magani|magunguna]] rigakafi''' wani nau'in magani rigakafi ne wanda ke aiki a kan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ita ce mafi mahimmancin nau'in maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don yaki da kamuwa da cuta, kuma ana amfani da Magungunan rigakafi a ko'ina wajen magani da rigakafin irin waɗannan kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name="NHSB">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2014 |title=Antibiotics |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Antibiotics-penicillins/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118023314/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics-penicillins/pages/introduction.aspx |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=NHS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet for experts |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183712/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref> Za su iya kashewa ko hana ci gaba ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙayyadadden adadin maganin rigakafi suna da aikin antiprotozoal. Magungunan rigakafi ba su da tasiri a kan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar waɗanda ke haifar da sanyi ko [[Influenza|mura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2017 |title=Why antibiotics can't be used to treat your cold or flu |url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/antibiotics-viruses-cold-flu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809150646/https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/antibiotics-viruses-cold-flu |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=13 May 2020 |website=www.health.qld.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Magunguna waɗanda ke hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ana kiransu magungunan rigakafi ko rigakafi. Magungunan rigakafi ma ba su da tasiri a kan fungi. Magunguna waɗanda ke hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ana kiransu magungunan rigakafi. Wani lokaci, ana amfani da kalmar maganin rigakafi - a zahiri "rayuwa mai adawa", daga asalin Girkanci ἀντι ''anti'', "a kan" da βίος bios, "rayuwa" - ana amfani da ita sosai don nuna duk wani abu da aka yi amfani da shi akan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma a cikin amfani da magani na yau da kullun, maganin rigakafin rigakafi (kamar penicillin) sune waɗanda aka samar ta halitta (ta hanyar ɗayan Kwayoyin cuta da ke yaƙi da wani), yayin da ba na maganin rigakafan cuta ba (kamar sulfonamides da antiseptics) cikakke. Koyaya, duka ɗalibai suna da sakamako iri ɗaya na kashewa ko hana ci gaban microorganisms, kuma duka ''Biyu'' an haɗa su a cikin maganin maganin rigakafi. "Antibacterials" sun haɗa da bactericides, bacteriostatics, sabulu na antibacterial, da sinadarai masu kashe cututtuka, yayin da maganin rigakafi wani muhimmin aji ne na antibactera da aka yi amfani da shi musamman a magani <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Background: Antibiotic Agents |url=http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/agents.shtml#1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214195917/http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/agents.shtml#1 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |website=Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics}}</ref> kuma [[Amfani da maganin rigakafi a cikin dabbobi|wani lokacin a cikin abincin dabbobi]]. == Tarihin Farko == An samo amfani da maganin rigakafi na farko a arewacin [[Sudan]], inda al'ummomin Sudan na dā tun daga 350-550 AZ ke cinye maganin rigakafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin su. Binciken sunadarai na kwarangwal na [[Nubians (ƙabila)|Nubian]] ya nuna daidaituwa, matakan da suka fi girma na tetracycline, maganin rigakafi mai ƙarfi. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa suna yin abin sha daga hatsi da aka fermented tare da ''Streptomyces'', kwayar cuta da ke samar da tetracycline. Wannan amfani da maganin rigakafi da gangan yana nuna lokaci mai tushe a tarihin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson ML, Dinardo A, Hochberg J, Armelagos GJ |date=2010 |title=Brief communication: Mass spectroscopic characterization of tetracycline in the skeletal remains of an ancient population from Sudanese Nubia 350–550 CE |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=151–154 |bibcode=2010AJPA..143..151N |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21340 |pmid=20564518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bassett EJ, Keith MS, Armelagos GJ, Martin DL, Villanueva AR |date=1980 |title=Tetracycline-Labeled Human Bone from Ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350) |journal=Science |volume=209 |issue=4464 |pages=1532–1534 |bibcode=1980Sci...209.1532B |doi=10.1126/science.7001623 |pmid=7001623}}</ref>   A wasu tsoffin wayewa, gami da Misira, China, Serbia, Girka, da Roma, shaidar da ta biyo baya ta nuna amfani da gurasar gurasa don magance cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gould K |date=March 2016 |title=Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=572–575 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkv484 |pmid=26851273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar 'antibiosis', ma'ana "a kan rayuwa", masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Faransa Jean Paul Vuillemin ne ya gabatar da ita a matsayin sunan kwatancin abin da waɗannan magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko suka nuna.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foster W, Raoult A |date=December 1974 |title=Early descriptions of antibiosis |journal=The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=24 |issue=149 |pages=889–894 |pmc=2157443 |pmid=4618289}}</ref> An fara bayyana maganin rigakafi a cikin 1877 a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta lokacin da Louis Pasteur da Robert Koch suka lura cewa kwayar cutar ta iska na iya hana ci gaban ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''.<ref name="Saxena" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Landsberg H |date=1949 |title=Prelude to the Discovery of Penicillin |journal=Isis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=225–227 |doi=10.1086/349043}}</ref> Wadannan magungunan daga baya Selman Waksman, masanin kimiyyar microbiology na Amurka, ya sake suna maganin rigakafi a cikin 1947. Selman Waksman da abokan aikinsa ne suka fara amfani da kalmar maganin rigakafi a cikin 1942 a cikin labaran mujallu don bayyana duk wani abu da microorganism ya samar wanda ke [[wiktionary:antagonism|adawa]] da ci gaban wasu microorganisms a cikin babban dilution. Wannan ma'anar ta cire abubuwan da ke kashe ƙwayoyin cuta amma wadanda ba a samar da su ta hanyar microorganisms (kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da hydrogen peroxide). Har ila yau, ya cire mahaɗan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta irin su sulfonamides. A cikin amfani na yanzu, ana amfani da kalmar "antibiotic" ga duk wani magani da ke kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ko hana ci gaban su, ba tare da la'akari da ko wannan magani ya samo asali ne daga kwayar cuta ko a'a ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davies J, Davies D |date=September 2010 |title=Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=417–33 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00016-10 |pmc=2937522 |pmid=20805405}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana kamuwa da cuta, kuma wani lokacin kamuwa da protozoan. (Metronidazole yana da tasiri a kan cututtukan cututtukani da yawa). Lokacin da ake zargin kamuwa da cuta da alhakin rashin lafiya amma ba a gano kwayar cutar da ke da alhakina ba, ana karɓar maganin kwarewar.<ref name="General principles">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS |date=February 2011 |title=General principles of antimicrobial therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da gudanar da maganin rigakafi mai yawa bisa ga alamomi da alamun da aka gabatar kuma ana fara shi har sai sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda zai iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa.<ref name="Antibiotic" /><ref name="General principles" /> Lokacin da aka riga an san kwayar cutar da ke da alhakin ko kuma an gano ta, ana iya fara maganin gaggawa. Wannan yawanci zai haɗa da amfani da maganin rigakafi mai ƙarancin bambanci. Zaɓin maganin rigakafi da aka bayar zai dogara da farashinsa. Bayyanawa yana da mahimmanci saboda yana iya rage farashi da guba na maganin rigakafi kuma yana rage yiwuwar fitowar juriya ta antimicrobial.<ref name="General principles">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS |date=February 2011 |title=General principles of antimicrobial therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeekhaTerrellEdson2011">Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS (February 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442 "General principles of antimicrobial therapy"]. ''Mayo Clinic Proceedings''. '''86''' (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>67. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639|10.4065/mcp.2010.0639]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442 3031442]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21282489 21282489].</cite></ref> Don kauce wa tiyata, ana iya ba da maganin rigakafi don [[appendicitis]] mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rollins KE, Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN |date=2016 |title=Antibiotics Versus Appendicectomy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials |journal=World Journal of Surgery |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2305–2318 |doi=10.1007/s00268-016-3561-7 |pmid=27199000}}</ref> Ana iya ba da maganin rigakafi a matsayin ma'auni na rigakafi kuma yankan yawanci ana iyakance shi ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari kamar waɗanda ke da tsarin rigakafi mai rauni (musamman a cikin yanayin cutar kanjamau don hana cutar huhu), waɗanda ke shan magungunan rigakafi, marasa lafiya na ciwon daji, da waɗanda ke yin tiyata.[1] Amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin tiyata shine don taimakawa hana kamuwa da cututtuka. Suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganin rigakafi na hakora inda amfani da su na iya hana bacteremia da kuma endocarditis mai kamuwa da cuta. Ana kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi don hana kamuwa da cuta a lokuta na neutropenia musamman da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji.[2][3] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gd4oa61aqzv0nd6augadh7x1wu9di0d 859761 859760 2026-06-18T06:57:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Magani|magunguna]] rigakafi''' wani nau'in magani rigakafi ne wanda ke aiki a kan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ita ce mafi mahimmancin nau'in maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don yaki da kamuwa da cuta, kuma ana amfani da Magungunan rigakafi a ko'ina wajen magani da rigakafin irin waɗannan kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name="NHSB">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2014 |title=Antibiotics |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Antibiotics-penicillins/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118023314/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics-penicillins/pages/introduction.aspx |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=NHS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet for experts |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183712/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref> Za su iya kashewa ko hana ci gaba ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙayyadadden adadin maganin rigakafi suna da aikin antiprotozoal. Magungunan rigakafi ba su da tasiri a kan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar waɗanda ke haifar da sanyi ko [[Influenza|mura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2017 |title=Why antibiotics can't be used to treat your cold or flu |url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/antibiotics-viruses-cold-flu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809150646/https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/antibiotics-viruses-cold-flu |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=13 May 2020 |website=www.health.qld.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Magunguna waɗanda ke hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ana kiransu magungunan rigakafi ko rigakafi. Magungunan rigakafi ma ba su da tasiri a kan fungi. Magunguna waɗanda ke hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ana kiransu magungunan rigakafi. Wani lokaci, ana amfani da kalmar maganin rigakafi - a zahiri "rayuwa mai adawa", daga asalin Girkanci ἀντι ''anti'', "a kan" da βίος bios, "rayuwa" - ana amfani da ita sosai don nuna duk wani abu da aka yi amfani da shi akan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma a cikin amfani da magani na yau da kullun, maganin rigakafin rigakafi (kamar penicillin) sune waɗanda aka samar ta halitta (ta hanyar ɗayan Kwayoyin cuta da ke yaƙi da wani), yayin da ba na maganin rigakafan cuta ba (kamar sulfonamides da antiseptics) cikakke. Koyaya, duka ɗalibai suna da sakamako iri ɗaya na kashewa ko hana ci gaban microorganisms, kuma duka ''Biyu'' an haɗa su a cikin maganin maganin rigakafi. "Antibacterials" sun haɗa da bactericides, bacteriostatics, sabulu na antibacterial, da sinadarai masu kashe cututtuka, yayin da maganin rigakafi wani muhimmin aji ne na antibactera da aka yi amfani da shi musamman a magani <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Background: Antibiotic Agents |url=http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/agents.shtml#1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214195917/http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/agents.shtml#1 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |website=Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics}}</ref> kuma [[Amfani da maganin rigakafi a cikin dabbobi|wani lokacin a cikin abincin dabbobi]]. == Tarihin Farko == An samo amfani da maganin rigakafi na farko a arewacin [[Sudan]], inda al'ummomin Sudan na dā tun daga 350-550 AZ ke cinye maganin rigakafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin su. Binciken sunadarai na kwarangwal na [[Nubians (ƙabila)|Nubian]] ya nuna daidaituwa, matakan da suka fi girma na tetracycline, maganin rigakafi mai ƙarfi. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa suna yin abin sha daga hatsi da aka fermented tare da ''Streptomyces'', kwayar cuta da ke samar da tetracycline. Wannan amfani da maganin rigakafi da gangan yana nuna lokaci mai tushe a tarihin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson ML, Dinardo A, Hochberg J, Armelagos GJ |date=2010 |title=Brief communication: Mass spectroscopic characterization of tetracycline in the skeletal remains of an ancient population from Sudanese Nubia 350–550 CE |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=151–154 |bibcode=2010AJPA..143..151N |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21340 |pmid=20564518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bassett EJ, Keith MS, Armelagos GJ, Martin DL, Villanueva AR |date=1980 |title=Tetracycline-Labeled Human Bone from Ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350) |journal=Science |volume=209 |issue=4464 |pages=1532–1534 |bibcode=1980Sci...209.1532B |doi=10.1126/science.7001623 |pmid=7001623}}</ref>   A wasu tsoffin wayewa, gami da Misira, China, Serbia, Girka, da Roma, shaidar da ta biyo baya ta nuna amfani da gurasar gurasa don magance cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gould K |date=March 2016 |title=Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=572–575 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkv484 |pmid=26851273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar 'antibiosis', ma'ana "a kan rayuwa", masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Faransa Jean Paul Vuillemin ne ya gabatar da ita a matsayin sunan kwatancin abin da waɗannan magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko suka nuna.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foster W, Raoult A |date=December 1974 |title=Early descriptions of antibiosis |journal=The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=24 |issue=149 |pages=889–894 |pmc=2157443 |pmid=4618289}}</ref> An fara bayyana maganin rigakafi a cikin 1877 a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta lokacin da Louis Pasteur da Robert Koch suka lura cewa kwayar cutar ta iska na iya hana ci gaban ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''.<ref name="Saxena" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Landsberg H |date=1949 |title=Prelude to the Discovery of Penicillin |journal=Isis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=225–227 |doi=10.1086/349043}}</ref> Wadannan magungunan daga baya Selman Waksman, masanin kimiyyar microbiology na Amurka, ya sake suna maganin rigakafi a cikin 1947. Selman Waksman da abokan aikinsa ne suka fara amfani da kalmar maganin rigakafi a cikin 1942 a cikin labaran mujallu don bayyana duk wani abu da microorganism ya samar wanda ke [[wiktionary:antagonism|adawa]] da ci gaban wasu microorganisms a cikin babban dilution. Wannan ma'anar ta cire abubuwan da ke kashe ƙwayoyin cuta amma wadanda ba a samar da su ta hanyar microorganisms (kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da hydrogen peroxide). Har ila yau, ya cire mahaɗan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta irin su sulfonamides. A cikin amfani na yanzu, ana amfani da kalmar "antibiotic" ga duk wani magani da ke kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ko hana ci gaban su, ba tare da la'akari da ko wannan magani ya samo asali ne daga kwayar cuta ko a'a ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davies J, Davies D |date=September 2010 |title=Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=417–33 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00016-10 |pmc=2937522 |pmid=20805405}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana kamuwa da cuta, kuma wani lokacin kamuwa da protozoan. (Metronidazole yana da tasiri a kan cututtukan cututtukani da yawa). Lokacin da ake zargin kamuwa da cuta da alhakin rashin lafiya amma ba a gano kwayar cutar da ke da alhakina ba, ana karɓar maganin kwarewar.<ref name="General principles">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS |date=February 2011 |title=General principles of antimicrobial therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da gudanar da maganin rigakafi mai yawa bisa ga alamomi da alamun da aka gabatar kuma ana fara shi har sai sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda zai iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa.<ref name="Antibiotic" /><ref name="General principles" /> Lokacin da aka riga an san kwayar cutar da ke da alhakin ko kuma an gano ta, ana iya fara maganin gaggawa. Wannan yawanci zai haɗa da amfani da maganin rigakafi mai ƙarancin bambanci. Zaɓin maganin rigakafi da aka bayar zai dogara da farashinsa. Bayyanawa yana da mahimmanci saboda yana iya rage farashi da guba na maganin rigakafi kuma yana rage yiwuwar fitowar juriya ta antimicrobial.<ref name="General principles">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS |date=February 2011 |title=General principles of antimicrobial therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeekhaTerrellEdson2011">Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS (February 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442 "General principles of antimicrobial therapy"]. ''Mayo Clinic Proceedings''. '''86''' (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>67. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639|10.4065/mcp.2010.0639]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442 3031442]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21282489 21282489].</cite></ref> Don kauce wa tiyata, ana iya ba da maganin rigakafi don [[appendicitis]] mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rollins KE, Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN |date=2016 |title=Antibiotics Versus Appendicectomy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials |journal=World Journal of Surgery |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2305–2318 |doi=10.1007/s00268-016-3561-7 |pmid=27199000}}</ref> Ana iya ba da maganin rigakafi a matsayin ma'auni na rigakafi kuma yankan yawanci ana iyakance shi ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari kamar waɗanda ke da tsarin rigakafi mai rauni (musamman a cikin yanayin cutar kanjamau don hana cutar huhu), waɗanda ke shan magungunan rigakafi, marasa lafiya na ciwon daji, da waɗanda ke yin tiyata.[1] Amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin tiyata shine don taimakawa hana kamuwa da cututtuka. Suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganin rigakafi na hakora inda amfani da su na iya hana bacteremia da kuma endocarditis mai kamuwa da cuta. Ana kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi don hana kamuwa da cuta a lokuta na neutropenia musamman da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji.[2][3] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpxp3r2lid7jwmw99htvglepgbq49sh 859780 859761 2026-06-18T07:13:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313684272|Antibiosis]]" 859780 wikitext text/x-wiki Antibiosis, wanda kuma ake kira antagonism, tsari ne na hulɗar halittu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta biyu ko fiye wanda ke da lahani ga akalla ɗaya adawa cikinsu; Hakanan yana iya zama haɗin kai tsakanin kwayoyin da abubuwan metabolism da wani ya samar. Antibiosis na iya faruwa ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban, tare da "raunin, mutuwa, rage tsawon rai, ko rage haihuwar annoba" ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Host Plant Resistance {{!}} Wisconsin Vegetable Entomology |url=https://vegento.russell.wisc.edu/ipm/host-plant-resistance/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=vegento.russell.wisc.edu}}</ref> Tsarin maganin rigakafi ko dai mai juyawa ne ko wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba, kuma ana haifar da shi ta hanyar samar da kwayoyin halitta masu saurin juyawa ta hanyar tsiro-tsire-tsire masu haɓaka rhizobacterium (PGPR). <ref name=":0">{{Citation|journal=Nowsheen|url-status=Egamberdieva|access-date=Sayyed}}</ref> Antibiosis yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i biyu na amensalism, ɗayan shine gasa. Misalai na farko na maganin rigakafi sun haɗa da "aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, fungus, nematodes, kwari, kuma wani lokaci akan shuke-shuke da algae".<ref name=":0" /> == Misalan Antibiosis == === Antibiosis a cikin biotech da magani === Nazarin maganin rigakafi da rawar da yake takawa a cikin maganin rigakafin ya haifar da fadada ilimi a fagen microbiology. Hanyoyin kwayoyin irin wannan haɗin bango na tantanin halitta da sake amfani da su, alal misali, sun zama mafi fahimta ta hanyar nazarin yadda maganin rigakafi ke shafar ci gaban beta-lactam ta hanyar dangantakar maganin rigakafin da hulɗar takamaiman magunguna tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ƙarƙashin fili.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kong KF, Schneper L, Mathee K |date=January 2010 |title=Beta-lactam antibiotics: from antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology |journal=APMIS |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02563.x |pmc=2894812 |pmid=20041868}}</ref> Misali, Penicillium fungi yana amsawa ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar samar da penicillin, wanda ke da guba ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya azaman ingantaccen magani ga cututsin ƙwayoyin. Penicillin na cikin rukunin maganin rigakafi na beta-lactam. === Tsayayyar shuka ta hanyar maganin rigakafi === Ana nazarin maganin rigakafi a cikin yawan [[shuka]]-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin kuma ya kai ga kwari waɗanda ke cinye su. Ana iya ganin maganin rigakafi a wasu kayan lambu, kamar yadda aka samo hanyoyin maganin rigakafin rigakafi cikin nau'in ''Brassica'' don karewa daga fararen kabewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hondelmann |first=Peter |last2=Paul |first2=Christina |last3=Schreiner |first3=Monika |last4=Meyhöfer |first4=Rainer |date=2020-01-17 |title=Importance of Antixenosis and Antibiosis Resistance to the Cabbage Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) in Brussels Sprout Cultivars |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=56 |doi=10.3390/insects11010056 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=7022423 |pmid=31963455 |doi-access=free}}</ref> "Tsayayyar rigakafin rigakafi tana shafar ilmin halitta na kwari don haka an rage yawan kwari da lalacewar da ta biyo baya idan aka kwatanta da abin da zai faru idan kwari ya kasance a kan nau'ikan amfanin gona masu saukin kamuwa. "Tsarin rigakafin sau da yawa yana haifar da karuwar mutuwa ko rage tsawon rayuwa da haihuwar kwari. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant Resistance to Insects: A Fundamental Component of IPM |url=http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/teetes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324195935/http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/teetes.htm |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2011-11-07 |website=Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook |publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref> A lokacin binciken maganin rigakafi, an ƙaddara cewa mabuɗin samun ingantaccen maganin rigakafin ya dogara da kwayoyin da ke cikin jiki. "Lokacin da ka ba da ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da maganin rigakafi matsakaici mai tsari, suna sanyawa don ƙaddamarwa, girma, da kuma samar da 'ƙasar mutum ba,' masu fafatawa ba su nan, inda maganin rigakafin ke yaduwa a waje. " <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaspari M, Stevenson B |date=December 2008 |title=Evolutionary ecology, antibiosis, and all that rot |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |issue=49 |pages=19027–8 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10519027K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0810507105 |pmc=2614706 |pmid=19057009 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Antibiosis ya fi tasiri lokacin da albarkatun ba su da yawa ko kaɗan. Ya kamata a dauki maganin rigakafi a matsayin matsakaici a kan sikelin albarkatu, saboda kyakkyawan aikinta. === Sauran misalai === Black walnut, ''Juglans nigra'', yana samar da wani asiri da ake kira juglone, wanda ke da guba ga furanni iri-iri, tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire, da amfanin gona. Wannan ɓoye mai guba yana haifar da yankin da ke kewaye da itacen walnut wanda ba a iya zama ga yawancin jinsuna ba. Awurare da yawa, maganin rigakafi na iya inganta mutunci da / ko gasa tsakanin jinsuna a cikin yanayin halittu. Matar da ke tattare da tururuwa suna ba da misali na tsarin rigakafi mai rikitarwa. Attine tururuwa suna kula da noman Leucocoprinus fungi a matsayin tushen amfani da su na farko, duk da haka, wani nau'in fungal, Escovopsis, yana ciyar da Leucocoprinaus kuma yana rushe tsarin abinci na tururuwa. A mayar da martani ga wannan, tururuwa na attine suna ƙarfafa ci gaban Pseudonocardia actinomycete, yayin da yake samar da wani fili na antimicrobial wanda ke hana kwayar cutar Escovopsis. Ant din attine, Leucocoprinus fungi da Pseudonocardia actinomycete duk suna amfana a cikin wannan hulɗa, duk da haka yana da lahani ga fungi na Escovopsis. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gxnmgfigd0ce1rvr4me1szzpbyu7u2g 859781 859780 2026-06-18T07:14:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Antibiosis, wanda kuma ake kira antagonism, tsari ne na hulɗar halittu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta biyu ko fiye wanda ke da lahani ga akalla ɗaya adawa cikinsu; Hakanan yana iya zama haɗin kai tsakanin kwayoyin da abubuwan metabolism da wani ya samar. Antibiosis na iya faruwa ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban, tare da "raunin, mutuwa, rage tsawon rai, ko rage haihuwar annoba" ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Host Plant Resistance {{!}} Wisconsin Vegetable Entomology |url=https://vegento.russell.wisc.edu/ipm/host-plant-resistance/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=vegento.russell.wisc.edu}}</ref> Tsarin maganin rigakafi ko dai mai juyawa ne ko wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba, kuma ana haifar da shi ta hanyar samar da kwayoyin halitta masu saurin juyawa ta hanyar tsiro-tsire-tsire masu haɓaka rhizobacterium (PGPR). <ref name=":0">{{Citation|journal=Nowsheen|url-status=Egamberdieva|access-date=Sayyed}}</ref> Antibiosis yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i biyu na amensalism, ɗayan shine gasa. Misalai na farko na maganin rigakafi sun haɗa da "aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, fungus, nematodes, kwari, kuma wani lokaci akan shuke-shuke da algae".<ref name=":0" /> == Misalan Antibiosis == === Antibiosis a cikin biotech da magani === Nazarin maganin rigakafi da rawar da yake takawa a cikin maganin rigakafin ya haifar da fadada ilimi a fagen microbiology. Hanyoyin kwayoyin irin wannan haɗin bango na tantanin halitta da sake amfani da su, alal misali, sun zama mafi fahimta ta hanyar nazarin yadda maganin rigakafi ke shafar ci gaban beta-lactam ta hanyar dangantakar maganin rigakafin da hulɗar takamaiman magunguna tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ƙarƙashin fili.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kong KF, Schneper L, Mathee K |date=January 2010 |title=Beta-lactam antibiotics: from antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology |journal=APMIS |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02563.x |pmc=2894812 |pmid=20041868}}</ref> Misali, Penicillium fungi yana amsawa ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar samar da penicillin, wanda ke da guba ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya azaman ingantaccen magani ga cututsin ƙwayoyin. Penicillin na cikin rukunin maganin rigakafi na beta-lactam. === Tsayayyar shuka ta hanyar maganin rigakafi === Ana nazarin maganin rigakafi a cikin yawan [[shuka]]-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin kuma ya kai ga kwari waɗanda ke cinye su. Ana iya ganin maganin rigakafi a wasu kayan lambu, kamar yadda aka samo hanyoyin maganin rigakafin rigakafi cikin nau'in ''Brassica'' don karewa daga fararen kabewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hondelmann |first=Peter |last2=Paul |first2=Christina |last3=Schreiner |first3=Monika |last4=Meyhöfer |first4=Rainer |date=2020-01-17 |title=Importance of Antixenosis and Antibiosis Resistance to the Cabbage Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) in Brussels Sprout Cultivars |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=56 |doi=10.3390/insects11010056 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=7022423 |pmid=31963455 |doi-access=free}}</ref> "Tsayayyar rigakafin rigakafi tana shafar ilmin halitta na kwari don haka an rage yawan kwari da lalacewar da ta biyo baya idan aka kwatanta da abin da zai faru idan kwari ya kasance a kan nau'ikan amfanin gona masu saukin kamuwa. "Tsarin rigakafin sau da yawa yana haifar da karuwar mutuwa ko rage tsawon rayuwa da haihuwar kwari. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant Resistance to Insects: A Fundamental Component of IPM |url=http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/teetes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324195935/http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/teetes.htm |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2011-11-07 |website=Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook |publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref> A lokacin binciken maganin rigakafi, an ƙaddara cewa mabuɗin samun ingantaccen maganin rigakafin ya dogara da kwayoyin da ke cikin jiki. "Lokacin da ka ba da ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da maganin rigakafi matsakaici mai tsari, suna sanyawa don ƙaddamarwa, girma, da kuma samar da 'ƙasar mutum ba,' masu fafatawa ba su nan, inda maganin rigakafin ke yaduwa a waje. " <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaspari M, Stevenson B |date=December 2008 |title=Evolutionary ecology, antibiosis, and all that rot |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |issue=49 |pages=19027–8 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10519027K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0810507105 |pmc=2614706 |pmid=19057009 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Antibiosis ya fi tasiri lokacin da albarkatun ba su da yawa ko kaɗan. Ya kamata a dauki maganin rigakafi a matsayin matsakaici a kan sikelin albarkatu, saboda kyakkyawan aikinta. === Sauran misalai === Black walnut, ''Juglans nigra'', yana samar da wani asiri da ake kira juglone, wanda ke da guba ga furanni iri-iri, tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire, da amfanin gona. Wannan ɓoye mai guba yana haifar da yankin da ke kewaye da itacen walnut wanda ba a iya zama ga yawancin jinsuna ba. Awurare da yawa, maganin rigakafi na iya inganta mutunci da / ko gasa tsakanin jinsuna a cikin yanayin halittu. Matar da ke tattare da tururuwa suna ba da misali na tsarin rigakafi mai rikitarwa. Attine tururuwa suna kula da noman Leucocoprinus fungi a matsayin tushen amfani da su na farko, duk da haka, wani nau'in fungal, Escovopsis, yana ciyar da Leucocoprinaus kuma yana rushe tsarin abinci na tururuwa. A mayar da martani ga wannan, tururuwa na attine suna ƙarfafa ci gaban Pseudonocardia actinomycete, yayin da yake samar da wani fili na antimicrobial wanda ke hana kwayar cutar Escovopsis. Ant din attine, Leucocoprinus fungi da Pseudonocardia actinomycete duk suna amfana a cikin wannan hulɗa, duk da haka yana da lahani ga fungi na Escovopsis. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ifspz001akd8a10axjypigfjwabljsx Jima'i na mata 0 155638 859861 850480 2026-06-18T09:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jima'i tsakanin mata da maza''' ya ƙunshi halaye da matakai daban-daban, ciki har da asalin jima'i tsakanin mace da [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|halayen jima'i]], fannoni na ilimin halittar jiki, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], na zamantakewa, [[Al'ada|na al'adu]], [[Siyasa|na siyasa]], da na ruhaniya ko na [[addini]] na ayyukan jima'i. An kuma magance fannoni da fannoni daban-daban na jima'i tsakanin mata, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jima'i tsakanin ɗan adam, ta hanyar ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a, da tauhidi . A kusan kowace zamani da al'adu na tarihi, fasaha, gami da adabi da zane-zane, da kuma al'adun jama'a, suna gabatar da wani babban ɓangare na ra'ayoyin al'umma game da jima'i tsakanin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin ɓoye (ɓoye) da bayyane (bayyane) da kuma bayyanannun (bayyanannu) na jima'i da ɗabi'a tsakanin mata da maza. A yawancin al'ummomi da kuma [[Yanke hukunci|hukumomin shari'a]], akwai iyakoki na doka kan abin da aka yarda da halayen jima'i . Jima'i ya bambanta a cikin al'adu da yankuna na duniya, kuma ya ci gaba da canzawa a cikin tarihi, kuma wannan ya shafi jima'i na mata. Bangarorin jima'i na mata sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi siffar jiki, girman kai, hali, yanayin jima'i, dabi'u da halaye, rawar jinsi, dangantaka, zaɓuɓɓukan aiki, da sadarwa. Duk da cewa yawancin mata masu jinsi ɗaya ne, kuma [[maza]] ne kawai ke sha'awarsu, ƙananan tsiraru masu yawa [[Jima'in jinsi|'yan luwaɗi]] ne ( [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]] ) ko kuma nau'ikan masu jinsi ɗaya daban-daban. Mata masu jinsi ɗaya sun fi yawa fiye da maza masu jinsi ɗaya. <ref name="Bailey16">{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=J. Michael |last2=Vasey |first2=Paul |last3=Diamond |first3=Lisa |last4=Breedlove |first4=S. Marc |author-link4=Marc Breedlove |last5=Vilain |first5=Eric |last6=Epprecht |first6=Marc |date=2016 |title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075 |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=45–101 |doi=10.1177/1529100616637616 |pmid=27113562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin halittar jiki == === Janar === Ayyukan jima'i na iya ƙunsar abubuwa daban-daban masu motsa sha'awa ta hanyar jima'i ( ƙarfafawa ta jiki ko ƙarfafawa ta hankali ), gami da tunanin jima'i da matsayi daban-daban na jima'i, ko amfani da kayan wasan jima'i . <ref name="Taormino">{{Cite book|last3=Tristan Taormino}}</ref> Wasan gaba na iya gabatowa kafin wasu ayyukan jima'i, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sha'awar jima'i ga abokan hulɗa. Haka kuma abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mutane su gamsu da jima'i ta hanyar sumbatar su, taɓa su da sha'awa, ko riƙe su da sha'awa. === Cin abinci da sha'awa === Ciwon kai, ko kuma ƙarshen jima'i, shine fitar da tashin hankali na jima'i kwatsam a lokacin zagayowar amsawar jima'i, wanda ke haifar da matsewar tsoka a yankin ƙashin ƙugu wanda ke da tsananin jin daɗi. Mata galibi suna samun wahalar samun inzali yayin jima'i na farji . <ref name="Rosenthal 2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Mayo Clinic ya ce: "Abubuwan da ke haifar da inzali sun bambanta a cikin ƙarfi, kuma mata sun bambanta a yawan inzali da adadin kuzarin da ake buƙata don haifar da inzali." <ref name="Anorgasmia">{{Cite web |title=Mayo Clinic; Women's Health |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anorgasmia/DS01051 |access-date=2010-11-23 |publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu mata na iya buƙatar fiye da nau'in motsa jiki na jima'i ɗaya don cimma inzali. Ƙarfafa inzali a cikin haɗuwa ta al'ada yana faruwa ne lokacin da tura azzakari yana motsa murfin inzali da labia minora, wanda ya fito daga clitoris. <ref name="Agmo2011">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Yawanci ana raba ingasm a cikin mata zuwa rukuni biyu: ingas na clitoral da [[Al'aurar Mace|na farji]] (ko G-spot ). <ref name="Kenneth Mah">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mah K, Binik YM |date=May 2002 |title=Do all orgasms feel alike? Evaluating a two-dimensional model of the orgasm experience across gender and sexual context |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=104–13 |doi=10.1080/00224490209552129 |pmid=12476242 |s2cid=33325081}}</ref> Kashi 70–80% na mata suna buƙatar motsa jiki kai tsaye na clitoral don cimma ingasm, <ref name="Clitoris">{{Cite web |title=I Want a Better Orgasm! |url=http://www.webmd.com/sex/want-better-orgasms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222220041/http://www.webmd.com/sex/want-better-orgasms |archive-date=February 22, 2011 |access-date=August 18, 2011 |website=[[WebMD]]}}</ref> <ref name="Kenneth Mah2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mah K, Binik YM |date=August 2001 |title=The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=823–56 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6 |pmid=11497209 |quote=Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.}}</ref> <ref name="Kammerer-Doak">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kammerer-Doak D, Rogers RG |date=June 2008 |title=Female sexual function and dysfunction |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=169–83, vii |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006 |pmid=18486835 |quote=Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...}}</ref> kodayake motsa jiki na clitoral kai tsaye na iya isa. Ingas na clitoral yana da sauƙin cimmawa saboda ingas na clitoris, ko clitoris gabaɗaya, yana da ƙarshen jijiyoyi sama da 8,000, wanda ya kai adadin (ko fiye da haka a wasu lokuta) ƙarshen jijiyoyi kamar yadda yake a cikin azzakari na ɗan adam ko azzakari na glans . <ref name="Di Marino">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Ganin cewa kintir ɗin yana kama da azzakari, yana daidai da ƙarfinsa na karɓar motsa jiki na jima'i. <ref name="Clitoris" /> <ref name="Francoeur">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Duk da cewa inzali ta hanyar motsa farji yana da wahalar samu, <ref name="Kilchevsky">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I |date=March 2012 |title=Is the female G-spot truly a distinct anatomic entity? |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=719–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x |pmid=22240236}} </ref> yankin G-spot na iya haifar da inzali idan an motsa shi yadda ya kamata. <ref name="Kilchevsky" /> Kasancewar G-spot, da kuma wanzuwarsa a matsayin tsari daban, har yanzu ana takaddama a kansa, domin wurin da aka ruwaito na iya bambanta daga mace zuwa mace, da alama babu shi a wasu mata, kuma ana kyautata zaton cewa faɗaɗa clitoris ne don haka dalilin inzali da aka fuskanta ta hanyar farji. <ref name="Kilchevsky" /> Mata suna iya yin inzali da yawa saboda galibi ba sa buƙatar lokacin da za su yi inzali kamar yadda maza ke yi bayan inzali na farko. Duk da cewa an ruwaito cewa mata ba sa fuskantar lokacin da za su yi inzali da yawa, don haka za su iya samun ƙarin inzali, ko inzali da yawa, jim kaɗan bayan inzali na farko, <ref name="SOC">{{Cite web |title=The Sexual Response Cycle |url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051823/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=May 12, 2014 |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]}}</ref> wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa maza da mata suna fuskantar lokacin da za su yi inzali da yawa saboda, saboda rashin jin daɗin clitoral ko gamsuwar jima'i, mata na iya fuskantar ɗan ƙaramin lokaci bayan inzali wanda ƙarin motsa jiki na jima'i ba ya haifar da farin ciki. Kan nono na iya zama mai sauƙin taɓawa, kuma motsa nono na iya haifar da sha'awar jima'i. Mata kaɗan ne suka ba da rahoton fuskantar inzali daga ƙarfafa nono. Kafin binciken Komisaruk da abokan aikinsa (fMRI) kan ƙarfafa nono a 2011, rahotannin mata da suka sami inzali daga ƙarfafa nono sun dogara ne kawai akan shaidar da aka bayar . Binciken Komisaruk shine na farko da ya zana al'aurar mace zuwa ɓangaren ji na kwakwalwa; yana nuna cewa jin daɗi daga nonon yana tafiya zuwa ɓangaren kwakwalwa ɗaya kamar yadda jin daɗi daga farji, clitoris da cervix, kuma waɗannan inzali da aka ruwaito inzali ne na al'aura da ƙarfafa nono ke haifarwa, kuma ana iya danganta su kai tsaye da cortex na jin daɗin al'aura ("yankin al'aura na kwakwalwa"). <ref name="Smith" /> <ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal |last=Komisaruk |first=B. R. |author-link=Barry Komisaruk |last2=Wise |first2=N. |last3=Frangos |first3=E. |last4=Liu |first4=W.-C. |last5=Allen |first5=K |last6=Brody |first6=S. |year=2011 |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=2822–30 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x |pmc=3186818 |pmid=21797981}} </ref> == Sha'awar jima'i == A matsakaici, mata suna sha'awar maza masu ƙunci, jiki mai siffar V, da kuma manyan kafadu. Mata kuma suna sha'awar mazan da suka fi su tsayi, kuma suna nuna babban daidaiton fuska, da kuma bambancin fuska na maza. <ref name="Glassenberg10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glassenberg AN, Feinberg DR, Jones BC, Little AC, Debruine LM |date=December 2010 |title=Sex-dimorphic face shape preference in heterosexual and homosexual men and women |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1289–96 |doi=10.1007/s10508-009-9559-6 |pmid=19830539 |s2cid=25066289}}</ref> <ref name="Perrett98">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perrett DI, Lee KJ, Penton-Voak I, Rowland D, Yoshikawa S, Burt DM, Henzi SP, Castles DL, Akamatsu S |date=August 1998 |title=Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1599110 |journal=Nature |volume=394 |issue=6696 |pages=884–7 |bibcode=1998Natur.394..884P |doi=10.1038/29772 |pmid=9732869 |s2cid=204999982}}</ref> Bisa ga bincike da bincike na zamani, mata, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba, suna sha'awar kyawun jiki na abokin tarayya kamar maza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lykken |first=David T. |last2=Tellegen |first2=Auke |date=1993 |title=Is human mating adventitious or the result of lawful choice? A twin study of mate selection |url=https://content.apa.org/record/1993-41067-001 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=56–68 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.56 |pmid=8355143 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waynforth |first=David |year=2001 |title=Mate choice trade-offs and women's preference for physically attractive men |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-001-1007-9 |journal=Human Nature |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=207–219 |doi=10.1007/s12110-001-1007-9 |pmid=26192277 |s2cid=19676672 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurzban |first=Robert |last2=Weeden |first2=Jason |year=2005 |title=Hurry ''Date'': Mate preferences in action |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513804000741 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=227–244 |bibcode=2005EHumB..26..227K |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisman |first=R. |last2=Iyengar |first2=S. S. |last3=Kamenica |first3=E. |last4=Simonson |first4=I. |year=2006 |title=Gender Differences in Mate Selection: Evidence from a Speed Dating Experiment |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/121/2/673/1884033 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=673–697 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.673 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eastwick |first=Paul W. |last2=Finkel |first2=Eli J. |date=2008 |title=Sex differences in mate preferences revisited: Do people know what they initially desire in a romantic partner? |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.245 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=245–264 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.245 |issn=1939-1315 |pmid=18211175 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eastwick |first=Paul W. |last2=Eagly |first2=Alice H. |last3=Finkel |first3=Eli J. |last4=Johnson |first4=Sarah E. |date=2011 |title=Implicit and explicit preferences for physical attractiveness in a romantic partner: A double dissociation in predictive validity. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0024061 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=993–1011 |doi=10.1037/a0024061 |issn=1939-1315 |pmid=21767032 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=2. Americans see different expectations for men and women |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/12/05/americans-see-different-expectations-for-men-and-women/}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (April 2026)">ambato mai yawa</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sarrafa sha'awar jima'i ga mata == A tarihi, al'adu da yawa suna kallon jima'i na mata a matsayin wanda ke ƙarƙashin jima'i na maza, kuma a matsayin wani abu da za a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar ƙuntatawa kan ɗabi'un mata. Al'adun gargajiya, kamar tilasta ladabi da tsarkin rai, sun fi sanya ƙuntatawa ga mata, ba tare da sanya irin wannan ƙuntatawa ga maza ba. A cewar wallafe-wallafen psychoanalytic, ana cewa " matsalar karuwa ta Madonna " tana faruwa ne lokacin da namiji ya ke son saduwa da mata kawai waɗanda yake ganin su a matsayin karuwai ( [[Karuwanci|karuwai]] ) yayin da ba zai iya son mace mai mutunci ta jima'i ba ("Madonna"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Helen Singer |year=1988 |title=Intimacy disorders and sexual panic states |journal=[[Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.1080/00926238808403902 |pmid=3398061}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]] ne ya fara bayyana wannan. Bayanin ilimin jima'i na mata ya bambanta sosai bisa ga binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na CG Jung . Ya bayyana sha'awar mata a matsayin abin da ke haifar da bayyanar al'adu da ƙirƙirar mutum. Ya gano ka'idodin Freud a matsayin tushen wannan mummunan rashin fahimta, kuma ya yi ka'idar cewa "halayen rhythmic" ba wai kawai ƙa'ida ba ce a cikin "matakin gina jiki" da kuma daga baya a cikin jima'i, amma cewa yana kan tushen dukkan hanyoyin motsin rai. An bayyana wasu al'adun gargajiya masu cike da cece-kuce, kamar kaciyar mata (FGM), a matsayin yunƙurin kawar da sha'awar mata gaba ɗaya. Ana ci gaba da yin kaciyar mata a wasu sassan Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma a wasu al'ummomin baƙi a ƙasashen Yamma, kodayake an haramta ta sosai. Yawanci ana yin wannan kaciyar ga ƙananan yara mata, kafin su kai shekara 15. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don sarrafa jima'i da ɗabi'un mata sun haɗa da barazanar mutuwa, kamar [[Kashewa da girmamawa|kisan gilla ga mata]] . Dalilin irin wannan kisan na iya haɗawa da ƙin shiga auren da aka shirya, kasancewa cikin dangantaka da danginsu ba su amince da ita ba, yin jima'i a waje da aure, zama wanda aka yi wa fyaɗe, ko yin shigar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethics: Honour Crimes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/ |publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Honor Killing |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honor+killing |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Wata na'urar tarihi da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa halayen jima'i na mata ita ce bel ɗin tsarki, wanda aka ƙera don hana jima'i. Mata suna sanya bel ɗin don kare tsarkinsu, wanda ya haɗa da hana yin jima'i (kamar ta hanyar yatsar hannu ) ko kuma yin jima'i da maza marasa izini. <ref name="Pitts-Talyor">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Chastity Belt |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chastity+belt |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref> Kafin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Turawa suka mamaye Arewacin Amurka]], ra'ayoyin ' yan asalin Amurka game da jima'i na mata galibi suna da buɗaɗɗen ra'ayi, musamman ga matasa, mata marasa aure. Duk da haka, lokacin da Turawa suka iso, an tilasta wa waɗannan ra'ayoyi masu tsauri. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin masu tsauri sun kasance masu takura musamman ga mata, galibi a yankunan Puritan . <ref>{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Bayan mulkin mallaka na Turawa a Arewacin Amurka, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan al'adun Afirka na Jezebel da mama . An siffanta Jezebel a matsayin mace mai lalata, jaraba da kuma jan hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jezebel Stereotype – Anti-black Imagery – Jim Crow Museum – Ferris State University |url=https://ferris.edu/jimcrow/jezebel/ |website=ferris.edu |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2019-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018060537/https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/jezebel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mammaye, wanda kuma ake kira Goggo Jemima, mutane ne na uwa waɗanda aka nuna su a matsayin masu gamsuwa a cikin tsarin bauta - koyaushe suna da murmushi a fuskarta yayin da dangin fararen fata suka ɗauki rayuwarta da duniyarta gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mammy Caricature – Anti-black Imagery – Jim Crow Museum – Ferris State University |url=https://ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ |website=ferris.edu |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2019-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105203744/https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan tsarin dabi'un ba wai kawai sun tabbatar da bauta ba, har ma sun tabbatar da fyaɗe da cin zarafin mata 'yan Afirka na Amurka a matsayin waɗanda ke motsa sha'awar jima'i, masu jima'i a yanayin Jezebel, ko kuma wani abu inda jima'i da jima'i su ne abubuwa na ƙarshe a zuciyar mace saboda duniyarta ta ɗauki rayuwar shugabanninta fararen fata a yanayin mamaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosenthal L, Lobel M |date=September 2016 |title=Stereotypes of Black American Women Related to Sexuality and Motherhood |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=414–427 |doi=10.1177/0361684315627459 |pmc=5096656 |pmid=27821904}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benard |first=Akeia A. F. |year=2016 |title=Colonizing Black Female Bodies Within Patriarchal Capitalism |journal=Sexualization, Media, & Society |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=237462381668062 |doi=10.1177/2374623816680622 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nazarin zamani == A wannan zamani, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma masana kimiyyar jiki sun binciki sha'awar jima'i tsakanin mata. [[Sigmund Freud]] ya gabatar da ka'idar nau'ikan inzali na mata guda biyu, "nau'in farji, da inzali na clitoral." Duk da haka, Masters da Johnson (1966) da Helen O'Connell (2005) sun ƙi wannan bambanci. <ref name="O'Connell">{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM |date=October 2005 |title=Anatomy of the clitoris |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=174 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1189–95 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd |pmid=16145367 |s2cid=26109805}} </ref> <ref name="Zastrow">{{Cite book|last3=Charles Zastrow}}</ref> Ernst Gräfenberg ya shahara da karatunsa na al'aurar mace da kuma ilimin halittar jikin mace. Ya buga, a tsakanin sauran nazarce-nazarce, wani babban masanin kimiyya mai suna ''The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm'' (1950), wanda ya bayyana fitar maniyyi daga mace, da kuma wani yanki mai kama da fitsari inda mafitsara take kusa da bangon farji. A shekarar 1981, masana ilimin jima'i John D. Perry da Beverly Whipple sun sanya wa wannan yanki suna Gräfenberg spot, ko G-spot, don girmama shi. Al'ummar likitoci ba su rungumi cikakken ra'ayin G-spot ba. <ref name="Kilchevsky"/> Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun tabbatar da cewa mata galibi suna sha'awar abubuwan sha'awa na jima'i na jinsi biyu, yayin da maza ke sha'awar abubuwan sha'awa na jima'i da suka fi so, ba na jima'in da ba su fi so ba. Wannan bambanci ya yi daidai da ma'auni daban-daban na sha'awa, kamar amsawar al'aura, faɗaɗa ɗalibi, da lokacin kallo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Luke |last2=Watts-Overall |first2=Tuesday M. |last3=Slettevold |first3=Erlend |last4=Gruia |first4=Dragos C. |last5=Raines |first5=Jamie |last6=Rieger |first6=Gerulf |date=2021-11-01 |title=Sexual Orientation, Sexual Arousal, and Finger Length Ratios in Women |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02095-5 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=3419–3432 |doi=10.1007/s10508-021-02095-5 |issn=1573-2800 |pmc=8604855 |pmid=34297214}}</ref> <ref name="mf">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rieger G, Savin-Williams RC, Chivers ML, Bailey JM |date=August 2016 |title=Sexual arousal and masculinity-femininity of women |url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/15413/1/Manuscript%20A%20%26%20MF%20Edited%2007%2014%2015.pdf |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=265–83 |doi=10.1037/pspp0000077 |pmid=26501187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya siffanta sha'awar jima'i mai mahimmanci ga alamun jima'i na maza da mata a matsayin abin da ya dace da mata, yayin da sha'awar jima'i mai mahimmanci ga jinsin da mutum ya fi so za a iya ɗaukar ta a matsayin abin da ya dace da maza. <ref name=":0" /> Amma 'yan madigo suna da yuwuwar nuna sha'awar jima'i mai ƙarfi don mayar da martani ga abubuwan sha'awa na mata fiye da sha'awar maza, don haka martanin "na maza" ya fi dacewa. <ref name="mf" /> == Ra'ayoyin mata == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />A shekarun 1970 da 1980, ra'ayoyin gargajiya na Yammacin duniya game da jima'i na mata sun fuskanci ƙalubale kuma an sake tantance su a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya halin jima'i . Ƙungiyar mata da marubutan mata da yawa sun yi magana game da jima'i na mata daga mahangar mace, maimakon barin a bayyana jima'i na mata dangane da jima'i na maza. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun littattafan farko na ban dariya shine [[Nancy Jumma'a|Nancy Friday]] 's ''My Secret Garden'' . Sauran marubuta, kamar Germaine Greer, Simone de Beauvoir da Camille Paglia, sun yi tasiri sosai, kodayake ba a yarda da ra'ayoyinsu a ko'ina ko a cikin kwanciyar hankali ba. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, gudunmawar Turai mafi mahimmanci ga fahimtar jima'i na mata ta fito ne daga ilimin halayyar ɗan [[Mata a Faransa|adam na Faransa]], tare da aikin Luce Irigaray da Julia Kristeva . [[Maɗigo|Madigo]] da kuma mata masu bibiyar maza suma sun fito a matsayin batutuwan da suka fi jan hankali a cikin tsarin mata. Manufar siyasa ta madigo, wacce ke da alaƙa musamman da tsarin mata na biyu da kuma tsarin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, rarrabuwar 'yan madigo ba, manyan masu goyon bayan su kamar Sheila Jeffreys da Julie Bindel . Ra'ayoyin mata game da jima'i na mata sun bambanta a tsawon tarihin wannan motsi. Gabaɗaya, masu ra'ayin mata na zamani suna ba da shawara ga dukkan mata su sami damar samun kulawar lafiya da ilimin jima'i, kuma sun yarda kan mahimmancin 'yancin lafiyar haihuwa, musamman game da batutuwa kamar [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]] da tsarin iyali. 'Yancin kai na jiki da yarda suma ra'ayoyi ne masu matuƙar muhimmanci a ra'ayoyin mata na zamani game da jima'i na mata. Batutuwa kamar masana'antar jima'i, wakilcin jima'i a kafofin watsa labarai, da batutuwan da suka shafi amincewa da jima'i a ƙarƙashin yanayin rinjayen maza sun kasance batutuwa masu tayar da hankali a tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Waɗannan muhawarar ta kai ga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da 1980, a cikin abin da aka sani da yaƙin jima'i na mata, wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayin mata na hana batsa da ra'ayin mata na jinsi mai kyau . Wasu ɓangarorin ƙungiyar mata sun rabu sosai kan waɗannan batutuwa. == Dokoki == Dokoki a duk faɗin duniya suna shafar bayyanar jima'i na mata, da kuma yanayin da mutum ba zai iya yin jima'i da mace ko yarinya ba. Galibi ana haramta saduwa da mata ta hanyar tilastawa, kodayake wasu ƙasashe na iya amincewa da fyaɗe a cikin aure . Dokoki [[Shekarar yarda|na shekaru na yarda]], waɗanda suka bambanta tsakanin yankuna, suna ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin shekarun da yarinya ƙarama za ta iya yin jima'i. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, shekarun yarda ya ƙaru a wasu yankuna kuma an rage shi a wasu yankuna. A wasu ƙasashe akwai dokoki da suka shafi batsa da [[karuwanci]] (ko wasu fannoni na waɗannan). Dokoki a wasu yankuna sun haramta jima'i a wajen aure, kamar [[Jima'i Kafin Aure|jima'i kafin aure]] ko zina, inda masu suka ke jayayya cewa, a aikace, ana amfani da waɗannan dokoki don sarrafa halayen mata ba na maza ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title=Adultery Laws Unfairly Target Women, U.N. Says – Inter Press Service |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/10/adultery-laws-unfairly-target-women-u-n-says/ |website=www.ipsnews.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12672&LangID=E |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> [[Budurci]] da mutuncin iyali na mata har yanzu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu tsarin shari'a: a wasu yankuna, hukuncin fyade ya fi tsanani idan mace budurwa ce a lokacin aikata laifin, kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu tsarin shari'a, namijin da ya yi wa mace fyaɗe zai iya tserewa hukunci idan ya aure ta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahadeen |first=Ebtihal |year=2013 |title=Doctors and Sheikhs: 'Truths' in Virginity Discourse in Jordanian Media |url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1720&context=jiws |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=14 |issue=4 |issn=1539-8706}}</ref> == Mata ne ke da alhakin tsaron jima'i == Dangane da alhakin ayyukan jima'i masu aminci a cikin dangantakar maza da mata, ana iya bincika ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita ta ''jima'i mai aminci'' ; an yi jayayya cewa akwai fannoni uku na fahimtar juna game da jima'i mai aminci: amincin motsin rai (amincewa da abokin tarayya), amincin tunani (jin aminci), da amincin biomedical (shingen ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da ciki ko yaɗa kamuwa da cuta). Kalmar "jima'i mai aminci" an san ta da nufin amincin biomedical . Tun bayan juyin juya halin jima'i, jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ƙaddamar da kamfen don wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba. Duk da cewa haɗarin yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba sun haɗa da ɗaukar ciki ba tare da niyya ba, [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i]] (STIs), tare da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] shine mafi muni, amfani da na'urorin hana haihuwa (mafi aminci shine [[Kwararon roba|kwaroron roba]] ) har yanzu ba a daidaita su ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Low condom use among sexually active adults in the united states |url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102266304.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921233701/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102266304.html |archive-date=September 21, 2011 |access-date=2011-01-20}}</ref> Tsarin zamantakewa na maza da mata yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar dalilin da yasa ake ɗaukar mata alhakin sakamakon saduwar jima'i. Sau da yawa, al'ummomi suna ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi da zato daban-daban na jima'i ga mata da maza, tare da jima'i na mata da maza galibi ana ganin akasin juna ne: misali, ana koya wa mata cewa "bai kamata su so yin jima'i ko su same shi da daɗi ba, ko kuma su yi jima'i a wajen aure," yayin da maza galibi ana koya musu "jin daɗin yin jima'i da jin daɗi kuma ana nuna darajar kansu ta hanyar ƙwarewar jima'i da ra'ayoyin iko da iko". <ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28–31 January 2002, Geneva<!-- this is the time and place of the consultation, not of the publication --> |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/sexual_health/defining_sexual_health.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601202234/https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/sexual_health/defining_sexual_health.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-01 |publisher=World Health Organization |place=Geneva}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2021)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Hulɗar jima'i sau da yawa tana faruwa a cikin yanayi marasa daidaito na tsari a cikin mahallin rashin daidaiton iko tsakanin maza da mata. <ref name="who.int" /> Masu ra'ayin mata, kamar Catharine Mackinnon, sun bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi watsi da rashin daidaiton da ake yi tsakanin mace da namiji ba kuma ya kamata ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manufofi; Mackinnon ya yi jayayya: "Zato shine cewa mata na iya zama marasa daidaito ga maza a fannin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, siyasa, da addini, amma da zarar sun yi hulɗa ta jima'i, suna da 'yanci kuma daidai. Wannan shine zato - kuma ina ganin ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi, musamman ma abin da yarda ke nufi a lokacin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2006 |title=Stuart Jeffries talks to leading feminist Catharine MacKinnon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> Tsarin namiji da aka gina a cikin al'umma na iya nuna cewa maza suna sha'awar jima'i koyaushe, kuma da zarar maza suka fara sha'awar jima'i, dole ne a gamsu da su ta hanyar inzali. Wannan sha'awar tana da alaƙa da asalin namiji kuma saboda haka tana haifar da wani ci gaba wanda, da zarar ya fara, yana da wuya a daina. <ref name="Johnson2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnson M |year=2010 |title=Just getting off": the inseparability of ejaculation and hegemonic masculinity |url=https://zenodo.org/record/584033 |journal=Journal of Men's Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=238–248 |doi=10.3149/jms.1803.238 |s2cid=145608229}}</ref> Mace da aka gina a cikin al'umma na iya nuna ma'anar rashin son jima'i, wanda ya shafi mahimmancin al'ada na sha'awar mace. Wannan wani abu ne da ke ba da gudummawa ga yawan yin watsi da sha'awar jima'i na mata; saboda ana ganin maza ba za su iya sarrafa jima'insu ba, wannan na iya sa mata su ɗauki alhakin tilasta amfani da robar roba maimakon namijin "wanda ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba". Wasu masana suna jayayya cewa wani abu da ke taimakawa a cikin wannan rarraba alhakin abubuwan jima'i masu aminci shine matsayin fifiko na sha'awar maza a cikin al'adun Yamma, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar imani da aka saba cewa amfani da robar roba ba ya shafar kwarewar jima'i ta mace amma cewa ƙwarewar jima'i ta maza yana raguwa tare da ƙara wannan shinge. Sun yi imanin cewa wannan matsala ce, domin amfani da robar roba yana da alaƙa da jima'i na yau da kullun da lalata, wanda ya saɓa wa ƙa'idodin zamantakewa na mace. Ana ɗaukar wannan haɗin a matsayin wani abu da ba za a iya rage shi ba kamar yadda "dakatar da amfani da kwaroron roba ya zama gwaji ko alama wanda ke nuna wanzuwar dangantaka mai himma da ta musamman," kuma yana nuna amincewa. Wasu kuma suna hasashen cewa alhakin amfani da kwaroron roba ba al'umma ce ta dora wa mata alhakin ba, amma maimakon haka yana faruwa ne sakamakon yiwuwar sakamakon jima'i mara kariya ya fi tsanani ga mata fiye da maza (ciki, yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar STI, da sauransu). Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar chlamydia da [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], sun nuna cewa yawan mata na iya ninka maza sau uku a yankunan da ke fama da cutar a Amurka, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ciki a ƙasashe masu tasowa da rabin ciki a Amurka ba a yi niyya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexander KA, Coleman CL, Deatrick JA, Jemmott LS |date=August 2012 |title=Moving beyond safe sex to women-controlled safe sex: a concept analysis |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=1858–69 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05881.x |pmc=3290700 |pmid=22111843}}</ref> Wani ra'ayin zamantakewa game da jima'i shine wajibin aure. Dolen aure shine ra'ayin cewa domin jima'i ya zama na gaske, dole ne a yi jima'i tsakanin azzakari da farji. Ga mata da yawa, wannan yana sanya iyaka ga yiwuwar jima'i <ref name="Clitoris"/> <ref name="O'Connell"/> kuma ana ganin robar roba a matsayin alama ta ƙarshen jima'i. Amincewa da shigar azzakari da farji a bainar jama'a a matsayin muhimmin abu ga dangantakar jima'i yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan amfani da robar roba. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin, sha'awar jima'i tsakanin maza da kuma buƙatar aure, tare da gina mace a zamantakewa, na iya haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin ikon yanke shawarar amfani da robar roba. <ref name="Taylor1995">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor BM |year=1995 |title=Gender—power relations and safer sex negotiation* |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=687–693 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22040687.x |pmid=8708187}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Female sexuality}} * Maggie Wittlin, "' [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125064601/http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2005/10/girls_gone_wildfor_monkeys.php Yan Mata Sun Yi Daɗi...Ga Birai] ", ''Mujallar Seed'' (10/14/2005) * [https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/248654/original/sexual+pleasure+as+a+HR.pdf Jin daɗin jima'i a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam: Yana da illa ko taimako ga mata a cikin mahallin cutar HIV/AIDS?, na Jennifer Oriel, Jami'ar Melbourne] {{Navboxes|list={{Human sexuality}} {{Evolutionary psychology}} {{Sexual identities}} {{Bisexuality topics}} {{LGBTQ|state=collapsed|main=expanded}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cs70swmyqtamc1mmtgy7nv2vftloylq Jima'i na maza 0 155653 859864 850526 2026-06-18T09:36:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Relief_-_Terra-cotta_fragment_-_7.jpg|thumb|Rage nauyi - Ɓangaren Terra-cotta]] '''Jima'i tsakanin maza da mata''' yana ƙunshe da nau'ikan ji da halaye iri-iri. Jin sha'awar [[maza]] na iya faruwa ne sakamakon halaye daban-daban na jiki da zamantakewa na abokin tarayyarsu. [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Halayen jima'i]] na maza na iya shafar su ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, gami da yanayin da suka samo asali, halayen mutum ɗaya, tarbiyya, da [[al'ada]] . Duk da cewa yawancin maza ba sa son maza, kuma suna sha'awar [[Mace|mata]] kawai, akwai ƙananan tsiraru na maza masu luwaɗi da kuma matakai daban <ref name="Syst.Rev. 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Eaton |first=A.D. |last2=Scheadler |first2=T.R. |last3=Bradley |first3=C. |last4=McInroy |first4=L.B. |date=September 2023 |title=Identity development, attraction, and behaviour of heterosexually identified men who have sex with men: scoping review protocol |journal=[[Systematic Reviews (journal)|Systematic Reviews]] |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |volume=12 |issue=184 |page=184 |doi=10.1186/s13643-023-02355-6 |issn=2046-4053 |pmc=10542689 |pmid=37777815 |s2cid=263231942 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na maza masu <ref name="Bailey16">{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=J. Michael |last2=Vasey |first2=Paul |last3=Diamond |first3=Lisa |last4=Breedlove |first4=S. Marc |author-link4=Marc Breedlove |last5=Vilain |first5=Eric |last6=Epprecht |first6=Marc |date=2016 |title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075 |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=45–101 |doi=10.1177/1529100616637616 |pmid=27113562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Sha'awar jima'i == === Abubuwan jiki === Bincike ya nuna cewa maza suna yawan sha'awar [[Mace|mata]] matasa <ref name="youth">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> masu daidaiton jiki. Daidaiton fuska, mace, da matsakaicin hali suma suna da alaƙa da kyau. Maza yawanci suna ganin [[Nono|nonon mata]] yana da kyau <ref name="BussCh5" /> kuma wannan gaskiya ne ga al'adu daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jan Havlíček |last2=Vít Třebický |last3=Jaroslava Varella Valentova |last4=Karel Kleisner |last5=Robert Mbe Akoko |last6=Jitka Fialová |last7=Rosina Jash |last8=Tomáš Kočnar |last9=Kamila Janaina Pereira |last10=Zuzana Štěrbová |last11=Marco Antonio Correa Varella |last12=Jana Vokurková |last13=Ernest Vunan |last14=S Craig Roberts |date=2017 |title=Men's preferences for women's breast size and shape in four cultures |url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/24421/1/EHB-15-265R1.pdf |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=217–226 |bibcode=2017EHumB..38..217H |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.002 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dixson |first=Barnaby J |last2=Vasey |first2=Paul L |last3=Sagata |first3=Katayo |last4=Sibanda |first4=Nokuthaba |last5=Linklater |first5=Wayne L |last6=Dixson |first6=Alan F |date=2011 |title=Men's preferences for women's breast morphology in New Zealand, Samoa, and Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46404564 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1271–1279 |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9680-6 |pmid=20862533 |s2cid=34125295}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank W. Marlowe |date=2004 |title=Mate preferences among Hadza hunter-gatherers |url=https://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/readings/Marlowe-hadza-mate-selection-criteria.pdf |journal=Human Nature |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=365–376 |doi=10.1007/s12110-004-1014-8 |pmid=26189412 |s2cid=9584357 |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214043330/https://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/readings/Marlowe-hadza-mate-selection-criteria.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rinjin nono da nono ya zama mafi mahimmancin ingancin kyawun nono. Maza sun kimanta mata masu duhun nono da duhun areola a matsayin mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke da launin shuɗi ko areola. <ref name="Dixson Grimshaw Linklater Dixson 2010 pp. 51–58">{{Cite journal |last=Dixson |first=Barnaby J. |last2=Grimshaw |first2=Gina M. |last3=Linklater |first3=Wayne L. |last4=Dixson |first4=Alan F. |date=2010-02-19 |title=Eye Tracking of Men's Preferences for Female Breast Size and Areola Pigmentation |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9601-8 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=20169468}}</ref> An gano cewa nonon matsakaicin girman kofi shine mafi kyau, duk da haka marubuta sun lura cewa maza sun fi mai da hankali kan launin nonuwa da areola maimakon girman nono. <ref name="Dixson Grimshaw Linklater Dixson 2010 pp. 51–58" /> Wani bincike ya gano cewa an fi son mata masu launin fata mai haske a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van den Berghe PL, Frost P |date=September 13, 2010 |title=Skin color preference, sexual dimorphism and sexual selection: A case of gene culture co-evolution? |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=9 |pages=87–113 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1986.9993516 |quote=an overwhelming cross-cultural preference for lighter skin}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya yi tambaya game da sahihancin wannan binciken, wanda ya gano cewa an fi son mata masu launin fata mai duhu. Nazarin gwaji ya nuna cewa fararen maza sun fi sha'awar mata masu launin fata mai launin ruwan kasa, maimakon mata masu launin fata mai haske. [ 12 ] Mata a Yamma sun yi imanin cewa maza sun fi sha'awar mata masu launin fata mai duhu, wanda hakan ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa mata suka fi son launin fata fiye da maza, a cewar wani bincike na 2017. [ 13 ] Akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin launin fata da kuma kyawun da ake gani a tsakanin matasa mata. An danganta bambancin launin fata da sha'awar jima'i tsakanin maza a al'adu da yawa. <ref name="Fisher 2017 p. 581" /> Mata suna da idanu da lebe masu duhu fiye da maza, musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran siffofin fuskarsu, kuma wannan siffa tana da alaƙa da kyawun mace da mace, duk da haka yana rage kyawun namiji a cewar wani bincike. <ref name="Russell 2009 pp. 1211–1219" /> Mata na iya amfani da kayan kwalliya kamar lipstick da inuwar ido don ƙara bambancin launin fuskarsu, ko kuma don ƙara tazara tsakanin idanunsu da gira. <ref name="Fisher 2017 p. 581" /> Wani bincike na 2009 ya gano cewa mutanen Gabashin Asiya suna da bambancin fatar fuska fiye da fararen fata, saboda yawan duhun idanunsu. <ref name="Russell 2009 pp. 1211–1219">{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Richard |date=2009-01-01 |title=A Sex Difference in Facial Contrast and its Exaggeration by Cosmetics |url=https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/psyfac/4 |journal=Perception |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1211–1219 |doi=10.1068/p6331 |issn=0301-0066 |pmid=19817153 |s2cid=136762 |url-access=subscription |quote=P.1213: "Female faces had greater facial contrast than male faces in both the East Asian and the Caucasian samples, and the East Asian faces (with dark eyes) had greater facial contrast than the Caucasian faces (with lighter eyes). A 2 (sex) 62 (race) analysis of variance (ANOVA) of facial contrast found significant main effects of sex and race.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waist_to_hip_ratio-en.svg|right|thumb|287x287px|Kwatanta rabon kugu zuwa kugu mai kyau (0.7) da rabon kugu zuwa kugu mai kyau (0.9)]] Mata masu ƙarancin kugu zuwa kugu (WHR) ana ɗaukar su mafi kyau. Daidaiton rabon ya bambanta tsakanin al'adu, ya danganta da WHR na mata a cikin al'adun yankin. A al'adun Yamma, ana fifita WHR na 0.70. Sauran abubuwan da ke jawo hankali sun haɗa da cikakken lebe, mace a fuska, dogon gashi mai sheƙi, ƙarancin girman jiki, da kuma ƙarancin kewayen kugu. Fifiko ga siririn jiki ko mai kiba yana da bambancin al'adu, amma ta hanyar da za a iya hasashenta. A cikin al'adun da abinci ke da ƙarancin yawa, kiba yana da alaƙa da matsayi mafi girma kuma yana da kyau, amma akasin haka gaskiya ne a cikin al'adun masu arziki. <ref name="BussCh5" /> Maza galibi suna fifita matansu su zama ƙanana fiye da su, amma dangane da bambancin al'adu. Tsofaffi maza suna fifita bambancin shekaru, yayin da matasa maza suna fifita mata fiye da su. Daidaiton yadda ake ɗaukar kamannin jiki da muhimmanci wajen zaɓar abokin zama na dogon lokaci ya bambanta tsakanin al'adu. === Abubuwan da ba na jiki ba === Lokacin zabar abokan hulɗa na dogon lokaci, maza da mata suna son waɗanda suke da hankali, kirki, fahimta, da lafiya. Suna kuma nuna fifiko ga abokan hulɗa waɗanda ke da irin wannan dabi'u, halaye, hali, da imani na addini. Muhimmancin tsaftar kafin aure ya bambanta sosai dangane da al'ada, da kuma imanin addini da kuma yanayin jima'i na mutum. A al'adun Yamma, muhimmancin da darajar tsaftar jiki ya ragu a tsakanin mutanen da ke da bambancin jinsi. Daga cikin halaye 18 daban-daban, tsaftar jiki an sanya ta a matsayi na 10 mafi muhimmanci a shekarar 1939, amma ta 17 ce kawai mafi muhimmanci a shekarar 1990. == Halin jima'i == Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga halayen jima'i na maza. Waɗannan sun haɗa da halaye masu tasowa, kamar sha'awar jima'i na yau da kullun, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ɗaiɗaikun mutane da zamantakewa da suka shafi tarbiyya, hali, da kuma matsayin dangantaka. === Sha'awar jima'i na yau da kullun === Idan aka kwatanta da mata, maza suna da sha'awar jima'i na yau da kullun . A matsakaici, maza suna nuna sha'awar saduwa da mata daban-daban, suna barin ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin neman jima'i, suna rage matsayinsu sosai lokacin da suke neman saduwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, suna da ƙarin tunanin jima'i da ƙarin mafarki da suka shafi abokan hulɗa daban-daban, suna ba da rahoton cewa suna da sha'awar jima'i mafi girma, suna neman alamun cin zarafin jima'i don zama mai jan hankali ga saduwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, suna jin nadama fiye da jima'i akan rasa damar jima'i, suna da yawan hulɗar aure bayan aure kuma suna iya neman haɗuwa da [[wiktionary:friend with benefits|abokai masu fa'ida]], da ziyartar [[Karuwanci|karuwai]] akai-akai. Sau da yawa ana danganta wannan da damuwa ta aminci da zamantakewa idan ana maganar jima'i na yau da kullun ga mata, kuma bambance-bambance suna ɓacewa lokacin da aka yi la'akari da haɗari kuma an tabbatar da jin daɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women like casual sex just as much as men do &#124; the University Record |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/a2801-women-like-casual/}}</ref> === Tarbiyya da kuma hali === Wani bincike yana da abubuwa da dama da ke shafar shekarun fara jima'i tsakanin matasa 'yan shekara 13-18. Waɗanda suka fito daga iyalai da iyayensu biyu ke halarta, daga manyan fannoni na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, waɗanda suka fi yin aiki a makaranta, sun fi addini, waɗanda ke da tsammanin iyaye mafi girma, kuma suna jin kamar iyayensu suna kula da su, sun nuna ƙarancin matakan jima'i a duk faɗin rukunin shekaru a cikin binciken. Akasin haka, waɗanda ke da girman kai a jiki sun nuna ƙarin matakan jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lammers |first=Cristina |last2=Ireland |first2=Marjorie |last3=Resnick |first3=Michael |last4=Blum |first4=Robert |date=2000-01-01 |title=Influences on adolescents' decision to postpone onset of sexual intercourse: a survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00041-5 |pmid=10638717}}</ref> === Zamantakewa === Mazan da ke cikin dangantaka mai himma suna da ƙayyadadden [[Jima'i na zamantakewa|yanayin zamantakewa]], kuma za su sami halaye daban-daban na jima'i idan aka kwatanta da mazan da ke da yanayin zamantakewa mara iyaka. Mazan da ke da yanayin zamantakewa mai iyaka ba za su yarda su yi jima'i a waje da dangantakar da suka amince da ita ba kuma suna yin aiki bisa ga sha'awarsu ta sadaukarwa da kusanci da abokin tarayyarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=J. A. |last2=Gangestad |first2=S.W. |year=1991 |title=Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=870–883 |bibcode=1991JPSP...60..870S |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.870 |pmid=1865325}}</ref> Maza masu ƙanƙantar da jinsi ba sa fuskantar mata waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kugu zuwa kugu (0.68–0.72), waɗanda aka ƙiyasta su a matsayin mafi kyawun jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brase |first=G.L. |last2=Walker |first2=G. |year=2004 |title=Male sexual strategies modify ratings of female models with specific waist-to-hip ratios |journal=Human Nature |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.1007/s12110-004-1020-x |pmid=26190413 |s2cid=6260947}}</ref> === Zuba jarin iyaye da ake tsammani === Elizabeth Cashdan <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cashdan |first=Elizabeth |year=1993 |title=Attracting mates: Effects of paternal investment on mate attraction strategies. |journal=Ethology and Sociobiology |volume=14 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1016/0162-3095(93)90014-9}}</ref> ta ba da shawarar cewa dabarun abota tsakanin jinsi biyu sun bambanta dangane da yawan jarin da ake sa ran iyaye za su zuba daga namiji, kuma ta ba da tallafin bincike don hasashenta. Lokacin da maza ke sa ran samar da babban matakin jarin iyaye, za su yi ƙoƙarin jawo hankalin mata ta hanyar jaddada ikonsu na saka hannun jari. Bugu da ƙari, mazan da ke sa ran saka hannun jari za su fi nuna tsarkinsu da amincinsu fiye da mazan da ba sa sa ran saka hannun jari. Mazan da ke da tsammanin saka hannun jarin iyaye kaɗan za su nuna sha'awarsu ga mata. Cashdan ta yi jayayya cewa binciken ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa mazan da ke sa ran saka hannun jari suna jaddada tsarkinsu da amincinsu, wanda dabara ce mai tsada (saboda tana rage damar haihuwa), tana nuna cewa wannan nau'in ɗabi'ar dole ne ta zama mai amfani, ko kuma ba za a zaɓi ɗabi'ar ba. <ref name=":3" /> === Tabbatar da Uba === Tabbatar da uba shine gwargwadon yadda namiji ya san ko ya yarda cewa ɗan mace nasa ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=P.J. |date=1978 |title=Promiscuity, paternity, and culture. |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=5 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1525/ae.1978.5.1.02a00110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, maza suna jin ƙishin jima'i sosai idan akwai ƙarancin tabbacin uba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiederman |first=M.W |last2=Allgeier |first2=E.R |date=1993 |title=Gender differences in sexual jealousy: Adaptionist or social learning explanation? |journal=Ethology and Sociobiology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=115–140 |doi=10.1016/0162-3095(93)90011-6}}</ref> Wannan saboda ba sa son ɓata lokaci, kuzari da albarkatu akan yaron da ba nasu ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buunk |first=B.P. |last2=Angleitner |first2=A |last3=Oubaid |first3=V |last4=Buss |first4=D.M. |date=1996 |title=Sex differences in jealousy in evolutionary and cultural perspective: Tests from the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States. |journal=Psychological Science |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=359–363 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x |s2cid=27485391}}</ref> Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsakanin al'adu suma suna shafar tabbacin ubanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=W |last2=Eagly |first2=A.H. |date=2002 |title=A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: implications for the origins of sex differences. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=128 |issue=5 |pages=699–727 |bibcode=2002PsycB.128..699W |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699 |pmid=12206191 |s2cid=6751650}}</ref> A cikin ƙasa mai "haihuwa ta halitta" kamar Namibia, kashi 96% na maza suna nuna kishin jima'i. <ref name="Scelza">{{Cite journal |last=Scelza |first=B.A. |date=2014 |title=Jealousy in a small-scale, natural fertility population: the roles of paternity, investment and love in jealous response. |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7sk5m5gd |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=103–108 |bibcode=2014EHumB..35..103S |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.11.003 |s2cid=18381206}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai yiwuwar rasa uba da rashin tabbas na uba idan akwai rashin magungunan hana haihuwa. <ref name="Scelza"/> === Cin zarafin jima'i === Maza sun fi mata yin [[fyade]] . Wataƙila fyaɗe wani abu ne da ba ya daidaita wasu hanyoyin da aka samo asali, kamar sha'awar bambancin jima'i da kuma jima'i ba tare da saka hannun jari ba, jin daɗin damar jima'i, da kuma ikon cin zarafi na jiki gaba ɗaya. Matsayin jinsi na maza da kuma jin daɗin haƙƙin jima'i gabaɗaya da na jima'i, waɗanda galibi ana amincewa da su a cikin al'ummomin uba da na daban, suna annabta halaye da halaye masu alaƙa da fyaɗe a cikin maza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=M. S. |last2=Fischer |first2=A. R. |year=2001 |title=Does entitlement mediate the link between masculinity and rape-related variables? |journal=[[Journal of Counseling Psychology]] |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.48.1.39 |issn=1939-2168}}</ref> Duk da haka, yana iya zama cewa zaɓin juyin halitta a cikin yanayin kakannin a wasu lokuta ya fi son maza waɗanda suka yi fyaɗe, wanda ke haifar da fyaɗe kanta ya zama daidaitawa . Masana daga fannoni da dama sun soki wannan ra'ayin. David Buss ya bayyana cewa babu wata shaida bayyananniya ta kowace hanya. <ref name="BussCh11" /> == Luwaɗi == [[Fayil:Gay_Men_Pride_Flag.svg|thumb|Tutar maza 'yan luwadi]] === Yanayin jima'i da asalin jima'i === <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Tsarin jima'i yana nufin sha'awar mutum ga maza, mata, ko duka biyun. Yawancin masu bincike da ke nazarin tsarin jima'i suna mai da hankali kan tsarin sha'awa maimakon hali ko asali, saboda al'ada tana shafar bayyanar hali ko asali kuma sha'awa ce ke motsa hali da asali, ba akasin haka ba. <ref name="Bailey16"/> Baya ga kasancewa namiji ko [[Jima'in jinsi|mace]], mutane na iya zama nau'ikan jinsi daban-daban. <ref name="Bailey16"/> <ref name="SW16">{{Cite journal |last=Savin-Williams |first=Ritch |date=2016 |title=Sexual Orientation: Categories or Continuum? Commentary on Bailey et al. (2016) |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1177/1529100616637618 |pmid=27113561 |s2cid=11576354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bailey ''et al.'' sun bayyana cewa suna tsammanin cewa a cikin dukkan al'adu, yawancin mutane suna da sha'awar jima'i kawai ga ɗayan jinsi, tare da tsirarun da ke da sha'awar jima'i iri ɗaya, ko da kuwa ba su da sha'awar jima'i ko a'a. <ref name="Bailey16" /> A cikin binciken Yamma, kusan kashi 93% na maza sun gano cewa su ma maza ne gaba ɗaya, kashi 4% galibi maza ne, kashi 0.5% daidai gwargwado maza ne, kashi 0.5% galibi maza ne, da kuma kashi 2% gaba ɗaya maza ne. <ref name="Bailey16" /> <ref name="SW16" /> Wani bincike na bincike 67 ya gano cewa yawan jima'i tsakanin maza (ba tare da la'akari da yanayinsu ba) ya kai kashi 3-5% a Gabashin Asiya, kashi 6-12% a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kashi 6-15% a Gabashin Turai, da kuma kashi 6-20% a Latin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caceres |first=C. |last2=Konda |first2=K. |last3=Pecheny |first3=M. |last4=Chatterjee |first4=A. |last5=Lyerla |first5=R. |date=2006 |title=Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=82 |issue=Suppl. III |pages=iii3–iii9 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.019489 |pmc=2576725 |pmid=16735290}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta yawan maza a duniya da ke yin jima'i da maza tsakanin kashi 3 zuwa 16%. Ana iya auna yanayin jima'i ta hanyar bayar da rahoto kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar ilimin halittar jiki. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na ilimin halittar jiki, ciki har da auna tsayin azzakari, lokacin kallo, FMRI, da faɗaɗa ɗalibi. A cikin maza, duk waɗannan suna nuna babban alaƙa da ma'aunin bayar da rahoto kai tsaye, <ref name="Bailey16"/> gami da maza waɗanda ke ba da rahoton kansu a matsayin "mafi yawan madaidaiciya" ko "mafi yawan 'yan luwaɗi". <ref name="SW16"/> Tasirin da jima'i tsakanin jinsi ɗaya ke da shi ga asalin zamantakewa ya bambanta a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Tambayar yadda al'adu ta hanyar tarihi suka fahimci sha'awar da halayen luwaɗi abu ne da ake muhawara a kai. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Martha}}</ref> A mafi yawan duniyar zamani, ana bayyana asalin jima'i bisa ga jinsin abokin tarayya. Duk da haka, a wasu sassan duniya, galibi ana bayyana jima'i a zamantakewa bisa ga ayyukan jima'i, ko mutum yana shiga (" sama ") ko kuma an shiga (" ƙasa "). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Jesse L. |last2=Caceres |first2=Carlos F. |last3=Lescano |first3=Andres G. |last4=Konda |first4=Kelika A. |last5=Leon |first5=Segundo R. |last6=Jones |first6=Franca R. |last7=Kegeles |first7=Susan M. |last8=Klausner |first8=Jeffrey D. |last9=Coates |first9=Thomas J. |date=2007 |title=Prevalence of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Associated Characteristics among Low-Income Urban Males in Peru |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e778 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..778C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000778 |pmc=1945085 |pmid=17712426 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dalilai === Duk da cewa babu wata ka'idar dalili da ta sami goyon baya sosai, akwai shaidu da yawa da ke goyon bayan dalilan da ba na zamantakewa ba na sha'awar jima'i fiye da na zamantakewa, musamman ga maza. Wannan shaida ta haɗa da alaƙar al'adu tsakanin luwaɗi da rashin bin ƙa'idodin jinsi na yara, tasirin kwayoyin halitta matsakaici da aka samu a cikin binciken tagwaye, shaida ga tasirin hormones na lokacin haihuwa akan tsarin kwakwalwa, tasirin tsarin haihuwa na 'yan'uwa, da kuma gano cewa a lokuta masu wuya inda aka renon jarirai maza a matsayin 'yan mata saboda nakasar jiki, duk da haka sun zama masu sha'awar mata. Dalilan zamantakewa da aka yi hasashe suna samun goyon baya ne kawai ta hanyar shaidar rauni, waɗanda aka gurbata ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa masu rikitarwa. <ref name="Bailey16"/> Shaidun al'adu daban-daban kuma sun fi karkata ga dalilai marasa zamantakewa. Al'adun da suka jure wa luwaɗi sosai ba su da yawan hakan. Halin luwaɗi ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin yara maza a makarantun kwana na maza da mata na Burtaniya, amma manyan 'yan Burtaniya waɗanda suka halarci irin waɗannan makarantu ba su da yuwuwar shiga cikin halayen luwaɗi fiye da waɗanda ba su yi ba. A cikin mawuyacin hali, Sambia ta al'ada tana buƙatar 'ya'yansu maza su shiga cikin halayen luwaɗi a lokacin samartaka kafin su sami damar yin jima'i da mata, duk da haka yawancin waɗannan yara maza suna zama masu sha'awar maza. Ba a fahimci cikakken dalilin da yasa kwayoyin halittar luwaɗi, ko barin ta ta bunƙasa, komai yadda take ba, ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tarin kwayoyin halitta ba. Wani hasashe ya ƙunshi zaɓin dangi, yana nuna cewa 'yan luwaɗi suna saka hannun jari sosai a cikin danginsu don rage farashin rashin haifuwa kai tsaye. Wannan ba a sami goyon bayan bincike a al'adun Yamma ba, amma bincike da yawa a [[Samoa]] sun sami goyon baya ga wannan hasashe. Wani hasashe ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar da ke adawa da jima'i, waɗanda ke haifar da luwaɗi lokacin da aka bayyana a cikin maza amma suna ƙara yawan haihuwa lokacin da aka bayyana a cikin mata. Nazarin da aka yi a al'adun Yamma da waɗanda ba na Yamma ba sun sami goyon baya ga wannan hasashe. <ref name="Bailey16"/> An yi hasashen cewa halayen luwaɗi na iya zama daidaitawa ga alaƙar jinsi ɗaya ko haɗin gwiwa, <ref name="muscarella" /> <ref name="kirkpatrick" /> kodayake wannan halin zai bambanta a cikin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin mutane <ref name="muscarella">{{Cite journal |last=Muscarella |first=Frank |date=2000 |title=The evolution of homoerotic behavior in humans |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=51–77 |doi=10.1300/j082v40n01_03 |pmid=11195666 |s2cid=38348044}}</ref> kuma yana faruwa sau da yawa lokacin da gasa ga abokan hulɗa mata ta yi tsanani. <ref name="kirkpatrick">{{Cite journal |last=Kirkpatrick |first=R.C. |date=2000 |title=The evolution of human homosexual behavior |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a824/a2048a7edf20449831498ee9ec169f1b7cb9.pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=385–413 |doi=10.1086/300145 |pmid=10768881 |s2cid=19396995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302191033/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a824/a2048a7edf20449831498ee9ec169f1b7cb9.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> Masanin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta David Buss ya soki wannan hasashe, yana mai cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yawancin samari a yawancin al'adu suna amfani da halayyar luwaɗi don kafa haɗin gwiwa; maimakon haka, al'ada ita ce kada a haɗa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jinsi ɗaya da wani aikin jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, ya bayyana cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa mazan da ke yin halayen luwaɗi sun fi sauran maza kyau wajen ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa ko haɓaka matsayi. <ref name="BussCh5" /> Wasu masu bincike sun kuma soki shi, suna mai cewa bayanan al'adu daban-daban kan ayyukan jima'i ba su da tsari kuma ba su daidaita ba; cewa babu buƙatar ɗauka cewa halayen luwaɗi, fiye da kowane halayen jima'i, yana ƙarƙashin zaɓi kai tsaye maimakon zama samfurin tsaka tsaki; cewa hasashe ya yi watsi da wanzuwar yanayin jima'i ; cewa ya saɓa wa binciken da aka yi cewa mazan da ke da halayyar luwaɗi ko mazan da ke da alaƙa da ... cewa ɗabi'ar ɗan luwaɗi ta asali ba abu ɗaya ba ne kuma ta bambanta a cikin da kuma a tsakanin nau'ikan halittu; kuma tunda ana zaɓar abokan jima'i na jinsi ɗaya bisa ga motsin rai na jima'i (sabanin bonobos, misali), irin wannan haɗin gwiwa zai faru ne kawai kamar yadda sha'awar jima'i ta juna take, kuma irin wannan bambancin zai nuna rashin ƙira ta hanyar zaɓin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blackwood |first=Evelyn |last2=Dickemann |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Jones |first3=Doug |last4=Muscarella |first4=Frank |last5=Vasey |first5=Paul |date=2000 |title=Comments on 'The evolution of human homosexual behavior' |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a824/a2048a7edf20449831498ee9ec169f1b7cb9.pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=398–403 |doi=10.1086/300145 |pmid=10768881 |s2cid=19396995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302191033/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a824/a2048a7edf20449831498ee9ec169f1b7cb9.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Male sexuality}} {{Navboxes|list={{Human sexuality}} {{Evolutionary psychology}} {{Sexual identities}} {{Bisexuality topics}} {{LGBTQ|state=collapsed|main=expanded}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ourhr9kqrn8l4uu6i71qeh6bsehsxad Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Zambia 0 155959 859800 851738 2026-06-18T07:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Zambiya|Zambia]] tana da manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyar, waɗanda huɗu daga cikinsu wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa, ɗaya kuma wutar lantarki ce ta zafi . Ana gina tashar wutar lantarki ta biyar a [[Rashin ruwa na Itezhi-Tezhi|madatsar ruwa ta Itezhi-Tezhi]] (120MW) tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da kwal a Maamba (300MW) har zuwa shekarar 2015. Akwai kuma wasu ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa, kuma garuruwa takwas da ba su da alaƙa da tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa suna da janareto na dizal. A shekarar 2014, jimillar samar da wutar lantarki daga karfin wutar lantarki na MW 2,396 ya kai 14,453 GWh, wanda kashi 91.2% daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa. Mafi yawan kamfanonin wutar lantarki mallakar ZESCO ne, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa. == Injin samar da wutar lantarki == === Aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Tashar ! Ƙarfin aiki ( MW ) ! Tsarin 2014 ( GWh ) ! Nau'i ! Mai shi ! Bayanan kula |- | [[Kafue Gorge Power Station|Kwarin Kafue]] | 990 (an haɓaka daga 900 zuwa 990 ta hanyar haɓaka na'urorin janareta na turbine guda 6 daga 150MW zuwa 165MW kowannensu) | 6,666 | madatsar ruwa | ZESCO | |- | Kafue Kwarin Ƙasa | 600 (har yanzu ana kan ginawa har zuwa 750MW; janareta 4 cikin 5 na MW 150 kowannensu an ba shi izinin ɗaukar wutar lantarki a 750MW na tsawon awanni 3.5 a rana bisa ga ƙira) | 910 | madatsar ruwa | ZESCO | |- | [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|Bankin Arewa na Kariba]] | 720 (an haɓaka daga 600MW zuwa 720MW ta hanyar haɓaka na'urorin janareta na turbine daga 150MW zuwa 185MW kowannensu) | 3,990 | madatsar ruwa | ZESCO | |- | Fadada Bankin Kariba ta Arewa | 360 | 1,162 | madatsar ruwa | ZESCO | shukar ƙololuwa |- | [[Rashin ruwa na Itezhi-Tezhi|Itezhi-Tezhi]] | 120 | | madatsar ruwa | ZESCO | |- | Ruwan Victoria Falls | 108 | 811 | kwararar kogi | ZESCO | |- | [[Dam din Mulungushi|Mulungushi]] | 32 | 198.2 | madatsar ruwa | LHPC (SN Power) | |- | Lunsemfwa | 24 | 98.8 | madatsar ruwa | LHPC (SN Power) | |- | Lunzua | 14.8 | 3.52 | kwararar kogi | ZESCO | An haɓaka daga 0.75MW zuwa 14.8MW a shekarar 2015 |- | Lusiwasi | 12 | 58.69 | madatsar ruwa | ZESCO | |- | Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chishimba | 15 | 73 | Gudun kogi | ZESCO | |- | Ruwan Musonda Falls | 5 | 20.47 | kwararar kogi | ZESCO | |- | Shiwa Ngandu | 1 | 0.71 | kwararar kogi | ZESCO | |- | Zengamina | 0.7 | | kwararar kogi | Zengamina | ba tare da layi ba |- |} === Ana ginawa a ƙarƙashin gini === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Tashar ! Ƙarfin aiki ( MW ) ! Mai ! Mai shi ! Matsayi |- | Kabompo | 40 | Ruwan sama | Kamfanin Copperbelt Energy | aikin da aka yi - ba a sani ba |- |} == Ɗumama == === Aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Tashar ! Ƙarfin aiki ( MW ) ! Tsararraki 2014 (GWh) ! Mai ! Mai shi ! Bayanan kula |- | Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Maamba | 300 (wani 300 da ake ci gaba da haɓakawa) | | Kwal | Kamfanin Maamba Collieries Limited | an ba da izini a shekarar 2016 <ref name="zccm-ih.com.zm">{{Cite web |title=Maamba Collieries Limited - ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc |url=http://www.zccm-ih.com.zm/energy-and-coal/maamba-collieries/ |access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> <ref name="afdb.org">{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Maamba Collieries Power Generation Project - ESIA |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Zambia%20-%20Maamba%20Collieries%20Power%20Generation%20Project%20-%20ESIA%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2019-03-19 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]]}}</ref> |- | Ndola HFO | 105 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Belgravia Services |date=2017 |title=Construction Of A 105MW Power Plant In Ndola, Zambia |url=https://www.belgraviaservices.com/necl.html |access-date=6 March 2019 |publisher=Belgravia Services |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921191938/https://www.belgraviaservices.com/necl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 826 | HFO | Kamfanin Makamashi na Ndola | |- | Zambezi | 2.35 | 2.5 | dizal | ZESCO | an dakatar da aiki (ba tare da grid ba) |- | Kabompo | 1.55 | 3.01 | dizal | ZESCO | an dakatar da aiki (ba a cikin grid ba) |- | Mwinilunga | 1.5 | 3 | dizal | ZESCO | an dakatar da aiki (ba a cikin grid ba) |- | Lukulu | 1.5 | 2.33 | dizal | ZESCO | ba tare da layi ba |- | Luangwa | 1.5 | 2.64 | dizal | ZESCO | ba tare da layi ba |- | Shangombo | 1 | 0.74 | dizal | ZESCO | ba tare da layi ba |- | Chavuma | 1 | 1.06 | dizal | ZESCO | an dakatar da aiki (ba a cikin grid ba) |- | Mufumbwe | 0.9 | 2.06 | dizal | ZESCO | an dakatar da aiki (ba a cikin grid ba) |- | Nakambala | 40 | | biomass | Zambia Sugar | |} == Hasken rana == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Solar power station ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Community ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Coordinates ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Fuel type ! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Capacity (megawatts) ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Year completed ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Name of owner ! style="background-color:#ABCDEF;" |Notes |- |Bangweulu Solar Power Station |Kafue District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|30|42|S|28|25|54|E}} |Solar |54 |2019 |Neoen<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=20 March 2019 |title=Zambia: Bangweulu’s solar park (54 MW) recently delivered by Neoen and IDC |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-bangweulus-solar-park-54-mw-recently-delivered-by-neoen-and-idc/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> | |- |Kalulushi Concentrated Solar Power Station |Kalulushi District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|43|27|S|28|05|41|E}} |Solar |200<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=16 July 2020 |title=Zambia: Sinohydro to carry out work on Kalulushi CSP solar power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-to-carry-out-work-on-kalulushi-csp-solar-power-plant/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> |2024 expected |Kalulushi Solar Power Consortium | |- |Ngonye Solar Power Station |Kafue District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|31|03|S|28|25|44|E}} |Solar |34<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESI Africa |date=2 May 2019 |title=Zambia: 34MW Ngonye solar PV plant comes online |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/zambia-34mw-ngonye-solar-pv-plant-comes-online/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=ESI-Africa.com}}</ref> |2019 |Ngonye Power Company Limited | |- |Serenje Solar Power Station |Chitambo District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|45|29|S|30|34|38|E}} |Solar |200 |2023 expected |Ultra Green Corporation Zambia Limited<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=2 July 2021 |title=Zambia: Ultra Green to break ground on 200 MWp solar plant in September |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-ultra-green-to-break-ground-on-200-mwp-solar-plant-in-september/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> | |- |Zambia Riverside Solar Power Station |Kitwe District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|48|26|S|28|14|11|E}} |Solar |34 |2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constance |first= |date=17 February 2023 |title=CEC commissions 34MW Solar Power Plant |url=https://copperbeltkatangamining.com/cec-commissions-34-mw-solar-power-plant-in-zambia/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=copperbeltkatangamining.com}}</ref> |Copperbelt Energy Corporation<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia Invest |date=13 December 2021 |title=Zambia Riverside Solar Power Plant to Be Expanded to 34MW |url=https://www.zambiainvest.com/energy/riverside-solar-power-plant-expantion-4/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=ZambiaInvest.com}}</ref> | |- |Choma Solar Power Station |Choma District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|46|30|S|27|01|48|E}} |Solar |60<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=8 May 2024 |title=Turkey’s Yeo to invest $65m in a solar power plant with storage in Zambia |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/turkeys-yeo-to-invest-65m-in-a-solar-power-plant-with-storage-in-zambia/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> |2025 |Choma Solar Power Plant Limited | |- |Itimpi Solar Power Station |Kitwe District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|41|42|S|28|10|51|E}} |Solar |60<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=22 April 2024 |title=Electricity: solar photovoltaic fever ramps up in Zambia |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/electricity-solar-photovoltaic-fever-ramps-up-in-zambia/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> |2024 |Copperbelt Energy Corporation | |- |Chisamba Solar Power Plant |Chisamba District | |Solar |100<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2025 |title=Zambia launches 100MW Solar Plant to cut power Imports and power Mining Sector |url=https://copperbeltkatangamining.com/zambia-launches-100-mw-solar-plant-to-cut-imports-and-power-mining-sector/ |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=copperbeltkatangamining.com}}</ref> |2025 |ZESCO | |- |} == Sauran ayyuka == A watan Maris na 2022, Chariot Limited na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] tare da Total Eren na [[Faransa]] da kuma kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Kanada First Quantum Minerals sun shiga haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana da iska mai ƙarfin 430MW a Zambia. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 March 2022 |title=Total Eren Chariot selected to develop 430MW of renewables for Zambian mines |url=https://renewafrica.biz/disruption/total-eren-chariot-selected-to-develop-430mw-of-renewables-for-zambian-mines/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=renewafrica.biz}}</ref> == Nassoshi == stbjumt8j5dbx5bcvg0vsy84fxkhwsq Jerin hanyoyin da za su haye Kogin Zambezi 0 156019 859740 851905 2026-06-18T06:04:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin gadoji ne da sauran hanyoyin ketare '''[[Kogin Zambezi]]''' . An jera wurare da gefen hagu (wanda ke tafiya a ƙasa) aka fara jera su. == Ketare-ketare == {{Location map+|Africa Zambezi River}} {| class="wikitable" !Crossing !Type !Location !Date Opened !State !Coordinates Lat. Long. |- ! colspan="6" | === [[Angola]] === |- |[[Cazombo Bridge]] |road bridge |Cazombo, Moxico Province |reopened 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: Bridge over Zambezi river in Angola re-opened |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2008/08/26/5644/ |website=macauhub.com |publisher=Macauhub}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|11|54|22|S|22|49|52|E|}} |- ! colspan="6" | === [[Zambiya|Zambia]] === |- |Chinyingi Suspension Bridge |foot bridge |Chinyingi, Western Province |1970s |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|13|21|08|S|23|0|47|E|}} |- |[[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Barotse Floodplain Causeway]] |road bridge |Mongu, Western Province |2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia : The Mongu-Kalabo road has been completed |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/08/mongu-kalabo-road-completed/ }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|12|53|S|22|55|34|E|}} |- |[[Sioma Bridge]] |road bridge |Sioma, Western Province |open since April 2016 |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|40|21|S|23|37|39|E|}} |- ! colspan="6" | === [[Zambiya|Zambia]]–[[Namibiya|Namibia]] === |- |Katima Mulilo Bridge |road bridge |Sesheke, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]–Katima Mulilo, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] |2004<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeller |first=Wolfgang |date=May 2009 |title=Danger and Opportunity in Katima Mulilo: A Namibian Border Boomtown at Transnational Crossroads |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232943806 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=133–154 |doi=10.1080/03057070802685619 |s2cid=153640249 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Dierks">{{Cite web |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |date=6 May 2004 |title=The History of the Zambezi Bridge from Namibia to Zambia: 1982–2004 |url=https://www.klausdierks.com/Namibian_Roads/Zambezi_bridge.htm |publisher=klausdierks.com}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|28|18|S|24|14|59|E|}} |- ! colspan="6" | === [[Zambiya|Zambia]]–[[Botswana]] === |- |Kazungula Bridge |road and rail bridge |Kazungula, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]–Kazungula, [[Botswana]] |2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=President tours Kazungula Bridge project |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/president-tours-kazungula-bridge-project/ |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|47|27|S|25|15|44|E|}} |- ! colspan="6" | === [[Zambiya|Zambia]]–[[Zimbabwe]] === |- |Victoria Falls Bridge |road and rail bridge |Livingstone, Zambia–Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe |1905<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridging the Zambezi |url=http://www.sunsteelandspray.com/pages/bridgingthezambezi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026001234/http://www.sunsteelandspray.com/pages/bridgingthezambezi.html |archive-date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2015-07-30 |website=sunsteelandspray.com |publisher=Sun Steel and Spray}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|55|42|S|25|51|25|E|}} |- |[[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|Kariba Dam]] |road over dam |Siavonga, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]–Kariba, Zimbabwe |1959 |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|31|23|S|28|45|41|E|}} |- |Chirundu Bridge |two road bridges |Chirundu, Zambia–Chirundu, Zimbabwe |1938 and 2002 |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|02|18|S|28|51|08|E|}} |- ! colspan="6" | === [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] === |- |[[Dam din Cahora Bassa|Cahora Bassa Dam]] |road over dam |Tete Province |1974 |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|35|09|S|32|42|17|E|}} |- |Samora Machel Bridge |road bridge |Tete–Moatize |1973<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samora Machel Bridge |url=https://structurae.net/structures/samora-machel-bridge |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=structurae.net |publisher=Structurae}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|10|55|S|33|35|37|E|}} |- |Kassuende Bridge |road bridge |Benga–Tete |2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second bridge over the Zambezi River opens in Mozambique |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/11/13/second-bridge-over-the-zambezi-river-opens-in-mozambique-2/ |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=macauhub.net |publisher=Macauhub}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|11|32|S|33|37|7|E|}} |- |Dona Ana Bridge |rail bridge |Vila de Sena–Mutarara |1935<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dona Ana Steel Bridge (between Sena and Mutarara) |url=http://www.hpip.org/def/en/Homepage/Entry?a=2056 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=hpip.org/ |publisher=Heritage of Portuguese Influence}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|26|21|S|35|03|41|E|}} |- |Armando Emilio Guebuza Bridge |road bridge |Caia–Chimuara |2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambezi Bridge inaugurated |url=http://www.poptel.org.uk/mozambique-news/newsletter/aim384.html#story1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005063850/http://www.poptel.org.uk/mozambique-news/newsletter/aim384.html#story1 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=poptel.org.uk |publisher=Mozambique News Agency}}</ref> |open |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|48|29|S|35|23|51|E|}} |- |} == Manazarta == 20fg13ondo05bmucet9u183oy1fhrtj Jerin tabkuna na Rwanda 0 156118 859796 852115 2026-06-18T07:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Manyan [[Tafki|tafkuna]] da ke cikin, ko kuma waɗanda ke kewaye da, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] sune kamar haka: == Tafkuna == [[Fayil:Rwanda_Topography.png|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar yanayin ƙasar Rwanda da ke nuna wasu tafkuna. Tafkin Muhazi ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai don ya bayyana a wannan taswira.]] * [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], wanda ke tsakanin Rwanda da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] a yamma, shi ne mafi girma a yankin. * [[Tafkin Muhazi]], kimanin kilomita ashirin a gabashin [[Kigali]] : wani tafki mai tsayi, mai kunkuntar da ke gudana kusan gabas zuwa yamma kuma yana faɗaɗa arewa da kudu zuwa wasu kwaruruka masu magudanar ruwa * [[Tafkin Ihema]], a cikin Akagera National Park a gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] * [[Tafkin Rweru]] a kudu maso gabas, wanda ke rabawa da [[Burundi]] * [[Tafkin Burera]], wani tafki mai tsaunuka a arewa (mita 1862 sama da matakin teku) * [[Tafkin Ruhondo]], a kudu da [[Tafkin Burera]], ya rabu da shi da tsaunuka masu tsayi. * [[Tafkin Mugesera]], kimanin kilomita 30 kudu maso gabashin [[Kigali]], wani tafki ne mai kunkuntar da ya ƙunshi gaɓar ruwa guda biyar da suka haɗu a gefen yamma. * [[Tafkin Rweru|Tafkin Rugwero]], a kudu maso gabas, yana rabawa da [[Burundi]], yana tsakanin Tafkin Rweru da Tafkin Cohoha. * [[Tafkin Cohoha|Tafkin Cohoha ta Kudu]], kudu da Gundumar Bugesera a kan iyaka da [[Burundi]] * Tafkin Cyohoha ta Arewa, a gundumar Bugesera * [[Tafkin Sake]], a gundumar Ngoma * [[Lake Karago|Tafkin Karago]], a gundumar Nyabihu, wani ƙaramin tafki a tsaunukan yamma mai tsayin kusan mita 2,285 == Tafkunan ruwa na Nyabarongo == Wani hadadden tafkuna masu zurfi yana cikin kwarin dausayi na [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] tsakanin [[Tafkin Mugesera]] da [[Tafkin Rweru]], a cikin wani wuri mai ambaliyar ruwa mai fadin kilomita 35. Tafkin Mugesera shine babban tafki a cikin wannan rukunin, wanda ke gefen gabashin kogin: * [[Tafkin Birira]], a gefen hagu (gabas) na Nyabarongo * [[Lake Kilimbi]], a gefen dama (yamma) bankin Nyabarongo * [[Lake Rumira|Tafkin Rumira]], a gefen dama na Nyabarongo * [[Lake Gaharwa|Tafkin Gaharwa]], a gefen dama na Nyabarongo * [[Lake Kidogo|Tafkin Kidogo]], a gefen dama na Nyabarongo * [[Lake Mirayi]], akan bankin dama na Nyabarongo * [[Lake Gashanga|Tafkin Gashanga]], a gefen dama na Nyabarongo * [[Tafkin Kanzigiri]], a gefen dama na Nyabarongo, kusa da iyakar [[Burundi]] == Tafkunan Akagera == Jerin tafkuna suna cikin ko kusa da wurin shakatawa na Akagera da kuma kogin [[Kogin Kagera|Kagera]] a lardin Gabas : * [[Tafkin Rwanyakazinga|Tafkin Rwandakazinga]], babban tafki a cikin Akagera National Park, mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 19.6 * [[Lake Hago|Tafkin Hago]], ƙaramin tafki ne a cikin rukunin wuraren dausayi na tsakiyar yankin wurin shakatawa, wanda aka haɗa shi da tafkuna maƙwabta da dausayin papyrus. * [[Lake Kivumba|Tafkin Kivumba]], a cikin sarkar tafkin Akagera, an haɗa shi da tsarin ambaliyar ruwa na kwarin Kagera * [[Lake Gishanju|Tafkin Gishanju]], wani ɓangare ne na tafkuna masu zurfi da wuraren zama na fadama da ke haɗa wurin shakatawa waɗanda ke tallafawa tsuntsayen ruwa da sauran namun daji * [[Tafkin Mihindi]], a cikin Filin Shakatawa na Akagera, a tsayin mita 1,282 * [[Lake Shakani]], in Akagera National Park * [[Lake Birengero]], a cikin Akagera National Park * [[Tafkin Cyambwe]], a gundumar Kayonza, da [[kogin Kagera]] ke ciyar da shi; kuma aka sani da Lake Rwehikama * [[Tafkin Nasho]], a gabashin ƙasar * [[Tafkin Mpanga]], a gundumar Kirehe, kuma aka sani da tafkin Rwampanga == Tafkunan aman wuta == Ana samun tafkuna da dama a [[tsaunukan Virunga]] da ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar, a cikin wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Volcanoes : * Tafkin Bisoke Crater, a saman Dutsen Bisoke (mita 3,711 sama da matakin teku), diamita kusan mita 400 da zurfin mita 100 * [[Lake Ngezi|Tafkin Ngezi]], wani ƙaramin tafki mai zurfi a cikin wani yanki mai aman wuta a ƙasan Dutsen Bisoke, wanda ya samo asali sakamakon fashewar wani abu a shekarar 1957. == Duba kuma == * Lakes portal == Manazarta == * Littafin Jagora na IUCN na Wuraren Dausayi na Afirka na Robert Mepham (hanyar haɗin Google-books a [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&dq=lake+bulera&pg=PA204] ) * http://www.gov.rw/government/geography.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029171712/http://www.gov.rw/government/geography.html |date=2005-10-29 }} l7s9inl9ub60s72odnar1554eccvus5 Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa 0 156144 859335 852181 2026-06-17T12:42:17Z Xaynarb 43630 An kirkira ta fassara "Sustainable Development Goals" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346177409|Sexual and reproductive health]]" 859335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{CSS image crop}}{{Blockquote|"Although States parties may adopt measures designed to regulate voluntary terminations of pregnancy, such measures must not result in violation of the right to life of a pregnant woman or girl, or her other rights under the Covenant. Thus, restrictions on the ability of women or girls to seek abortion must not, inter alia, jeopardize their lives, subject them to physical or mental pain or suffering which violates article 7, discriminate against them or arbitrarily interfere with their privacy. ''States parties must provide safe, legal and effective access to abortion where the life and health of the pregnant woman or girl is at risk, and where carrying a pregnancy to term would cause the pregnant woman or girl substantial pain or suffering, most notably where the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest or is not viable.'' [8] In addition, States parties may not regulate pregnancy or abortion in all other cases in a manner that runs contrary to their duty to ensure that women and girls do not have to undertake unsafe abortions, and they should revise their abortion laws accordingly. [9] For example, they should not take measures such as criminalizing pregnancies by unmarried women or apply criminal sanctions against women and girls undergoing abortion [10] or against medical service providers assisting them in doing so, since taking such measures compel women and girls to resort to unsafe abortion. States parties should not introduce new barriers and should remove existing barriers [11] that deny effective access by women and girls to safe and legal abortion [12], including barriers caused as a result of the exercise of conscientious objection by individual medical providers. [13]"<ref name = "CCPR">{{cite web | title = I.General comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life | url = https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/CCPR_C_GC_36_8785_E.pdf | date = 30 October 2018 | work = Human Rights Committee | publisher = United Nations | access-date = 5 November 2018 | archive-date = 1 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015406/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/CCPR_C_GC_36_8785_E.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>}}{{Blockquote|The sexual and reproductive health of the female in a child marriage is likely to be jeopardized, as these young girls are often forced into sexual intercourse with an older male spouse with more sexual experience. The female spouse often lacks the status and the knowledge to negotiate for safe sex and contraceptive practices, increasing the risk of acquiring HIV or other sexually transmitted infections, as well as the probability of pregnancy at an early age.}} '''Lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa''' ( '''SRH''' ) <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cottingham J, Kismödi E, Hussein J |date=December 2019 |title=''Sexual'' and Reproductive Health Matters - What's in a name? |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/09688080.2019.1574427 |pmc=7887925 |pmid=31884899}}</ref> wani fanni ne na bincike, [[kula da lafiya]], da kuma fafutukar zamantakewa wanda ke bincika lafiyar tsarin haihuwa da lafiyar jima'i a duk matakan rayuwarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/repro-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918132100/https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/repro-health/index.cfm |archive-date=2021-09-18 |access-date=2021-09-18 |publisher=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell KR, Lewis R, O'Sullivan LF, Fortenberry JD |date=2021 |title=What is sexual wellbeing and why does it matter for public health? |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=e608–e613 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00099-2 |pmc=7616985 |pmid=34166629 |s2cid=235635898 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sladden |first=Tim |last2=Philpott |first2=Anne |last3=Braeken |first3=Doortje |last4=Castellanos-Usigli |first4=Antón |last5=Yadav |first5=Vithika |last6=Christie |first6=Emily |last7=Gonsalves |first7=Lianne |last8=Mofokeng |first8=Tlaleng |date=2021-10-02 |title=Sexual Health and Wellbeing through the Life Course: Ensuring Sexual Health, Rights and Pleasure for All |journal=International Journal of Sexual Health |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=565–571 |doi=10.1080/19317611.2021.1991071 |issn=1931-7611 |pmc=10903615 |pmid=38595782}}</ref> Lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa an fi bayyana ta a matsayin lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙoƙi, <ref name="Defining sexual health">{{Cite web |title=Defining sexual health |url=https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/key-areas-of-work/sexual-health/defining-sexual-health |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> don haɗawa da ikon mutum ɗaya don yin zaɓi game da rayuwarsu ta jima'i da haihuwa. Haka kuma za a iya ƙara bayyana kalmar a sarari a cikin tsarin ma'anar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta [[lafiya]] - a matsayin "yanayi na cikakkiyar walwala ta jiki, ta hankali da zamantakewa, ba wai kawai rashin cuta ko rauni ba" -. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO: Reproductive health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709170104/http://www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/ |archive-date=2012-07-09 |access-date=2008-08-19}}</ref> WHO tana da ma'anar aiki ta lafiyar jima'i (2006) a matsayin '"... ''yanayi na jin daɗin jiki, ta motsin rai, ta hankali da zamantakewa dangane da jima'i; ba wai kawai rashin cuta, rashin aiki ko rauni ba ne. Lafiyar jima'i tana buƙatar kyakkyawar hanya ta girmamawa ga jima'i da dangantakar jima'i, da kuma yiwuwar samun abubuwan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17101419/ jima'i masu daɗi da aminci], ba tare da tilastawa ba, wariya da tashin hankali. Domin a cimma da kuma kiyaye lafiyar jima'i, dole ne a girmama, a kare kuma a cika haƙƙin jima'i na dukkan mutane'' <ref name="Defining sexual health" /> ''."'' Wannan ya haɗa da '''jin daɗin jima'i''', wanda ya ƙunshi ikon mutum na samun jima'i mai alhaki, mai gamsarwa da aminci da kuma ' yancin yanke shawara ko, yaushe da kuma sau nawa zai yi hakan. Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya musamman sun ayyana lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa a matsayin haɗa da jin daɗin jiki da ta hankali game da jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, mahimmancin tabbatar da cewa rayuwar jima'i ta kasance mai daɗi da gamsarwa, kuma ba wai kawai an mayar da hankali kan mummunan sakamakon jima'i ba ne daga hukumomi da yawa kamar Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Jima'i ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Association of Sexual Health |first=World Association of Sexual Health |date=2019 |title=Mexico City World Congress of Sexual Health DECLARATION ON SEXUAL PLEASURE |url=https://thepleasureproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/WAS_Declaration_on_Sexual_Pleasure-1.pdf |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=World Association of Sexual Health}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=Jessie V. |last2=Corona-Vargas |first2=Esther |last3=Cruz |first3=Mariana |last4=Fortenberry |first4=J. Dennis |last5=Kismodi |first5=Eszter |last6=Philpott |first6=Anne |last7=Rubio-Aurioles |first7=Eusebio |last8=Coleman |first8=Eli |date=2021-10-02 |title=The World Association for Sexual Health's Declaration on Sexual Pleasure: A Technical Guide |journal=International Journal of Sexual Health |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=612–642 |doi=10.1080/19317611.2021.2023718 |issn=1931-7611 |pmc=10903694 |pmid=38595778}}</ref> da kuma la'akari da tasirin da ke kan lafiya da walwala na dangantaka mai aminci da gamsarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gianotten |first=Woet L. |last2=Alley |first2=Jenna C. |last3=Diamond |first3=Lisa M. |date=2021-10-02 |title=The Health Benefits of Sexual Expression |journal=International Journal of Sexual Health |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=478–493 |doi=10.1080/19317611.2021.1966564 |issn=1931-7611 |pmc=10903655 |pmid=38595776}}</ref> Wani ƙarin fassarar ya haɗa da samun damar ilimin jima'i, samun damar hanyoyin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]] masu aminci, masu inganci, masu araha da karɓuwa, da kuma samun damar yin ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu dacewa, domin ikon mata na yin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da [[Jego|haihuwa]] cikin aminci zai iya bai wa ma'aurata damar samun jariri mai lafiya. Kwamitin Guttmacher-Lancet kan lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da kuma haƙƙoƙin mata ya ce ' ''Lafiyar jima'i da haƙƙoƙin haihuwa (SRHR) suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa saboda alaƙarsu da daidaiton jinsi da walwalar mata, tasirinsu ga lafiyar uwa, jarirai, yara, da matasa, da kuma rawar da suke takawa wajen tsara ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaba da dorewar muhalli.'' ''Duk da haka, ci gaba zuwa ga cika SRHR ga kowa ya ragu saboda raunin himmar siyasa, rashin isassun albarkatu, ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata da 'yan mata, da kuma rashin son magance batutuwan da suka shafi jima'i a bayyane da kuma cikakke. Sakamakon haka, kusan dukkan mutane biliyan 4·3 masu shekaru haihuwa a duk duniya za su sami isassun ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jima'i da haihuwa a tsawon rayuwarsu'' '. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Starrs AM, Ezeh AC, Barker G, Basu A, Bertrand JT, Blum R, Coll-Seck AM, Grover A, Laski L, Roa M, Sathar ZA, Say L, Serour GI, Singh S, Stenberg K, Temmerman M, Biddlecom A, Popinchalk A, Summers C, Ashford LS |date=2018 |title=Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30293-9/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10140 |pages=2642–2692 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9 |pmid=29753597}}</ref> Mutane suna fuskantar rashin daidaito a ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa. Rashin daidaito ya bambanta dangane da matsayin tattalin arziki, matakin ilimi, shekaru, ƙabila, addini, da albarkatun da ake da su a muhallinsu. Mutane masu ƙarancin kuɗi na iya rashin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da suka dace da/ko sanin yadda za su kula da lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall KS, Moreau C, Trussell J |date=February 2012 |title=Determinants of and disparities in reproductive health service use among adolescent and young adult women in the United States, 2002-2008 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=359–67 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2011.300380 |pmc=3483992 |pmid=22390451}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da mata, iyalai, da al'ummomin gida a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin shiga tsakani da dabarun inganta lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dada |first=Sara |last2=Cocoman |first2=Olive |last3=Portela |first3=Anayda |last4=Brún |first4=Aoife De |last5=Bhattacharyya |first5=Sanghita |last6=Tunçalp |first6=Özge |last7=Jackson |first7=Debra |last8=Gilmore |first8=Brynne |date=2023-02-01 |title=What's in a name? Unpacking 'Community Blank' terminology in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: a scoping review |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/2/e009423 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009423 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=9906186 |pmid=36750272 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208235629/https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/2/e009423 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2023-02-08}}</ref> == Bayani == Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tantance a shekarar 2008 cewa "Rashin lafiyar haihuwa da jima'i sun kai kashi 20% na nauyin rashin lafiyar mata a duniya, da kuma kashi 14% ga maza." <ref name="WHOstrat2">{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Health Strategy |url=https://www.who.int/reproductive-health/strategy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617082601/http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/strategy.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2005 |access-date=2008-07-24 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Lafiyar haihuwa wani bangare ne na [[Haƙƙoƙin lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa|lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da kuma haƙƙoƙi]] . A cewar Asusun Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA), rashin biyan buƙatun lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yana hana mata 'yancin yin "mahimman zaɓuɓɓuka game da jikinsu da makomarsu", wanda ke shafar jin daɗin iyali. Mata suna haihuwa kuma yawanci suna renon yara, don haka lafiyarsu ta haihuwa ba za a iya raba ta da daidaiton jinsi ba. Hana irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙi kuma yana ƙara ta'azzara talauci. <ref name="SRH2">{{Cite web |title=Sexual reproductive health |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522114807/https://www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health |archive-date=2019-05-22 |access-date=2015-05-13 |publisher=UN Population Fund}}</ref> == Lafiyar matasa == [[Fayil:Teenage_birth_rate_per_1000_women_15–19,_2000-09.svg|thumb|Adadin haihuwar matasa ga kowace mace 1,000 masu shekaru 15-19, 2000-2009 ]] Lafiyar matasa tana haifar da babban nauyi a duniya kuma tana da matsaloli da yawa da suka shafi lafiyar haihuwa ta manya kamar su daukar ciki da matsalolin iyaye, wahalar samun damar hana daukar ciki da kuma zubar da ciki cikin aminci, rashin samun damar kula da lafiya, da kuma yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, kamuwa da cututtuka ta hanyar jima'i da kuma matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kowanne daga cikinsu na iya shafar tasirin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref name="pmid26433504">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris JL, Rushwan H |date=October 2015 |title=Adolescent sexual and reproductive health: The global challenges |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=131 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S40–2 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.02.006 |pmid=26433504 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ga yawancin mata matasa, har yanzu ba su kammala hanyoyin girma a jikinsu ba, don haka ƙara ciki yana fallasa su ga yiwuwar samun matsaloli. Waɗannan matsalolin sun haɗa da rashin jini, zazzabin cizon sauro, HIV da sauran cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i, zubar jini bayan haihuwa da sauran matsalolin bayan haihuwa, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da tunanin kashe kai ko yunƙurin kashe kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health |url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/adolescent_pregnancy/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707104340/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/adolescent_pregnancy/en/ |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, adadin haihuwar matasa tsakanin shekaru 15-19 ya kai 45 a kowace 1000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Population Division |title=Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.ado.tfrt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330104936/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.ado.tfrt |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, 1 cikin 3 sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i, kuma akwai mutuwar sama da miliyan 1.2. Manyan dalilai guda uku da ke haifar da mace-mace ga mata masu shekaru 15-19 sune yanayin uwa mai juna biyu 10.1%, cutar da kai 9.6%, da kuma yanayin hanya 6.1%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health (2016-2030) Key Statistics |url=https://www.who.int/life-course/partners/global-strategy/global-strategy-key-statistics-03-11-2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125133816/https://www.who.int/life-course/partners/global-strategy/global-strategy-key-statistics-03-11-2017.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-25 |access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗaukar ciki ga matasa suna da yawa kuma suna da bambance-bambance. A ƙasashe masu tasowa, ana tilasta wa matasa mata yin aure saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine a haifi yara don taimakawa wajen aiki, ɗayan kuma a kan tsarin sadaki don ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na iyali, ɗayan kuma saboda auren da aka riga aka tsara. Waɗannan dalilan sun shafi buƙatun kuɗi na iyalan 'yan mata, al'adunsu, imaninsu na addini, da rikice-rikicen waje. Ciki a lokacin samartaka, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa, yana ɗauke da ƙarin haɗarin lafiya, kuma yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye zagayowar talauci . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/adolescence/9789241502214/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233736/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/adolescence/9789241502214/en/ |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2017 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Wannan da kansa wani ɓangare ne na babban tsarin watsa haɗarin da ke tattare da talauci da ɗaukar ciki a tsakanin tsararraki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowlands |first=Amanda |last2=Juergensen |first2=Emma |last3=Prescivalli |first3=Ana Paula |last4=Salvante |first4=Katrina |last5=Nepomnaschy |first5=Pablo |date=19 November 2021 |title=Social and Biological Transgenerational Underpinnings of Adolescent Pregnancy |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=22 |doi=10.3390/ijerph182212152 |pmc=8620033 |pmid=34831907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Samuwa da nau'in ilimin jima'i ga matasa ya bambanta a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Matasa waɗanda suka gane kansu a matsayin waɗanda ba sa son jinsi ɗaya na iya fuskantar ƙarin matsaloli idan suna zaune a wuraren da ayyukan luwaɗi ba a yarda da su a zamantakewa ko ma haramun ba; a cikin mawuyacin hali, za a iya samun baƙin ciki, ware kai a zamantakewa, har ma da kashe kai a tsakanin matasan LGBT . == Lafiyar uwa == [[Fayil:Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg|thumb|[[Mutuwar uwa|Adadin mace-macen uwaye]] a duk duniya, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar adadin mace-macen uwaye a cikin kowace haihuwa 100,000 da ke faruwa sakamakon kowace matsala da ta shafi ko kuma ta tsananta sakamakon ciki ko kuma yadda ake kula da ita, ban da dalilai na bazata ko na bazata ]] [[Fayil:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasashe bisa ga jimillar adadin haihuwa (2022–2023), yana nufin matsakaicin adadin yaran da mace ke haifa a tsawon rayuwarta, a cewar Ofishin Kula da Yawan Jama'a . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2022 |editor-last=Kaneda |editor-first=Toshiko |editor2-last=Greenbaum |editor2-first=Charlotte |editor3-last=Haub |editor3-first=Carl |title=2022 World Population Data Sheet |url=https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007213329/https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=23 November 2025 |website=2022-wpds.prb.org |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]]}}</ref>]] Kashi 95% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne a cikin yanayi da ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kuma cikin shekaru 25, mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a duniya ya ragu zuwa kashi 44%. <ref name="WHO_Maternal_mortality">{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208192432/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |archive-date=2022-02-08 |access-date=2018-04-26 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A kididdiga, damar mace ta tsira yayin haihuwa tana da alaƙa da matsayinta na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, samun damar kula da lafiya, inda take zaune a yanki, da kuma al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="Alkema_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D, Zhang S, Moller AB, Gemmill A, Fat DM, Boerma T, Temmerman M, Mathers C, Say L |date=January 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group |journal=Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10017 |pages=462–74 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7 |pmc=5515236 |pmid=26584737}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta, mace tana mutuwa sakamakon matsaloli daga haihuwa a kowace minti a ƙasashe masu tasowa idan aka kwatanta da jimillar kashi 1% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Mata a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsara iyali, al'adu daban-daban, rashin bayanai, masu kula da haihuwa, kula da mata masu juna biyu, hana haihuwa, kula da haihuwa bayan haihuwa, rashin samun kulawar lafiya, kuma yawanci suna cikin talauci. A shekarar 2015, waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da damar zuwa kula da mata masu juna biyu matsakaicin kashi 40% kuma ana iya hana su. <ref name="WHO_Maternal_mortality" /> <ref name="Alkema_2016" /> Duk waɗannan dalilan sun haifar da ƙaruwar rabon mace-macen mata masu juna biyu (MMR). Ɗaya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Duniya da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ƙirƙiro shine inganta lafiyar uwa ta hanyar kai hari ga mace-mace 70 a cikin kowace haihuwa 100,000 da aka haifa nan da shekarar 2030. <ref name="Alkema_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D, Zhang S, Moller AB, Gemmill A, Fat DM, Boerma T, Temmerman M, Mathers C, Say L |date=January 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group |journal=Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10017 |pages=462–74 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7 |pmc=5515236 |pmid=26584737}}</ref> Yawancin samfuran lafiyar uwa sun haɗa da tsarin iyali, ɗaukar ciki kafin haihuwa, kula da haihuwa kafin haihuwa, da kuma bayan haihuwa. Duk wata kulawa bayan haihuwa yawanci ba a cire ta ba, wanda ya haɗa da kafin lokacin haila da tsufa zuwa tsufa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902114209/http://www.unfpa.org/mothers/consensus.htm |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2018-04-26 |website=www.unfpa.org |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin haihuwa, mata galibi suna mutuwa sakamakon zubar jini mai tsanani, kamuwa da cuta, hawan jini yayin daukar ciki, matsalolin haihuwa, ko zubar da ciki mara aminci. Wasu dalilai na iya zama na yanki kamar rikitarwa da suka shafi cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro da AIDS yayin daukar ciki. Yayin da mace ta kai ƙarami lokacin da ta haihu, to da ita da jaririnta suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsaloli da yiwuwar mace-mace. <ref name="WHO_Maternal_mortality">{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208192432/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |archive-date=2022-02-08 |access-date=2018-04-26 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin ingancin ayyukan uwaye da ake bayarwa da kuma matsayin kuɗi mafi girma na wata ƙasa. <ref name="Borghi 2002">Borghi, Jo. "Mobilising Domestic Financial Resources for Development." 2002, {{Doi|10.14217/9781848597655-4-en}}.</ref> Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara da Kudancin Asiya sun nuna wannan yayin da waɗannan yankuna ba su da ma'aikatan lafiya da damammaki masu araha. [ <ref name="Filippi, Véronique 2006">Filippi, Véronique, et al. "Maternal Health in Poor Countries: the Broader Context and a Call for Action." The Lancet, vol. 368, no. 9546, 28 Sept. 2006, pp. 1535–1541., {{Doi|10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69384-7}}.</ref> Yawancin ƙasashe suna ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiyarsu ta hanyar haɗa kuɗaɗen shiga daga kuɗin harajin gwamnati da gidaje na gida. <ref name="Borghi 2002" /> Ƙasashe matalauta ko yankuna masu arziki mai yawa na iya barin 'yan ƙasa a kan ƙasa ba tare da kulawa ko yin watsi da su ba. Duk da haka, rashin shugabanci mai kyau na iya haifar da rashin kulawa da ɓangarorin gwamnati na ƙasa ko rashin aiki mai kyau duk da albarkatun ƙasar da matsayinta. <ref name="Borghi 2002" /> Bugu da ƙari, ƙasashe matalauta da ke ba da kuɗin ayyukan likitancinsu ta hanyar haraji suna sanya ƙarin nauyi na kuɗi ga jama'a da kuma iyaye mata da kansu. <ref name="Filippi, Véronique 2006" /> An jaddada nauyi da alhakin da ke kan ɓangarorin lafiyar kwakwalwa game da abin da zai magance rashin ingancin lafiyar uwaye a duniya. <ref name="Filippi, Véronique 2006" /> Tasirin hanyoyin kula da lafiyar uwaye daban-daban a faɗin duniya yana raguwa daban-daban kuma ba su da daidaito sosai. <ref name="Borghi 2002" /> Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon rashin jajircewa a fannin siyasa da kuɗi ga wannan batu, domin yawancin shirye-shiryen uwaye masu aminci a duniya dole ne su yi gasa don samun kuɗi mai yawa. <ref name="Filippi, Véronique 2006" /> Wasu sun yanke shawarar cewa idan aka haɓaka shirye-shiryen rayuwa a duniya kuma aka ba da kuɗin da ya dace, zai zama mai amfani ga al'ummar duniya. Zuba jari a lafiyar uwaye zai kawo ci gaba ga batutuwa da dama kamar rashin daidaiton jinsi, talauci, da kuma ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya. <ref>Nyamtema, Angelo S, et al. "Maternal Health Interventions in Resource Limited Countries: a Systematic Review of Packages, Impacts and Factors for Change." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011, {{Doi|10.1186/1471-2393-11-30}}.</ref> Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar manyan kuɗaɗen kuɗi a tsawon lokacin da suke a duniya, wanda hakan ke da matuƙar wahala da wahala. == Lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa ta LGBT+ == Lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa ta mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT+]] na fuskantar ƙalubale ta hanyar batutuwa kamar annobar cutar HIV da ke ci gaba da yaduwa, tsarin iyali na "maza" da lafiyar haihuwa na "mata", tare da kyama da dannewa waɗanda ke hana mutanen LGBT+ samun damar samun kulawar lafiya da suke buƙata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lunde CE, Spigel R, Gordon CM, Sieberg CB |date=2021-10-06 |title=Beyond the Binary: Sexual and Reproductive Health Considerations for Transgender and Gender Expansive Adolescents |journal=Frontiers in Reproductive Health |volume=3 |doi=10.3389/frph.2021.670919 |issn=2673-3153 |pmc=9580725 |pmid=36304055 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wahlen R, Bize R, Wang J, Merglen A, Ambresin AE |date=2020-07-01 |title=Medical Students' Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards LGBT People and Their Health Care Needs: Impact of a Lecture on LGBT Health |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=7 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534743W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234743 |pmc=7329058 |pmid=32609754 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lafiyar jima'i yanayi ne na jin daɗin jiki, motsin rai, tunani, da zamantakewa dangane da jima'i. Yana da mahimmanci ba wai kawai a yi la'akari da lafiyar jima'i/jiki na mutum ba, har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu da mahallin da ke shafar lafiyar mutum. Rashin masu ba da sabis masu ƙwarewa da kyama da ke tattare da luwaɗi suna da babban tasiri ga lafiyar jima'i na mutanen LGBTQ+. Al'ummar LGBTQ+ na fuskantar cikas da dama dangane da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa. Bambancin kyama da son zuciya da ke zuwa tare da waɗannan shingen suna sa samun kulawa mai kyau ya zama da wahala. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kyama da ke bin waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar LGBTQ+ dangane da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa suna danganta wasu cututtuka, da sauran cututtuka da wannan al'umma. Wannan ya bar waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar LGBTQ+ a cikin wani matsayi da ke sa su zama masu rauni, da kuma waɗanda ke fama da bambance-bambancen lafiya da dama. Lafiyar mutanen LGBTQ+ gaba ɗaya tana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa domin duk waɗannan suna samar da lafiyar waɗannan mutanen. Waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar LGBTQ+ suna fuskantar wariya daga masu samar da kayayyaki da kamfanonin inshora, ban da duk wasu shinge da iyakokin samun kulawar da suke jurewa. Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar LGBTQ+ suna fuskantar mummunan sakamako na lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Not Up for Debate: LGBTQ People Need and Deserve Tailored Sexual and Reproductive Health Care |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2020/11/not-debate-lgbtq-people-need-and-deserve-tailored-sexual-and-reproductive-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207010629/https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2020/11/not-debate-lgbtq-people-need-and-deserve-tailored-sexual-and-reproductive-health |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Maganin hana haihuwa == Samun damar yin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa yana da matuƙar wahala a ƙasashe da yawa. Mata galibi ba sa iya samun ayyukan kiwon lafiyar mata saboda rashin sanin irin waɗannan ayyuka ko rashin [['Yanci na motsi|'yancin motsi]] . Wasu mata suna fuskantar [[Tilasci ciki|ɗaukar ciki na dole]] kuma an hana su barin gida. A ƙasashe da yawa, ba a barin mata su bar gida ba tare da wani dangi ko miji ba, don haka ikonsu na samun ayyukan kiwon lafiya yana da iyaka. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar ƙara 'yancin kai na mata don inganta lafiyar haihuwa, duk da haka, yin hakan na iya buƙatar canjin al'adu. A cewar WHO, "Duk mata suna buƙatar samun kulawar haihuwa kafin haihuwa a lokacin daukar ciki, kulawa ta ƙwararru yayin haihuwa, da kulawa da tallafi a makonni bayan haihuwa". [[Fayil:Pilule_contraceptive.jpg|thumb|Maganin hana haihuwa ta baki da aka haɗa]] Gaskiyar cewa dokar ta ba da izinin wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, ba lallai ba ne ya tabbatar da cewa mutane suna amfani da irin waɗannan ayyukan. Samuwar hana haihuwa, hana haihuwa, da zubar da ciki ya dogara ne akan dokoki, da kuma ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, al'adu, da addini. Wasu ƙasashe suna da dokoki masu sassaucin ra'ayi game da waɗannan batutuwa, amma a aikace, yana da matukar wahala a sami irin waɗannan ayyukan saboda likitoci, masu harhada magunguna, da sauran ma'aikatan zamantakewa da na likita suna ƙin yarda da su da gangan . [[Fayil:Kondom.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kwararon roba|Kwaroron roba]] suna ba da kariya mai inganci daga cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STIs) da kuma ciki mara so.]] A yankuna masu tasowa na duniya, akwai kimanin mata miliyan 214 da ke son guje wa juna biyu amma ba sa iya amfani da hanyoyin tsara iyali masu aminci da inganci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family planning |url=https://www.unfpa.org/family-planning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921175112/https://www.unfpa.org/family-planning |archive-date=2019-09-21 |access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> Idan aka sha maganin hana daukar ciki da aka haɗa da baki, yana da tasiri sama da kashi 99% wajen hana daukar ciki. Duk da haka, ba ya kariya daga [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i]] (STIs). Wasu hanyoyi, kamar amfani da [[Kwararon roba|kwaroron roba]], suna samun kariya daga cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i da kuma wadanda ba a so. Akwai kuma hanyoyin tsara iyali na halitta, wadanda masu addini za su iya fifita su, amma wasu kungiyoyin addini masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar kungiyar Quiverfull, suna adawa da wadannan hanyoyin saboda suna goyon bayan fadada haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Joyce K |date=2006-11-09 |title=Arrows for the War |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war/ |journal=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028095126/https://www.thenation.com/article/arrows-war/ |archive-date=2019-10-28 |access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin rage daukar ciki da ba a so shine coitus interruptus - wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a kasashen masu tasowa. Akwai nau'ikan hana daukar ciki da yawa. Wani nau'in hana daukar ciki ya haɗa da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki. <ref name="NICHD">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=What are the different types of contraception? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/contraception/conditioninfo/types |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115153805/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/contraception/conditioninfo/types |archive-date=2018-11-15 |access-date=2018-11-15 |website=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)}}</ref> Wata hanyar hana daukar ciki ta ƙunshi kwaroron roba ga maza da mata. <ref name="NICHD" /> Duk nau'ikan suna hana maniyyi shiga mahaifar mace, ta haka ne suke hana daukar ciki faruwa. <ref name="NICHD" /> Wani nau'in hana daukar ciki shine maganin hana daukar ciki, wanda ke hana ovulation faruwa ta hanyar hada sinadarai progestin da estrogen. <ref name="NICHD" /> Mata da yawa suna amfani da wannan hanyar hana daukar ciki, duk da haka, suna daina amfani da ita daidai gwargwado kamar yadda suke amfani da ita. <ref name="Stevens_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stevens LM |date=September 2018 |title="We have to be mythbusters": Clinician attitudes about the legitimacy of patient concerns and dissatisfaction with contraception |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=212 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.020 |pmid=30031980 |s2cid=51721911}}</ref> Wani dalili na wannan shine saboda illolin da ka iya faruwa daga amfani da kwayar, kuma saboda wasu masu samar da lafiya ba sa daukar damuwar mata game da illolin da ba su dace ba da muhimmanci. <ref name="Stevens_2018" /> Amfani da kwayar hana daukar ciki ya zama ruwan dare a kasashen yamma, kuma nau'ikan hana daukar ciki guda biyu suna cikin Jerin Magungunan da suka fi muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, magunguna mafi mahimmanci da ake bukata a [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin lafiya]] na asali. Akwai ƙorafe-ƙorafe da yawa game da amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, a tarihi da kuma a yau. Wata hujja da aka yi wa amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ta nuna cewa babu buƙatar maganin hana haihuwa, tun farko. <ref name="McAndrews_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McAndrews L |date=Winter 2015 |title=Before Roe: Catholics, Nixon, and the Changing Politics of Birth Control. |journal=Fides et Historia |volume=47 |pages=24–43 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> An yi wannan muhawarar a shekarar 1968 lokacin da aka zaɓi Richard Nixon a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, kuma hujjar ta bayyana cewa tunda yawan haihuwa ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta tun bayan ƙarewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, maganin hana haihuwa bai zama dole ba. <ref name="McAndrews_2015" /> Muhawara kan tsara yanayin alƙaluma kuma su ne tushen manufar yawan jama'a ta Nicolae Ceaușescu a ƙasar kwaminisanci ta Romania, wadda ta ɗauki wata doka mai tsauri ta hana zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, gwaje-gwajen ciki na yau da kullun ga mata, haraji kan rashin haihuwa, da kuma wariya ta shari'a ga mutanen da ba su da 'ya'ya. Irin waɗannan manufofin suna la'akari da cewa tilastawa hanya ce mai karɓuwa ta cimma burin alƙaluma. Ƙiyayyar addini ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa bai kamata a yi [[Jima'i Kafin Aure|jima'i kafin aure]] ba, yayin da ma'aurata ya kamata su haifi 'ya'ya da yawa gwargwadon iko. Saboda haka, Cocin Katolika yana ƙarfafa kauracewa jima'i kafin aure. <ref name="McAndrews_2015" /> An rubuta wannan hujja a cikin ''Humanae Vitae'', wani littafi mai suna Paparoma wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1968. <ref name="McAndrews_2015" /> Cocin Katolika ya kafa hujjarsa kan magungunan hana haihuwa bisa ga cewa magungunan hana haihuwa suna lalata dokar Allah ta halitta. <ref name="Reiterman_1965">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reiterman C |date=1965 |title=Birth Control and Catholics |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=213–233 |doi=10.2307/1384139 |jstor=1384139}}</ref> Cocin Katolika kuma tana jayayya kan hana haihuwa bisa ga girman iyali, inda Cardinal Mercier na Belgium ya yi jayayya,&nbsp;"...ayyukan lamiri sun fi la'akari da abin duniya, kuma banda haka, manyan iyalai ne suka fi kyau" (Reiterman, 216). <ref name="Reiterman_1965" /> Wata hujja ta bayyana cewa ya kamata mata su yi amfani da hanyoyin hana haihuwa na halitta maimakon na wucin gadi, kamar yin jima'i lokacin da mutum bai haihu ba. <ref name="McAndrews_2015" /> Tallafin hana daukar ciki ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyi kamar [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|'yancin haihuwa]], [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'yancin mata]], da kuma wajibcin hana barin yara da talaucin yara . <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Family planning/contraception methods |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201145946/http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception |archive-date=2018-12-01 |access-date=2018-12-13 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rights to Contraceptive Information and Services for Women and Adolescents |url=https://www.unfpa.org/resources/rights-contraceptive-information-and-services-women-and-adolescents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225737/https://www.unfpa.org/resources/rights-contraceptive-information-and-services-women-and-adolescents |archive-date=2018-12-15 |access-date=2018-12-13 |website=www.unfpa.org}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ce "Ta hanyar hana daukar ciki ba da niyya ba, tsarin iyali/hana daukar ciki yana hana mutuwar uwaye da yara". <ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i == [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|Cutar da ake kamuwa da ita ta hanyar jima'i]] (STI) -- wacce aka sani da ''cutar da ake kamuwa da ita ta hanyar jima'i (STD)'' ko ''cutar venereal (VD) --'' cuta ce da ke da yuwuwar yaɗuwa tsakanin mutane ta hanyar [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]] . CDC ta yi nazarin cututtukan STI guda takwas da aka fi kamuwa da su: chlamydia, [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV-2 ), human immunodeficiency virus ( [[Kanjamau|HIV]] ), [[Human papillomavirus infection|human papillomavirus]] (HPV), [[Tunjere|syphilis]], da trichomoniasis . <ref name="CDC_2013">{{Cite web |date=February 2013 |title=Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/sti-estimates-fact-sheet-Feb-2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523181442/https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/sti-estimates-fact-sheet-feb-2013.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-23 |access-date=2018-05-01 |website=CDC STI Fact Sheet |publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> [[Fayil:Syphilis_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg|right|thumb|Mutuwar da aka samu sakamakon [[Tunjere|cutar sifili]] a shekarar 2012, a cikin mutane miliyan daya]] [[Fayil:Gonorrhoea_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg|right|thumb|Shekarar rayuwar [[Ciwon sanyi|cutar gonorrhea]] da aka daidaita ta hanyar nakasa ga kowane mutum 100,000]] Akwai sabbin kamuwa da cutar miliyan 1 a rana <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> da kuma sabbin kamuwa da cutar sama da miliyan 20 a cikin Amurka. <ref name="CDC_2013">{{Cite web |date=February 2013 |title=Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/sti-estimates-fact-sheet-Feb-2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523181442/https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/sti-estimates-fact-sheet-feb-2013.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-23 |access-date=2018-05-01 |website=CDC STI Fact Sheet |publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, WHO ta kiyasta sabbin kamuwa da cutar miliyan 374 tare da 1 daga cikin 4 na cututtukan da suka shafi jima'i: chlamydia (miliyan 129), gonorrhoea (miliyan 82), syphilis (miliyan 7.1) da trichomoniasis (miliyan 156). An kiyasta cewa sama da mutane miliyan 490 suna rayuwa da cutar herpes ta al'aura a shekarar 2016, kuma an kiyasta cewa mata miliyan 300 suna dauke da cutar HPV, babban dalilin da ke haifar da cutar kansar mahaifa da kuma cutar kansar dubura a tsakanin mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. Adadin masu irin wannan girman yana da nauyi mai yawa ga tattalin arzikin gida da na duniya. Wani bincike <ref name="Shah_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah M, Risher K, Berry SA, Dowdy DW |date=January 2016 |title=The Epidemiologic and Economic Impact of Improving HIV Testing, Linkage, and Retention in Care in the United States |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=220–229 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ801 |pmc=4690480 |pmid=26362321}}</ref> da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 2015 ya kammala da cewa duk da bai wa mahalarta magungunan rigakafi na farko (ART), har yanzu suna kashe kimanin dala biliyan 256 a cikin shekaru 20. Gwajin HIV da aka yi a ƙaramin farashi zai iya rage kamuwa da cutar HIV da kashi 21%, riƙe HIV da kashi 54%, da kuma mace-macen HIV da kashi 64%, tare da rabon inganci na $45,300 a kowace shekara da aka daidaita inganci . Duk da haka, binciken ya kammala da cewa Amurka ta haifar da yawan kamuwa da cuta, farashin magani, da mace-mace, koda lokacin da hanyoyin magancewa ba su inganta yawan rayuwa ba. <ref name="Shah_2016" /> Akwai raguwa sosai a yawan kamuwa da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i da zarar an ilmantar da waɗanda ke yin jima'i game da kamuwa da cutar, tallata kwaroron roba, da kuma hanyoyin da aka yi niyya ga manyan mutane da masu rauni ta hanyar cikakken kwasa-kwasan ko shirye-shiryen koyar da jima'i . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423113648/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/ |archive-date=2018-04-23 |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Shaidun da aka samu kwanan nan sun nuna cewa fahimtar rawar da jin daɗi ke takawa a rayuwar jima'i ta mutane da kuma haɗa wannan a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jima'i da ilimi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci kan ƙara yawan amfani da kwaroron roba da kuma inganta sakamakon lafiyar jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaneva |first=Mirela |last2=Philpott |first2=Anne |last3=Singh |first3=Arushi |last4=Larsson |first4=Gerda |last5=Gonsalves |first5=Lianne |date=2022-02-11 |title=What is the added value of incorporating pleasure in sexual health interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1761034Z |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261034 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8836333 |pmid=35148319 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Power |first=Jennifer |date=2022-02-11 |title=Sex ed needs to talk about pleasure and fun. Safe sex depends on it and condom use rises |url=http://theconversation.com/sex-ed-needs-to-talk-about-pleasure-and-fun-safe-sex-depends-on-it-and-condom-use-rises-176572 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Li |date=2022-02-14 |title=To teach safe sex, don't forget about pleasure, study suggests - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/safe-sex-pleasure-education-study/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Altmetric – What is the added value of incorporating pleasure in sexual health interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://plos.altmetric.com/details/122915444/news |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=plos.altmetric.com}}</ref> Manufar Afirka ta Kudu ta magance buƙatun mata masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV da waɗanda ke da cutar HIV da kuma abokan hulɗarsu da yara. Manufar ta kuma inganta ayyukan tantance lafiyar jima'i kamar ba da shawara da gwaji kan cutar HIV da kuma gwajin wasu cututtukan da ke shafar jima'i, tarin fuka, ciwon mahaifa, da ciwon nono. <ref name="RSA_2014">{{Cite journal |last=Department of Health, Republic of South Africa |year=2014 |title=Bookshelf: National Contraception and Fertility Planning Policy and Service Delivery Guidelines |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=22 |issue=43 |pages=200–203 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(14)43764-9 |jstor=43288351 |s2cid=218573657}}</ref> Hukumar CDC ta bayyana cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i ya fi yawa a tsakanin 'yan tsiraru idan aka kwatanta da fararen fata. Waɗannan tsirarun suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban, ciki har da ilimin lafiya, yanayin zamantakewa, samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya, da kuma tsoron wariya daga masu samar da lafiya. Yawan kamuwa da cutar ya ninka sau biyar zuwa takwas a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata idan aka kwatanta da fararen fata waɗanda ba 'yan Hispanic ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2022 |title=STD Health Equity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/health-disparities/default.htm#:~:text=Health%20equity%20is%20achieved%20when,%2C%20sexual%20identity%2C%20and%20disability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030191923/https://www.cdc.gov/std/health-disparities/default.htm#:~:text=Health%20equity%20is%20achieved%20when,%2C%20sexual%20identity%2C%20and%20disability |archive-date=2022-10-30 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Matan Afirka 'yan Amurka matasa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan STI, ciki har da HIV. <ref name="Painter_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Painter JE, Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ, Depadilla LM, Simpson-Robinson L |date=2012-05-01 |title=College graduation reduces vulnerability to STIs/HIV among African-American young adult women |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=e303–10 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2012.03.001 |pmc=3349441 |pmid=22555218}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka buga kwanan nan a wajen Atlanta, Georgia ya tattara bayanai (ma'aunin alƙaluma, na tunani, da na ɗabi'a) tare da shafa farji don tabbatar da kasancewar cututtukan STI. Sun gano babban bambanci cewa waɗannan matan da suka kammala karatun jami'a ba su da yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan STI, wataƙila suna amfana daga raguwar raunin kamuwa da cututtukan STI/HIV yayin da suke samun matsayin ilimi kuma wataƙila suna ƙaruwa a yankunan alƙaluma da/ko matsayi. <ref name="Painter_2012" /> == Zubar da ciki == A duk duniya, an kiyasta cewa zubar da ciki miliyan 25 ba shi da haɗari yana faruwa kowace shekara. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=Worldwide, an estimated 25 million unsafe abortions occur each year |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/28-09-2017-worldwide-an-estimated-25-million-unsafe-abortions-occur-each-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006020020/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/28-09-2017-worldwide-an-estimated-25-million-unsafe-abortions-occur-each-year |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref> Mafi yawan irin wannan zubar da ciki mara aminci yana faruwa ne a ƙasashe masu tasowa a Afirka, Asiya da Latin Amurka. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> Muhawarar zubar da ciki ita ce takaddamar da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa game da ɗabi'a, shari'a, da addini na [[zubar da ciki]] da aka haifar. Bangarorin da ke cikin muhawarar su ne ƙungiyoyin " [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|pro-choice]] " da " pro-life " da suka bayyana kansu. "Pro-choice" suna jaddada 'yancin mata na yanke shawara ko za su dakatar da ciki. "Pro-life" suna jaddada 'yancin tayin ko tayin na haihuwa da haihuwa. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan sharuɗɗan a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai, inda ake fifita kalmomi kamar "haƙƙin zubar da ciki" ko "haƙƙin hana zubar da ciki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2010 |title=Hyperbole |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/styleandsubstance/2010/01/31/vol-23-no-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421132158/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vol-23-no-1-hyperbole-01557859513?tesla=y |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=4 November 2011 |website=Style and Substance |publisher=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Kowace ƙungiya, tare da sakamako daban-daban, ta nemi rinjayar ra'ayin jama'a da kuma samun goyon bayan doka ga matsayinta, tare da ƙananan adadin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna amfani da tashin hankali, kamar kisan kai da ƙonewa. Labarai daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun kira [[zubar da ciki]] bisa doka a matsayin [[Hakki na asali|babban hakki]] ga mata ba tare da la'akari da inda suke zama ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba annoba ce ta shiru. A shekara ta 2005, an kiyasta cewa zubar da ciki miliyan 19-20 yana da matsaloli, wasu matsaloli na dindindin ne, yayin da aka kiyasta cewa mata 68,000 sun mutu sakamakon zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO: Unsafe Abortion&nbsp;— The Preventable Pandemic |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/ua_paper/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113104553/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/ua_paper/en/index.html |archive-date=2010-01-13 |access-date=2010-01-16}}</ref> Samun damar zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba na iya yin tasiri mai kyau ga [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]] da rayuwarta, haka nan akasin haka. Doka kan zubar da ciki bisa buƙata ya zama dole amma ba shi da isasshen mataki don inganta lafiyar mata. <ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |title=Preventing unsafe abortion |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/unsafe_abortion/hrpwork/en/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215203746/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/unsafe_abortion/hrpwork/en/index.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe inda zubar da ciki ya halatta kuma ya kasance tsawon shekaru da yawa, babu wani ci gaba a samun isassun ayyuka da ke sa zubar da ciki ya zama ba shi da aminci saboda rashin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Yana da wuya a sami zubar da ciki saboda shingayen doka da manufofi, shingayen zamantakewa da al'adu (nuna wariyar jinsi, talauci, ƙuntatawa na addini, rashin tallafi), shingayen tsarin kiwon lafiya (rashin kayan aiki ko ma'aikata masu horo). Duk da haka, zubar da ciki lafiyayye tare da ma'aikata masu horo, kyakkyawan tallafin zamantakewa, da kuma samun kayan aiki, na iya inganta lafiyar uwa da kuma ƙara lafiyar haihuwa daga baya a rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer L, Fine JB |date=April 2013 |title=Abortion law around the world: progress and pushback |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=585–9 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301197 |pmc=3673257 |pmid=23409915}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar Maputo]], wadda [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta amince da ita a matsayin yarjejeniya ga [[Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a|Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a]], ta bayyana a Mataki na 14 (Lafiya da Haƙƙoƙin Haihuwa) cewa: "(2). Ƙasashen da abin ya shafa za su ɗauki duk matakan da suka dace don: [...] c) kare haƙƙin haihuwa na mata ta hanyar ba da izinin zubar da ciki a fannin likitanci a lokutan cin zarafin mata, fyaɗe, jima'i tsakanin dangi, da kuma inda ci gaba da ɗaukar ciki ke barazana ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki na uwa ko rayuwar uwa ko tayin. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa |url=http://www.achpr.org/instruments/women-protocol/#14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202092756/http://www.achpr.org/instruments/women-protocol#14 |archive-date=2015-12-02 |access-date=2018-11-05 |website=Legal Instruments |publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR)}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Maputo ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko ta duniya da ta amince da zubar da ciki, a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na mace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Comment No. 2 on Article 14.1 (a), (b), (c) and (f) and Article 14. 2 (a) and (c) of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa |url=http://www.achpr.org/instruments/general-comment-two-rights-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105121226/http://www.achpr.org/instruments/general-comment-two-rights-women/ |archive-date=2018-11-05 |access-date=2018-11-05 |website=Legal Instruments |publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR)}}</ref> ''Sharhin Janar mai lamba 36 (2018) kan sashe na 6 na [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa|Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa]], kan haƙƙin rayuwa, wanda'' [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Kwamitin Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama]] ya amince da shi a shekarar 2018, ya bayyana, a karon farko, haƙƙin ɗan adam na zubar da ciki - a wasu yanayi (duk da haka, waɗannan maganganun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su a matsayin doka mai laushi, kuma, saboda haka, ba a ɗaure su bisa doka ba). A lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan Shirin Aiki na Alkahira a taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan yawan jama'a da ci gaba (ICPD) na shekarar 1994, batun ya kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce har ta kai ga wakilan sun yanke shawarar yin watsi da duk wani shawara na halatta zubar da ciki, maimakon haka suna ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci da su samar da kulawar da ta dace bayan zubar da ciki da kuma saka hannun jari a shirye-shiryen da za su rage yawan ɗaukar ciki da ba a so. [[Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata|Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya ga Mata]] ya dauki sanya zubar da ciki a matsayin laifi a matsayin "keta haƙƙoƙin mata na jima'i da haihuwa" da kuma wani nau'i na "cin zarafin jinsi"; sakin layi na 18 na ''shawarar Janar mai lamba 35 kan cin zarafin mata bisa ga jinsi, yana sabunta shawarar gabaɗaya mai lamba 19'' ya bayyana cewa: "Keta haƙƙoƙin mata na jima'i da haihuwa, kamar tilasta musu haihuwa, [[Zubar da ciki da tilas|tilasta musu zubar da ciki]], [[Tilasci ciki|tilasta musu ɗaukar ciki]], tilasta musu zubar da ciki, hana ko jinkirta zubar da ciki lafiya da kuma kula da bayan zubar da ciki, tilasta musu ci gaba da ɗaukar ciki, cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata da ke neman bayanai game da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa, kayayyaki da ayyuka, nau'ikan [[Cin zarafin mata|cin zarafin jinsi]] ne wanda, dangane da yanayin, na iya zama azabtarwa ko kuma mummunan [[Rashin tausayi, rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci|magani, rashin tausayi ko kuma wulaƙanci]] ." <ref name="tbinternet.ohchr.org">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19 |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/CEDAW_C_GC_35_8267_E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220225958/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/CEDAW_C_GC_35_8267_E.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=Human Rights Committee |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ''Shawarar Janar mai'' lamba ɗaya kuma ta yi kira ga ƙasashe a sakin layi na 31 da su [...] Musamman, a soke: a) Tanadin da ke ba da damar, jure wa ko kuma amincewa da nau'ikan cin zarafin mata bisa ga jinsi, gami da [...] dokar da ke haramta zubar da ciki". <ref name="tbinternet.ohchr.org" /> == Kaciyar al'aurar mata == [[Fayil:FGM_prevalence_UNICEF_2024.svg|alt=map|thumb|Kaciyar mata a Afirka da Asiya, tun daga shekarar 2024 ( taswirar Afirka ). ]] Kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda kuma aka sani da kaciyar mata ko yanke al'aura, al'ada ce ta gargajiya, wacce ba ta likitanci ba, ta canza ko raunata gabobin haihuwa na mata, sau da yawa ta hanyar cire dukkan ko sassan al'aura na waje. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Female genital mutilation |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129023511/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation |archive-date=2021-01-29 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana yin ta galibi a ƙasashe 30 a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Asiya, kuma tana shafar mata da 'yan mata sama da miliyan 200 a duk duniya. Mafi tsananin nau'ikan kaciyar mata sun fi yawa a Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, Somalia, da Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of female genital mutilation |url=https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229151341/https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta rarraba kaciyar mata zuwa nau'i huɗu: Kaciya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar siffar bikin gargajiya wanda dattijo ko shugaban al'umma ke gudanarwa. Shekarun da mata ke yin wannan aikin ya bambanta dangane da al'ada, kodayake galibi ana yin sa ne ga 'yan mata masu zuwa balaga. Wasu al'adu suna ɗaukar Kaciya a matsayin al'adar zuwan girma ga 'yan mata kuma suna amfani da ita don kiyaye budurcin mace da amincin mijinta bayan aure. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da wasu kyawawan halaye na mata da tsafta. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klein E, Helzner E, Shayowitz M, Kohlhoff S, Smith-Norowitz TA |date=2018-07-10 |title=Female Genital Mutilation: Health Consequences and Complications-A Short Literature Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology International |volume=2018 |doi=10.1155/2018/7365715 |pmc=6079349 |pmid=30116269 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kaciya na iya samun ko ba zai iya samun ma'anar addini ba dangane da yanayin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Female genital mutilation |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129023511/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation |archive-date=2021-01-29 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-US}}</ref> Babu wani fa'ida ga lafiya da ke tattare da FGM, domin yana tsoma baki ga ayyukan halitta na jikin mace da 'yan mata, kamar haifar da ciwo mai tsanani, girgiza, zubar jini, tetanus ko sepsis (cutar ƙwayoyin cuta), riƙe fitsari, ƙuraje a buɗe a yankin al'aura da rauni ga kyallen al'aura da ke kusa, kamuwa da mafitsara da mafitsara mai dawowa, ƙuraje, ƙaruwar haɗarin rashin haihuwa, matsalolin haihuwa da mutuwar jarirai. Matsalolin jima'i sun fi faruwa da kashi 1.5 cikin 100 a cikin mata waɗanda aka yi wa FGM, suna iya fuskantar jima'i mai zafi, ba su da gamsuwar jima'i, kuma suna iya samun rahoton rashin sha'awar jima'i sau biyu. Bugu da ƙari, adadin mutuwar uwa da tayin yana da girma sosai saboda matsalolin haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martin C |date=19 September 2014 |title=The psychological impact of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) on girls/women's mental health: a narrative literature review |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/8928 |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=469–485 |doi=10.1080/02646838.2014.949641 |s2cid=145366953}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> Kaciyar mata (FGM) na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga mata, a lokacin da kuma bayan aikin. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da alamun damuwa na dogon lokaci, damuwa, matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali, da ƙarancin girman kai. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Female genital mutilation |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129023511/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation |archive-date=2021-01-29 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu mata sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi aikin ba tare da yardarsu da saninsu ba, kuma suna bayyana jin tsoro da rashin taimako yayin da ake yin sa. Wani bincike na 2018 ya gano cewa an fitar da adadi mai yawa na hormone [[cortisol]] a cikin matan da aka yi wa kaciyar mata, musamman waɗanda suka fuskanci nau'ikan aikin da suka fi tsanani kuma tun suna ƙanana. Wannan yana nuna martanin sinadarai na jiki ga rauni da damuwa kuma yana iya nuna babban haɗarin kamuwa da alamun PTSD da sauran cututtukan rauni, kodayake akwai ƙananan bincike da ke nuna alaƙa kai tsaye. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Köbach A, Ruf-Leuschner M, Elbert T |date=June 2018 |title=Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12888-018-1757-0 |pmc=5998450 |pmid=29895282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar Istanbul]] ta haramta yin kaciya (Mataki na 38). An gabatar da dokoki a wasu ƙasashe don hana yin kaciya. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a ƙasashe 30 a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa 24 suna da manufofi don sarrafa da kuma hana yin kaciya, kodayake tsarin samar da kuɗi, ilimi, da albarkatu galibi ba shi da daidaito kuma ba shi da kyau. Wasu ƙasashe sun ga ɗan raguwar yawan yin kaciya, yayin da wasu kuma ba su nuna wani canji ko kaɗan ba. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klein E, Helzner E, Shayowitz M, Kohlhoff S, Smith-Norowitz TA |date=2018-07-10 |title=Female Genital Mutilation: Health Consequences and Complications-A Short Literature Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology International |volume=2018 |doi=10.1155/2018/7365715 |pmc=6079349 |pmid=30116269 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansen RE, Ziyada MM, Shell-Duncan B, Kaplan AM, Leye E |date=April 2018 |title=Health sector involvement in the management of female genital mutilation/cutting in 30 countries |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12913-018-3033-x |pmc=5883890 |pmid=29615033 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yaro da auren dole == [[Fayil:Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_(14498368279).jpg|thumb|Fosta da ke adawa da yaro da auren dole]] Al'adar tilasta wa ƙananan yara mata auren wuri, wadda aka saba gani a sassa da dama na duniya, tana barazana ga lafiyarsu ta haihuwa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-20 |title=Child marriage – a threat to health |url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/sexual-and-reproductive-health/news/news/2012/12/child-marriage-a-threat-to-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027124842/http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/sexual-and-reproductive-health/news/news/2012/12/child-marriage-a-threat-to-health |archive-date=2019-10-27 |access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> === Afirka === '''HIV/AIDS''' [[Fayil:HIV_In_Africa.svg|right|thumb|Yaɗuwar cutar HIV/AIDS a Afirka a shekarar 2011]] HIV/AIDS a Afirka babbar matsala ce ta lafiyar jama'a. Yawan jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ita ce yankin da cutar ta fi shafa, musamman ma mata matasa. A cewar Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa, "Kashi 12% na al'ummar duniya ne ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara (SSA), amma ba a cika samun fiye da kashi 90% na yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ba, da kuma kashi 68% na manya da ke ɗauke da HIV2 ba." <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Ubesie |first=Ac |date=2013-01-15 |title=Pediatric HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: emerging issues and way forward |url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/84443 |url-status=live |journal=African Health Sciences |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=297–304 |doi=10.4314/ahs.v12i3.8 |issn=1680-6905 |pmc=3557677 |pmid=23382743 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512034147/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/84443 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref> A Najeriya, musamman, "Akwai lokacin girma da kuma yawan jima'i tsakanin shekaru 9 zuwa 15." <ref name="Onile 2002 78–81">{{Cite journal |last=Onile |first=B. A. |date=2002 |title=SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem/article/view/7333 |url-status=live |journal=African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=78–81 |doi=10.4314/ajcem.v3i2.7333 |issn=1595-689X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512185218/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem/article/view/7333 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya yaɗa cutar HIV ta hanyar nonon uwa, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa mata da suka kamu da cutar HIV/AIDS dole ne su fuskanci ƙarin illoli a fannin lafiya. Kudancin Sahara, annobar cutar AIDS ita ce babbar sanadin mace-mace. Za a iya raba dalilan yaduwar cutar HIV/AIDS zuwa manyan sassa 7: talauci, rashin isasshen kulawar lafiya, rashin rigakafi da ilimi, haramun da kyama, halayen jima'i, karuwanci, da cin zarafin mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SOS Children's Villages |title=AIDS IN AFRICA: Facts, Figures and Background Information on the Epidemic |url=https://www.sos-usa.org/about-us/where-we-work/africa/aids-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519110912/https://www.sos-usa.org/about-us/where-we-work/africa/aids-in-africa |archive-date=2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=SOS Children's Villages}}</ref> Ganin cewa akwai mutane da yawa da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci, ba a ba da fifiko ga robar hana daukar ciki, gwajin HIV, da sauran nau'ikan tantancewa ba, wanda hakan ya sa mutane da yawa ba su da abubuwan da za su kare kansu daga cutar. A cewar Hukumar Kudi ta Duniya, "Kula da lafiya a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya kasance mafi muni a duniya, inda ƙasashe kalilan ne ke iya kashe dala $34 zuwa $40 a shekara ga kowane mutum wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta dauka mafi ƙarancin kula da lafiya." <ref name="ifc.org">{{Cite web |title=Health Care In Africa: IFC Report Sees Demand for Investment |url=https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/NEWS_EXT_CONTENT/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/News+and+Events/HealthAfricaFeature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525184954/https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/news+and+events/healthafricafeature |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.ifc.org |language=en}}</ref> Abin lura, kodayake talauci ya yaɗu, "kashi 50 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na yankin ana ba da kuɗinsu ne ta hanyar biyan kuɗi daga aljihun mutane." <ref name="ifc.org" /> Wannan yana wakiltar rashin araha da kuma damar da ke kewaye da tsarin kiwon lafiya a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yana fama da mafi girman adadin warewa ilimi a duniya; Kashi 60% na matasa 'yan shekara 15 zuwa 17 ba sa zuwa makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the right to education remains a challenge in Africa {{!}} DW {{!}} 24.01.2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/africa-right-to-education-remains-a-challenge/a-60518000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512112631/https://www.dw.com/en/africa-right-to-education-remains-a-challenge/a-60518000 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=DW.COM |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tare da wannan rashin ilimi, bayanai game da HIV/AIDS da hanyoyin rigakafi ba sa yaduwa ga mutane da yawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin 'yan ƙasa ba su san tsananin cutar ba. Ƙiyayyar da ke tattare da HIV/AIDS ta ƙara taimakawa wajen yawan kamuwa da cuta. A ƙauyukan Afirka, rayuwar mutum tana da alaƙa da abokansa, iyalansa, da maƙwabtansa da ke kewaye da su. Mutanen da ke ɗauke da HIV/AIDS suna da sha'awar ɓoye ta saboda tsoron warewa da keɓewa. Ƙarshen wannan ƙyamar ana isar da ita ta hanyar wasu tattaunawa, mutanen da ke zaune da HIV galibi ana yi musu ba'a a matsayin "gawa mai tafiya", ana kiranta da "HIV" har ma ana kiranta a Tanzania, "nyambizi", ko jirgin ruwa mai ƙarƙashin ruwa, wanda ke nufin cewa mutumin da ke ɗauke da HIV "mai haɗari ne kuma mai kisa." <ref name="Rankin e247">{{Cite journal |last=Rankin |first=William W |last2=Brennan |first2=Sean |last3=Schell |first3=Ellen |last4=Laviwa |first4=Jones |last5=Rankin |first5=Sally H |date=August 2005 |title=The Stigma of Being HIV-Positive in Africa |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=2 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020247 |issn=1549-1277 |pmc=1176240 |pmid=16008508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halayyar jima'i da karuwanci suma suna taka rawa a cikin ƙaruwar yaduwar HIV/AIDS a Afirka. Saboda yawan talauci, karuwanci ya yaɗu, kuma abokan hulɗar jima'i galibi suna canzawa, wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar. Afirka tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi fama da fyaɗe a duniya, inda mata da yawa ke kamuwa da cutar AIDS saboda fyaɗe da cin zarafin mata da wani mai ɗauke da cutar HIV ya yi. Hakazalika, rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa tana taimakawa wajen wannan, domin "a mafi yawan ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara, mata ƙungiya ce da ake sa ran za ta yi juna biyu, ta haifi 'ya'ya, kuma ta cika sha'awar mazajensu ba tare da wata shakka ba". <ref name="Rankin e247" /> A mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka, jimillar yawan haihuwa yana da yawa sau da yawa saboda rashin damar yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, tsarin iyali, da kuma ayyuka kamar tilasta wa yara aure. Misali, Nijar, Angola, Mali, Burundi, Somalia da Uganda suna da yawan haihuwa mai yawa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, "Afirka tana da mafi ƙarancin yawan amfani da maganin hana haihuwa (33%) da kuma mafi girman adadin buƙatar maganin hana haihuwa (22%)." <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Bongaarts |first=John |last2=Frank |first2=Odile |last3=Lesthaeghe |first3=Ron |date=September 1984 |title=The Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=511 |doi=10.2307/1973518 |issn=0098-7921 |jstor=1973518}}</ref> A Mozambique, duk da ƙoƙarin inganta hanyoyin hana haihuwa na zamani, yawan haihuwa gabaɗaya "har yanzu yana da yawa a 5.3 kuma buƙatar maganin hana haihuwa da ba a cika ba ita ma tana da yawa a 26%." A tsakanin mata matasa, adadin haihuwa ya karu sosai daga haihuwa 167 ga kowace 1000 masu shekaru tsakanin (shekaru 15-19) a shekarar 2011 zuwa 194 a shekarar 2015, tare da karuwar da aka samu a yankunan karkara daga 183 zuwa 230. Yawan hana daukar ciki tsakanin (shekaru 15-19) ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 14% a shekarar 2015 idan aka kwatanta da yawan haihuwa a ƙasa tsakanin rukunin shekarun haihuwa (shekaru 15-49) a kashi 25% a cikin shekarar guda. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Hensly |first=Catherine |display-authors=etal |date=2020-02-19 |title=Increasing Effectiveness of Family Planning Promoters in Mozambique through an SMS Intervention |journal=AEA RCT Registry |doi=10.1257/rct.5383-2.0 |s2cid=242990676}}</ref> '''Nau'ikan hana ɗaukar ciki''' Ba a ba da maganin hana ɗaukar ciki na jan ƙarfe (copper IUD) sau da yawa fiye da sauran hanyoyin hana ɗaukar ciki ba, amma akwai alamun ƙaruwa a yawancin lardunan da aka ruwaito. Hanyoyin da aka fi bayarwa su ne dashen da kuma maganin progesterone da aka yi wa allura, wanda bai kai yadda ake amfani da robar ba, wanda har yanzu ake buƙata tare da wannan hanyar don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV. A Najeriya, musamman, mutanen da ke da abokan hulɗa da yawa sau da yawa ba sa son kare kansu da robar. "A wani bincike da aka gudanar a wani yanki na karkara a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya a 1993, an gano cewa duk da cewa kashi 94.7% na 'yan takara 302 masu shekaru tsakanin 20 zuwa 54 sun yarda sun ji labarin robar, kashi 51.3% ne kawai suka yarda sun taɓa amfani da shi." <ref name="Onile 2002 78–81">{{Cite journal |last=Onile |first=B. A. |date=2002 |title=SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem/article/view/7333 |url-status=live |journal=African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=78–81 |doi=10.4314/ajcem.v3i2.7333 |issn=1595-689X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512185218/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem/article/view/7333 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnile2002">Onile BA (2002). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem/article/view/7333 "SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) IN NIGERIA"]. ''African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology''. '''3''' (2): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.4314/ajcem.v3i2.7333|10.4314/ajcem.v3i2.7333]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1595-689X 1595-689X]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220512185218/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem/article/view/7333 Archived] from the original on 2022-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Ra'ayin Tsarin Iyali na Duniya, "waɗannan samfuran progesterone da aka yi wa allura sun ƙunshi kashi 49% na amfani da maganin hana ɗaukar ciki na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma har zuwa kashi 90% a wasu larduna." <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Chimere-Dan |first=Orieji |date=March 1996 |title=Contraceptive Prevalence in Rural South Africa |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.2307/2950795 |jstor=2950795}}</ref> Duk da cewa amfani da maganin hana ɗaukar ciki yana ƙaruwa a ƙasashen Afirka, ƙimar daina amfani da robar ma tana da yawa. Rashin tsarin lafiya yana ƙalubalantar ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamada wajen faɗaɗa isar da maganin hana ɗaukar ciki, haɓakawa da hidima. '''Samun damar amfani da maganin hana haihuwa''' Sabbin jagororin hana daukar ciki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] suna ƙoƙarin inganta damar shiga ta hanyar samar da sabis na musamman da kuma wayar da kan matasa, 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu luwadi, masu jinsi daya, masu canza jinsi, masu jinsi daya, nakasassu, masu fama da rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci, mata masu jinin al'ada, masu aikin jima'i, 'yan cirani da maza. Suna kuma da nufin kara samun hanyoyin hana daukar ciki na tsawon lokaci kamar su copper IUD, da kuma allurar progestogen guda daya tare da allurar estrogen da progesterone. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Adedini |first=Sunday A. |last2=Omisakin |first2=Olusola Akintoye |last3=Somefun |first3=Oluwaseyi Dolapo |date=2019-06-04 |editor-last=Kabir |editor-first=Russell |title=Trends, patterns and determinants of long-acting reversible methods of contraception among women in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=6 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417574A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217574 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6548375 |pmid=31163050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ra'ayoyin masu samar da magunguna [[Tanzaniya|na kasar Tanzaniya]] sun kuma gano babban cikas wajen kula da lafiyar hana daukar ciki a cikin al'ummominsu: rashin daidaito. Kamfanonin kula da hana daukar ciki sun gano cewa ikon samar da hidima ga marasa lafiya bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba. Wannan ya haifar da rashin gamsuwar manufofin haihuwa, karancin ilimi, da kuma rashin ilimi game da illolin wasu magungunan hana daukar ciki. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Speizer |first=Ilene S. |last2=Hotchkiss |first2=David R. |last3=Magnani |first3=Robert J. |last4=Hubbard |first4=Brian |last5=Nelson |first5=Kristen |date=March 2000 |title=Do Service Providers in Tanzania Unnecessarily Restrict Clients' Access to Contraceptive Methods? |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.2307/2648285 |jstor=2648285}}</ref> An kuma kawo cikas ga samun damar shiga saboda rashin isassun ma'aikatan lafiya da aka horar da su yadda ya kamata. A cewar mujallar Afirka ta Lafiyar Haihuwa, "Karancin ma'aikacin lafiya... ƙalubale ne, ba mu da ikon kula da adadi mai yawa na abokan ciniki, haka kuma ba mu da isasshen ilimi wanda ke sa mu kasa samar wa mata hanyoyin da suke so". <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Bankole |last2=Adewole |last3=Hussain |last4=Awolude |last5=Singh |last6=Akinyemi |date=2015 |title=The Incidence of Abortion in Nigeria |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=170–181 |doi=10.1363/intsexrephea.41.4.0170 |jstor=10.1363/intsexrephea.41.4.0170 |pmc=4970740 |pmid=26871725}}</ref> Yawancin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna da ma'aikata ba tare da horon likita ba kuma likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya kaɗan ne, duk da dokokin tarayya, saboda rashin albarkatu. Wata cibiya tana da mutum ɗaya kawai wanda zai iya sakawa da cire dashen, kuma ba tare da ita ba, ba za su iya yi wa mutanen da ke buƙatar wannan hanyar kula da hana ɗaukar ciki hidima ba. Wata cibiyar kula da jarirai da ke ɗauke da hanyoyi biyu na hana ɗaukar ciki ta bayyana cewa wani lokacin kayan aikin biyu suna ƙarewa a lokaci guda wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a ci gaba da bin tsarin wadata da buƙata. '''Abubuwan zamantakewa suna tasiri ga hana ɗaukar ciki''' Rashin daidaiton yanayin jinsi, yanayin zamantakewar aure, yanayin tattalin arziki, al'adun addini, al'adun gargajiya, da ƙuntatawa a cikin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki duk suna taimakawa ga yawan hana haihuwa da amfani da su. Misali ɗaya daga cikin wannan shine mai ba da sabis wanda ya yi nuni da farfagandar cutarwa game da illolin amfani da hana haihuwa. Yaɗuwar wannan farfagandar yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan mutane masu tasiri a cikin al'umma, kamar dattawa da shugabannin addini, waɗanda ke hana kula da/lafiyar hana haihuwa yadda ya kamata. A wasu lokuta, membobin al'umma masu tasiri galibi suna shawo kan wasu cewa kwaroron roba da magungunan hana haihuwa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cutar kansa. Dangane da yanayin rayuwar mata da maza, mata da yawa suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga matansu ko 'yan uwansu don su guji ɗaukar ciki wanda hakan ya sa suka yi amfani da shi a ɓoye. Wannan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da yasa mata ke fifita hanyoyin hana ɗaukar ciki waɗanda ba a iya gano su ba waɗanda za su iya haifar da rashin ingancin ɗaukar ciki. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Horowitz |first=Michael C. |last2=Maxey |first2=Sarah |date=2020 |title=Morally Opposed? A Theory of Public Attitudes and Emerging Military Technologies |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3589503 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=236818177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Sustainable Development Goals == Rabin burin ci gaba da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya ya fara ne a cikin 2000 zuwa 2015 tare da Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Lafiyar haihuwa ita ce Manufar 5 daga 8. Don saka idanu kan ci gaba, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da alamomi huɗu: [1] * Yawan maganin hana daukar ciki * Yawan haihuwa na matasa * Kula da haihuwa * Bukatar da ba a cika ba don tsara iyali Ci gaba ya kasance mai jinkiri, kuma a cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] a cikin 2005, kusan kashi 55% na mata ba su da isasshen kulawa kafin haihuwa kuma kashi 24% ba su da damar yin amfani da ayyukan tsara iyali.<ref name="progressMDG52">{{Cite web |last=WHO |title=What progress has been made on MDG 5? |url=https://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/topics/mdg/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910084017/http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/topics/mdg/en/index.html |archive-date=September 10, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-04}}</ref> MDGs sun ƙare a cikin 2015 kuma an maye gurbinsu da cikakkun manufofi don rufe tsawon shekara ta 2016-2030 tare da jimlar manufofi 17, wanda ake kira Goals na Ci gaba mai dorewa. Dukkanin burin 17 suna da cikakkun bayanai kuma suna gina juna, amma burin 3 shine "Don tabbatar da rayuwa mai kyau da inganta jin daɗi ga kowa a kowane zamani". Takamaiman manufofi sune rage yawan mace-mace na duniya zuwa kasa da 70 a cikin haihuwa 100,000 masu rai, kawo karshen mutuwar da za a iya hanawa na jarirai da yara, rage yawan da kashi 50% na mutuwar haɗari a duniya, karfafa shirye-shiryen magani da rigakafin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goal 3: Health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/sustainable-development-goals/targets/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311062135/http://www.who.int/topics/sustainable-development-goals/targets/en/ |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |access-date=2018-05-01 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref> [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4 Manufar 4] ta jaddada gaskiyar cewa bai kamata a bar kowa ba wajen samar da ilimi mai inganci. Manufar 4 musamman ta ambaci hada mutanen da ke da nakasa, 'yan asalin ƙasar da yara a cikin yanayi mai rauni. Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin manufofi na Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 5 ita ce tabbatar da samun damar duniya ga lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126102330/https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality |archive-date=2020-11-26 |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=UN Women |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bh7okswpnny9a0i940zkalq7gkpr4s1 Jima'i tsakanin dangi 0 156250 859868 852686 2026-06-18T09:38:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Woodcut_illustration_of_Semiramis_and_her_son_Ninias_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg|thumb|Zane-zanen katako da ke nuna jima'i tsakanin Semiramis da ɗanta Ninias]] <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jima'i''' / / ˈɪnsɛ st / IN -sest IN [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]] ne tsakanin dangi na kud da kud, kamar ɗan'uwa ko iyaye . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Incest |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/incest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626012345/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/incest |archive-date=26 June 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Incest |url=http://www.rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault/incest |access-date=27 August 2013 |publisher=[[Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network]] (RAINN) |archive-date=3 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703155653/http://www.rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault/incest |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da duk wani nau'in jima'i tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin dangantaka ta jini (dangantaka ta jini), wani lokacin kuma waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta zuri'a . Ana la'antar sa kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin rashin da'a a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. Yana iya haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cututtukan kwayoyin halitta]] a cikin yara idan sun yi ciki saboda jima'i ta hanyar jima'i. Haramcin jima'i na ɗaya daga cikin haramtattun al'adu da aka fi sani, a yanzu da kuma a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani suna da dokoki game da hana jima'i ko zamantakewa akan auren ma'aurata masu kusanci. <ref name="Bittles" /> A cikin al'ummomin da haramun ne, wasu suna ɗaukar jima'i na manya a matsayin laifi mara laifi . Wasu al'adu suna miƙa haramcin jima'i ga dangi waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da juna, kamar 'yan'uwa mata, 'yan'uwa mata, da 'yan'uwa maza da mata, kodayake wani lokacin suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi. A matsakaici, dangi na uku (kamar goggo, ɗan'uwa mata, ɗan'uwa mata) suna da kashi 12.5% na gado na gado, kuma ana kallon dangantakar jima'i tsakanin su daban-daban a cikin al'adu daban-daban, daga hana su zuwa karɓuwa a cikin zamantakewa. Ana ɗaukar yaran da ke da alaƙa da jima'i a matsayin haramun, kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukar su haka a wasu al'ummomi a yau. A mafi yawan lokuta, iyaye ba su da zaɓin yin aure don cire wannan matsayin, kamar yadda aka haramta auren dangi, kuma galibi ana haramta shi. Dalili na gama gari na hana jima'i tsakanin dangi shine guje wa haihuwa, tarin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta da 'ya'yan iyaye masu dangantaka ta kud da kud ke fama da su. <ref name="WolfDurham2005" /> Irin waɗannan yaran suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan haihuwa, nakasa ta ci gaba da ta jiki, da mutuwa; cewa haɗarin ya yi daidai da ma'aunin dangantakar iyayensu, ma'aunin yadda iyayen ke da alaƙa ta kwayoyin halitta. <ref name="Afzal">{{Cite journal |last=Fareed |first=M |last2=Afzal |first2=M |year=2014 |title=Estimating the inbreeding depression on cognitive behavior: A population based study of child cohort |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9585F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109585 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4196914 |pmid=25313490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu sun lura cewa guje wa jima'i tsakanin dangi ba zai iya zama tushen haramcin jima'i tsakanin dangi ba saboda iyakokin haramcin jima'i tsakanin dangi sun bambanta sosai tsakanin al'adu kuma ba lallai ba ne ta hanyoyin da ke ƙara yawan guje wa jima'i tsakanin iyali. <ref name="WolfDurham2005" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneider |first=D. M. |year=1976 |title=The meaning of incest |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=149–169}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=L. A. |year=1948 |title=The definition and prohibition of incest |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=416–435 |doi=10.1525/aa.1948.50.3.02a00020 |pmid=18874938}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schechner |first=R |year=1971 |title=Incest and culture: A reflection on Claude Lévi-Strauss |journal=Psychoanalytic Review |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=563–72 |pmid=4948055}}</ref> A wasu al'ummomi, kamar na [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da, na Masar]], ɗan'uwa, 'yar'uwa, uwa, ɗan'uwa, ɗan'uwa, inna, ɗan'uwa, da sauran haɗin dangantaka a cikin dangin sarauta an yi aure a matsayin hanyar ci gaba da zuriyar sarauta, ko kuma maimaita ayyukan da ake yi a cikin tatsuniyoyi na halittarsu, kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin al'ada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Left Review – Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship |url=http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592 |access-date=24 July 2007}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=LAU |first=Yin Pak Andrew |year=2025 |title=Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths and Brother-sister Marriage in the 18th Dynasty and the 19th Dynasty |url=http://www.sass.cn/128001/79422.aspx |url-status=dead |journal=Studies in Mythology |volume=12 |pages=264–280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011132357/http://www.sass.cn/128001/79422.aspx |archive-date=11 October 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Wasu al'ummomi suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da abin da ke nufin [[Illegal or immoral incest|lalata ko lalata]] . Misali, a [[Samoa]], an ba wa mutum izinin auren babbar 'yar'uwarsa, amma ba ƙanwarsa ba. Duk da haka, jima'i da dangi na farko (ma'ana iyaye, ɗan'uwa, ko yaro) kusan haramun ne a ko'ina dangane da lokuta da yawa na cututtuka da gazawar gabobi. == Manazarta == ; Ambato <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ; Littattafan tarihi <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> *   {{Incest}}{{Sex}}{{Human sexuality}}{{Sexual ethics}}{{Authority control}} 2h3exdyoc7i5kujszwccsjjoaq2jkcz Jirgin Ruwa na Cokaliong 0 156432 859871 853731 2026-06-18T10:16:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859871 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Cokaliong Shipping Lines, Inc.''' ('''CSLI''') layin jigilar kaya ne wanda ke zaune a Birnin Cebu, [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Yana aiki da jiragen fasinja da kaya a kan hanyoyi a yankunan Visayas da Mindanao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Company History and Background |url=http://www.cokaliongshipping.com/#history |access-date=2017-12-10 |website=Cokaliong Shipping Lines, Inc.}}</ref> Kamfanin Chester Enterprises, Inc. ne ya kafa CSLI a shekarar 1989, wani kamfanin yadi da kayan sawa da aka fara a shekarar 1969, wanda ya bazu zuwa harkar jigilar kaya ta hanyar sayen jirgin ruwa daga Japan a shekarar 1998, wanda ya sanya wa kamfanin M/V Filipinas Ozamis suna. Tsawon shekaru, kamfanin ya mallaki jiragen ruwa da yawa na RORO da ke tafiya a cikin ruwan ƙasar. == Jiragen ruwa == {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" |+Jiragen ruwa na yanzu (jirgi 15) !'''Sunan''' !'''IMO''' !'''Irin wannan''' !'''An kaddamar da shi''' !'''Tafiyar Maiden a cikin Philippines''' !'''Sautin sautin''' !'''Tsawon''' !'''Gurasa''' !'''Bayani''' !'''Hoton''' |- ! colspan="10" |Jiragen ruwa |- |'''M/V Philippines Cebu''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1993 | |2727 |{{Convert|77.37|m}} |{{Convert|14.00|m}} |Naikai Zosen ne ya gina ta a 1993 a Setoda, Japan . CSLI ta samo ta a 2007 daga Ise Bay Ferry ko Isewan (Ise-wan) Ferry a Japan, inda aka san ta da ''Mikawa Maru'' . Ita ce jirgi na farko tare da tsarin sa ido na injiniyar kwamfuta na Cokaliong Shipping . Tana iya ɗaukar fasinjoji 686. |[[Fayil:Cokaliong_Ferry_Iloilo_City.png|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Dapitan''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1971 | |1056 |{{Convert|60.99|m}} |{{Convert|12.81|m}} | |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Dapitan.jpg|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Maasin''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1980 | |2261 |{{Convert|77.13|m}} |{{Convert|14.80|m}} |Wannan jirgin yana cikin gyare-gyare a Trigon Shipyard Bayan Typhoon Odette . | |- |'''M/V Philippines Ozamis''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1998 | |1560 |{{Convert|86.90|m}} |{{Convert|14.00|m}} | | |- |'''M/V Philippines Iligan''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1978 |2011 |3084 |{{Convert|79.66|m}} |{{Convert|14.30|m}} |An gina ta ne a shekara ta 1978. Ita ce tsohuwar Ferry Fukue <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferry Fukue - Wakanatsu.com |url=http://wakanatsu.com/photo/ferryfukue}}</ref> wacce Cokaliong Shipping Lines ta saye daga Kyushu Kaiun a cikin 2011. Tana da damar fasinja na 850 pax. | |- |'''M/V Philippines Butuan''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1982 |2012 |3086 |{{Convert|79.66|m}} |{{Convert|14.30|m}} |An gina ta ne a shekarar 1982. Ita ce tsohuwar Ferry Nagasaki wacce Cokaliong Shipping Lines ta saye daga Kyushu Kaiun a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferry Nagasaki - Wakanatsu.com |url=http://wakanatsu.com/photo/ferrynagasaki}}</ref> Tana da damar fasinja na 850 pax. |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Butuan.jpg|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Nasipit''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1992 |2014 |1499 |{{Convert|86.95|m}} |{{Convert|13.80|m}} |An gina ta ne a shekarar 1992. Ita ce tsohuwar M / V Taiko wacce Cokaliong Shipping Lines ta saye daga Nomo Shosen Company Ltd a shekarar 2014. Tana da damar fasinja na 685 pax <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=SHIP FEATURE: The Most Dashing Vessel of Cokaliong Shipping Lines: M/V Filipinas Nasipit |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWvd_c09qnk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101090536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWvd_c09qnk |archive-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2026-06-10 }}</ref> | |- |'''M/V Philippines Jagna''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1997 |2016 |2997 |{{Convert|76.66|m}} |{{Convert|14.50|m}} |An gina ta a shekara ta 1997, ita ce tsohuwar M / V Eins Soya a Japan, kafin CSLI ta sayi ta daga Japan a shekara ta 2016. Tana iya ɗaukar fasinjoji 625 da kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M/V "FILIPINAS JAGNA" |url=http://www.cokaliongshipping.com/#vessels/14 |access-date=2017-12-10 |website=Cokaliong Shipping Lines, Inc.}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Jagna.jpg|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Surigao na Arewa''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1999 |2016 |3011 |{{Convert|76.66|m}} |{{Convert|14.50|m}} |Ita ce tsohuwar M / ''M/V Avrora Okushiri'', sabuwar saye ta Cokaliong Shipping, wacce aka saya a shekarar 2016 kuma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-08 |title=Cokaliong acquires new passenger vessel |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/2016/09/09/cokaliong-acquires-new-passenger-vessel-496569 |access-date=2016-09-12 |website=[[SunStar]]}}</ref> An gina ta a cikin 1999, kuma ita ce 'yar'uwar M / V Filipinas Jagna . Ita ce jirgi na uku da ke da jirgi na Uku a cikin rundunar Cokaliong don samun tsarin sa ido na injiniya na kwamfuta. Ta bi hanyar Cebu-Surigao. |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Surigao_del_Norte.jpg|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Cagayan de Oro'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 January 2019 |title=Cokaliong to launch "M/V Filipinas Cagayan de Oro" to serve Cebu-CDO, CDO-Jagna routes; maiden voyage set February 2 |url=http://www.cdodev.com/2019/01/25/cokaliong-to-launch-mv-filipinas-cagayan-de-oro-to-serve-cebu-cdo-jagna-route-maiden-voyage-set-february-2a/ |access-date=2019-01-25 |website=CDOdev |publisher=}}</ref> |  |Jirgin Ruwa |2000 |2019 |3122 |{{Convert|85.76|m}} |{{Convert|14.60|m}} |An gina ta a shekara ta 2000, ita ce tsohuwar M / V Ferry Toshima a Japan. Yana aiki da hanyar Cebu-Cagayan de Oro da Cagayan de oro-Jagna (Bohol). | |- |'''M/V Philippines Mindanao''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |2001 |2020 |3810 |{{Convert|95.70|m}} |{{Convert|15.00|m}} |Ita ce tsohuwar M / V Feelease Soya na Heart Land Ferry, sabuwar saye ta Cokaliong Shipping, wacce aka saya a shekarar 2019. |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Mindanao.jpg|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Agusan Del Norte''' |  |Jirgin ruwa | colspan="2" align="center" |2021 |6555 |{{Convert|99.37|m}} |{{Convert|18.00|m}} |Sabon jirgin ruwa na Ropax wanda ke nuna X-Bow / baya na farko a kan jirgin fasinja | |- |'''M/V Philippines Ubay''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |2003 |2022 |979 |{{Convert|65.00|m}} |{{Convert|16.00|m}} |An gina ta a shekara ta 2003, ita ce tsohuwar Seto II ta Shikoku Kisen Co. Ltd. ta Japan. |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Ubay.jpg|240x240px]] |- |'''M/V Philippines Bohol''' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-18 |title=The newest vessel of Cokaliong Shipping Lines: M/V Filipinas Bohol has been launched in China! |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/2069232863490491 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Facebook |publisher=The Philippine Ship Spotters Society - PSSS |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-29 |title=We're excited to announce the arrival of the M/V Filipinas Bohol, the brand new addition to our fleet! |url=https://www.facebook.com/cokaliongshippinglines/posts/pfbid031m3wgd54tYMsDyv2WE7aY4S5AuDnfjm9h5ggC8SJ885xw2bwz5EJ28dr7P5PRKTpl |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Facebook |publisher=Cokaliong Shipping Lines |quote=}}</ref> |  |Jirgin ruwa | colspan="2" align="center" |2025 |2283 |{{Convert|72|m}} |{{Convert|15|m}} |An kaddamar da jirgin ne a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2025 a Linhai Huipu Shipbuilding a Taizhou, Zhejiang, [[Sin|China]], wannan tashar jirgin ruwa da ta gina Cokaliong's M / V Filipinas Agusan del Norte. Tsarin wannan jirgin yayi kama da jerin Wira a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]. Ta yi tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2025. |[[Fayil:Filipinas_Bohol.jpg|240x240px]] |- ! colspan="10" |Jiragen ruwa |- |'''M/Tug Cokaliong Tug 1''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1979 | |192 |{{Convert|31.50|m}} |{{Convert|8.80|m}} |An gina shi a shekara ta 1979 (shekaru 44) kuma a halin yanzu yana tafiya a ƙarƙashin tutar Philippines. | |- |'''M/Tug Cokaliong Tug 2''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1987 | |392 |{{Convert|34.02|m}} |{{Convert|9.45|m}} |An gina shi a shekara ta 1987 (shekaru 36) kuma a halin yanzu yana tafiya a ƙarƙashin tutar Philippines. | |- |'''M/Tug Cokaliong Tug 3''' |  |Jirgin ruwa |1997 |2026 |228 |{{Convert|41.08|m}} |{{Convert|9|m}} |An gina shi a cikin 1997 ta Kanbara Shipbuilding a Onomichi, [[Japan]], an fara kiran jirgin ''Wakata Maru'' kuma Naikai Tug Boat Services Co., Ltd. ke sarrafa shi. A cikin 2026, Cokaliong ne ya sayi jirgin kuma ya sake masa suna M / ''M/T Cokaliong Tug 3''. Jirgin ya fi sauran jiragen ruwa na kamfanin girma kuma an yi niyya ne don tallafawa da taimakawa ayyukan jirgin ruwa. | |} === Jiragen Ruwa Masu Zuwa === {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" !'''Sunan''' !'''IMO''' !'''Irin wannan''' !'''An kaddamar da shi''' !'''Tafiyar Maiden a cikin Philippines''' !'''Sautin sautin''' !'''Tsawon''' !'''Gurasa''' !'''Bayani''' |- |'''M/V Philippines Visayas''' |TBA |Jirgin ruwa | colspan="2" align="center" |2027 |TBA |{{Convert|110|m}} |TBA |Za a gina ta a kasar Sin kuma za a kaddamar da ita a shekarar 2027. |- |'''M/V Philippines Talibon''' |TBA |Jirgin ruwa | colspan="2" align="center" |2029 ko 2030 |TBA |TBA |TBA |Za a gina sabon jirgi na huɗu na kamfanin a kasar Sin kuma an shirya shi don ƙaddamarwa a cikin 2029 ko 2030. |- |} === Tsohon Jiragen Ruwa === * M/V Filipinas Dumaguete (Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2020 kuma an ajiye shi a Ouano Wharf a Cebu City, an tabbatar an sayar da shi ga Roble Shipping) * M / V Filipinas Iloilo (: ) - A halin yanzu an rataye shi a Pier 4, tsatsa.  * M / V Filipinas Surigao (an sayar da shi ga Roble Shipping Inc. kuma an sake masa suna M / V Sacred Stars). * M/V Filipinas Siargao - a da M/V Gingoog City, asalin jirgin kamun kifi ne da aka mayar da shi jirgin ruwa na fasinja. An saye shi daga Mr. Co To a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1991. Ita ce jirgin ruwa na uku da Cokaliong ta saya a cikin gida. Bayan watanni 5 na gyare-gyare/gyara, ta fara aiki a watan Agusta 1991. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1997, Cokaliong ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya ta kuma sayar da jirgin ga Ting Guan Trading Corp. a matsayin tarkace, don a ƙarshe a zubar da jirgin ruwa na gargajiya na ƙarshe a cikin jiragen ruwanta da kuma haɓaka shi zuwa cikakken jiragen ruwan Roro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1994 |title=PNABX803 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABX803.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217010725/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABX803.pdf |archive-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> * M / V Filipinas Tandag - jirgin farko na kamfanin da aka samu daga Trans-Asia Shipping Lines inda aka fi sani da M / V Asia Philippines. Ta yi karo da Our Lady of Lourdes, ɗaya daga cikin jiragen Gothong Lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digest: Cokaliong Shipping Lines v. Am.. (G.R. No. 112233) |url=https://signal.ph/digest/33901 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Signal.ph |language=en}}</ref> * M / V Filipinas Dinagat (: ) - An lalata shi da wuta yayin da yake kan hanyar daga Cebu City zuwa Palompon, Leyte ba tare da wani rauni ba a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=M/V Filipinas Dinagat of Cokaliong Shipping Lines Inc |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2584867431835865&id=1403534549969165 |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=Facebook |publisher=The Philippine Ship Spotters Society - PSSS}}</ref> Jirgin tsohon Soya Maru No. 2 ne na Higashi Nihon Ferry na Japan kuma Cokaliong ne ya saye shi a shekarar 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=45 Rescued After Ship Catches Fire off Cebu |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/45-rescued-after-ship-catches-fire-off-philippine-coast |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website= |publisher=}}</ref>  == Tashoshin jiragen ruwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cokaliong Shipping Lines ita ce Cebu City . Sauran tashar jiragen ruwa sune: {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" !'''Yankin''' !'''Lardin''' !'''Birni / Birni''' !'''Tashar jiragen ruwa''' !'''Matsayi''' |- |Luzon |Masbate |Birnin Masbate |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masbate | |- | rowspan="12" |Visayas |Cebu |Birnin Cebu |Yankin da ake kira Pier 5 |Cibiyar |- |Samar |Calbayog |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Calbayog | |- |Baƙi na Gabas |Dumaguete |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dumaguete | |- |Iloilo |Birnin Iloilo |Fort San Pedro | |- | rowspan="4" |Bohol |Ubay |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ubay | |- |Jagna |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jagna | |- |Talibon |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Talibon | |- |Tagbilaran |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tagbilaran||{{terminated|Suspended}} |- | rowspan="3" |Leyte |Maasin |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Maasin | |- |Baybay |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Baybay||{{terminated|Suspended}} |- |Palompon |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Palompon | |- |Siquijor |Larena |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Larena||{{terminated|Suspended}} |- | rowspan="8" |Mindanao | rowspan="2" |Agusan na Arewa |Nasipit |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nasipit | |- |Butuan |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masao||{{terminated|Suspended}} |- |Misamis na Gabas |[[Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan na Zinariya]] |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cagayan de Oro | |- | rowspan="2" |Zamboanga ta Arewa |Dapitan |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dapitan | |- |Sindangan |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sindangan||{{terminated|Suspended}} |- |Lanao na Arewa |Iligan |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Iligan | |- |Misamis na Yamma |Ozamiz |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ozamiz | |- |Surigao |Birnin Surigao |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Surigao | |- |} == Hanyoyi == Ya zuwa Yuni 2026: {{Columns-list|* [[Cebu]] - [[Cagayan de Oro]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Calbayog]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Dapitan]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Dumaguete]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Iligan]] via Ozamiz * [[Cebu]] - [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Jagna]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Maasin]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Masbate City|Masbate]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Nasipit]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Ozamiz]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Palompon]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Surigao City|Surigao]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Ubay]] v.v. * [[Cebu]] - [[Talibon]] v.v. * [[Cagayan de Oro]] - [[Jagna]] v.v. * [[Dapitan]] - [[Dumaguete]] v.v. * [[Iligan]] - [[Ozamiz]] v.v. * [[Jagna]] - [[Nasipit]] v.v.}} == Abubuwan da suka faru da hatsarori == * A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2011, M / V Filipinas Dapitan ya tashi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Surigao City. An ceci fasinjoji 363 kuma babu wani rauni. * A kusa da Nuwamba zuwa farkon Disamba 2012, M / V Filipinas Iligan ya gudu a wani wuri a Kudancin Misamis Occidental a karfe 1 na safe. * A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2020, M / V Filipinas Dinagat ta kama wuta a bakin tekun Arewacin Cebu a kan hanyar zuwa Palompon. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito, babu fasinjoji a cikin jirgin kuma an ceto dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin 47.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lorenciana |first=Carlo |date=July 25, 2020 |title=Passenger ship catches fire off Cebu waters |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1109975 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> An sanya wuta a karkashin iko a kusa da karfe 10 na safe washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Herty B. |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Barko nasunog |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1864594/Superbalita-Cebu/Balita/Barko-nasunog |access-date=July 23, 2020 |website=SunStar SuperBalita Cebu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Herty B. |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Cokaliong vessel catches fire; captain, crew safe |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1864597/Cebu/Local-News/Cokaliong-vessel-catches-fire-captain-crew-safe |access-date=July 23, 2020 |website=SunStar Cebu}}</ref> * M / V Filipinas Cebu ya tashi a karfe 12:08 na safe a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2022 a Iloilo. An ruwaito cewa kyaftin din yana barci. Dukkanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da fasinjoji sun kasance lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lena |first=Perla |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Passenger certificate of grounded ship in Iloilo suspended |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1180988 |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=pna.gov.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Cokaliong vessel runs aground in Iloilo; passengers safe |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937411/cebu/local-news/cokaliong-vessel-runs-aground-in-iloilo-passengers-safe |website=SunStar Cebu}}</ref> * A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2023, M / V Filipinas Cebu ta fadi a cikin ruwa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ozamiz da misalin karfe 6 na yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Umel |first=Richel V. |date=2023-04-21 |title=Passenger vessel runs aground off Misamis Occidental |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1759445/passenger-vessel-rans-aground-off-misamis-occidental |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> * M / V Filipinas Butuan ya tashi a kusa da Madridejos, Cebu a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2023 kafin ya isa Birnin Iloilo. Dalilin da jirgin ya fadi shi ne ta hanyar janyewa zuwa ruwa mai zurfi. Jirgin kwanan nan ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cebu, a kusa da karfe 7 na yamma. Duk fasinjoji 239 sun sauka lafiya kuma an kai su Kota Park, Madridejos, Cebu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=287 passengers, crew rescued as vessel runs aground in Cebu |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1212319 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.pna.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref> * M / V Filipinas Cagayan de Oro kwanan nan ya karkata gefe ɗaya a kusa da 11:40 na yamma a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2023. bayan tashi, duk ma'aikatan jirgin da fasinjoji sun kasance lafiya. * A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2023, M / V Filipinas Surigao Del Norte ya sha wahala daga ruwan chlorine, wanda ya samar da Ammoniya. An ruwaito cewa ma'aikatan suna da matsala wajen numfashi a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=5 Roro ship crew members rescued after chemical leak |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/5-roro-ship-crew-members-rescued-after-chemical-leak |website=[[SunStar]]}}</ref> * A yammacin ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2025, M / V Filipinas Surigao Del Norte ya fadi a Dimasalang, Masbate. Jirgin ya tashi zuwa birnin Cebu daga garin Masbate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2025 |title=BREAKING NEWS M/V Filipinas Surigao del Norte of Cokaliong Shipping Lines reportedly ran aground off Dimasalang, Masbate this evening, August 24, 2025. |url=https://www.facebook.com/PSSSOfficial/posts/pfbid0rkd7SvHxy9uNPxF56jZY7ppoq39WpgdHf413tYRQTk7jsryPmuxQoXJDGGS7qGeil |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> Jirgin daga baya ya sami nasarar tashi daga yankin kuma ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa a saurin 9-10 knots, yana bin umarnin mai shi. Koyaya, tashar Masbate ta Philippine Coast Guard ta ba da umarnin jirgin ya koma Masbate Port.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Nitizens' Post Goes Viral on MV Filipinas Surigao del Norte Incident |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=775425225091940&set=a.185554937412308 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> Jirgin ya isa lafiya a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cebu. * A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da misalin karfe 8:21 na yamma, MV Star Zamboanga ya rasa ikon sarrafawa kuma ya yi karo da MV Filipinas Dapitan mai fita kusa da yankin Ouano Wharf-Opon Wharf a birnin Cebu; duka jiragen biyu sun sami karamin lalacewa kuma an tabbatar da su lafiya, sun koma yankin Cebu Pier 1 da karfe 9:15 na yamma. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kamfanonin sufuri a cikin Philippines * 2GO Tafiya * Weesam Express * Ever Shipping Lines Inc. * Lines na Jirgin Ruwa na Aleson * Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Montenegro == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ta20fzjrkwm323jc8pf9ha63vga14v5 Jikharra 0 156542 859832 854103 2026-06-18T09:09:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jikharra''' (إجخرة ''Ijkharrah'') wani gari ne na hamada wanda a cikin Gundumar Al Wahat, yankin Cyrenaica, a arewa maso gabashin [[Libya]] . Kafin 2007, yana cikin Gundumar Ajdabiya . Bayan 2015 ya kasance a cikin Gundumar Jikharra (بلدية إج إجخرة). <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=اسماء البلديات |trans-title=The names of the baladiyat |url=http://ccmce.ly/web/index.php/ar/cities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213154820/http://ccmce.ly/web/index.php/ar/cities |archive-date=13 December 2015 |publisher=اللجنة المركزية لانتخاب المجالس البلدية [Central Committee for Baladiyat Council Elections (CCMCE)] |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=البلديات |trans-title=Baladiyats |url=https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities |publisher=Central Committee for Baladiyat Council Elections (CCMCE) |language=ar |access-date=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2021-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228224836/https://ccmce.ly/index.php/ar/municipalities |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1929, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Italo-Senussi na Biyu]], an yi yaƙi a cikin hamada kusa da garin a Al-Koz da Abu Athila, inda aka kashe mayakan Senussi 241. == Manqzarta == 830ji4a41cw9pefn2qqs06a8cg0ipqw J. Michael McGinnis 0 156552 859515 854136 2026-06-17T18:25:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''James Michael McGinnis''' (born 12 July 1944) is an American physician, epidemiologist, and long-time contributor to national and international health programs and policy, including continuous policy responsibilities for leadership in disease prevention and health promotion through four US Government Administrations (Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton). An elected member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, he currently  also serves as IOM Senior Scholar, as well as executive director of its [http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Quality/VSRT.aspx Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310043710/http://iom.edu/Activities/Quality/VSRT.aspx |date=2015-03-10 }} Archived 2015-03-10 at the Wayback Machine == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Missouri]]" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia, Missouri, a 1944, McGinnis ya koma California a 1949 lokacin da ma'aikacinsa, mai kera kayan aikin wutar lantarki, ya aiko mahaifinsa don taimakawa wajen bude ofishin yammacin bakin teku a San Francisco. Ya halarci makarantun jama'a na K-12 a San Mateo, amma daga shekaru 9 zuwa 17, an kwashe lokacin rani a Missouri, yana aiki a gonar masara, alkama da soya a tsakiyar Missouri. Mai aiki a cikin gwamnatin dalibai tun yana ƙarami, ya ci gaba da waɗannan sha'awar a matsayin mai karatun digiri a Jami'ar California a Berkeley, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ajin kammala karatunsa. A lokacin da yake karatun digiri a U.C. Berkeley, ya kirkiro shirin horar da Cal in the Capital, wanda ke aika da daliban Berkeley zuwa Washington, DC, a kowane lokacin rani don yin aiki a Majalisa, hukumomin tarayya, tankuna masu tunani, da kungiyoyin sa kai. McGinnis ta kammala karatu daga Berkeley a 1966 tare da BA a kimiyyar siyasa (ka'idar siyasa), sannan ta halarci UCLA, ta sami MA a kimiyyyar siyasa da MD a shekarar 1971. Daga baya ya ci gaba da nazarin manufofin jama'a a Makarantar Kennedy a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ya sami MPP a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance mai magana da ya fara karatun sa na dukkan darussan digiri na jami'a guda uku: Berkeley, UCLA Medical, da Makarantar Kennedy a Harvard. Bayan horo a cikin likitanci na ciki a asibitin Boston City, McGinnis ya kammala zama a cikin maganin rigakafi yayin da yake aiki a cikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka a 1972 a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa inda ya kuma koyi tashi da balloons na iska mai zafi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] 9j0f44zlo2jk1y1jq5mn98fn1sgyxxp Jerin miyar taushe 0 157293 859791 856462 2026-06-18T07:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shine '''jerin sanannun miyar taushe.''' Saki shine haɗuwa da sinadaran [[abinci]] masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka dafa a cikin ruwa kuma aka ba da su a cikin ruwan da aka samu. Abinci a cikin stew na iya haɗawa da kowane haɗuwa da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], kamar carot, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[wake]], [[albasa]], albasa da sauransu, kuma akai-akai tare da [[nama]], musamman nama mai tauri wanda ya dace da danshi, jinkirin [[dafa abinci]], kamar naman sa ko zagaye. Ana amfani da kaji, naman alade, ɗan rago ko ragon, sausages, da abincin teku. == Matakai == {| class="wikitable sortable " !Name ! style="width:100px" |Image !Origin !Tradit­ional protein !Description and distinctive ingredients |- |Ají de gallina |[[Fayil:Ají_de_gallina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Peru]] |Fowl |Peruvian chicken stew |- |Alicot | |[[Faransa|France]] |Offal |Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips |- |Andrajos |[[Fayil:Andrajos_(3633922072).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Jaén) |Game |Stew of [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], red pepper, and [[Zomo|rabbit]], thickened with cake flour |- |Asam pedas |[[Fayil:Ikan_Asam_Padeh_Padang.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood, typically fish, cooked in [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] fruit juice, [[Chili foda|chili]], and other spices |- |Balbacua |[[Fayil:BALBACUA_10-31_screenshot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Beef stew made from beef and collagen-rich parts of beef stewed for four to six hours in various spices |- |[[Bamia]] |[[Fayil:Bamia-Ocras_tomate_(cropped).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Misra|Egypt]] |Lamb |Stew prepared with okra and lamb as primary ingredients<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |last=Aʿlam |first=H. |last2=Ramazani |first2=N. |date=December 15, 1989 |title=Bāmīā |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bamia-or-bamia-okra |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], Vol. III |pages=656–657}}</ref> |- |Beef bourguignon |[[Fayil:Boeuf_bourguignon_servie_avec_des_pâtes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Burgundy) |Beef |Stew made of beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of boeuf bourguignon |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2013-04-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and beef broth, generally flavoured with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, and a ''bouquet garni'', with pearl onions and mushrooms |- |Beef Stroganoff |[[Fayil:Beef_Stroganoff-02_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Rasha|Russia]]<br /><br />[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |'''Beef Stroganoff''' or '''beef Stroganov''' ([[Rashanci|Russian]]: бефстроганов ''befstróganov'') is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with <nowiki><i id="mwpA">smetana</i></nowiki> (sour cream). |- |Beaver stew |[[Fayil:Castor_estufado.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Lithuania]] |Beaver |Stew made beaver meat, mashed potatoes and various vegetables |- |Bicol express |[[Fayil:Bicol_Express.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork or beef |Stew made from long chillies, pork or beef, [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Bigos |[[Fayil:Bigos_in_Kraków_(Rynek_Główny).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Poland]]<br /><br />[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]<br /><br />[[Lithuania]] |Pork |Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], honey, and mushrooms |- |Birnen, Bohnen und Speck |[[Fayil:Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck_2a.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Pork |Typical dish in which pears, beans, and bacon are cooked together |- |Birria |[[Fayil:Plato_de_birria.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Goat |Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] |- |[[Kayan maraƙi|Blanquette de veau]] |[[Fayil:Blanquette_de_veau.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Veal |Bright veal [[ragout]] with <nowiki><i id="mw-w">mirepoix</i></nowiki> |- |Blindhuhn |[[Fayil:Westfälisches_Blindhuhn_mit_Mettenden_und_Schweinespeck-6650.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Westphalia) |Pork |A stew of the Westphalian cuisine prepared with beans, vegetables, and bacon |- |Booyah |[[Fayil:Booyah.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Upper Midwest) |Various |Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables, often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats |- |Bosanski lonac |[[Fayil:Bosanskilonac.jpg|141x141px]] |[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lamb |Typical Bosnian dish with beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and peppercorns (whole, not ground) |- |Bouillabaisse |[[Fayil:Bullabessa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />([[Marseille]]) |Seafood |Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices: The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew. |- |Brongkos |[[Fayil:Brongkos_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />(Yogyakarta and<br /><br />Central Java) |Beef |Meat (beef or mutton) with beans (black-eyed peas or kidney beans) stew, with boiled egg and spicy soup made of ''Pangium edule'', coconut milk, and other spices |- |Brodetto |[[Fayil:Foto_brodetto_.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |Fish stew typical of the Eastern (Adriatic) coast of Italy: It may slightly vary from place to place. In Veneto, it is eaten with polenta. In Abruzzo, tomato sauce is added. It is similar to Croatian ''brudet.'' |- |Brudet |[[Fayil:Brodet.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]] |Fish |A fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta, similar to Italian ''brodetto'' |- |Brunswick stew |[[Fayil:Brunswick_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Game |Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat: Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or [[Zomo|rabbit]] meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients. |- |Trippa alla milanese ([[Buseca]] in South America) |[[Fayil:Trippa_alla_milanese.JPG|165x165px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Offal |Italian stew also common in [[Uruguay]] and Argentina, similar to Spanish ''callos'', it is made of finely chopped ''mondongo'' (beef tripe), potatoes, and legumes such as lentils or chickpeas. |- |Buddha Jumps Over the Wall |[[Fayil:Buddha_soup_boul.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Fish |Cantonese variation on shark fin soup |- |Buğu kebabı | |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a [[kebab]] name |- |Burgoo |[[Fayil:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Midwest and<br /><br />South) |Game |Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, it is made with several different meats. |- |Cabbage stew |[[Fayil:Kapuska_with_veal.jpg|120x120px]] |Central Europe |Vegetarian |Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient: Pictured is ''kapuska''. |- |Cacciatore |[[Fayil:Flickr_preppybyday_4618397089--Chicken_cacciatore.jpg|181x181px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fowl |A stew with braised chicken (pollo alla cacciatora), sometimes with rabbit (coniglio alla cacciatora), tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell peppers, and sometimes wine. |- |Cacciucco |[[Fayil:Cacciucco.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |A fish stew, it is made with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper, as typical of west-central Italy and especially Livorno. |- |Cachupa |[[Fayil:Cachupa_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |Goat |Slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat, or chicken) |- |Caldeirada |[[Fayil:Caldeirada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]] |Seafood |Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions |- |[[Caldereta de cordero]] |[[Fayil:Caldereta_de_Cordero_-_2015.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Lamb |Lamb or mutton stew |- |[[Caldo avá]] | |[[Paraguay]] |Offal |Stew made of beef tripes, chitterlings, heart, and ''matambre'' |- |Caldo gallego |[[Fayil:Caldo_gallego_-_juantiagues.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens), literally means "Galician broth" |- |Callaloo |[[Fayil:Callaloo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]<br /><br />[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Vegetarian |Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, capsicum, and [[Gwaza|taro]] |- |Callos |[[Fayil:Callos_cociendose.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Offal |A stew common across Spain, it is considered traditional to Madrid, where it is referred to as ''callos a la madrileña''. It contains beef tripe and chickpeas, blood sausage, and bell peppers. ''Chorizo'' sausage may also be used. |- |Caparrones |[[Fayil:Caparrones89.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(La Rioja) |Sausage |Stew made of ''caparrón'' (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy ''chorizo'' sausage |- |Caponata |[[Fayil:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />([[Sisiliya|Sicily]]) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from Sicily that consists mainly of ''aubergine'' (eggplant) tomato sauce, onions, celery, olives, capers, and Agrodolce. |- |Capra e fagioli | |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />(Liguria) |Goat |Stew made of goat meat, white wine, and white pigna beans |- |[[Carbonada]] | |[[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional Argentinian and Uruguayan sweet-sour beef, squash, and apricot stew, traditionally served inside a squash |- |Carbonade flamande |[[Fayil:Jielbeaumadier_carbonade_flamande_2010.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with [[Giya|beer]], and seasoned with thyme and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]]: Pictured is ''carbonade flamande'' with fries and a side of greens. |- |Carne mechada |[[Fayil:Carne_Mechada_(11351611734).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carne Mechada |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224523/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-03-23}}</ref> |Beef |Latin American beef stew |- |Cassoulet |[[Fayil:Cassoulet.cuit.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Languedoc) |Fowl and sausage |French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat, typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton, with white haricot beans |- |Cawl |[[Fayil:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Lamb |Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire), which includes vegetables, such as [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]] and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip |- |Chairo |[[Fayil:Chairo_at_Ciclik_La_Paz.png|152x152px]] |[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Beef |Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (''chuños''), onions, carrots, potatoes, [[Masara|white corn]], beef, and wheat kernels |- |Chakapuli |[[Fayil:Chakapuli.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Lamb |Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or ''tkemali'' (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic, and salt |- |Chapea | |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |Sausage |Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with ''longaniza'' (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain, and mashed squash used as a thickener |- |Chicken mull |[[Fayil:Chicken_mull.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Fowl |A traditional dish from [[North Carolina]] and [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], it consists of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, white or black pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter, often prepared communally. |- |Chicken pastel |[[Fayil:Filipino_Chicken_Pastel.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Chicken or pork |Stew or pie made with chicken, sometimes pork, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. |- |Chili con carne |[[Fayil:Pot-o-chili.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Texas]]) |Beef |A spicy stew that traditionally features chopped or ground beef, chili peppers, and other ingredients. |- |Cholent |[[Fayil:Vegetable_cholent.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef, chicken or goose |Slowly simmered Jewish stew of Ashkenazi origin that cooks overnight and is traditionally served at the ''Shabbat'' meal. Its main ingredients are meat, onions, potatoes, beans or chickpeas, and [[Sha'ir|barley]]. It is believed to be derived from the hamin of Sephardic Jews. Similar to the French cassoulet. |- |Chraime |[[Fayil:צלחת_חריימה.png|138x138px]] |Maghreb |Fish |Fish stewed with tomatoes and peppers, flavored with hot peppers and spices |- |Chupe Andino | |[[Andes]] |Game |Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America |- |[[Chupín]] | |[[Uruguay]] |Fish |Made with any fish of firm meat, usually hake, croaker, or boga, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, crumbs of marine crackers are usually poured over at the end. |- |Ciambotta |[[Fayil:Ciambotta_di_Vietri_di_Potenza.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Vegetarian |Typically based on vegetables, but it may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, [[Barkono|sweet peppers]], chili, onion and herbs. |- |Cioppino |[[Fayil:Cioppino.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[San Francisco]]) |Fish |An Italian-American fish stew, it is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette. |- |Cocido lebaniego |[[Fayil:Cocido_lebaniego.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Its essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes, and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]]. The rest of the elements are ''compangu'', meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and [[ham]]. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially <nowiki><i id="mwA1o">cecina</i></nowiki> and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg, and parsley. |- |Cocido madrileño |[[Fayil:CocidoMadrileño.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Madrid]]) |Pork |Its main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety, also known as ''kabuli''. Vegetables are added, potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are added. Meats like beef, hen, lard, chorizo, a small block of cured Jamón and morcilla (a type of black pudding) complete the ingredients. Cocido is commonly served with the ingredient types grouped, and the broth served as first course, with very thin pasta, fideo cabellín added. |- |Cocido montañés |[[Fayil:Cocidomontanes.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Also known as highlander stew. It is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]] (''berza''). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as ''compangu'', meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (''tocino''), pork ribs (''costilla''), black pudding (''morcilla'') with rice, and ''chorizo''. |- |Compote | | |Game |Game stew made for example from [[Zomo|rabbit]], partridge, or pigeon |- |Coq au vin |[[Fayil:Coq_au_vin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Fowl |French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Cotriade |[[Fayil:Cotriade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Fish |Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but ''without'' shellfish |- |Cozido/Cocido |[[Fayil:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Various |Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain |- |Cream stew |[[Fayil:Cream_Stew_001.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Various |Cream stew is a Japanese Yōshoku dish consisting of meat, usually chicken or pork, and mixed vegetables, onion, carrot, potato and cabbage, cooked in thick white roux. |- |Daube |[[Fayil:Daube_de_boeuf_carottes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Beef |Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and ''herbes de Provence'', and traditionally cooked in a ''daubière'', a braising pan. |- |Dillegrout |[[Fayil:Dillegrout,_also_known_at_le_mess_de_gyron,_girunt,_dilgirunt,_dilegrout,_dillygrout,_dilligrout,_maupygernon,_maupigyrnun,_malepigernout,_malpigernoun.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Fowl |Chicken pottage made with almond milk, sugar, and spices traditionally presented at coronations of English monarchs by the lord of the manor of Addington. |- |Dimlama |[[Fayil:Dimlama_(16425713838).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Uzbekistan]] |Lamb |Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits. |- |Dinuguan |[[Fayil:Dinuguan_with_puto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Offal |Filipino savory stew of meat or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig [[Jini|blood]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], chili (most often ''siling mahaba''), and vinegar. |- |Drokpa Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Stewed tripe, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |Escudella i carn d'olla |[[Fayil:Escudella.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Katalunya|Catalonia]]) |Sausage |Stew that contains a ''pilota'', a very big meatball spiced with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley. It contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Bones, sausages called ''botifarras'', and other types of meat can be used. |- |Étouffée |[[Fayil:Crawfish_etouffee.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood |Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French. |- |Fabada Asturiana |[[Fayil:Fabada_y_sidra.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Pork |Fabada is made with dried large white beans (''fabes de la Granja'', soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (''Lacón Gallego'') or bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and often saffron (''azafrán''). Some recipes also call for ''longaniza''. |- |Fabes con almejas |[[Fayil:Fabes_con_almejas_-_Jlastras.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Seafood |Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], salt, saffron, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaves]], [[Man zaitun|olive oil]], parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet [[paprika]]. |- |Fahsa |[[Fayil:Fahsa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and ''holba'' ([[fenugreek]]) are added after cooking. |- |Fårikål |[[Fayil:Får_i_kål.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Norway]] |Lamb |Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and optionally a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage". |- |Fasole cu cârnaţi |[[Fayil:Fasole_cu_afumatura.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Sausage |Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages or [[Ham|smoked ham]]. |- |Feijoada |[[Fayil:Feijoada_à_transmontada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables. |- |Fesenjān |[[Fayil:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Fowl |Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ''ghormeh'' cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual. |- |Flaki |[[Fayil:Flaki_(2).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Poland]] |Beef |Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]], parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet [[paprika]], and marjoram. |- |Főzelék |[[Fayil:Fozelek.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Vegetarian |Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish. |- |Fricot |[[Fayil:Fricot_de_barques.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kanada|Canada]]<br /><br />(Acadia) |Various |Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (''fricot au poulet''), clams (''fricot aux coques''), rabbit (''fricot au lapin des bois''), beef, or pork. |- |Gaisburger Marsch |[[Fayil:Gaisburger_Marsch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Swabia) |Beef |Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle. |- |Galinhada |[[Fayil:Galinhada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Fowl |Stew of rice and chicken. |- |Garbure |[[Fayil:Garbure.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Gascony) |Pork |Stew/soup of meat (e.g. goose, duck, salt pork, ham) with vegetables, mainly root vegetables. |- |Ghapama |[[Fayil:Ղափամա_2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Armeniya|Armenia]] |Vegetarian |Sweet [[Kabushi|pumpkin]] stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat. |- |Gheimeh |[[Fayil:Gheymeh_stew.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Iran]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of diced lamb or sometimes beef, tomatoes, split peas, onion and dried lime, garnished with golden thinly sliced crispy potatoes. The stew is usually served with white rice. |- |Ghormeh sabzi |[[Fayil:Ghormeh_Sabzi.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Vegetarian (but often made with lamb or beef) |Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], and a smaller amount of [[fenugreek]] leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix. |- |Ginataang kalabasa |[[Fayil:Ginataang_kalabasa_at_hipon_(shrimp,_calabaza,_green_beans,_and_eggplant_in_coconut_milk)_-_Philippines.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Shrimp |Stew of calabaza squash cooked in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and spices, along with shrimp and asparagus bean. |- |Ginataang labong |[[Fayil:Bambooshootjf3760.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Seafood or pork |Stew of bamboo shoots cooked in coconut milk and spices, along with seafood or various meats. |- |Goat water |[[Fayil:Goat_Water.jpg|124x124px]] |Montserrat |Goat |A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables. |- |Goulash |[[Fayil:Gulyas080.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Beef |Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with [[paprika]] and other spices. |- |Guatitas |[[Fayil:Guatitas_a_la_Jardinera.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]] |Offal |Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe. |- |[[Guiso carrero]] | |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional stew made with beef, chorizo, white beans, chickpeas, potato, sweet potato, squash, carrots, onions and noodles, seasoned with adobo, a spice mix of oregano, thyme, cumin, paprika and chili. |- |Gulai |[[Fayil:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Various |Stew or curry made with either beef, poultry (chicken or duck meat), vegetables, seafood or lamb with bumbu spice mix cooked in coconut milk. |- |Gumbo |[[Fayil:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood & sausage |Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions. |- |Güveç |[[Fayil:Djuvec.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries. |- |Guyana Pepperpot |[[Fayil:Pepperpot_(16135006279).jpg|155x155px]] |[[Guyana]] |Various |Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and ''cassareep'', a special sauce made from the [[Rogo|cassava]] root. Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used. Chicken is also used. |- |Hachee |[[Fayil:Hachee_1.jpeg|124x124px]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |Various |Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. |- |Hamin |[[Fayil:Chamin.jpg|124x124px]] |Iberia |Lamb, beef, or chicken |Traditional Sephardic Jewish Sabbath stew cooked overnight. Made from whole grains, meat, chickpeas or beans, and onion. Also known as dafina. |- |Hasenpfeffer |[[Fayil:Hasenpfeffer.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Game |Traditional German stew made from marinated [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood. |- |Hochepot |[[Fayil:Vlaamse_Hutsepot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Flemish stew made with oxtail, shoulder of mutton, salted bacon, and vegetables. |- |Hoosh | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Beef (dried) |Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions. |- |Hot pot |[[Fayil:Day177lilybday.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]]<br /><br />[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] |Various |Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth. |- |Irish stew |[[Fayil:Irish_Beef_Stew_(34046928633).jpg|124x124px]] |Ireland |Lamb |Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley. |- |Islim or patlıcan kebabı |[[Fayil:İslim_kebabı.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers. |- |Istrian stew |[[Fayil:Jota_02.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Pork |Stew prepared using beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic. |- |Jjigae |[[Fayil:Korean_stew-Sundubu_jjigae-05.jpg|120x120px]] |Korea |Various |Stew prepared using meat, seafood or vegetables in a broth seasoned with gochujang (red chilli paste), doenjang (soy bean paste), ganjang (soy sauce) or saeu-jeot (salted and fermented shrimp). |- |Jugged hare |[[Fayil:Civet_de_lapin_aux_USA.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Game |Stew prepared using [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare as a main ingredient. |- |Karhi |[[Fayil:Gujaratikadhi.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian Subcontinent]] |Vegetarian |Spicy stew with a thick gravy based on chickpea flour (called ''besan'' in Urdu / Hindi). Contains vegetable fritters called ''[[Pakora|pakoras]]'', to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste. |- |Kadyos, baboy, kag langka |[[Fayil:KBL_(Kadios,_Baboy,_Langka).jpg|138x138px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], ham hock, and jackfruit soured with batuan fruits (''Garcinia binucao'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Time You Know about Kadios⁠ beyond KBL |url=https://pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Pepper.ph |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923093917/https://www.pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kadyos, manok, kag ubad | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fowl |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], [[Kaza|chicken]], and [[Ayaba|banana]] pith<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2007 |title=Manok at Kadyos / Purple Chicken With Pigeon Peas |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/manok-at-kadyos-purple-chicken-with-pigeon-peas |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Market Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadyos Beans |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kadyos-beans/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Ark of Taste |publisher=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity}}</ref> |- |Kaldereta |[[Fayil:Beef_caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Goat |Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread. |- |Kalops |[[Fayil:Skånsk_kalops_med_grillad_sparris.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sweden]] |Beef |Swedish stew made of beef, onion, allspice, bay leaves and sometimes carrots. Often eaten with beetroot and potatoes. |- |[[Kamounia]] |[[Fayil:Tunis_Glaïa_Djerba.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sudan]]<br /><br />[[Misra|Egypt]]<br /><br />[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Beef |Beef and liver stew prepared with cumin |- |Kapuska |[[Fayil:Kapuska.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Cabbage and veal stew. |- |Kare-kare |[[Fayil:Kare-kare_oxtail_stew_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken. |- |Karelian hot pot |[[Fayil:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Beef and pork |Traditionally made of a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew. |- |Khoresh karafs |[[Fayil:Making_Khoresh_karafs_1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Various |A celery stew, traditionally made with lamb (but various proteins can be used, including vegan versions).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Najmieh Batmanglij}}</ref> |- |Kig ha farz |[[Fayil:Kig-ha-farz.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Various |Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre. |- |Kokotxas |[[Fayil:Kokotxas_al_pilpil,_Bilbao_(33097477025).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Basque Country) |Fish |A traditional dish of fatty fish stewed in white wine, garlic, flour and olive oil. Other variations include parsley. |- |[[Palaver sauce|Kontomire stew]] |[[Fayil:Kontomire_Stew,_Eggs_and_Plantian.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Ghana]] |Fish (dried) |Cocoyam leaves braised with [[egusi]], dried fish, tomatoes, peppers, and egg. |- |Korma |[[Fayil:Chicken_Korma_1.jpg|187x187px]] |India<br /><br />Pakistan<br /><br />Bangladesh |Various |Meat and/or vegetables is seared, then braised with stock or yogurt kept below curdling temperature with a mixture of spices, including ground coriander, cumin, and Indian bay. Traditionally cooked in a pot set over a very low fire, with coals on the lid. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery, and may use lamb, beef, chicken, fish. Some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as spinach or cauliflower. |- |Kuru fasulye |[[Fayil:Kuru_fasulye.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of [[Wake|dry beans]], generally with meat (veal or mutton) and ''[[Pastirma|pastırma]]'' or ''sucuk'' in its broth, with tomato paste. Pictured here is the vegetarian variant. |- |Kuurdak |[[Fayil:Kazakh_quwyrdaq.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] |Goat |Stewed meat dish made with onion, animal fat, vegetable oil, lamb or mutton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Kuurdak: How The Kyrgyz Do Meat and Potatoes |url=https://folkways.today/kuurdak/ |publisher=Folkways}}</ref> |- |Lancashire hotpot |[[Fayil:Lancashire_hotpot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Lamb |Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat. |- |Läskisoosi |[[Fayil:Läskisoosi_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Pork chops grilled in [[Man shanu|butter]] with [[Albasa|onions]] and flour, stirred in water with salt and pepper. |- |Lecsó |[[Fayil:Warm_Colors-_my_Mom's_Hungarian_Lecsó_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]]<br /><br />[[Kazech|Czech Republic]] |Vegetarian |Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground [[paprika]] as a base recipe. |- |Linat-an | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |Pork stew or soup from the Visayas and Mindanao islands of the [[Filipin|Philippines]] that characteristically uses pork ribs, or other bony cuts of pork, simmered until very tender, lemongrass (tanglad), string beans, starchy ingredients for a thicker soup (usually [[Gwaza|taro]]), and various other vegetables. |- |Lobby | |[[Ingila|England]] (North Staffordshire) |Corned beef |Stew or casserole made from corned beef or sometimes [[Kaza|chicken]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], [[Karas|carrots]], peas, and [[Albasa|onion]]. |- |Lobster stew |[[Fayil:Caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Menorca) |Seafood |Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread. |- |Locro |[[Fayil:Locro_(served_in_Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]]<br /><br />[[Peru]] |Beef |Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat, usually beef, pork, and ''chorizo'', but sometimes beef jerky or cheese, and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, potato, squash or [[Kabushi|pumpkin]]. |- |Lunggoi Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |[[Peanut stew|Maafe]] |[[Fayil:Maafé.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts). |- |Maconochie | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] |- |Maneštra | |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Various |Stew of beans and potatoes which may include meat or spring corn (''bobići''). |- |Mazamorra |[[Fayil:Porotos.png|124x124px]] |Latin America<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Milk |Sweet stew prepared with [[Masara|corn]] (maize) as a primary ingredient. |- |Mechado |[[Fayil:Cooked_mechado.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A stew traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and ''calamansi'' juice give it a Filipino flavor. |- |Menudo |[[Fayil:Orient_Valley_Filipino_Cuisine_-_5.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various<br /><br />Offal |Liver and beef or pork stewed in a tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. A variation called ''waknatoy'' uses pickle relish and does not typically include other vegetables |- |Mjave lobio |[[Fayil:Lobyo1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Vegetarian |Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion. |- |[[Moambe]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_moambe_with_French_fries_(14792587921).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]] |Fowl |Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm. |- |Mocotó |[[Fayil:Mocotó_gaúcho.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]] |Offal |Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables. |- |Molagoottal | |[[Indiya|India]] |Vegetarian |South Indian stew with [[Attagara|coconut]] and lentils as a base. |- |Moqueca |[[Fayil:Moqueca.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Seafood |Stew based on fish or shrimp, tomatoes, onions, garlic and coriander. |- |Mulligan stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Various |Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum. |- |Navarin |[[Fayil:Navarin_of_lamb.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Lamb |French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added. |- |[[Ndolé]] |[[Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |Fish |National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ''ndoleh'' (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef. |- |Nihari |[[Fayil:নিহারী_(Nihari).jpg|127x127px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] |Various |South Asian dish consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a shank cut of beef, lamb, mutton or goat meat, as well as chicken and bone marrow. It is flavoured with long pepper (pippali), a relative of black pepper. |- |Nikujaga |[[Fayil:Braised_pork_and_potatoes_(3089327692).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Pork or beef |Japanese dish of meat (either beef or pork), potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ''ito konnyaku'' and vegetables. |- |Nilaga |[[Fayil:Bulacan,Batangasjf8355_22.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A traditional meat stew or soup from the [[Filipin|Philippines]] made with boiled beef (''nilagang baka'') or pork (''nilagang baboy'') with various vegetables. It is typically eaten with [[Farar shinkafa|white rice]] and is served with soy sauce, patis (fish sauce), labuyo chilis, and calamansi on the side.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |title=Nilagang Baboy (Boiled Pork and Vegetables) |url=https://casaveneracion.com/nilagang-baboy-boiled-pork-ribs-with-vegetables/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Casa Veneracion}}</ref> |- |Oil down |[[Fayil:Cooking_oil_down_03.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Grenada]] |Fowl |Stew made of [[Berefut|breadfruit]], salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, and other vegetables, all stewed in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], herbs, and spices. National dish of [[Grenada]], but also popular in [[Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], with hot peppers and no dumplings. |- |Olla podrida |[[Fayil:Olla_podrida_Covarrubias_-_Santaorosia_Photographic_Colectivity.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used. |- |Ollada | |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Valencia]]) |Sausage |Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole. |- |Or lam |[[Fayil:O-lam.png|124x124px]] |[[Laos]] |Various |A thick, peppery broth seasoned primarily with Lao chili wood (sakhaan), chili pepper, and lemongrass. Dried water buffalo skin, beef, game meat, quail or chicken, eggplants, wood ear mushrooms, and asparagus bean. |- |Ostrich stew | |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Fowl |Ostrich stew is a stew prepared using ostrich meat as a primary ingredient. Can include vegetables such as onion, celery and carrot, tomatoes, soup stock and wine. |- |Ostropel |[[Fayil:Ostrpel.png|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Fowl |Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce. |- |Oyster stew |[[Fayil:Oyster_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Seafood |Stew made from oysters with milk and cream |- |Oxtail Stew | |France |Oxtail, usually with root vegetables |There are numerous oxtail stews in French cuisine: Auguste Escoffier and others have published many recipes for variations on oxtail stew. |- |Paya |[[Fayil:Paya_Curry.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Pakistan]]<br /><br />[[Indiya|India]] |Goat |Stew made with alliums, ginger, spices, and goat or sheep trotters. Coveted for its spicy and fatty broth which is rich in gelatin and animal fat, both rendered from the trotter bones and joints. It is preferred as breakfast with [[Naan]] bread. |- |Paila marina |[[Fayil:Paila_Marina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Chile]] |Seafood |Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], cilantro, and onion. |- |[[Palaver sauce]] |[[Fayil:Palava_sauce_w-_cocoyam_leaf_(5612472154).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, ''pepitas'', [[Rogo|cassava]], [[Gwaza|taro]] (''cocoyam'') leaves, and [[Manja|palm oil]]. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, ''[[Gari|garri]]'', ''[[fufu]]'', or [[Doya|yams]]. |- |Paomo |[[Fayil:Paomo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Lamb |Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and chilli sauce. |- |[[Pasulj]] |[[Fayil:Pasulj_(10291319804).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Serbiya|Serbia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]]<br /><br />[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]]<br /><br />[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |Sausage |Also known as grah. Bean soup made of white, cranberry or pinto beans, usually prepared with smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock. This is a typical winter dish. |- |Pepián |[[Fayil:Cocinando_El_Pepian.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |Various |Beef or chicken stewed with tomatillo, [[Tumatir|tomato]], and chili pepper and thickened with gourd seeds |- |Philadelphia Pepper Pot | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) |Offal |Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch. |- |Pichelsteiner |[[Fayil:Pichelsteiner_Eintopf.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Various |German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and [[Albasa mai kara|leek]]. |- |Pinangat |[[Fayil:Pinangat_na_Hito.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fish |Filipino stew made of [[Gwaza|taro]] leaves, chilli, meat and [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] wrapped in ''gabi'' leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf. |- |Pindang |[[Fayil:Pindang_Patin_Palembang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Stew made of by boiling ingredients, especially fish, in salt and certain spices. |- |Piperade |[[Fayil:Pipérade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Vegetarian |Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper. |- |Pisto |[[Fayil:Pisto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Murcia) |Vegetarian |Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. |- |Pörkölt |[[Fayil:Gulasch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Pork |Hungarian stew that consists of meat, [[paprika]], and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which always contain potatoes and is more like a soup. |- |Pot-au-feu |[[Fayil:Pot-au-feu2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], celery and onions. |- |Potée Lorraine | |France |Pork or ham |French one-pot stew of salt pork or ham with haricot beans and seasonal vegetables |- |[[Potjiekos]] |[[Fayil:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Game |South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like [[pasta]]. |- |Pottage |[[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Various |Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew". |- |Pozole |[[Fayil:Pozole.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Pork or fowl |Mexican stew with ritual significance made from [[Masara|maize]] with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist. |- |Puchero |[[Fayil:Puchero_canario.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Veal |Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish ''cocido''. |- |Qoiri | |Tibet |Lamb |Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt. |- |[[Ragout]] |[[Fayil:Ragoût_aux_lentilles.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Various |Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils. |- |Ratatouille |[[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, ''courgettes'' (zucchini), ''aubergine'' (eggplant), ''poivron'' ([[Barkono|bell peppers]]), marjoram and [[Ɗaɗɗoya|basil]], or [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as ''herbes de Provence''. |- |Red cooked pork |[[Fayil:RedCookedPorkBelly.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]] |Pork |Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style. |- |Rendang |[[Fayil:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Spicy beef stew braised in a [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and seasoned with a mixture of herbs and spices that has been slow cooked for usually four hours. |- |Rössypottu |[[Fayil:Rössypottua.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Stew made using potatoes (''pottu'', ''peruna''), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of [[Jini|blood]], [[Giya|beer]], rye flour and some spices). |- |Rogan Josh |[[Fayil:Rogan_josh02.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indiya|India]] |Lamb |Aromatic lamb stew native to the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine. Rogan josh consists of braised lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yogurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom and cinnamon). |- |Rubaboo | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Game |Basic stew or porridge consumed by ''coureurs des bois'' and ''voyageurs'' (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America. Traditionally made of peas or corn, or both, with [[Dabbar beya|bear]] or pork grease, and a thickening agent of bread or flour. |- |Sagamite | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Offal |Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal [[Kwakwalwa|brains]]. |- |Saksang |[[Fayil:Saksang_3.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Pork |Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in [[Jini|blood]], [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], and spices. |- |Saltah |[[Fayil:Saltah.gif|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown [[Nama|meat]] stew called ''maraq'', with [[fenugreek]] froth and ''sahawiq'' or ''sahowqa'', a mixture of chillies, [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and herbs ground into a salsa. Common additions are [[Shinkafa|rice]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], scrambled eggs, and [[Kayan Lambu|vegetables]]. |- |Sambar |[[Fayil:Pumpkin_sambar.JPG|124x124px]] |India |Lentils Meat |South Indian stew made with lentils, vegetables and tamarind pulp extract. Famously used as a side dish with [[idli]], dosa, [[Vada (abinci)|vada]], pongal and plain cooked rice. |- |Sancocho |[[Fayil:Sancocho_de_guandú_con_carne_salá.JPG|124x124px]] |Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic |Various |Meat, vegetables, root vegetables |- |Scouse |[[Fayil:Cookbook-beef-stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |A variation of labskaus. A type of meat or beef stew. |- |Seco |[[Fayil:Seco_de_Cordero_(Lamb_Leg_Stew)_from_Lima_Peruvian_at_Off_the_Grid-_Fort_Mason_Center_(7423438016).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ecuador]] |Lamb |Stewed meat. |- |Sekba |[[Fayil:Sekba_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Offal |Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and Chinese herbs. |- |Semur |[[Fayil:Semur_Ayam.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in ''semur'' gravy is shallots, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], ''kecap manis'' (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and [[Kaninfari|cloves]]. |- |Shiro |[[Fayil:Taita_and_shiro.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Eritrea]] |Vegetarian |Homogeneous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal. |- |Sinigang |[[Fayil:Sinigang_na_Baboy.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various |Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] (''sampalok''). |- |Skirts and kidneys |[[Fayil:Skirts_and_Kidneys.jpg|165x165px]] |Ireland |Pork & offal |Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys. |- |Sonofabitch stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(West) |Veal and offal |Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf. |- |Spanish fricco | |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Beef |A hearty Westphalian stew prepared primarily using diced beef, potatoes and onions, typically in a cream soup base. |- |Spezzatino |[[Fayil:Veal_stew_with_apples_and_potatoes_(13886150756).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Beef | |- |[[Steak and Kidney]] | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Beef and offal |Slowly braised beef, traditionally the less tender cuts, and diced ox kidney. Traditionally served with beef suet dumplings which are cooked in the stew. |- |Stew peas | |[[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |Various |Jamaican stew prepared using [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], gungo peas ([[Waaken Santanbul|pigeon peas]]) or red peas (kidney beans), uncured meats and salted meats such as pork and beef. Can also include onion, garlic, scallions, pig tail, herbs, and spices. |- |Sulu köfte |[[Fayil:Sulu_koftes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Sausage |Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish. |- |[[Tajine]] |[[Fayil:Moroccan_Tajin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] |Lamb |[[Abincin Berber|Berber]] dish from North Africa, named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices |- |Tas kebap |[[Fayil:Tas_kebap_and_pilav.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Veal or mutton stew with potatoes |- |Tatws Pum Munud |[[Fayil:Tatws_Pum_Munud2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Pork |Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables. |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:LambTharid2.jpg|124x124px]] |Arab world |Lamb |Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb ''tharid''. |- |Tocană |[[Fayil:Plattradbrapolanta.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Vegetarian |Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called ''mămăligă''. |- |Tomato bredie |[[Fayil:Chicken_with_tomato_bredie_(12567481243).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, [[cardamom]], [[Citta|ginger]], [[Kaninfari|cloves]], and chili as seasonings. |- |Tombet |[[Fayil:Tombet6116.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Mayorka|Mallorca]]) |Vegetarian |Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red [[Barkono|bell peppers]] previously fried in [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust. |- |Tuna pot |[[Fayil:Marmitako.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Fish |Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea. A simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes. |- |Türlü |[[Fayil:Турлитава_во_традиционална,_рачно_изработена_земјена_тава._01.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Vegetarian |Stew of mixed vegetables stew which may also include meat. The dish is known as ''tourlou'' in Greece and as ''turli tava'' in North Macedonia |- |[[Wat (abinci)|Wat (food)]] |[[Fayil:Ethiopian_wat.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />[[Eritrea]] |Various |Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as ''[[Berber|berbere]]'' and ''niter kibbeh'', a seasoned clarified butter. |- |Waterblommetjiebredie |[[Fayil:Aponogeton_distachyos_-_Waterblommetjies_from_tin.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with ''waterblommetjies'' (''Aponogeton distachyos'' flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in [[Afrikaans]]. |- |Waterzooi |[[Fayil:(waterzooi)_(79743868).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]]<br /><br />(Flanders) |Fish |Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and [[Man shanu|butter]]. |- |Zoervleis |[[Fayil:Zuurvlees_met_frietjes.jpg|124x124px]] |Limburg region,<br /><br />Belgium&<br /><br />the Netherlands |Horse |Traditional dish similar to German ''sauerbraten'' which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread. |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 2frjv0htcru7pwpxd3psdmpjwkfq143 Ilimin Caucasus 0 157512 859368 857265 2026-06-17T13:37:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Caucasology, ko Caucasiology shine nazarin tarihi da siyasa na yankin Caucasus. Ofishin reshe yana da tarihin shekaru sama da 150. A cikin 1972, an kafa Cibiyar Caucasiological (wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa Cibiyar Caucasological ta Duniya a cikin 2000) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Isra'ila Zalman Shazar . == Dubi kuma == * Nazarin Armeniya * Nazarin Kartvelian * Nazarin Rasha * Nazarin Turkiyya * Nazarin al'adu * Nazarin yanki == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://caucasiology.tsu.ge/ Cibiyar Nazarin Caucasiology ta Tsu] * [http://www.caucasology.com/ Cibiyar Nazarin Caucasological ta Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226085010/http://caucasology.com/ |date=2026-02-26 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030315/http://www.humanities.tsu.ge/congress/ Taron Kasa da Kasa na Caucasus] lo17zourdjg2kmcsjjurrt9hmnjzd2h Jens Höing 0 157908 859731 858466 2026-06-18T04:03:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>   ''Rubutun tsutsa'' '''Jens Höing''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1987, a Münster) direban tsere ne na Jamus. == Ayyuka == Bayan shekaru biyar na aikin karting, Höing ya koma gasar Formula BMW ADAC ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Höing yana cikin ƙungiyar Rosberg, ya zira kwallaye biyu a shekarar 2005, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jerin a shekarar 2006, amma ya canza ƙungiyoyi zuwa GU-Racing. Ya inganta daga matsayi na 23 a shekarar 2005 zuwa matsayi na 14 a shekarar 2006, amma har yanzu bai kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin jerin ba, inda ya tara maki goma sha uku kawai. An gabatar da sabon tsarin maki a shekarar 2007, wanda ke nufin cewa Höing ya zira kwallaye sama da 200 amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi na 14 gaba ɗaya. Ya fafata a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Duniya a Valencia a shekarar 2006, kuma ya kare a matsayi na 18..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Tsarin Uku === Bayan kakar wasa uku da ya yi a FBMW, Höing ya koma Gasar Cin Kofin Formula Three ta Jamus a 2008 amma ya ci gaba da GU-Racing. Höing ya kammala da maki sau ɗaya, a Nürburgring yayin da ya fito a matsayi na 17 a gasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Tsarin Biyu === Höing da farko ya sanya hannu don tuki a cikin 2009 FIA Formula Two Championship, motar mota lamba ashirin. Koyaya, wasu batutuwan kwangila sun tilasta Höing ya cire kansa daga gasar. Da zarar an gyara su, Höing ya koma gasar, kuma an sake dawo da shi zuwa lambar motarsa ta asali, bayan Edoardo Piscopo ya yi amfani da shi a gwajin rukuni na farko a Snetterton. Har ila yau, ya tilasta masu shirya MotorSport Vision su kara filin zuwa 25. Ya kammala na 26 a cikin matsayi, ba tare da maki ba. Höing ya kasance yana da hannu akai-akai a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na tseren, ya kasa gamawa a cikin goma daga cikin tseren goma sha shida. == Rubuce-rubucen tsere == === Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Lokacin !Jerin !Kungiyar !Tseren !Nasara !Yaren mutanen Poland !F / Laps !Wasanni !Abubuwa !Matsayi |- | align="center" |'''2005''' |Formula BMW ADAC |Kungiyar Rosberg | align="center" |18 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |Na 23 |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''2006''' |Formula BMW ADAC | rowspan="4" |GU-Racing | align="center" |18 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |11 | align="center" |Na 14 |- |Formula BMW World Final | align="center" |1 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |18th |- | align="center" |'''2007''' |Formula BMW ADAC | align="center" |18 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |216 | align="center" |Na 14 |- | align="center" |'''2008''' |Gasar Cin Kofin Jamus ta Uku | align="center" |12 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |17th |- | align="center" |'''2009''' |Gasar FIA ta Formula Biyu |Motar Wasanni | align="center" |16 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |26th |} === Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin Formula Two na FIA === (maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda) (Race in italics nuna mafi sauri lap) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !Shekara !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !DC !Abubuwa |- !2009 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |Kyakkyawan 1<nowiki><br id="mwpg"></nowiki><br /><small>18</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |Kyakkyawan 2<nowiki><br id="mwqw"></nowiki><br /><small>21</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |BRN1<nowiki><br id="mwsA"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BRN2<nowiki><br id="mwtQ"></nowiki><br /><small>13</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |SPA1<nowiki><br id="mwug"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SPA2<nowiki><br id="mwvw"></nowiki><br /><small>16</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |BRH1<nowiki><br id="mwxA"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |BRH2<nowiki><br id="mwyQ"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |DON1<nowiki><br id="mwzg"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |DON2<nowiki><br id="mw0w"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |OSC1<nowiki><br id="mw2A"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |OSC2<nowiki><br id="mw3Q"></nowiki><br /><small>14</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |IMO1<nowiki><br id="mw4g"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |IMO2<nowiki><br id="mw5w"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |CAT1<nowiki><br id="mw7A"></nowiki><br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |CAT2<nowiki><br id="mw8Q"></nowiki><br /><small>21</small> !26th !0 |} == Manazarta == * [http://iamjens.de/index.php Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109223721/http://iamjens.de/index.php |date=2013-11-09 }} An adana shi 2013-11-09 a * Jens HöingBayani game da aikin a DriverDB.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] crtgtrvjiw7xkxcx33vor6ioy76ixor Alamomin kafin jinin haila 0 158172 859307 2026-06-17T11:59:07Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 859307 wikitext text/x-wiki Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) wani rikice-rikice ne na alamun motsin rai da na jiki waɗanda ke faruwa akai-akai a ciki mako ɗaya zuwa biyu kafin farawar kowane Lokacin haila.[1][2] Alamomin suna warwarewa a lokacin da zubar da jini ya fara.[1] Alamomin sun bambanta, [3] ko da yake yawanci sun haɗa da ɗaya ko fiye na jiki, motsin rai, ko alamun halayyar, waɗanda ke warwarewa tare da haila. [4] Yankin alamun suna da yawa, kuma galibi suna da tausayi na nono, kumbura, ciwon kai, sauye-sauyen yanayi, baƙin ciki, damuwa, fushi, da fushi. Don a gano shi a matsayin PMS, maimakon Rashin jin daɗi na al'ada na sake zagayowar haila, waɗannan alamun dole ne su tsoma baki cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, a lokacin sake zagayowan haila biyu na rikodin yiwuwar.[4] Alamomin da suka shafi PMS galibi suna nan na kimanin kwanaki shida.[5] Halin alamun mutum na iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci.[5] PMS ba ta haifar da alamomi a lokacin daukar ciki ko bayan haila.[6] Binciken yana buƙatar daidaitattun alamun motsin rai da na jiki da ke faruwa bayan ovulation da kuma kafin haila zuwa matakin da ke tsoma baki da rayuwa ta yau da kullun.[1] Dole ne a sami alamun motsin rai a lokacin farkon lokacin haila.[1] Jerin alamun yau da kullun a cikin 'yan watanni na iya taimakawa wajen ganowa.[2] Sauran cututtukan da ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamun suna buƙatar cirewa kafin a yi bincike Ba a san dalilin PMS ba, amma an yi imanin cewa ainihin hanyar ta ƙunshi canje-canje a matakan hormone yayin duk lokacin haila.[1] Rage gishiri, barasa, caffeine, da damuwa, tare da kara motsa jiki yawanci duk abin da ake ba da shawarar don kula da alamun bayyanar cututtuka.[1] Calcium da Bitamin D kari na iya zama da amfani a wasu.[2] Magungunan rigakafi kamar ibuprofen ko naproxen na iya taimakawa tare da alamun jiki.[1] A cikin waɗanda ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka, Magungunan hana haihuwa ko spironolactone na diuretic na iya zama da amfani.[1][2] ==Alamomi== Duk wani rikici, alamar cyclical na iya zama alama ce ta PMS, kuma wasu kafofin sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan alamun da ake da'awar na iya wucewa har ma da 200.[1] Koyaya, wasu alamun suna da yawa a cikin PMS. Alamun motsin rai na yau da kullun da ba takamaiman ba sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, wahalar bacci, ciwon kai, jin gajiya, sauye-sauyen yanayi, karuwar motsin rai, da canje-canje na sha'awar jima'i.[2] Matsaloli tare da mai da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya faruwa.[3] Hakanan akwai baƙin ciki ko damuwa.[3] ==Dalilai da suke Haifar== Duk da yake PMS yana da alaƙa da Lokacin luteal, abubuwan da ke haifar da PMS ba su da tabbas, amma dalilai da yawa na iya shiga. Canje-canje a cikin hormones a lokacin haila suna da mahimmanci, tare da canza matakan hormone da ke shafar wasu fiye da wasu.[1] PMS yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen 20s da farkon 40s, suna da aƙalla ɗa ɗaya, suna da tarihin iyali na baƙin ciki, kuma suna da tarihin kiwon lafiya na baya na ko dai bayan haihuwa ko rikicewar yanayi.[2] nyzkdsnnl3z7fqemnawdt2r8ocoxu9y 859309 859307 2026-06-17T12:03:42Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 859309 wikitext text/x-wiki Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) wani rikice-rikice ne na alamun motsin rai da na jiki waɗanda ke faruwa akai-akai a ciki mako ɗaya zuwa biyu kafin farawar kowane Lokacin haila.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532307/</ref> Alamomin suna warwarewa a lokacin da zubar da jini ya fara. Alamomin sun bambanta, ko da yake yawanci sun haɗa da ɗaya ko fiye na jiki, motsin rai, ko alamun halayyar, waɗanda ke warwarewa tare da haila. Yankin alamun suna da yawa, kuma galibi suna da tausayi na nono, kumbura, ciwon kai, sauye-sauyen yanayi, baƙin ciki, damuwa, fushi, da fushi. Don a gano shi a matsayin PMS, maimakon Rashin jin daɗi na al'ada na sake zagayowar haila, waɗannan alamun dole ne su tsoma baki cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, a lokacin sake zagayowan haila biyu na rikodin yiwuwar. Alamomin da suka shafi PMS galibi suna nan na kimanin kwanaki shida.[5] Halin alamun mutum na iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci. PMS ba ta haifar da alamomi a lokacin daukar ciki ko bayan haila.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150628073755/http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/premenstrual-syndrome.html</ref> Binciken yana buƙatar daidaitattun alamun motsin rai da na jiki da ke faruwa bayan ovulation da kuma kafin haila zuwa matakin da ke tsoma baki da rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Dole ne a sami alamun motsin rai a lokacin farkon lokacin haila. Jerin alamun yau da kullun a cikin 'yan watanni na iya taimakawa wajen ganowa. Sauran cututtukan da ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamun suna buƙatar cirewa kafin a yi bincike Ba a san dalilin PMS ba, amma an yi imanin cewa ainihin hanyar ta ƙunshi canje-canje a matakan hormone yayin duk lokacin haila.[1] Rage gishiri, barasa, caffeine, da damuwa, tare da kara motsa jiki yawanci duk abin da ake ba da shawarar don kula da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Calcium da Bitamin D kari na iya zama da amfani a wasu. Magungunan rigakafi kamar ibuprofen ko naproxen na iya taimakawa tare da alamun jiki. A cikin waɗanda ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka, Magungunan hana haihuwa ko spironolactone na diuretic na iya zama da amfani. ==Alamomi== Duk wani rikici, alamar cyclical na iya zama alama ce ta PMS, kuma wasu kafofin sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan alamun da ake da'awar na iya wucewa har ma da 200.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565629/</ref> Koyaya, wasu alamun suna da yawa a cikin PMS. Alamun motsin rai na yau da kullun da ba takamaiman ba sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, wahalar bacci, ciwon kai, jin gajiya, sauye-sauyen yanayi, karuwar motsin rai, da canje-canje na sha'awar jima'i.[2] Matsaloli tare da mai da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya faruwa.[3] Hakanan akwai baƙin ciki ko damuwa. ==Dalilai da suke Haifar== Duk da yake PMS yana da alaƙa da Lokacin luteal, abubuwan da ke haifar da PMS ba su da tabbas, amma dalilai da yawa na iya shiga. Canje-canje a cikin hormones a lokacin haila suna da mahimmanci, tare da canza matakan hormone da ke shafar wasu fiye da wasu.PMS yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen 20s da farkon 40s, suna da aƙalla ɗa ɗaya, suna da tarihin iyali na baƙin ciki, kuma suna da tarihin kiwon lafiya na baya na ko dai bayan haihuwa ko rikicewar yanayi. ==Manazarta== fqxjz4qk84gtxjd8xdgoomigqlsbxom 859311 859309 2026-06-17T12:05:05Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) wani rikice-rikice ne na alamun motsin rai da na jiki waɗanda ke faruwa akai-akai a ciki mako ɗaya zuwa biyu kafin farawar kowane Lokacin haila.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532307/</ref> Alamomin suna warwarewa a lokacin da zubar da jini ya fara. Alamomin sun bambanta, ko da yake yawanci sun haɗa da ɗaya ko fiye na jiki, motsin rai, ko alamun halayyar, waɗanda ke warwarewa tare da haila. Yankin alamun suna da yawa, kuma galibi suna da tausayi na nono, kumbura, ciwon kai, sauye-sauyen yanayi, baƙin ciki, damuwa, fushi, da fushi. Don a gano shi a matsayin PMS, maimakon Rashin jin daɗi na al'ada na sake zagayowar haila, waɗannan alamun dole ne su tsoma baki cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, a lokacin sake zagayowan haila biyu na rikodin yiwuwar. Alamomin da suka shafi PMS galibi suna nan na kimanin kwanaki shida.[5] Halin alamun mutum na iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci. PMS ba ta haifar da alamomi a lokacin daukar ciki ko bayan haila.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150628073755/http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/premenstrual-syndrome.html</ref> Binciken yana buƙatar daidaitattun alamun motsin rai da na jiki da ke faruwa bayan ovulation da kuma kafin haila zuwa matakin da ke tsoma baki da rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Dole ne a sami alamun motsin rai a lokacin farkon lokacin haila. Jerin alamun yau da kullun a cikin 'yan watanni na iya taimakawa wajen ganowa. Sauran cututtukan da ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamun suna buƙatar cirewa kafin a yi bincike Ba a san dalilin PMS ba, amma an yi imanin cewa ainihin hanyar ta ƙunshi canje-canje a matakan hormone yayin duk lokacin haila.[1] Rage gishiri, barasa, caffeine, da damuwa, tare da kara motsa jiki yawanci duk abin da ake ba da shawarar don kula da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Calcium da Bitamin D kari na iya zama da amfani a wasu. Magungunan rigakafi kamar ibuprofen ko naproxen na iya taimakawa tare da alamun jiki. A cikin waɗanda ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka, Magungunan hana haihuwa ko spironolactone na diuretic na iya zama da amfani. ==Alamomi== Duk wani rikici, alamar cyclical na iya zama alama ce ta PMS, kuma wasu kafofin sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan alamun da ake da'awar na iya wucewa har ma da 200.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565629/</ref> Koyaya, wasu alamun suna da yawa a cikin PMS. Alamun motsin rai na yau da kullun da ba takamaiman ba sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, wahalar bacci, ciwon kai, jin gajiya, sauye-sauyen yanayi, karuwar motsin rai, da canje-canje na sha'awar jima'i.[2] Matsaloli tare da mai da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya faruwa.[3] Hakanan akwai baƙin ciki ko damuwa. ==Dalilai da suke Haifar== Duk da yake PMS yana da alaƙa da Lokacin luteal, abubuwan da ke haifar da PMS ba su da tabbas, amma dalilai da yawa na iya shiga. Canje-canje a cikin hormones a lokacin haila suna da mahimmanci, tare da canza matakan hormone da ke shafar wasu fiye da wasu.PMS yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen 20s da farkon 40s, suna da aƙalla ɗa ɗaya, suna da tarihin iyali na baƙin ciki, kuma suna da tarihin kiwon lafiya na baya na ko dai bayan haihuwa ko rikicewar yanayi. ==Manazarta== 87qg4gq6csujuot8jeh7prdy33k3u4d Tafkin Mutirikwe 0 158173 859315 2026-06-17T12:12:01Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Mutirikwi''', wanda aka fi sani da tafkin Kyle ko Kyle Dam, yana kudu maso gabashin Zimbabwe, kudu maso gabashin Masvingo. An yi tunanin an ba shi sunan Kyle Farm wanda ya mamaye mafi yawan filayen da ake bukata don tafkin, wanda kuma aka sanya wa sunan gundumar Kyle a Scotland wanda majagaba na Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall ya fito asali. Tafkin ya kai kimanin kilomita 90 (sq mi 35) kuma an kirkiro shi ne a shekara ta 1960 tare da gina Dam na Kyle akan... 859315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Mutirikwi''', wanda aka fi sani da tafkin Kyle ko Kyle Dam, yana kudu maso gabashin Zimbabwe, kudu maso gabashin Masvingo. An yi tunanin an ba shi sunan Kyle Farm wanda ya mamaye mafi yawan filayen da ake bukata don tafkin, wanda kuma aka sanya wa sunan gundumar Kyle a Scotland wanda majagaba na Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall ya fito asali. Tafkin ya kai kimanin kilomita 90 (sq mi 35) kuma an kirkiro shi ne a shekara ta 1960 tare da gina Dam na Kyle akan kogin Mutirikwi. Kamfanin Concor ne ya gina madatsar ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga yankunan noma da ke kan iyaka zuwa kudu maso yamma, a kusa da garin Triangle, inda babban amfanin gona ya kasance rake.<ref>"Mutirikwi Dam". Zimbabwe National Water Authority. Retrieved 2010-01-13.</ref> Lake Kyle Recreational Park yana kan iyakar arewacin tafkin, yayin da akwai karamin wurin shakatawa a gabar kudu. Babban abin tunawa na ƙasar Zimbabwe yana kusa. Kogunan da ke ciyar da tafkin sun hada da kogin Mbebvi, kogin Matare, kogin Pokoteke, kogin Umpopinyani, kogin Makurumidze da kuma kogin Mushagashe. A cikin shekarun 1980, fari ya ragu sosai a cikin tafkin, amma a cikin shekarun 1990 ya murmure. Matsayin yana jujjuyawa sosai saboda buƙatun ban ruwa da kuma ruwan sama na yanayi. == Manazarta == b64cv953xavo8sgnn9rpey6so7kd44c Hadaddun kwayoyin hana daukar ciki 0 158174 859316 2026-06-17T12:12:31Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 859316 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwayar rigakafin haihuwa ta baki (COCP), sau da yawa ana kiranta kwayar cutar hana haihuwa ko kuma "kwayar cutar", wani nau'in maganin hana haihuwa ne wanda aka tsara don mata su sha shi da baki. Hanyar magana ce ta rigakafin daukar ciki na hormonal. Kwayar ta ƙunshi muhimman hormones guda biyu: progestin (wani nau'i na hormone progestogen / progesterone) da Estrogen (yawanci ethinylestradiol ko 17β estradiol).<ref>https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2021.21392</ref> <ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/09/guinea-pigs-or-pioneers-how-puerto-rican-women-were-used-to-test-the-birth-control-pill/</ref> <ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/09/guinea-pigs-or-pioneers-how-puerto-rican-women-were-used-to-test-the-birth-control-pill/</ref> Lokacin da aka ɗauka daidai, yana canza yanayin haila don kawar da ovulation da hana ciki An fara amincewa da magungunan rigakafin haihuwa na baki don amfani da rigakafin ciki a Amurka a cikin 1960, kuma sun kasance sanannen hanyar hana haihuwa. Fiye da mata miliyan 100 ne ke amfani da su a duk duniya <ref>https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db327.htm</ref> ciki har da kimanin mata miliyan 9 a Amurka. Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, kashi 12.6% na mata masu shekaru 15-49 a Amurka sun ba da rahoton amfani da magungunan rigakafin ciki, suna mai da shi hanya ta biyu mafi yawan maganin rigakafi a cikin wannan shekarun (tsarin mata shine hanyar da aka fi sani). [5] Amfani da magungunan rigakafin ciki, duk da haka, ya bambanta sosai ta ƙasa, shekaru, ilimi, da matsayin aure. Misali, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mata masu shekaru 16-49 a Burtaniya suna amfani da kwayar cutar ko kwayar cutar progestogen-kawai (POP), idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa da kashi 3% na mata a Japan (kamar 1950-2014). ==Manazarta== afc8xejqu5bkiy0ys2u27k1zhih2eji Caffeine 0 158176 859318 2026-06-17T12:19:03Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 859318 wikitext text/x-wiki Caffeine tsarin juyayi ne na tsakiya (CNS) mai motsawa na aji methylxanthine kuma shine mafi yawan amfani da shi a duniya.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551</ref> <ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejmcr.2024.100138</ref> Ana amfani dashi galibi don eugeroic (bayar da farkawa), ergogenic (ƙarin aikin jiki), ko nootropic (ƙarin fahimta); ana amfani dashi don nishaɗi ko a cikin saitunan zamantakewa. Caffeine yana aiki ta hanyar toshe ɗaurin adenosine a wasu nau'ikan mai karɓar adenosine, yana hana tasirin adenosine da haɓaka sakin acetylcholine.[5] Caffeine yana da tsari mai girma uku mai kama da na adenosine, wanda ke ba shi damar ɗaurewa da toshe masu karɓa. Caffeine kuma yana ƙara matakan cyclic AMP ta hanyar hanawa hana phosphodiesterase, yana ƙara sakin calcium daga shagunan intracellular, kuma yana adawa da Masu karɓar GABA, kodayake waɗannan hanyoyin galibi suna faruwa a mai hankali fiye da amfani da mutum na yau da kullun <ref>https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00261</ref> ==Manazarta== lnso5sricovvtd918mrivh3gy0fidkk 859319 859318 2026-06-17T12:20:22Z Mustysummy 21281 saka data box 859319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Caffeine tsarin juyayi ne na tsakiya (CNS) mai motsawa na aji methylxanthine kuma shine mafi yawan amfani da shi a duniya.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551</ref> <ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejmcr.2024.100138</ref> Ana amfani dashi galibi don eugeroic (bayar da farkawa), ergogenic (ƙarin aikin jiki), ko nootropic (ƙarin fahimta); ana amfani dashi don nishaɗi ko a cikin saitunan zamantakewa. Caffeine yana aiki ta hanyar toshe ɗaurin adenosine a wasu nau'ikan mai karɓar adenosine, yana hana tasirin adenosine da haɓaka sakin acetylcholine.[5] Caffeine yana da tsari mai girma uku mai kama da na adenosine, wanda ke ba shi damar ɗaurewa da toshe masu karɓa. Caffeine kuma yana ƙara matakan cyclic AMP ta hanyar hanawa hana phosphodiesterase, yana ƙara sakin calcium daga shagunan intracellular, kuma yana adawa da Masu karɓar GABA, kodayake waɗannan hanyoyin galibi suna faruwa a mai hankali fiye da amfani da mutum na yau da kullun <ref>https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00261</ref> ==Manazarta== 3xg72lof4jv8mmykvm1zwyawlo5t13l Mike Moore (baseball) 0 158177 859323 2026-06-17T12:21:30Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356223680|Mike Moore (baseball)]]" 859323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Wayne Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Major League Baseball (MLB). Moore ya buga wa Jami'ar Oral Roberts a kwaleji, ya tafi 28-11 tare da ERA na 2.64. Seattle Mariners sun tsara shi tare da Zaɓin farko gabaɗaya a cikin shirin mai son MLB na 1981. A lokacin wasan kwallon kafa na shekaru 14, Moore ya buga wa Mariners (1982-1988), Oakland Athletics (1989-1992) da Detroit Tigers (1993-1995). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Moore ya fara bugawa MLB wasa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1982, kuma ya buga wasan karshe a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki na yau da kullun na 161-176 tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 4.39 (ERA), wasanni 79 cikakke, da kuma shutouts 16 a wasanni 450 da aka buga (2,831 + 2⁄3 innings). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1989 tare da Oakland Moore ya kafa mafi kyawun aiki tare da nasarori 19, 2.61 ERA da .219 batting average a kan.<ref name=":0" /> An zabe shi a cikin kungiyar American League All-Star a wannan shekarar kuma ya kammala na uku a zaben AL Cy Young Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 Awards Voting |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1989.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref>  Moore ya buga wa Athletics wasa a Jerin Duniya biyu. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar A wacce ta mamaye San Francisco Giants a cikin 1989 World Series, farawa da lashe biyu daga cikin wasanni huɗu kuma ta buga sau biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma kasance a cikin tawagar A wacce ta sha kashi a hannun Cincinnati Reds a cikin 1990 World Series . A cikin jerin wasanni biyar, Moore ya fara aiki bakwai kuma ya tara rikodin nasara-hasara 4-3 tare da 3.29 ERA.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 1yra4dsxo7ctsknyh5uijqh0ni703hi 859326 859323 2026-06-17T12:23:11Z Sadiq maikano 45961 859326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Wayne Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Major League Baseball (MLB). Moore ya buga wa Jami'ar Oral Roberts a kwaleji, ya tafi 28-11 tare da ERA na 2.64. Seattle Mariners sun tsara shi tare da Zaɓin farko gabaɗaya a cikin shirin mai son MLB na 1981. A lokacin wasan kwallon kafa na shekaru 14, Moore ya buga wa Mariners (1982-1988), Oakland Athletics (1989-1992) da Detroit Tigers (1993-1995). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Moore ya fara bugawa MLB wasa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1982, kuma ya buga wasan karshe a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki na yau da kullun na 161-176 tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 4.39 (ERA), wasanni 79 cikakke, da kuma shutouts 16 a wasanni 450 da aka buga (2,831 + 2⁄3 innings). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1989 tare da Oakland Moore ya kafa mafi kyawun aiki tare da nasarori 19, 2.61 ERA da .219 batting average a kan.<ref name=":0" /> An zabe shi a cikin kungiyar American League All-Star a wannan shekarar kuma ya kammala na uku a zaben AL Cy Young Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 Awards Voting |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1989.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref>  Moore ya buga wa Athletics wasa a Jerin Duniya biyu. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar A wacce ta mamaye San Francisco Giants a cikin 1989 World Series, farawa da lashe biyu daga cikin wasanni huɗu kuma ta buga sau biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma kasance a cikin tawagar A wacce ta sha kashi a hannun Cincinnati Reds a cikin 1990 World Series . A cikin jerin wasanni biyar, Moore ya fara aiki bakwai kuma ya tara rikodin nasara-hasara 4-3 tare da 3.29 ERA.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] mwf539000oxt1egqsh6zlo6t7r85jio 859512 859326 2026-06-17T18:10:18Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356223680|Mike Moore (baseball)]]" 859512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Wayne Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Major League Baseball (MLB). Moore ya buga wa Jami'ar Oral Roberts a kwaleji, ya tafi 28-11 tare da ERA na 2.64. Seattle Mariners sun tsara shi tare da Zaɓin farko gabaɗaya a cikin shirin mai son MLB na 1981. A lokacin wasan kwallon kafa na shekaru 14, Moore ya buga wa Mariners (1982-1988), Oakland Athletics (1989-1992) da Detroit Tigers (1993-1995). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Moore ya fara bugawa MLB wasa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1982, kuma ya buga wasan karshe a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki na yau da kullun na 161-176 tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 4.39 (ERA), wasanni 79 cikakke, da kuma shutouts 16 a wasanni 450 da aka buga (2,831 + 2⁄3 innings). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1989 tare da Oakland Moore ya kafa mafi kyawun aiki tare da nasarori 19, 2.61 ERA da .219 batting average a kan.<ref name=":0" /> An zabe shi a cikin kungiyar American League All-Star a wannan shekarar kuma ya kammala na uku a zaben AL Cy Young Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 Awards Voting |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1989.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref>  Moore ya buga wa Athletics wasa a Jerin Duniya biyu. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar A wacce ta mamaye San Francisco Giants a cikin 1989 World Series, farawa da lashe biyu daga cikin wasanni huɗu kuma ta buga sau biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma kasance a cikin tawagar A wacce ta sha kashi a hannun Cincinnati Reds a cikin 1990 World Series . A cikin jerin wasanni biyar, Moore ya fara aiki bakwai kuma ya tara rikodin nasara-hasara 4-3 tare da 3.29 ERA.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} : [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 31gkd9hsuaxoj76l5msmrbyqonpqhu5 859513 859512 2026-06-17T18:11:24Z Sadiq maikano 45961 859513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Wayne Moore''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Major League Baseball (MLB). Moore ya buga wa Jami'ar Oral Roberts a kwaleji, ya tafi 28-11 tare da ERA na 2.64. Seattle Mariners sun tsara shi tare da Zaɓin farko gabaɗaya a cikin shirin mai son MLB na 1981. A lokacin wasan kwallon kafa na shekaru 14, Moore ya buga wa Mariners (1982-1988), Oakland Athletics (1989-1992) da Detroit Tigers (1993-1995). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Moore ya fara bugawa MLB wasa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1982, kuma ya buga wasan karshe a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki na yau da kullun na 161-176 tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 4.39 (ERA), wasanni 79 cikakke, da kuma shutouts 16 a wasanni 450 da aka buga (2,831 + 2⁄3 innings). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1989 tare da Oakland Moore ya kafa mafi kyawun aiki tare da nasarori 19, 2.61 ERA da .219 batting average a kan.<ref name=":0" /> An zabe shi a cikin kungiyar American League All-Star a wannan shekarar kuma ya kammala na uku a zaben AL Cy Young Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 Awards Voting |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1989.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}</ref>  Moore ya buga wa Athletics wasa a Jerin Duniya biyu. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar A wacce ta mamaye San Francisco Giants a cikin 1989 World Series, farawa da lashe biyu daga cikin wasanni huɗu kuma ta buga sau biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mooremi01.shtml "Mike Moore Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More"]. ''[[Baseball-Reference.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma kasance a cikin tawagar A wacce ta sha kashi a hannun Cincinnati Reds a cikin 1990 World Series . A cikin jerin wasanni biyar, Moore ya fara aiki bakwai kuma ya tara rikodin nasara-hasara 4-3 tare da 3.29 ERA.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} : [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 2h1f62a8w9fy1b4a1v6zgthlc5ip87k Matsalar Dangantakar jima'i 0 158178 859336 2026-06-17T12:53:52Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292577125|Sexual relationship disorder]]" 859336 wikitext text/x-wiki An lissafa '''matsalar dangantaka tsakanin maza da mata''' a cikin bugu na goma na Tsarin Cututtuka na Duniya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), ICD-10, littafin bincike da likitocin tabin hankali da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam suka fi amfani da shi a duk duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ta a matsayin cuta inda mutum ke da wahalar kafawa ko kiyaye dangantakar jima'i saboda [[asalin jinsi]] ko yanayin jima'i . A cikin 2014, an gano cewa babu wani dalili na wanzuwar wannan rukunin cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma ba a haɗa ganewar cutar a cikin ICD-11 ba, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Janairun 2022. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |date=2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gabatar da matsalar dangantaka ta jima'i, tare da yanayin jima'i na son kai da rashin daidaiton jima'i, ga ICD a shekarar 1990, wanda ya maye gurbin ganewar ICD-9 na luwaɗi. [1] An yi amfani da bayanin da ke ƙasa a kan gaba ɗaya na sashi na F66, sashen da waɗannan cututtuka uku suka bayyana: "Ba za a ɗauki yanayin jima'i a matsayin cuta ba." == Cire daga ICD == A wani ɓangare na ci gaban ICD-11, WHO ta naɗa Ƙungiyar Aiki kan Rarraba Matsalolin Jima'i da Lafiyar Jima'i don bayar da shawarwari kan nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi yanayin jima'i (sashi na F66). Ƙungiyar aiki ta ba da shawarar a goge dukkan ɓangaren F66 saboda rashin amfani na asibiti, rashin amfani a cikin bayanan lafiyar jama'a, da kuma yuwuwar mummunan sakamako, gami da haɗarin cewa waɗannan rukunan na iya ba da tallafi ga "maganin rashin tasiri da rashin ɗa'a" kamar [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyawa]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in theInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(ICD-11) |url=https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/blt.14.135541 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Meloni Vieira |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M. |date=2020 |title=Proposed Declassification of Disease Categories Related to Sexual Orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) |journal=FOCUS |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.18303 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=7587922 |pmid=33343245}}</ref> Ta lura cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yanayin jima'i mara jinsi ɗaya shine sanadin damuwa; maimakon haka, akwai hujjoji masu ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa alamun tunani a cikin mutanen da ba ma jinsi ɗaya ba ne sakamakon wariya, ƙin amincewa da zamantakewa, da kuma ƙyama. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |date=2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReedDrescherKruegerAtalla2016">Reed, Geoffrey M.; Drescher, Jack; Krueger, Richard B.; Atalla, Elham; Cochran, Susan D.; First, Michael B.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T.; Arango-de Montis, Iván; Parish, Sharon J.; Cottler, Sara; Briken, Peer (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510 "Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations"]. ''World Psychiatry''. '''15''' (3): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>221. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wps.20354|10.1002/wps.20354]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1723-8617 1723-8617]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510 5032510]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717275 27717275].</cite></ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRoblesRealReed2021">Robles, Rebeca; Real, Tania; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 "Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications"]. ''Consortium Psychiatricum''. '''2''' (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.17816/CP61|10.17816/CP61]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2713-2919 2713-2919]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 11272317]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070736 39070736]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241240350 241240350].</cite></ref> Dangane da matsalar dangantakar jima'i musamman, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta lura cewa matsaloli a cikin dangantakar jima'i sun zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma suna da dalilai da yawa, kuma ta kammala da cewa "babu wani dalili na ƙirƙirar rukunin matsalar tabin hankali wanda ya dogara ne musamman akan haɗuwar matsalolin dangantaka tare da yanayin jima'i ko matsalolin asalin jinsi" lokacin da babu wasu dalilan matsalolin dangantaka da suka sami rukunin bincike. [1] [2] Saboda haka, ICD-11 ba ta haɗa da kowace irin nau'in ganewar asali da za a iya amfani da ita ga mutane bisa ga yanayin jima'i ba, wanda hakan ya kawo ICD ɗin daidai da DSM-5 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRoblesRealReed2021">Robles, Rebeca; Real, Tania; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 "Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications"]. ''Consortium Psychiatricum''. '''2''' (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.17816/CP61|10.17816/CP61]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2713-2919 2713-2919]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 11272317]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070736 39070736]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241240350 241240350].</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Matsayin jima'i na son kai da dystonic * Luwadi da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam * Auren da ke da alaƙa da juna * Luwadi a cikin DSM == Manazarta == k80h0xboaqrqokls5j8z2x5oldhcqq8 859337 859336 2026-06-17T12:54:15Z Sardeeq 39275 859337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An lissafa '''matsalar dangantaka tsakanin maza da mata''' a cikin bugu na goma na Tsarin Cututtuka na Duniya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), ICD-10, littafin bincike da likitocin tabin hankali da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam suka fi amfani da shi a duk duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ta a matsayin cuta inda mutum ke da wahalar kafawa ko kiyaye dangantakar jima'i saboda [[asalin jinsi]] ko yanayin jima'i . A cikin 2014, an gano cewa babu wani dalili na wanzuwar wannan rukunin cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma ba a haɗa ganewar cutar a cikin ICD-11 ba, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Janairun 2022. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |date=2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gabatar da matsalar dangantaka ta jima'i, tare da yanayin jima'i na son kai da rashin daidaiton jima'i, ga ICD a shekarar 1990, wanda ya maye gurbin ganewar ICD-9 na luwaɗi. [1] An yi amfani da bayanin da ke ƙasa a kan gaba ɗaya na sashi na F66, sashen da waɗannan cututtuka uku suka bayyana: "Ba za a ɗauki yanayin jima'i a matsayin cuta ba." == Cire daga ICD == A wani ɓangare na ci gaban ICD-11, WHO ta naɗa Ƙungiyar Aiki kan Rarraba Matsalolin Jima'i da Lafiyar Jima'i don bayar da shawarwari kan nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi yanayin jima'i (sashi na F66). Ƙungiyar aiki ta ba da shawarar a goge dukkan ɓangaren F66 saboda rashin amfani na asibiti, rashin amfani a cikin bayanan lafiyar jama'a, da kuma yuwuwar mummunan sakamako, gami da haɗarin cewa waɗannan rukunan na iya ba da tallafi ga "maganin rashin tasiri da rashin ɗa'a" kamar [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyawa]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in theInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(ICD-11) |url=https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/blt.14.135541 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Meloni Vieira |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M. |date=2020 |title=Proposed Declassification of Disease Categories Related to Sexual Orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) |journal=FOCUS |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.18303 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=7587922 |pmid=33343245}}</ref> Ta lura cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yanayin jima'i mara jinsi ɗaya shine sanadin damuwa; maimakon haka, akwai hujjoji masu ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa alamun tunani a cikin mutanen da ba ma jinsi ɗaya ba ne sakamakon wariya, ƙin amincewa da zamantakewa, da kuma ƙyama. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |date=2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReedDrescherKruegerAtalla2016">Reed, Geoffrey M.; Drescher, Jack; Krueger, Richard B.; Atalla, Elham; Cochran, Susan D.; First, Michael B.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T.; Arango-de Montis, Iván; Parish, Sharon J.; Cottler, Sara; Briken, Peer (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510 "Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations"]. ''World Psychiatry''. '''15''' (3): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>221. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wps.20354|10.1002/wps.20354]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1723-8617 1723-8617]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510 5032510]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717275 27717275].</cite></ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRoblesRealReed2021">Robles, Rebeca; Real, Tania; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 "Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications"]. ''Consortium Psychiatricum''. '''2''' (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.17816/CP61|10.17816/CP61]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2713-2919 2713-2919]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 11272317]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070736 39070736]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241240350 241240350].</cite></ref> Dangane da matsalar dangantakar jima'i musamman, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta lura cewa matsaloli a cikin dangantakar jima'i sun zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma suna da dalilai da yawa, kuma ta kammala da cewa "babu wani dalili na ƙirƙirar rukunin matsalar tabin hankali wanda ya dogara ne musamman akan haɗuwar matsalolin dangantaka tare da yanayin jima'i ko matsalolin asalin jinsi" lokacin da babu wasu dalilan matsalolin dangantaka da suka sami rukunin bincike. [1] [2] Saboda haka, ICD-11 ba ta haɗa da kowace irin nau'in ganewar asali da za a iya amfani da ita ga mutane bisa ga yanayin jima'i ba, wanda hakan ya kawo ICD ɗin daidai da DSM-5 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRoblesRealReed2021">Robles, Rebeca; Real, Tania; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 "Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications"]. ''Consortium Psychiatricum''. '''2''' (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.17816/CP61|10.17816/CP61]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2713-2919 2713-2919]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272317 11272317]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070736 39070736]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241240350 241240350].</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Matsayin jima'i na son kai da dystonic * Luwadi da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam * Auren da ke da alaƙa da juna * Luwadi a cikin DSM == Manazarta == 2elkwrc37yi2qgo9vco7oz4zjr9v8rn Sexual maturation disorder 0 158179 859356 2026-06-17T13:25:34Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282771258|Sexual maturation disorder]]" 859356 wikitext text/x-wiki An lissafa '''matsalar balaga ta jima'i''' a cikin bugu na goma na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya, ICD-10, littafin bincike da likitocin tabin hankali da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam suka fi amfani da shi a duk duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin matsalar [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ko baƙin ciki da ta shafi rashin tabbas game da [[asalin jinsi]] ko yanayin jima'i . <ref name="ICD">ICD-10, {{ICD10|F|66|0|f|60}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an gano cewa babu wani dalili na wanzuwar wannan rukunin cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma ba a haɗa ganewar cutar a cikin ICD-11 ba, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Janairun 2022. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> == History == An gabatar da matsalar balaga ta jima'i, tare da yanayin jima'i na son kai da rashin jituwa da jima'i, ga ICD a shekarar 1990, wanda ya maye gurbin ganewar ICD-9 na luwaɗi. [1] An yi amfani da bayanin da ke ƙasa a kan gaba ɗaya na sashi na F66, sashen da waɗannan cututtuka uku suka bayyana: "Ba za a ɗauki yanayin jima'i a matsayin rashin lafiya ba." [2] == Cire daga ICD == A wani ɓangare na ci gaban ICD-11, WHO ta naɗa Ƙungiyar Aiki kan Rarraba Matsalolin Jima'i da Lafiyar Jima'i don bayar da shawarwari kan nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi yanayin jima'i (sashi na F66). Ƙungiyar aiki ta ba da shawarar a goge dukkan ɓangaren F66 saboda rashin amfani na asibiti, rashin amfani a cikin bayanan lafiyar jama'a, da kuma yuwuwar mummunan sakamako, gami da haɗarin cewa waɗannan rukunan na iya ba da tallafi ga "maganin rashin tasiri da rashin ɗa'a" kamar [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyawa]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=1 September 2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the (ICD-11) |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Meloni Vieira |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M. |date=2020 |title=Proposed Declassification of Disease Categories Related to Sexual Orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) |journal=FOCUS |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.18303 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=7587922 |pmid=33343245}}</ref> Ta lura cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yanayin jima'i mara jinsi ɗaya shine sanadin damuwa; maimakon haka, akwai hujjoji masu ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa alamun tunani a cikin mutanen da ba ma jinsi ɗaya ba ne sakamakon wariya, ƙin amincewa da zamantakewa, da kuma ƙyama. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da matsalar balaga ta jima'i musamman, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta lura da yiwuwar cewa wannan rukunin bincike ya haɗa da tsarin ci gaba na yau da kullun tare da hanyoyin cututtukan cuta, kuma ta lura cewa mutanen da ke da yanayin jima'i mara jinsi ko waɗanda ba sa bin ƙa'idodin jinsi na iya fuskantar damuwa ta zamantakewa saboda ƙyama, amma irin wannan damuwa ba yana nuna wata cuta ba ce. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=1 September 2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the (ICD-11) |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Meloni Vieira |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M. |date=2020 |title=Proposed Declassification of Disease Categories Related to Sexual Orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) |journal=FOCUS |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.18303 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=7587922 |pmid=33343245}}</ref> Saboda haka, ICD-11 ba ta haɗa da kowace irin nau'in ganewar asali da za a iya amfani da ita ga mutane bisa ga yanayin jima'i ba, wanda hakan ya kawo ICD ɗin daidai da DSM-5 . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=1 September 2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the (ICD-11) |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Luwadi da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam * Tambayoyi (jinsi da jinsi) * Luwadi a cikin DSM == Manazarta == kyiq15ommacxnvzepej0ak4cebtiux6 859360 859356 2026-06-17T13:31:04Z Sardeeq 39275 859360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An lissafa '''matsalar balaga ta jima'i''' a cikin bugu na goma na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya, ICD-10, littafin bincike da likitocin tabin hankali da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam suka fi amfani da shi a duk duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin matsalar [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ko baƙin ciki da ta shafi rashin tabbas game da [[asalin jinsi]] ko yanayin jima'i . <ref name="ICD">ICD-10, {{ICD10|F|66|0|f|60}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an gano cewa babu wani dalili na wanzuwar wannan rukunin cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma ba a haɗa ganewar cutar a cikin ICD-11 ba, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Janairun 2022. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> == History == An gabatar da matsalar balaga ta jima'i, tare da yanayin jima'i na son kai da rashin jituwa da jima'i, ga ICD a shekarar 1990, wanda ya maye gurbin ganewar ICD-9 na luwaɗi. [1] An yi amfani da bayanin da ke ƙasa a kan gaba ɗaya na sashi na F66, sashen da waɗannan cututtuka uku suka bayyana: "Ba za a ɗauki yanayin jima'i a matsayin rashin lafiya ba." [2] == Cire daga ICD == A wani ɓangare na ci gaban ICD-11, WHO ta naɗa Ƙungiyar Aiki kan Rarraba Matsalolin Jima'i da Lafiyar Jima'i don bayar da shawarwari kan nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi yanayin jima'i (sashi na F66). Ƙungiyar aiki ta ba da shawarar a goge dukkan ɓangaren F66 saboda rashin amfani na asibiti, rashin amfani a cikin bayanan lafiyar jama'a, da kuma yuwuwar mummunan sakamako, gami da haɗarin cewa waɗannan rukunan na iya ba da tallafi ga "maganin rashin tasiri da rashin ɗa'a" kamar [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyawa]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=1 September 2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the (ICD-11) |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Meloni Vieira |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M. |date=2020 |title=Proposed Declassification of Disease Categories Related to Sexual Orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) |journal=FOCUS |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.18303 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=7587922 |pmid=33343245}}</ref> Ta lura cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yanayin jima'i mara jinsi ɗaya shine sanadin damuwa; maimakon haka, akwai hujjoji masu ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa alamun tunani a cikin mutanen da ba ma jinsi ɗaya ba ne sakamakon wariya, ƙin amincewa da zamantakewa, da kuma ƙyama. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Robles |first=Rebeca |last2=Real |first2=Tania |last3=Reed |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2021 |title=Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications |journal=Consortium Psychiatricum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.17816/CP61 |issn=2713-2919 |pmc=11272317 |pmid=39070736 |s2cid=241240350 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da matsalar balaga ta jima'i musamman, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta lura da yiwuwar cewa wannan rukunin bincike ya haɗa da tsarin ci gaba na yau da kullun tare da hanyoyin cututtukan cuta, kuma ta lura cewa mutanen da ke da yanayin jima'i mara jinsi ko waɗanda ba sa bin ƙa'idodin jinsi na iya fuskantar damuwa ta zamantakewa saboda ƙyama, amma irin wannan damuwa ba yana nuna wata cuta ba ce. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=1 September 2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the (ICD-11) |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Meloni Vieira |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M. |date=2020 |title=Proposed Declassification of Disease Categories Related to Sexual Orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) |journal=FOCUS |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.18303 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=7587922 |pmid=33343245}}</ref> Saboda haka, ICD-11 ba ta haɗa da kowace irin nau'in ganewar asali da za a iya amfani da ita ga mutane bisa ga yanayin jima'i ba, wanda hakan ya kawo ICD ɗin daidai da DSM-5 . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cochran |first=Susan D |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Kismödi |first3=Eszter |last4=Giami |first4=Alain |last5=García-Moreno |first5=Claudia |last6=Atalla |first6=Elham |last7=Marais |first7=Adele |last8=Vieira |first8=Elisabeth Meloni |last9=Reed |first9=Geoffrey M |date=1 September 2014 |title=Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the (ICD-11) |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=672–679 |doi=10.2471/BLT.14.135541 |pmc=4208576 |pmid=25378758}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Luwadi da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam * Tambayoyi (jinsi da jinsi) * Luwadi a cikin DSM == Manazarta == 370h34efa6w34xcm57jr71txtdmcej9 Sexual obsessions 0 158180 859366 2026-06-17T13:36:34Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358449002|Sexual obsessions]]" 859366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sha'awar jima'i''' tunani ne mai ɗorewa kuma mai ɗorewa game da [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|ayyukan jima'i]] . A cikin mahallin matsalar rashin lafiyar da ke damun mutum (OCD), waɗannan abubuwa sun zama ruwan dare gama gari <ref name="so-ocd">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Farris SG |date=May 2011 |title=Sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and correlates |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=187 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.019 |pmc=3070770 |pmid=21094531}}</ref> kuma suna iya zama masu rauni sosai, suna sa mutum ya ji kunyar alamun kuma ya ƙi neman taimako. Duk da haka, shagala da [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|al'amuran jima'i]] ba wai kawai yana faruwa a matsayin alamar OCD ba, kuma yana iya zama abin daɗi a wasu yanayi (watau, tunanin jima'i ). == Rashin Lafiyar Tunani-Nauyin Nauyi == Rashin hankali da kuma rashin himma ya ƙunshi tunani ko hotuna marasa so waɗanda ke tayar da hankali ko kuma suna tsoma baki a rayuwar mutum, sannan kuma ayyukan da ke rage damuwa da sha'awar ke haifarwa na ɗan lokaci. [1] Sha'awa ba ta da son rai, maimaituwa, kuma ba a maraba da ita. Ƙoƙarin danne ko kawar da sha'awa ba ya aiki kuma a zahiri yana sa sha'awar ta fi tsanani, domin ƙoƙarin fahimtar sha'awa yana ba su ƙarin kulawa da "ƙarfi". Jigogi na yau da kullun na damuwa sun fi mayar da hankali kan gurɓatawa, rashin lafiya, damuwa game da bala'i, da tsari. Duk da haka, mutanen da ke fama da OCD suna kuma damuwa game da tashin hankali, tambayoyin addini, da abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i. <ref name="dimensions">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Mugno B, Franklin M, Faber S |date=2013 |title=Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: phenomenology and treatment outcomes with exposure and ritual prevention |journal=Psychopathology |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=365–376 |doi=10.1159/000348582 |pmc=3992249 |pmid=23615340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mutanen da ke fama da OCD na iya fuskantar sha'awar jima'i, <ref name="Grant_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA |year=2006 |title=Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007 |pmid=16905392}}</ref> kuma an danganta wasu sha'awar [[Cin zarafin yara|jima'i na OCD da cin zarafin yara]] ga waɗanda ke fama da OCD. <ref name="test">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caspi A, Vishne T, Sasson Y, Gross R, Livne A, Zohar J |year=2008 |title=Relationship between childhood sexual abuse and obsessive-compulsive disorder: case control study |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |pmid=19398821}}</ref> Ana ganin tunanin jima'i mai maimaitawa a cikin cututtuka da yawa ban da OCD, amma waɗannan cututtukan ba su da alaƙa da OCD. Misali, tunanin jima'i da ba shi da alaƙa da OCD ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke fama da paraphilias, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]], rashin aikin jima'i, ko jarabar jima'i . Tunanin jima'i da jin daɗin jima'i mai maimaitawa a cikin waɗannan yanayi wani lokaci ana kiransa sha'awar jima'i wanda zai iya haɗawa da yanayin jima'i na mutum, shakku da tsoro game da zama ɗan luwaɗi ko kuma wasu su ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Wetterneck C, Tellawi G, Duque G |date=April 2015 |title=Domains of distress among people with sexual orientation obsessions |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=783–789 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0421-0 |pmid=25339522 |s2cid=4712902}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Farris SG |date=May 2011 |title=Sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and correlates |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=187 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.019 |pmc=3070770 |pmid=21094531}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatia MS, Kaur J |date=January 2015 |title=Homosexual Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (HOCD): A Rare Case Report |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=VD01–VD02 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2015/10773.5377 |pmc=4347158 |pmid=25738067}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Safer DL, Bullock KD, Safer JD |date=June 2016 |title=Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Presenting as Gender Dysphoria/Gender Incongruence: A Case Report and Literature Review |url=https://www.aaceclinicalcasereports.com/article/S2376-0605(20)30602-7/abstract |journal=AACE Clinical Case Reports |language=English |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=e268–e271 |doi=10.4158/EP161223.CR |issn=2376-0605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, abubuwan da ke ciki, siffarsu, da ma'anarsu sun bambanta dangane da cutar, tare da sha'awar jima'i na OCD ba wai kawai ba da son rai ba ne amma kuma ba a so, kuma yana haifar da damuwa da wahala ga mutumin da ke fama da OCD. <ref name="Gordon_2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordon WM |year=2002 |title=Sexual obsessions and OCD |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=343–354 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.8231 |doi=10.1080/1468199021000017191 |s2cid=40820512}}</ref> === Mayar da hankali kan jima'i === Saboda jima'i yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a motsin rai, ɗabi'a, da addini, sau da yawa yakan zama abin jan hankali ga sha'awar mutane da ke fuskantar OCD. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rashin aminci, halaye marasa kyau, lalata yara, rashin aminci ko dacewa da abokin tarayya, da kuma tunanin da ke haɗa addini da jima'i. Mutanen da ke da sha'awar jima'i na iya samun damuwa ta gaskiya game da kyawunsu, ƙarfinsu, ko abokin tarayya, wanda zai iya zama abin da ke haifar da sha'awar ba tare da saninsu ba. Sha'awar jima'i tana da siffofi da yawa. Misali, uwa tana iya damuwa da [[Cin zarafin yara|cin zarafin ɗanta ta hanyar jima'i]] . Tana iya mamakin ko waɗannan tunanin suna nufin cewa ita mai lalata ce kuma tana damuwa da cewa za ta iya yin hakan, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa cin zarafin kowa ba kuma tana jin ƙyamar ra'ayin. Wani misali kuma shine namiji wanda ke damuwa da cewa zai iya yi wa mace ciki ba da gangan ba ta hanyar girgiza hannunta saboda bai yi taka-tsantsan wajen wanke hannunsa bayan ya taɓa al'aurarsa ba. Marasa lafiya kuma suna iya fuskantar fargabar cewa an riga an yi sha'awarsu, kuma wannan yana haifar musu da babban damuwa da wahala. Jahilci da rashin fahimtar jama'a game da OCD, galibi sakamakon rashin fahimta game da cutar, sau da yawa yana haifar da zato cewa masu fama da cutar masu laifi ne ko kuma marasa bin doka. Wannan zai iya ƙarfafa imani a zuciyar mai fama da cutar cewa da gaske sun aikata laifi ko kuma aikata lalata, alhali ba su aikata ba, ko kuma ya haifar da shakku. Wannan yana haifar da babban damuwa ga mai fama da OCD, kuma wani lokacin yana haifar da mai fama da cutar yana yin "iƙirari" - wani lokacin ga 'yan sanda - da kuma tunanin kashe kansa ko yunƙurinsa. <ref name="Kamath_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamath P, Reddy YC, Kandavel T |date=November 2007 |title=Suicidal behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=1741–50 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v68n1114 |pmid=18052568}}</ref> A tsakiyar tunanin, sha'awar jima'i na iya zama kamar gaske. A wasu lokutan, mutanen da ke fama da OCD suna ganin sha'awarsu gaskiya ce, kuma a irin wannan yanayin za a ce suna da "rashin fahimta mara kyau". Amma yawancin mutanen da ke fama da OCD sun fahimci a wani lokaci cewa tsoronsu ya wuce gona da iri kuma ba gaskiya ba ne. Matsalar ita ce ko da sun san sha'awar ƙarya ce, yana ''jin kamar'' gaske. Waɗannan mutanen ba za su iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ba za su iya kawar da sha'awar daga zukatansu ba. Sha'awar na iya raguwa na ɗan lokaci idan aka fuskanci wata hujja ko tabbaci daga wasu, amma yana iya ƙaruwa lokacin da aka kama su da wani abu da ke haifar da sha'awa. <ref name="Gordon_2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordon WM |year=2002 |title=Sexual obsessions and OCD |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=343–354 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.8231 |doi=10.1080/1468199021000017191 |s2cid=40820512}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGordon2002">Gordon WM (2002). "Sexual obsessions and OCD". ''Sexual and Relationship Therapy''. '''17''' (4): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>354. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.8231 10.1.1.604.8231]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1468199021000017191|10.1080/1468199021000017191]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40820512 40820512].</cite></ref> Sha'awar jima'i na iya zama abin damuwa musamman ga mutumin da ke fama da OCD, domin wani abu mai muhimmanci da ake girmamawa yana canzawa zuwa akasin abin da yake mafarki. Mutane masu sha'awar jima'i musamman suna da yiwuwar samun sha'awar addini da ta jiki tare, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]], da kuma yawan rikice-rikicen sarrafa sha'awa, <ref name="Grant_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA |year=2006 |title=Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007 |pmid=16905392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrantPintoGunnipMancebo2006">Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA (2006). "Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder". ''Comprehensive Psychiatry''. '''47''' (5): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>329. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007|10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16905392 16905392].</cite></ref> kodayake na biyun ba shi da yawa a cikin marasa lafiya na OCD. === Shakkuwar kai === Sha'awar sau da yawa tana nuna '''jigon kai mai rauni''' inda mutumin ke shakkar ainihin kansa ko ainihin kansa. <ref name="Aardema_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aardema F, O'Connor K |year=2007 |title=The menace within: obsessions and the self |journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=182–197 |doi=10.1891/088983907781494573 |s2cid=143731458}}</ref> Shakka da rashin tabbas suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da sha'awar jima'i. Suna ba da sabani da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da: rashin tabbas ko za ka yi aiki a kan waɗannan ko kuma ko ka riga ka yi aiki a kansu, da rashin tabbas ko kana son tunanin (ko da yake ka san ba ka son hakan). Waɗannan suna haifar da ƙaruwar damuwa, shakku, da rashin tabbas. <ref name="Osgood_2011">{{Cite web |date=November 2011 |title=Thinking Bad Thoughts |url=http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115230001/http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-15 |publisher=MGH McLean Institute}}</ref> Wani nau'in OCD da zai iya kama mutum ya ƙunshi shakku mai yawa, damuwa, dubawa, da kuma neman tabbaci, wanda ke mai da hankali kan dangantaka ta kud da kud (ROCD) . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doron G, Derby DS, Szepsenwol O, Talmor D |year=2012 |title=Tainted Love: exploring relationship-centered obsessive compulsive symptoms in two non-clinical cohorts. |journal=Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders |volume=1 |pages=16–24 |doi=10.1016/j.jocrd.2011.11.002}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake da sha'awar jima'i, kuma a wasu lokutan a martanin da ya bayar, mutum zai iya jin buƙatar kawo ƙarshen kyakkyawar dangantaka bisa ga rashin iya jin yadda yake so. Mutum zai iya ci gaba da shakkar ko yana ƙaunar abokin tarayyarsa, ko dangantakarsu ita ce dangantakar "daidaita" ko kuma ko abokin tarayyarsu yana "son su da gaske". Wani nau'in ROCD ya haɗa da damuwa, dubawa, da halayen neman tabbaci da suka shafi kurakuran da abokin tarayyar yake gani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doron G, Derby DS, Szepsenwol O, Talmor D |year=2012 |title=Flaws and All: Exploring Partner-Focused Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=234–243 |doi=10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.05.004}}</ref> Maimakon neman nagarta a cikin abokin tarayyarsu, koyaushe suna mai da hankali kan gazawarsu. === Gujewa === Kamar yadda waɗanda ke da tsoron gurɓatawa na OCD ke guje wa duk wani abu da zai "gurɓata" su (misali, ƙulle-ƙulle, kududdufi, hannuwa masu hannuwa), waɗanda ke fama da irin waɗannan sha'awar jima'i na iya jin buƙatar da ta wuce gona da iri ta guje wa duk wani abu da zai iya sa su shiga damuwa, ko "ƙaruwa". Irin wannan gujewa na iya haɗawa da: * Rashin kallon (misali) wani mutum mai jinsi ɗaya a fuska, * Gujewa ɗakunan ajiya, shawa, da rairayin bakin teku, da sauransu. Hakanan yana iya nufin guje wa yanayin jima'i da ma'aurata daban-daban, saboda tsoron abin da wani yanayi (rashin jin daɗi, [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin shiga tsakani]], da sauransu) zai iya nufi. * Gujewa rungumar yara masu jinsi ɗaya, har da nasu, tilastawa ce wadda ka iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar yaron. * Gujewa hulɗa da 'yan luwaɗi ko abokai na kai tsaye, ko kuma mutanen da ke da yara. Keɓewa a cikin jama'a yana haifar da damuwa, saboda haka OCD. === Tunanin jima'i === Ba za a iya ƙara jaddada cewa sha'awar jima'i a cikin OCD akasin mafarkin jima'i na yau da kullun ko tatsuniya ba ne. Tunanin ba ainihin ɓangare ne na asalin mutumin ba, amma irin tunani ne ko motsin rai da mutumin da ke da OCD ke jin tsoron yi. [1] [2] Sha'awar jima'i a cikin OCD ba ta da daɗi kuma tana da ban haushi ga mutumin da ke da OCD. Mutumin da ke da OCD ba ya son tunanin ya zama gaskiya. Ra'ayin yin abin da ya shafi sha'awa yana cika wanda aka azabtar da OCD da tsoro. [3] Sha'awar jima'i a irin waɗannan yanayi ana kiranta da son zuciya ko son zuciya, ma'ana cewa mutum yana ganin ɗabi'a da/ko halaye a matsayin waɗanda ba su dace da imani da halayensa na asali ba. Saboda haka, OCD na iya rage sha'awar jima'i. Mai fama da OCD zai iya mai da hankali akai-akai kan rashin jin daɗi ko kuma duba cewa ba su tashi ba, kuma wannan na iya haifar da "amsawar ciki". Yawancin masu fama da OCD suna ɗaukar wannan martanin kugu a matsayin ainihin tashin hankali, alhali a zahiri ba haka bane. Sha'awar jima'i ta OCD sau da yawa tana haifar da laifi, kunya da baƙin ciki kuma tana iya tsoma baki ga ayyukan zamantakewa ko aiki. Kimanin kashi 40% na masu fama da cutar (adadi na iya zama mafi girma saboda kunya da ke tattare da ita) suma suna ba da rahoton wasu motsin rai na jiki. Halayen na iya haɗawa da ƙaruwar bugun zuciya, jin kamar an kunna shi, har ma da tsayuwar maza, ƙaruwar man shafawa a cikin mata, da inzali. Wannan martani yawanci yana haifar da ƙarin rudani da rashin tabbas. Duk da haka, wannan martani ne na yanayin jiki a cikin thalamus na asali na kwakwalwa wanda ba ya nuna tunanin jima'i da wani mutum, amma kawai jima'i. Wannan gabaɗaya ba yana nuna sha'awar mutum ba ne. <ref name="Osgood_2011">{{Cite web |date=November 2011 |title=Thinking Bad Thoughts |url=http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115230001/http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-15 |publisher=MGH McLean Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOsgood-Hynes2011">Osgood-Hynes D (November 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111115230001/http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf "Thinking Bad Thoughts"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Belmont MA: MGH McLean Institute. Archived from [http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2011.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nv9a06xogphlfo2qrudcczos0n66h8m 859367 859366 2026-06-17T13:37:09Z Sardeeq 39275 859367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sha'awar jima'i''' tunani ne mai ɗorewa kuma mai ɗorewa game da [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|ayyukan jima'i]] . A cikin mahallin matsalar rashin lafiyar da ke damun mutum (OCD), waɗannan abubuwa sun zama ruwan dare gama gari <ref name="so-ocd">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Farris SG |date=May 2011 |title=Sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and correlates |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=187 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.019 |pmc=3070770 |pmid=21094531}}</ref> kuma suna iya zama masu rauni sosai, suna sa mutum ya ji kunyar alamun kuma ya ƙi neman taimako. Duk da haka, shagala da [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|al'amuran jima'i]] ba wai kawai yana faruwa a matsayin alamar OCD ba, kuma yana iya zama abin daɗi a wasu yanayi (watau, tunanin jima'i ). == Rashin Lafiyar Tunani-Nauyin Nauyi == Rashin hankali da kuma rashin himma ya ƙunshi tunani ko hotuna marasa so waɗanda ke tayar da hankali ko kuma suna tsoma baki a rayuwar mutum, sannan kuma ayyukan da ke rage damuwa da sha'awar ke haifarwa na ɗan lokaci. [1] Sha'awa ba ta da son rai, maimaituwa, kuma ba a maraba da ita. Ƙoƙarin danne ko kawar da sha'awa ba ya aiki kuma a zahiri yana sa sha'awar ta fi tsanani, domin ƙoƙarin fahimtar sha'awa yana ba su ƙarin kulawa da "ƙarfi". Jigogi na yau da kullun na damuwa sun fi mayar da hankali kan gurɓatawa, rashin lafiya, damuwa game da bala'i, da tsari. Duk da haka, mutanen da ke fama da OCD suna kuma damuwa game da tashin hankali, tambayoyin addini, da abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i. <ref name="dimensions">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Mugno B, Franklin M, Faber S |date=2013 |title=Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: phenomenology and treatment outcomes with exposure and ritual prevention |journal=Psychopathology |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=365–376 |doi=10.1159/000348582 |pmc=3992249 |pmid=23615340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mutanen da ke fama da OCD na iya fuskantar sha'awar jima'i, <ref name="Grant_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA |year=2006 |title=Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007 |pmid=16905392}}</ref> kuma an danganta wasu sha'awar [[Cin zarafin yara|jima'i na OCD da cin zarafin yara]] ga waɗanda ke fama da OCD. <ref name="test">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caspi A, Vishne T, Sasson Y, Gross R, Livne A, Zohar J |year=2008 |title=Relationship between childhood sexual abuse and obsessive-compulsive disorder: case control study |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |pmid=19398821}}</ref> Ana ganin tunanin jima'i mai maimaitawa a cikin cututtuka da yawa ban da OCD, amma waɗannan cututtukan ba su da alaƙa da OCD. Misali, tunanin jima'i da ba shi da alaƙa da OCD ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke fama da paraphilias, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]], rashin aikin jima'i, ko jarabar jima'i . Tunanin jima'i da jin daɗin jima'i mai maimaitawa a cikin waɗannan yanayi wani lokaci ana kiransa sha'awar jima'i wanda zai iya haɗawa da yanayin jima'i na mutum, shakku da tsoro game da zama ɗan luwaɗi ko kuma wasu su ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Wetterneck C, Tellawi G, Duque G |date=April 2015 |title=Domains of distress among people with sexual orientation obsessions |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=783–789 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0421-0 |pmid=25339522 |s2cid=4712902}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams MT, Farris SG |date=May 2011 |title=Sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and correlates |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=187 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.019 |pmc=3070770 |pmid=21094531}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatia MS, Kaur J |date=January 2015 |title=Homosexual Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (HOCD): A Rare Case Report |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=VD01–VD02 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2015/10773.5377 |pmc=4347158 |pmid=25738067}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Safer DL, Bullock KD, Safer JD |date=June 2016 |title=Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Presenting as Gender Dysphoria/Gender Incongruence: A Case Report and Literature Review |url=https://www.aaceclinicalcasereports.com/article/S2376-0605(20)30602-7/abstract |journal=AACE Clinical Case Reports |language=English |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=e268–e271 |doi=10.4158/EP161223.CR |issn=2376-0605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, abubuwan da ke ciki, siffarsu, da ma'anarsu sun bambanta dangane da cutar, tare da sha'awar jima'i na OCD ba wai kawai ba da son rai ba ne amma kuma ba a so, kuma yana haifar da damuwa da wahala ga mutumin da ke fama da OCD. <ref name="Gordon_2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordon WM |year=2002 |title=Sexual obsessions and OCD |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=343–354 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.8231 |doi=10.1080/1468199021000017191 |s2cid=40820512}}</ref> === Mayar da hankali kan jima'i === Saboda jima'i yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a motsin rai, ɗabi'a, da addini, sau da yawa yakan zama abin jan hankali ga sha'awar mutane da ke fuskantar OCD. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rashin aminci, halaye marasa kyau, lalata yara, rashin aminci ko dacewa da abokin tarayya, da kuma tunanin da ke haɗa addini da jima'i. Mutanen da ke da sha'awar jima'i na iya samun damuwa ta gaskiya game da kyawunsu, ƙarfinsu, ko abokin tarayya, wanda zai iya zama abin da ke haifar da sha'awar ba tare da saninsu ba. Sha'awar jima'i tana da siffofi da yawa. Misali, uwa tana iya damuwa da [[Cin zarafin yara|cin zarafin ɗanta ta hanyar jima'i]] . Tana iya mamakin ko waɗannan tunanin suna nufin cewa ita mai lalata ce kuma tana damuwa da cewa za ta iya yin hakan, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa cin zarafin kowa ba kuma tana jin ƙyamar ra'ayin. Wani misali kuma shine namiji wanda ke damuwa da cewa zai iya yi wa mace ciki ba da gangan ba ta hanyar girgiza hannunta saboda bai yi taka-tsantsan wajen wanke hannunsa bayan ya taɓa al'aurarsa ba. Marasa lafiya kuma suna iya fuskantar fargabar cewa an riga an yi sha'awarsu, kuma wannan yana haifar musu da babban damuwa da wahala. Jahilci da rashin fahimtar jama'a game da OCD, galibi sakamakon rashin fahimta game da cutar, sau da yawa yana haifar da zato cewa masu fama da cutar masu laifi ne ko kuma marasa bin doka. Wannan zai iya ƙarfafa imani a zuciyar mai fama da cutar cewa da gaske sun aikata laifi ko kuma aikata lalata, alhali ba su aikata ba, ko kuma ya haifar da shakku. Wannan yana haifar da babban damuwa ga mai fama da OCD, kuma wani lokacin yana haifar da mai fama da cutar yana yin "iƙirari" - wani lokacin ga 'yan sanda - da kuma tunanin kashe kansa ko yunƙurinsa. <ref name="Kamath_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamath P, Reddy YC, Kandavel T |date=November 2007 |title=Suicidal behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=1741–50 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v68n1114 |pmid=18052568}}</ref> A tsakiyar tunanin, sha'awar jima'i na iya zama kamar gaske. A wasu lokutan, mutanen da ke fama da OCD suna ganin sha'awarsu gaskiya ce, kuma a irin wannan yanayin za a ce suna da "rashin fahimta mara kyau". Amma yawancin mutanen da ke fama da OCD sun fahimci a wani lokaci cewa tsoronsu ya wuce gona da iri kuma ba gaskiya ba ne. Matsalar ita ce ko da sun san sha'awar ƙarya ce, yana ''jin kamar'' gaske. Waɗannan mutanen ba za su iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ba za su iya kawar da sha'awar daga zukatansu ba. Sha'awar na iya raguwa na ɗan lokaci idan aka fuskanci wata hujja ko tabbaci daga wasu, amma yana iya ƙaruwa lokacin da aka kama su da wani abu da ke haifar da sha'awa. <ref name="Gordon_2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordon WM |year=2002 |title=Sexual obsessions and OCD |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=343–354 |citeseerx=10.1.1.604.8231 |doi=10.1080/1468199021000017191 |s2cid=40820512}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGordon2002">Gordon WM (2002). "Sexual obsessions and OCD". ''Sexual and Relationship Therapy''. '''17''' (4): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>354. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.8231 10.1.1.604.8231]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1468199021000017191|10.1080/1468199021000017191]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40820512 40820512].</cite></ref> Sha'awar jima'i na iya zama abin damuwa musamman ga mutumin da ke fama da OCD, domin wani abu mai muhimmanci da ake girmamawa yana canzawa zuwa akasin abin da yake mafarki. Mutane masu sha'awar jima'i musamman suna da yiwuwar samun sha'awar addini da ta jiki tare, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]], da kuma yawan rikice-rikicen sarrafa sha'awa, <ref name="Grant_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA |year=2006 |title=Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007 |pmid=16905392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrantPintoGunnipMancebo2006">Grant JE, Pinto A, Gunnip M, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA (2006). "Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder". ''Comprehensive Psychiatry''. '''47''' (5): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>329. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007|10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.007]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16905392 16905392].</cite></ref> kodayake na biyun ba shi da yawa a cikin marasa lafiya na OCD. === Shakkuwar kai === Sha'awar sau da yawa tana nuna '''jigon kai mai rauni''' inda mutumin ke shakkar ainihin kansa ko ainihin kansa. <ref name="Aardema_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aardema F, O'Connor K |year=2007 |title=The menace within: obsessions and the self |journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=182–197 |doi=10.1891/088983907781494573 |s2cid=143731458}}</ref> Shakka da rashin tabbas suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da sha'awar jima'i. Suna ba da sabani da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da: rashin tabbas ko za ka yi aiki a kan waɗannan ko kuma ko ka riga ka yi aiki a kansu, da rashin tabbas ko kana son tunanin (ko da yake ka san ba ka son hakan). Waɗannan suna haifar da ƙaruwar damuwa, shakku, da rashin tabbas. <ref name="Osgood_2011">{{Cite web |date=November 2011 |title=Thinking Bad Thoughts |url=http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115230001/http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-15 |publisher=MGH McLean Institute}}</ref> Wani nau'in OCD da zai iya kama mutum ya ƙunshi shakku mai yawa, damuwa, dubawa, da kuma neman tabbaci, wanda ke mai da hankali kan dangantaka ta kud da kud (ROCD) . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doron G, Derby DS, Szepsenwol O, Talmor D |year=2012 |title=Tainted Love: exploring relationship-centered obsessive compulsive symptoms in two non-clinical cohorts. |journal=Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders |volume=1 |pages=16–24 |doi=10.1016/j.jocrd.2011.11.002}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake da sha'awar jima'i, kuma a wasu lokutan a martanin da ya bayar, mutum zai iya jin buƙatar kawo ƙarshen kyakkyawar dangantaka bisa ga rashin iya jin yadda yake so. Mutum zai iya ci gaba da shakkar ko yana ƙaunar abokin tarayyarsa, ko dangantakarsu ita ce dangantakar "daidaita" ko kuma ko abokin tarayyarsu yana "son su da gaske". Wani nau'in ROCD ya haɗa da damuwa, dubawa, da halayen neman tabbaci da suka shafi kurakuran da abokin tarayyar yake gani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doron G, Derby DS, Szepsenwol O, Talmor D |year=2012 |title=Flaws and All: Exploring Partner-Focused Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=234–243 |doi=10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.05.004}}</ref> Maimakon neman nagarta a cikin abokin tarayyarsu, koyaushe suna mai da hankali kan gazawarsu. === Gujewa === Kamar yadda waɗanda ke da tsoron gurɓatawa na OCD ke guje wa duk wani abu da zai "gurɓata" su (misali, ƙulle-ƙulle, kududdufi, hannuwa masu hannuwa), waɗanda ke fama da irin waɗannan sha'awar jima'i na iya jin buƙatar da ta wuce gona da iri ta guje wa duk wani abu da zai iya sa su shiga damuwa, ko "ƙaruwa". Irin wannan gujewa na iya haɗawa da: * Rashin kallon (misali) wani mutum mai jinsi ɗaya a fuska, * Gujewa ɗakunan ajiya, shawa, da rairayin bakin teku, da sauransu. Hakanan yana iya nufin guje wa yanayin jima'i da ma'aurata daban-daban, saboda tsoron abin da wani yanayi (rashin jin daɗi, [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin shiga tsakani]], da sauransu) zai iya nufi. * Gujewa rungumar yara masu jinsi ɗaya, har da nasu, tilastawa ce wadda ka iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar yaron. * Gujewa hulɗa da 'yan luwaɗi ko abokai na kai tsaye, ko kuma mutanen da ke da yara. Keɓewa a cikin jama'a yana haifar da damuwa, saboda haka OCD. === Tunanin jima'i === Ba za a iya ƙara jaddada cewa sha'awar jima'i a cikin OCD akasin mafarkin jima'i na yau da kullun ko tatsuniya ba ne. Tunanin ba ainihin ɓangare ne na asalin mutumin ba, amma irin tunani ne ko motsin rai da mutumin da ke da OCD ke jin tsoron yi. [1] [2] Sha'awar jima'i a cikin OCD ba ta da daɗi kuma tana da ban haushi ga mutumin da ke da OCD. Mutumin da ke da OCD ba ya son tunanin ya zama gaskiya. Ra'ayin yin abin da ya shafi sha'awa yana cika wanda aka azabtar da OCD da tsoro. [3] Sha'awar jima'i a irin waɗannan yanayi ana kiranta da son zuciya ko son zuciya, ma'ana cewa mutum yana ganin ɗabi'a da/ko halaye a matsayin waɗanda ba su dace da imani da halayensa na asali ba. Saboda haka, OCD na iya rage sha'awar jima'i. Mai fama da OCD zai iya mai da hankali akai-akai kan rashin jin daɗi ko kuma duba cewa ba su tashi ba, kuma wannan na iya haifar da "amsawar ciki". Yawancin masu fama da OCD suna ɗaukar wannan martanin kugu a matsayin ainihin tashin hankali, alhali a zahiri ba haka bane. Sha'awar jima'i ta OCD sau da yawa tana haifar da laifi, kunya da baƙin ciki kuma tana iya tsoma baki ga ayyukan zamantakewa ko aiki. Kimanin kashi 40% na masu fama da cutar (adadi na iya zama mafi girma saboda kunya da ke tattare da ita) suma suna ba da rahoton wasu motsin rai na jiki. Halayen na iya haɗawa da ƙaruwar bugun zuciya, jin kamar an kunna shi, har ma da tsayuwar maza, ƙaruwar man shafawa a cikin mata, da inzali. Wannan martani yawanci yana haifar da ƙarin rudani da rashin tabbas. Duk da haka, wannan martani ne na yanayin jiki a cikin thalamus na asali na kwakwalwa wanda ba ya nuna tunanin jima'i da wani mutum, amma kawai jima'i. Wannan gabaɗaya ba yana nuna sha'awar mutum ba ne. <ref name="Osgood_2011">{{Cite web |date=November 2011 |title=Thinking Bad Thoughts |url=http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115230001/http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-15 |publisher=MGH McLean Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOsgood-Hynes2011">Osgood-Hynes D (November 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111115230001/http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf "Thinking Bad Thoughts"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Belmont MA: MGH McLean Institute. Archived from [http://raminader.com/PDFs%20Uploaded/OCD%20-%20Thinking%20Bad%20Thoughts.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2011.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ltqvem4524f52p6avur1mli3gljxzv Separation anxiety disorder 0 158181 859371 2026-06-17T13:43:39Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351716942|Separation anxiety disorder]]" 859371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin Damuwa a Rabuwa''' ( '''SAD''' ) wata [[Matsalar damuwa|cuta ce ta damuwa]] wadda mutum ke fuskantar damuwa mai yawa game da rabuwa da gida da/ko daga mutanen da mutumin ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da motsin rai (misali, iyaye, masu kulawa, wani babban mutum, ko 'yan'uwa). Damuwar rabuwa wani ɓangare ne na tsarin ci gaba. Ya fi yawa a cikin jarirai da ƙananan yara, yawanci tsakanin watanni shida zuwa shekaru uku, kodayake yana iya bayyana kansa a cikin yara manya, matasa da manya. Ba kamar SAD ba (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar [[Anxiety|damuwa]] mai yawa), damuwar rabuwa ta yau da kullun tana nuna ci gaba mai kyau a cikin balaga ta fahimtar yaro kuma bai kamata a ɗauke ta a matsayin matsala ta ɗabi'a mai tasowa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Redlich R, Grotegerd D, Opel N, Kaufmann C, Zwitserlood P, Kugel H, Heindel W, Donges US, Suslow T, Arolt V, Dannlowski U |date=February 2015 |title=Are you gonna leave me? Separation anxiety is associated with increased amygdala responsiveness and volume |journal=Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=278–284 |doi=10.1093/scan/nsu055 |pmc=4321627 |pmid=24752071}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Separation Anxiety {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/separation-anxiety#3447200510 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cewar Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka (APA), Rashin Jin Daɗin Rabuwa wani yanayi ne na nuna tsoro da damuwa da yawa idan aka fuskanci yanayi na rabuwa daga gida da/ko daga wani takamaiman mutum da aka haɗa. An rarraba damuwar da aka bayyana a matsayin wacce ba ta dace da matakin ci gaba da ake tsammani da shekaru ba. <ref name="Ehrenreich">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL |date=January 2008 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment |journal=Psicologia Conductual |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmc=2788956 |pmid=19966943}}</ref> Tsananin alamun ya kama daga rashin jin daɗi na tsammani zuwa cikakken damuwa game da rabuwa. <ref name="Masi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Masi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S |year=2001 |title=Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115020-00002 |pmid=11460893 |s2cid=24167753}}</ref> SAD na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri a fannoni na zamantakewa da motsin rai, rayuwar iyali, da lafiyar jiki na mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiya. [1] Dole ne tsawon wannan matsalar ta ci gaba har na tsawon akalla makonni huɗu kuma dole ne ta bayyana kafin yaro ya kai shekara goma sha takwas kafin a gano yana da SAD a cikin yara, amma yanzu ana iya gano shi a cikin manya waɗanda ke da tsawon lokaci wanda yawanci ke ɗaukar watanni shida a cikin manya kamar yadda DSM-5 ta ƙayyade. [2] == Bayani == Asalin matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar haɗewa wadda ta samo asali ne daga ka'idodin haɗewa na Sigmund Freud da John Bowlby . Ka'idar haɗewa ta Freud, wacce ke da kamanceceniya da ka'idar koyo, ta nuna cewa jarirai suna da sha'awar halitta, kuma lokacin da waɗannan sha'awar ba a lura da su ba, yana raunata jariri. [1] Sai jariri ya fahimci cewa lokacin da mahaifiyarsu ba ta nan, wannan zai biyo bayan rashin gamsuwa mai ban tsoro, don haka rashin mahaifiyar ya zama abin ƙarfafawa wanda ke haifar da damuwa ga jariri wanda daga nan yake tsammanin za a yi watsi da buƙatunsa. [2] Sakamakon wannan alaƙar shine yaron yana jin tsoron duk yanayi da suka haɗa da nisan da yake da shi daga mai kula da shi. Ka'idar haɗe-haɗen John Bowlby ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tsarin tunani da ke tattare da matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa. Ka'idarsa tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don fahimtar dangantakar da mutane ke ƙullawa da juna. Bowlby ya nuna cewa jarirai suna da sha'awar neman kusanci da mai kula da su da suka saba, musamman lokacin da suka firgita, kuma suna tsammanin a waɗannan lokutan za a same su da tallafi da kariya ta motsin rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bretherton |first=I. |date=1992 |title=The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=759–775 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759}}</ref> Ya gabatar da cewa duk jarirai suna manne da masu kula da su, duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambance na mutum ɗaya a yadda waɗannan haɗe-haɗen ke haɓaka. Akwai manyan salon haɗe-haɗe guda 4 bisa ga Bowlby; haɗe-haɗe mai aminci, haɗe-haɗe mai gujewa damuwa, haɗe-haɗe mara tsari, da haɗe-haɗe mai damuwa da rashin jituwa . Haɗin da ke tsakanin damuwa da rashin jituwa ya fi dacewa a nan saboda bayaninsa, lokacin da jariri ya ji matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa lokacin da mai kula da shi ba ya nan kuma bai ji daɗin lokacin da ya dawo ba, yana kama da SAD sosai. == Alamomi da Alamomi == === Tsarin ilimi === Kamar yadda yake a sauran [[Matsalar damuwa|cututtukan damuwa]], yaran da ke fama da SAD suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa a makaranta fiye da waɗanda ba su da matsalolin damuwa. An gano cewa daidaitawa da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan makaranta sun fi wahala ga yara masu damuwa. <ref name="Mychailyszyn">{{Cite journal |last=Mychailyszyn |first=Matthew P. |last2=Mendez |first2=Julia L. |last3=Kendall |first3=Philip C. |year=2010 |title=School Functioning in Youth with and without Anxiety Disorders: Comparisons by Diagnosis and Comorbidity |journal=School Psychology Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=106–121 |doi=10.1080/02796015.2010.12087793 |issn=0279-6015 |s2cid=140357101}}</ref> A wasu nau'ikan SAD masu tsanani, yara na iya yin abin da ba shi da amfani a aji ko kuma su ƙi zuwa makaranta gaba ɗaya. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 75% na yaran da ke fama da SAD suna nuna wani nau'in halin [[Ƙin makaranta|ƙin zuwa makaranta]] . <ref name="Ehrenreich">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL |date=January 2008 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment |journal=Psicologia Conductual |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmc=2788956 |pmid=19966943}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEhrenreichSantucciWeiner2008">Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL (January 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 "Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment"]. ''Psicologia Conductual''. '''16''' (3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>412. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389|10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389]] (inactive 12 July 2025). [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 2788956]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19966943 19966943].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025]]</ref> Akwai alamu da dama na wannan matsala idan aka shigar da yaron cikin yanayin karatu. <ref name="Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics">{{Cite web |last=Child Mind Institute |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics |url=https://childmind.org/guide/separation-anxiety-disorder/ |website=Child Mind Institute}}</ref> Yaro mai fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali zai iya yin zanga-zanga sosai bayan ya isa makaranta. Yana iya zama da wahala ya yi bankwana da iyayensa kuma ya nuna halaye kamar manne wa iyayen sosai ta hanyar da ba zai yiwu iyaye su rabu da su ba. Suna iya yin ihu da kuka amma ta hanyar da ta sa ya zama kamar suna cikin azaba. Yaron zai iya yin ihu da kuka na tsawon lokaci bayan iyayensa sun tafi (na tsawon mintuna da yawa zuwa sama da awa ɗaya) kuma ya ƙi yin mu'amala da wasu yara ko malamai, yana ƙin kulawarsu. Suna iya jin buƙatar sanin inda iyayensu suke da kuma cewa suna lafiya. Wannan babbar matsala ce domin, yayin da yara ke ƙara zama a baya a aikin koyarwa, yana ƙara zama da wahala a gare su su koma makaranta. <ref name="Doobay">{{Cite journal |last=Doobay |first=Alissa F. |date=April 2008 |title=School Refusal Behavior Associated with Separation Anxiety Disorder: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Treatment |journal=Psychology in the Schools |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.1002/pits.20299 |issn=0033-3085}}</ref> Matsalolin ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke faruwa sakamakon ƙin karatu sun haɗa da rashin aikin yi na ilimi ko raguwar aiki, rabuwa da takwarorinsu, da kuma rikici a cikin iyali. <ref name="Ehrenreich">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL |date=January 2008 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment |journal=Psicologia Conductual |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmc=2788956 |pmid=19966943}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEhrenreichSantucciWeiner2008">Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL (January 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 "Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment"]. ''Psicologia Conductual''. '''16''' (3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>412. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389|10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389]] (inactive 12 July 2025). [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 2788956]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19966943 19966943].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025]]</ref> Duk da cewa halayen ƙin makaranta ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin yara masu fama da SAD, halayen ƙin makaranta wani lokacin ana danganta su da matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya ko wataƙila matsalar yanayi. Duk da haka, yawancin yaran da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa suna da ƙin makaranta a matsayin alama. Har zuwa kashi 80% na yaran da suka ƙi makaranta sun cancanci a gano su da matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/separation_anxiety/article.htm |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=Medicine Net}}</ref> === Saitin gida === Alamomin SAD na iya ci gaba da wanzuwa ko da a cikin yanayi da yaron ya saba da kuma/ko kuma mai daɗi, kamar gida. <ref name="Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics">{{Cite web |last=Child Mind Institute |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics |url=https://childmind.org/guide/separation-anxiety-disorder/ |website=Child Mind Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChild_Mind_Institute">Child Mind Institute. [https://childmind.org/guide/separation-anxiety-disorder/ "Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics"]. ''Child Mind Institute''.</cite></ref> Yaron yana iya jin tsoron kasancewa a ɗaki shi kaɗai ko da sun san cewa iyayensa suna cikin ɗaki na gaba. Suna iya jin tsoron zama shi kaɗai a ɗakin, ko zuwa barci a cikin ɗaki mai duhu. Matsaloli na iya bayyana kansu a lokacin kwanciya barci, domin yaron yana iya ƙin yin barci sai dai idan iyayensa suna kusa kuma suna gani. A lokacin rana, yaron yana iya "inuwar" iyayen ya manne wa gefensa. === Wurin Aiki === Yadda SAD ke shafar halartar yara da shiga makaranta, halayen guje musu suna nan tare da su yayin da suke girma da kuma shiga girma. Kwanan nan, "tasirin cututtukan tabin hankali kan yawan aiki a wurin aiki ya zama abin damuwa a ɓangarorin ƙasa da na duniya". <ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dewa CS, Lin E |date=July 2000 |title=Chronic physical illness, psychiatric disorder and disability in the workplace |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00431-1 |pmid=10817467}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa matsala ce ta lafiya da ta zama ruwan dare gama gari tsakanin manya masu aiki, kashi 20% zuwa 30% na manya za su sha wahala daga aƙalla wata cuta ta tabin hankali. <ref name="dx.doi.org" /> Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da raguwar yawan aiki, kuma tare da mutanen da aka gano suna da SAD, matakan aikinsu da suke yi yana raguwa sosai wanda ke haifar da raguwar kwanakin aiki, ƙaruwar yawan rashin zuwa makaranta, da kuma "jinkiri" idan ana maganar aiwatar da ayyuka da kammala su. <ref name="dx.doi.org" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anxiety Disorders: Why They Matter and What Employers Can Do |url=http://workplacementalhealth.org/News-Events/News-Listing/Anxiety-Disorders-Why-They-Matter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023115317/http://workplacementalhealth.org/News-Events/News-Listing/Anxiety-Disorders-Why-They-Matter |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |publisher=Center for Workplace Mental Health}}</ref> == Dalili == Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan matsala sun haɗa da haɗuwa da hulɗar halittu, fahimta, muhalli, yanayin yara, da kuma halayensu. Yara sun fi kamuwa da SAD idan aka gano cewa ɗaya daga cikin iyayensu ko duka biyun suna da matsalar tabin hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fox AS, Kalin NH |date=November 2014 |title=A translational neuroscience approach to understanding the development of social anxiety disorder and its pathophysiology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=1162–1173 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040449 |pmc=4342310 |pmid=25157566}}</ref> Binciken da Daniel Schechter da abokan aikinsa suka yi kwanan nan ya nuna wahalhalun da iyaye mata ke fuskanta tun suna ƙanana kamar cin zarafi da rashin jituwa da masu kula da su, waɗanda daga nan suka ci gaba da samar da martani ga buƙatun zamantakewa na yau da kullun na jariransu da ƙananan yara don hidimar nunin zamantakewa, daidaita motsin rai, da kuma kula da juna, waɗanda amsoshin suna da alaƙa da waɗannan ilimin halayyar uwaye (misali [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] ta uwa ( [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] ) da baƙin ciki ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schechter DS, Willheim E |date=July 2009 |title=Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=665–686 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001 |pmc=2690512 |pmid=19486844}}</ref> Waɗannan amsoshin uwa marasa daidaituwa, waɗanda aka nuna suna da alaƙa da damuwa ta rabuwa, suna da alaƙa da rikice-rikice a cikin martanin yanayin jiki na uwa ga rabuwar uwa da ɗanta, da kuma ƙarancin aikin jijiyoyi na uwa a yankin kwakwalwa na medial prefrontal cortex, lokacin da aka nuna wa iyaye mata da waɗanda ba su da PTSD wasu bidiyo na yaran da ba su sani ba da waɗanda ba su sani ba yayin rabuwar uwa da ɗanta idan aka kwatanta da wasa kyauta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Schechter DS, Moser DA, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Stenz L, Gex-Fabry M, Aue T, Adouan W, Cordero MI, Suardi F, Manini A, Sancho Rossignol A, Merminod G, Ansermet F, Dayer AG, Rusconi Serpa S |date=April 16, 2015 |title=Methylation of NR3C1 is related to maternal PTSD, parenting stress and maternal medial prefrontal cortical activity in response to child separation among mothers with histories of violence exposure |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=6 |pages=690 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00690 |pmc=4447998 |pmid=26074844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rayuwa a cikin ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa na zamantakewa kuma an nuna cewa yana taimakawa ga SAD na yara ta hanyar ƙaruwar matakan baƙin ciki na iyaye. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gouze KR, Hopkins J, Lavigne JV, Bryant FB |date=June 2022 |title=A Multi-level Longitudinal Model of Risk Factors for Generalized and Separation Anxiety Symptoms in a Community Sample of 6-year-olds |journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=405–417 |doi=10.1007/s10578-021-01132-7 |pmid=33590383 |s2cid=231935975}}</ref> Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa rabuwa da yaro da wuri ko kuma mai kula da shi a cikin rayuwar yaro na iya ƙara yiwuwar a gano shi da SAD, tsoron makaranta, da kuma cututtukan damuwa. Wasu yara na iya zama masu rauni ga SAD saboda yanayinsu, misali, matakin damuwa idan aka sanya su cikin sabbin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Egger HL, Costello EJ, Angold A |date=July 2003 |title=School refusal and psychiatric disorders: a community study |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000046865.56865.79 |pmid=12819439 |s2cid=25115126}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Knollmann M, Knoll S, Reissner V, Metzelaars J, Hebebrand J |date=January 2010 |title=School avoidance from the point of view of child and adolescent psychiatry: symptomatology, development, course, and treatment |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=43–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0043 |pmc=2822958 |pmid=20165699}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vv8i5aizuz6slscj79oowp5cglle7i 859374 859371 2026-06-17T13:43:59Z Sardeeq 39275 859374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin Damuwa a Rabuwa''' ( '''SAD''' ) wata [[Matsalar damuwa|cuta ce ta damuwa]] wadda mutum ke fuskantar damuwa mai yawa game da rabuwa da gida da/ko daga mutanen da mutumin ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da motsin rai (misali, iyaye, masu kulawa, wani babban mutum, ko 'yan'uwa). Damuwar rabuwa wani ɓangare ne na tsarin ci gaba. Ya fi yawa a cikin jarirai da ƙananan yara, yawanci tsakanin watanni shida zuwa shekaru uku, kodayake yana iya bayyana kansa a cikin yara manya, matasa da manya. Ba kamar SAD ba (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar [[Anxiety|damuwa]] mai yawa), damuwar rabuwa ta yau da kullun tana nuna ci gaba mai kyau a cikin balaga ta fahimtar yaro kuma bai kamata a ɗauke ta a matsayin matsala ta ɗabi'a mai tasowa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Redlich R, Grotegerd D, Opel N, Kaufmann C, Zwitserlood P, Kugel H, Heindel W, Donges US, Suslow T, Arolt V, Dannlowski U |date=February 2015 |title=Are you gonna leave me? Separation anxiety is associated with increased amygdala responsiveness and volume |journal=Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=278–284 |doi=10.1093/scan/nsu055 |pmc=4321627 |pmid=24752071}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Separation Anxiety {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/separation-anxiety#3447200510 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cewar Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka (APA), Rashin Jin Daɗin Rabuwa wani yanayi ne na nuna tsoro da damuwa da yawa idan aka fuskanci yanayi na rabuwa daga gida da/ko daga wani takamaiman mutum da aka haɗa. An rarraba damuwar da aka bayyana a matsayin wacce ba ta dace da matakin ci gaba da ake tsammani da shekaru ba. <ref name="Ehrenreich">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL |date=January 2008 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment |journal=Psicologia Conductual |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmc=2788956 |pmid=19966943}}</ref> Tsananin alamun ya kama daga rashin jin daɗi na tsammani zuwa cikakken damuwa game da rabuwa. <ref name="Masi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Masi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S |year=2001 |title=Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115020-00002 |pmid=11460893 |s2cid=24167753}}</ref> SAD na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri a fannoni na zamantakewa da motsin rai, rayuwar iyali, da lafiyar jiki na mutumin da ke fama da rashin lafiya. [1] Dole ne tsawon wannan matsalar ta ci gaba har na tsawon akalla makonni huɗu kuma dole ne ta bayyana kafin yaro ya kai shekara goma sha takwas kafin a gano yana da SAD a cikin yara, amma yanzu ana iya gano shi a cikin manya waɗanda ke da tsawon lokaci wanda yawanci ke ɗaukar watanni shida a cikin manya kamar yadda DSM-5 ta ƙayyade. [2] == Bayani == Asalin matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar haɗewa wadda ta samo asali ne daga ka'idodin haɗewa na Sigmund Freud da John Bowlby . Ka'idar haɗewa ta Freud, wacce ke da kamanceceniya da ka'idar koyo, ta nuna cewa jarirai suna da sha'awar halitta, kuma lokacin da waɗannan sha'awar ba a lura da su ba, yana raunata jariri. [1] Sai jariri ya fahimci cewa lokacin da mahaifiyarsu ba ta nan, wannan zai biyo bayan rashin gamsuwa mai ban tsoro, don haka rashin mahaifiyar ya zama abin ƙarfafawa wanda ke haifar da damuwa ga jariri wanda daga nan yake tsammanin za a yi watsi da buƙatunsa. [2] Sakamakon wannan alaƙar shine yaron yana jin tsoron duk yanayi da suka haɗa da nisan da yake da shi daga mai kula da shi. Ka'idar haɗe-haɗen John Bowlby ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tsarin tunani da ke tattare da matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa. Ka'idarsa tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don fahimtar dangantakar da mutane ke ƙullawa da juna. Bowlby ya nuna cewa jarirai suna da sha'awar neman kusanci da mai kula da su da suka saba, musamman lokacin da suka firgita, kuma suna tsammanin a waɗannan lokutan za a same su da tallafi da kariya ta motsin rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bretherton |first=I. |date=1992 |title=The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=759–775 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759}}</ref> Ya gabatar da cewa duk jarirai suna manne da masu kula da su, duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambance na mutum ɗaya a yadda waɗannan haɗe-haɗen ke haɓaka. Akwai manyan salon haɗe-haɗe guda 4 bisa ga Bowlby; haɗe-haɗe mai aminci, haɗe-haɗe mai gujewa damuwa, haɗe-haɗe mara tsari, da haɗe-haɗe mai damuwa da rashin jituwa . Haɗin da ke tsakanin damuwa da rashin jituwa ya fi dacewa a nan saboda bayaninsa, lokacin da jariri ya ji matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa lokacin da mai kula da shi ba ya nan kuma bai ji daɗin lokacin da ya dawo ba, yana kama da SAD sosai. == Alamomi da Alamomi == === Tsarin ilimi === Kamar yadda yake a sauran [[Matsalar damuwa|cututtukan damuwa]], yaran da ke fama da SAD suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa a makaranta fiye da waɗanda ba su da matsalolin damuwa. An gano cewa daidaitawa da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan makaranta sun fi wahala ga yara masu damuwa. <ref name="Mychailyszyn">{{Cite journal |last=Mychailyszyn |first=Matthew P. |last2=Mendez |first2=Julia L. |last3=Kendall |first3=Philip C. |year=2010 |title=School Functioning in Youth with and without Anxiety Disorders: Comparisons by Diagnosis and Comorbidity |journal=School Psychology Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=106–121 |doi=10.1080/02796015.2010.12087793 |issn=0279-6015 |s2cid=140357101}}</ref> A wasu nau'ikan SAD masu tsanani, yara na iya yin abin da ba shi da amfani a aji ko kuma su ƙi zuwa makaranta gaba ɗaya. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 75% na yaran da ke fama da SAD suna nuna wani nau'in halin [[Ƙin makaranta|ƙin zuwa makaranta]] . <ref name="Ehrenreich">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL |date=January 2008 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment |journal=Psicologia Conductual |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmc=2788956 |pmid=19966943}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEhrenreichSantucciWeiner2008">Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL (January 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 "Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment"]. ''Psicologia Conductual''. '''16''' (3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>412. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389|10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389]] (inactive 12 July 2025). [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 2788956]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19966943 19966943].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025]]</ref> Akwai alamu da dama na wannan matsala idan aka shigar da yaron cikin yanayin karatu. <ref name="Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics">{{Cite web |last=Child Mind Institute |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics |url=https://childmind.org/guide/separation-anxiety-disorder/ |website=Child Mind Institute}}</ref> Yaro mai fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali zai iya yin zanga-zanga sosai bayan ya isa makaranta. Yana iya zama da wahala ya yi bankwana da iyayensa kuma ya nuna halaye kamar manne wa iyayen sosai ta hanyar da ba zai yiwu iyaye su rabu da su ba. Suna iya yin ihu da kuka amma ta hanyar da ta sa ya zama kamar suna cikin azaba. Yaron zai iya yin ihu da kuka na tsawon lokaci bayan iyayensa sun tafi (na tsawon mintuna da yawa zuwa sama da awa ɗaya) kuma ya ƙi yin mu'amala da wasu yara ko malamai, yana ƙin kulawarsu. Suna iya jin buƙatar sanin inda iyayensu suke da kuma cewa suna lafiya. Wannan babbar matsala ce domin, yayin da yara ke ƙara zama a baya a aikin koyarwa, yana ƙara zama da wahala a gare su su koma makaranta. <ref name="Doobay">{{Cite journal |last=Doobay |first=Alissa F. |date=April 2008 |title=School Refusal Behavior Associated with Separation Anxiety Disorder: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Treatment |journal=Psychology in the Schools |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.1002/pits.20299 |issn=0033-3085}}</ref> Matsalolin ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke faruwa sakamakon ƙin karatu sun haɗa da rashin aikin yi na ilimi ko raguwar aiki, rabuwa da takwarorinsu, da kuma rikici a cikin iyali. <ref name="Ehrenreich">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL |date=January 2008 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment |journal=Psicologia Conductual |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmc=2788956 |pmid=19966943}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEhrenreichSantucciWeiner2008">Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL (January 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 "Separation Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment"]. ''Psicologia Conductual''. '''16''' (3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>412. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389|10.1901/jaba.2008.16-389]] (inactive 12 July 2025). [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788956 2788956]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19966943 19966943].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025]]</ref> Duk da cewa halayen ƙin makaranta ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin yara masu fama da SAD, halayen ƙin makaranta wani lokacin ana danganta su da matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya ko wataƙila matsalar yanayi. Duk da haka, yawancin yaran da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa suna da ƙin makaranta a matsayin alama. Har zuwa kashi 80% na yaran da suka ƙi makaranta sun cancanci a gano su da matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/separation_anxiety/article.htm |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=Medicine Net}}</ref> === Saitin gida === Alamomin SAD na iya ci gaba da wanzuwa ko da a cikin yanayi da yaron ya saba da kuma/ko kuma mai daɗi, kamar gida. <ref name="Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics">{{Cite web |last=Child Mind Institute |title=Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics |url=https://childmind.org/guide/separation-anxiety-disorder/ |website=Child Mind Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChild_Mind_Institute">Child Mind Institute. [https://childmind.org/guide/separation-anxiety-disorder/ "Separation Anxiety Disorder Basics"]. ''Child Mind Institute''.</cite></ref> Yaron yana iya jin tsoron kasancewa a ɗaki shi kaɗai ko da sun san cewa iyayensa suna cikin ɗaki na gaba. Suna iya jin tsoron zama shi kaɗai a ɗakin, ko zuwa barci a cikin ɗaki mai duhu. Matsaloli na iya bayyana kansu a lokacin kwanciya barci, domin yaron yana iya ƙin yin barci sai dai idan iyayensa suna kusa kuma suna gani. A lokacin rana, yaron yana iya "inuwar" iyayen ya manne wa gefensa. === Wurin Aiki === Yadda SAD ke shafar halartar yara da shiga makaranta, halayen guje musu suna nan tare da su yayin da suke girma da kuma shiga girma. Kwanan nan, "tasirin cututtukan tabin hankali kan yawan aiki a wurin aiki ya zama abin damuwa a ɓangarorin ƙasa da na duniya". <ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dewa CS, Lin E |date=July 2000 |title=Chronic physical illness, psychiatric disorder and disability in the workplace |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00431-1 |pmid=10817467}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa matsala ce ta lafiya da ta zama ruwan dare gama gari tsakanin manya masu aiki, kashi 20% zuwa 30% na manya za su sha wahala daga aƙalla wata cuta ta tabin hankali. <ref name="dx.doi.org" /> Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da raguwar yawan aiki, kuma tare da mutanen da aka gano suna da SAD, matakan aikinsu da suke yi yana raguwa sosai wanda ke haifar da raguwar kwanakin aiki, ƙaruwar yawan rashin zuwa makaranta, da kuma "jinkiri" idan ana maganar aiwatar da ayyuka da kammala su. <ref name="dx.doi.org" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anxiety Disorders: Why They Matter and What Employers Can Do |url=http://workplacementalhealth.org/News-Events/News-Listing/Anxiety-Disorders-Why-They-Matter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023115317/http://workplacementalhealth.org/News-Events/News-Listing/Anxiety-Disorders-Why-They-Matter |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |publisher=Center for Workplace Mental Health}}</ref> == Dalili == Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan matsala sun haɗa da haɗuwa da hulɗar halittu, fahimta, muhalli, yanayin yara, da kuma halayensu. Yara sun fi kamuwa da SAD idan aka gano cewa ɗaya daga cikin iyayensu ko duka biyun suna da matsalar tabin hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fox AS, Kalin NH |date=November 2014 |title=A translational neuroscience approach to understanding the development of social anxiety disorder and its pathophysiology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=1162–1173 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040449 |pmc=4342310 |pmid=25157566}}</ref> Binciken da Daniel Schechter da abokan aikinsa suka yi kwanan nan ya nuna wahalhalun da iyaye mata ke fuskanta tun suna ƙanana kamar cin zarafi da rashin jituwa da masu kula da su, waɗanda daga nan suka ci gaba da samar da martani ga buƙatun zamantakewa na yau da kullun na jariransu da ƙananan yara don hidimar nunin zamantakewa, daidaita motsin rai, da kuma kula da juna, waɗanda amsoshin suna da alaƙa da waɗannan ilimin halayyar uwaye (misali [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] ta uwa ( [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] ) da baƙin ciki ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schechter DS, Willheim E |date=July 2009 |title=Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=665–686 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001 |pmc=2690512 |pmid=19486844}}</ref> Waɗannan amsoshin uwa marasa daidaituwa, waɗanda aka nuna suna da alaƙa da damuwa ta rabuwa, suna da alaƙa da rikice-rikice a cikin martanin yanayin jiki na uwa ga rabuwar uwa da ɗanta, da kuma ƙarancin aikin jijiyoyi na uwa a yankin kwakwalwa na medial prefrontal cortex, lokacin da aka nuna wa iyaye mata da waɗanda ba su da PTSD wasu bidiyo na yaran da ba su sani ba da waɗanda ba su sani ba yayin rabuwar uwa da ɗanta idan aka kwatanta da wasa kyauta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Schechter DS, Moser DA, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Stenz L, Gex-Fabry M, Aue T, Adouan W, Cordero MI, Suardi F, Manini A, Sancho Rossignol A, Merminod G, Ansermet F, Dayer AG, Rusconi Serpa S |date=April 16, 2015 |title=Methylation of NR3C1 is related to maternal PTSD, parenting stress and maternal medial prefrontal cortical activity in response to child separation among mothers with histories of violence exposure |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=6 |pages=690 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00690 |pmc=4447998 |pmid=26074844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rayuwa a cikin ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa na zamantakewa kuma an nuna cewa yana taimakawa ga SAD na yara ta hanyar ƙaruwar matakan baƙin ciki na iyaye. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gouze KR, Hopkins J, Lavigne JV, Bryant FB |date=June 2022 |title=A Multi-level Longitudinal Model of Risk Factors for Generalized and Separation Anxiety Symptoms in a Community Sample of 6-year-olds |journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=405–417 |doi=10.1007/s10578-021-01132-7 |pmid=33590383 |s2cid=231935975}}</ref> Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa rabuwa da yaro da wuri ko kuma mai kula da shi a cikin rayuwar yaro na iya ƙara yiwuwar a gano shi da SAD, tsoron makaranta, da kuma cututtukan damuwa. Wasu yara na iya zama masu rauni ga SAD saboda yanayinsu, misali, matakin damuwa idan aka sanya su cikin sabbin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Egger HL, Costello EJ, Angold A |date=July 2003 |title=School refusal and psychiatric disorders: a community study |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000046865.56865.79 |pmid=12819439 |s2cid=25115126}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Knollmann M, Knoll S, Reissner V, Metzelaars J, Hebebrand J |date=January 2010 |title=School avoidance from the point of view of child and adolescent psychiatry: symptomatology, development, course, and treatment |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=43–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0043 |pmc=2822958 |pmid=20165699}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4f27s7bay4wpk4k5hwrjnxkeda7emi5 Sense of impending doom 0 158182 859376 2026-06-17T13:48:58Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308872810|Sense of impending doom]]" 859376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jin tsoro game da makomar wata''' alama ce ta likitanci wadda ta ƙunshi jin tsoro mai tsanani cewa wani abu mai barazana ga rayuwa ko abin tausayi zai faru, duk da babu wani haɗari da ya bayyana. Dalilan na iya zama ko dai na tunani ko na jiki . Dalilan tunani na iya haɗawa da matsalar damuwa (misali, rashin lafiyar tsoro ), baƙin ciki, ko matsalar bipolar . Jin tsoro game da makomar sau da yawa yana gaba ko yana tare da harin tsoro . Dalilan ilimin halittar jiki na iya haɗawa da pheochromocytoma, bugun zuciya, ƙarin jini, anaphylaxis, [1] ko amfani da wasu abubuwa masu motsa rai. [2] Jin tsoro kuma yana iya zama sakamako na ɗan lokaci na shan adenosine, wataƙila saboda kunna masu karɓar adenosine . Saboda ɗan gajeren rabin rayuwar adenosine, wannan tasirin yawanci yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. [3] [4] Jin tsoro game da makomar kuma yana iya gabatar da kansa a matsayin matsala bayan tiyata da aka fuskanta bayan tiyata. [5] == Duba kuma == * Angor animi * Rushewar Autism * Malaise * Tsoro == Manazarta == a1nchohmec90fimbohzmj1vws7ysz0b 859378 859376 2026-06-17T13:49:57Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308872810|Sense of impending doom]]" 859378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jin tsoro game da makomar wata''' alama ce ta likitanci wadda ta ƙunshi jin tsoro mai tsanani cewa wani abu mai barazana ga rayuwa ko abin tausayi zai faru, duk da babu wani haɗari da ya bayyana. Dalilan na iya zama ko dai na tunani ko na jiki . Dalilan tunani na iya haɗawa da matsalar damuwa (misali, rashin lafiyar tsoro ), baƙin ciki, ko matsalar bipolar . Jin tsoro game da makomar sau da yawa yana gaba ko yana tare da harin tsoro . Dalilan ilimin halittar jiki na iya haɗawa da pheochromocytoma, bugun zuciya, ƙarin jini, anaphylaxis, [1] ko amfani da wasu abubuwa masu motsa rai. [2] Jin tsoro kuma yana iya zama sakamako na ɗan lokaci na shan adenosine, wataƙila saboda kunna masu karɓar adenosine . Saboda ɗan gajeren rabin rayuwar adenosine, wannan tasirin yawanci yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. [3] [4] Jin tsoro game da makomar kuma yana iya gabatar da kansa a matsayin matsala bayan tiyata da aka fuskanta bayan tiyata. [5]<ref /> == Duba kuma == * Angor animi * Rushewar Autism * Malaise * Tsoro == Manazarta == k3s8cj93thpxk62p2d79lijpxpa6kar 859380 859378 2026-06-17T13:50:13Z Sardeeq 39275 859380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jin tsoro game da makomar wata''' alama ce ta likitanci wadda ta ƙunshi jin tsoro mai tsanani cewa wani abu mai barazana ga rayuwa ko abin tausayi zai faru, duk da babu wani haɗari da ya bayyana. Dalilan na iya zama ko dai na tunani ko na jiki . Dalilan tunani na iya haɗawa da matsalar damuwa (misali, rashin lafiyar tsoro ), baƙin ciki, ko matsalar bipolar . Jin tsoro game da makomar sau da yawa yana gaba ko yana tare da harin tsoro . Dalilan ilimin halittar jiki na iya haɗawa da pheochromocytoma, bugun zuciya, ƙarin jini, anaphylaxis, [1] ko amfani da wasu abubuwa masu motsa rai. [2] Jin tsoro kuma yana iya zama sakamako na ɗan lokaci na shan adenosine, wataƙila saboda kunna masu karɓar adenosine . Saboda ɗan gajeren rabin rayuwar adenosine, wannan tasirin yawanci yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. [3] [4] Jin tsoro game da makomar kuma yana iya gabatar da kansa a matsayin matsala bayan tiyata da aka fuskanta bayan tiyata. [5]<ref /> == Duba kuma == * Angor animi * Rushewar Autism * Malaise * Tsoro == Manazarta == sv2t35edaiu3gbzquweiqmry5b0vvfp Selective mutism 0 158183 859383 2026-06-17T13:52:38Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357413224|Selective mutism]]" 859383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mutism na zaɓi''' ( '''SM''' ) wata [[Matsalar damuwa|cuta ce ta damuwa]] wadda ke shafar mutum wanda yake da ikon magana kuma ba ya magana lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga takamaiman yanayi, wurare na musamman, ko ga takamaiman mutane, ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikinsu suna zama abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan . Mutism na zaɓi yawanci yana tare da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Viana |first=A. G. |last2=Beidel |first2=D. C. |last3=Rabian |first3=B. |year=2009 |title=Selective mutism: A review and integration of the last 15 years |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=57–67 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.009 |pmid=18986742}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da mutism na zaɓi suna yin shiru ko da sakamakon shirunsu ya haɗa da kunya, wariya ta zamantakewa, ko hukunci. A wasu lokuta, mutumin yana son yin magana amma yana jin kamar ba zai iya bayyana kalmomin ba. == Alamomi da Alamomi == DSM-5 ta bayyana rashin jituwa a matsayin wani abu mai wahala wajen yin magana a wasu wurare na zamantakewa inda ake sa ran yin magana, kamar a makaranta, duk da cewa akwai damar yin magana a wasu yanayi. Bai kamata alamun su kasance na ɗan lokaci ba kuma dole ne su shafi ikon mutum na yin aiki a wani yanayi. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yiwuwar wasu cututtukan. [1] [ ] Yara da manya masu son maye gurbi suna da cikakken ikon magana da fahimtar harshe amma suna iya zama ba za su iya magana a wasu yanayi ba, ko da ana sa ran yin magana daga gare su. Wannan hali ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin jin kunya ga wasu ko rashin kunya ga wasu. Yaro mai son maye gurbi na iya yin shiru gaba ɗaya a makaranta tsawon shekaru amma yana magana da 'yanci ko ma fiye da haka a gida. Akwai bambancin matsayi tsakanin mutanen da ke da wannan cuta: wasu mutane suna shiga cikin ayyukan da suka dace kuma suna bayyana a cikin zamantakewa amma ba sa magana, wasu za su yi magana da takwarorinsu kawai amma ba ga manya ba, wasu za su yi magana da manya idan aka yi musu tambayoyi da ke buƙatar amsoshi kaɗan amma ba za su taɓa yin magana da takwarorinsu ba, wasu kuma ba sa magana da kowa kuma suna shiga cikin ayyukan kaɗan, idan akwai, da aka gabatar musu. A cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani da aka sani da "son maye gurbi mai ci gaba", wannan cuta tana ci gaba har sai mutumin da ke da wannan yanayin ya daina magana da kowa a kowane yanayi, har ma da danginsa na kusa. Tsarin maye gurbi na zaɓi yana da alaƙa sosai da wasu matsalolin damuwa, musamman matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa . A gaskiya ma, yawancin yaran da aka gano suna da tsarin maye gurbi na zaɓi suma suna da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa (100% na mahalarta a cikin bincike biyu da 97% a wani). <ref name="pmid9136500">{{Cite journal |last=Dummit |first=E. Steven |last2=Klein |first2=Rachel G. |last3=Tancer |first3=Nancy K. |last4=Asche |first4=Barbara |last5=Martin |first5=Jacqueline |last6=Fairbanks |first6=Janet A. |date=May 1997 |title=Systematic Assessment of 50 Children With Selective Mutism |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199705000-00016 |pmid=9136500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="doi10.1007/s10862-005-3263-1">{{Cite journal |last=Vecchio |first=J. L. |last2=Kearney |first2=C. A. |year=2005 |title=Selective Mutism in Children: Comparison to Youths with and Without Anxiety Disorders |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |volume=27 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1007/s10862-005-3263-1 |s2cid=144770110}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7649954">{{Cite journal |last=Black |first=B. |last2=Uhde |first2=T. W. |year=1995 |title=Psychiatric Characteristics of Children with Selective Mutism: A Pilot Study |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=847–856 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199507000-00007 |pmid=7649954}}</ref> Musamman a cikin ƙananan yara, maye gurbi na zaɓi wani lokaci ana iya haɗuwa da matsalar autism, musamman idan yaron ya yi aiki musamman a kusa da likitan bincikensa, wanda zai iya haifar da ganewar asali da magani mara kyau. Duk da cewa mutane da yawa masu autism suma suna yin shiru, sau da yawa suna nuna wasu halaye - motsawa, halaye masu maimaitawa, warewar zamantakewa har ma a tsakanin 'yan uwa (misali ba koyaushe suna amsa suna ba) - waɗanda ke bambanta su da yaron da ke da maye gurbi na zaɓi kawai. Wasu mutanen autism na iya zama shiru saboda damuwa a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da ba a saba gani ba. Idan maye gurbi ya faru ne gaba ɗaya saboda matsalar autism, ba za a iya gano shi a matsayin maye gurbi na zaɓi kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin abu na ƙarshe akan jerin da ke sama ba. Tsohon sunan ''[[Zaɓin shiru|maye gurbi na zaɓe]]'' yana nuna rashin fahimta tsakanin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam cewa mutane masu shiru suna zaɓar yin shiru a wasu yanayi, yayin da gaskiyar magana ita ce sau da yawa suna son yin magana amma ba sa iya yin hakan. Don nuna yanayin wannan cuta ba da gangan ba, an canza sunan zuwa ''maye gurbi na zaɓe'' a cikin 1994, kodayake wannan sunan har yanzu yana da ce-ce-ku-ce. Alice Sluckin ce ta fara ba da shawarar sunan ''maye gurbi na yanayi'', kuma wasu masu fafutuka da masu bincike kan autism kamar Damian Milton sun yi amfani da shi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milton |first=Damian EM |last2=Green |first2=Jonathan |date=2024-04-01 |title=Theorising autism |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241235786 |journal=Autism |language=EN |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=795–797 |doi=10.1177/13623613241235786 |issn=1362-3613 |pmid=38468386 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> suna jayayya cewa sunan na yanzu har yanzu yana ɗauke da ma'anar cewa mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin suna zaɓar zama bebe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Emma |date=2025-05-05 |title=All About Situational Mutism: A Guide for Allies |url=https://reframingautism.org.au/all-about-situational-mutism-a-guide-for-allies/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Reframing Autism |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ba a tabbatar da yawan masu kamuwa da wannan cuta ta hanyar maye gurbi ba. Saboda rashin fahimtar wannan yanayin da jama'a ke yi, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka kamu da wannan cuta ba a gano su ba. Dangane da adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, ana kiyasta cewa adadin ya kai 1 cikin 1000, 0.1%. [1] Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2002 a cikin Jaridar The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry ya kiyasta cewa adadin ya kai 0.71%. [2] === Wasu alamomin === A cewar binciken Dr. Elisa Shipon-Blum, baya ga rashin magana, mutanen da ke da tsattsauran ra'ayi sau da yawa suna nuna wasu halaye da halaye na yau da kullun, kamar: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muris |first=Peter |last2=Ollendick |first2=Thomas H. |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=294–325 |doi=10.1007/s10567-020-00342-0 |issn=1573-2827 |pmc=8131304 |pmid=33462750}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohan |first=Sharon L. |last2=Chavira |first2=Denise A. |last3=Shipon-Blum |first3=Elisa |last4=Hitchcock |first4=Carla |last5=Roesch |first5=Scott C. |last6=Stein |first6=Murray B. |date=August 23, 2010 |title=Refining the classification of children with selective mutism: a latent profile analysis |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=770–784 |doi=10.1080/15374410802359759 |issn=1537-4424 |pmc=2925839 |pmid=18991128}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perednik |first=Ruth |date=1 June 2012 |title=An interview with Ruth Perednik: treating selective mutism |journal=North American Journal of Psychology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=365 |id={{Gale|A288873877}} {{ProQuest|1013609961}} |quote=Many are above average in intelligence, creative, and sensitive to others thoughts and feelings.}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Manazarta == tw16kx1jz80r0q2j6j9bfnor4kp7saz 859385 859383 2026-06-17T13:53:12Z Sardeeq 39275 859385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mutism na zaɓi''' ( '''SM''' ) wata [[Matsalar damuwa|cuta ce ta damuwa]] wadda ke shafar mutum wanda yake da ikon magana kuma ba ya magana lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga takamaiman yanayi, wurare na musamman, ko ga takamaiman mutane, ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikinsu suna zama abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan . Mutism na zaɓi yawanci yana tare da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Viana |first=A. G. |last2=Beidel |first2=D. C. |last3=Rabian |first3=B. |year=2009 |title=Selective mutism: A review and integration of the last 15 years |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=57–67 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.009 |pmid=18986742}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da mutism na zaɓi suna yin shiru ko da sakamakon shirunsu ya haɗa da kunya, wariya ta zamantakewa, ko hukunci. A wasu lokuta, mutumin yana son yin magana amma yana jin kamar ba zai iya bayyana kalmomin ba. == Alamomi da Alamomi == DSM-5 ta bayyana rashin jituwa a matsayin wani abu mai wahala wajen yin magana a wasu wurare na zamantakewa inda ake sa ran yin magana, kamar a makaranta, duk da cewa akwai damar yin magana a wasu yanayi. Bai kamata alamun su kasance na ɗan lokaci ba kuma dole ne su shafi ikon mutum na yin aiki a wani yanayi. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yiwuwar wasu cututtukan. [1] [ ] Yara da manya masu son maye gurbi suna da cikakken ikon magana da fahimtar harshe amma suna iya zama ba za su iya magana a wasu yanayi ba, ko da ana sa ran yin magana daga gare su. Wannan hali ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin jin kunya ga wasu ko rashin kunya ga wasu. Yaro mai son maye gurbi na iya yin shiru gaba ɗaya a makaranta tsawon shekaru amma yana magana da 'yanci ko ma fiye da haka a gida. Akwai bambancin matsayi tsakanin mutanen da ke da wannan cuta: wasu mutane suna shiga cikin ayyukan da suka dace kuma suna bayyana a cikin zamantakewa amma ba sa magana, wasu za su yi magana da takwarorinsu kawai amma ba ga manya ba, wasu za su yi magana da manya idan aka yi musu tambayoyi da ke buƙatar amsoshi kaɗan amma ba za su taɓa yin magana da takwarorinsu ba, wasu kuma ba sa magana da kowa kuma suna shiga cikin ayyukan kaɗan, idan akwai, da aka gabatar musu. A cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani da aka sani da "son maye gurbi mai ci gaba", wannan cuta tana ci gaba har sai mutumin da ke da wannan yanayin ya daina magana da kowa a kowane yanayi, har ma da danginsa na kusa. Tsarin maye gurbi na zaɓi yana da alaƙa sosai da wasu matsalolin damuwa, musamman matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa . A gaskiya ma, yawancin yaran da aka gano suna da tsarin maye gurbi na zaɓi suma suna da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa (100% na mahalarta a cikin bincike biyu da 97% a wani). <ref name="pmid9136500">{{Cite journal |last=Dummit |first=E. Steven |last2=Klein |first2=Rachel G. |last3=Tancer |first3=Nancy K. |last4=Asche |first4=Barbara |last5=Martin |first5=Jacqueline |last6=Fairbanks |first6=Janet A. |date=May 1997 |title=Systematic Assessment of 50 Children With Selective Mutism |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199705000-00016 |pmid=9136500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="doi10.1007/s10862-005-3263-1">{{Cite journal |last=Vecchio |first=J. L. |last2=Kearney |first2=C. A. |year=2005 |title=Selective Mutism in Children: Comparison to Youths with and Without Anxiety Disorders |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |volume=27 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1007/s10862-005-3263-1 |s2cid=144770110}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7649954">{{Cite journal |last=Black |first=B. |last2=Uhde |first2=T. W. |year=1995 |title=Psychiatric Characteristics of Children with Selective Mutism: A Pilot Study |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=847–856 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199507000-00007 |pmid=7649954}}</ref> Musamman a cikin ƙananan yara, maye gurbi na zaɓi wani lokaci ana iya haɗuwa da matsalar autism, musamman idan yaron ya yi aiki musamman a kusa da likitan bincikensa, wanda zai iya haifar da ganewar asali da magani mara kyau. Duk da cewa mutane da yawa masu autism suma suna yin shiru, sau da yawa suna nuna wasu halaye - motsawa, halaye masu maimaitawa, warewar zamantakewa har ma a tsakanin 'yan uwa (misali ba koyaushe suna amsa suna ba) - waɗanda ke bambanta su da yaron da ke da maye gurbi na zaɓi kawai. Wasu mutanen autism na iya zama shiru saboda damuwa a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da ba a saba gani ba. Idan maye gurbi ya faru ne gaba ɗaya saboda matsalar autism, ba za a iya gano shi a matsayin maye gurbi na zaɓi kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin abu na ƙarshe akan jerin da ke sama ba. Tsohon sunan ''[[Zaɓin shiru|maye gurbi na zaɓe]]'' yana nuna rashin fahimta tsakanin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam cewa mutane masu shiru suna zaɓar yin shiru a wasu yanayi, yayin da gaskiyar magana ita ce sau da yawa suna son yin magana amma ba sa iya yin hakan. Don nuna yanayin wannan cuta ba da gangan ba, an canza sunan zuwa ''maye gurbi na zaɓe'' a cikin 1994, kodayake wannan sunan har yanzu yana da ce-ce-ku-ce. Alice Sluckin ce ta fara ba da shawarar sunan ''maye gurbi na yanayi'', kuma wasu masu fafutuka da masu bincike kan autism kamar Damian Milton sun yi amfani da shi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milton |first=Damian EM |last2=Green |first2=Jonathan |date=2024-04-01 |title=Theorising autism |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241235786 |journal=Autism |language=EN |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=795–797 |doi=10.1177/13623613241235786 |issn=1362-3613 |pmid=38468386 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> suna jayayya cewa sunan na yanzu har yanzu yana ɗauke da ma'anar cewa mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin suna zaɓar zama bebe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Emma |date=2025-05-05 |title=All About Situational Mutism: A Guide for Allies |url=https://reframingautism.org.au/all-about-situational-mutism-a-guide-for-allies/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Reframing Autism |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ba a tabbatar da yawan masu kamuwa da wannan cuta ta hanyar maye gurbi ba. Saboda rashin fahimtar wannan yanayin da jama'a ke yi, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka kamu da wannan cuta ba a gano su ba. Dangane da adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, ana kiyasta cewa adadin ya kai 1 cikin 1000, 0.1%. [1] Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2002 a cikin Jaridar The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry ya kiyasta cewa adadin ya kai 0.71%. [2] === Wasu alamomin === A cewar binciken Dr. Elisa Shipon-Blum, baya ga rashin magana, mutanen da ke da tsattsauran ra'ayi sau da yawa suna nuna wasu halaye da halaye na yau da kullun, kamar: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muris |first=Peter |last2=Ollendick |first2=Thomas H. |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=294–325 |doi=10.1007/s10567-020-00342-0 |issn=1573-2827 |pmc=8131304 |pmid=33462750}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohan |first=Sharon L. |last2=Chavira |first2=Denise A. |last3=Shipon-Blum |first3=Elisa |last4=Hitchcock |first4=Carla |last5=Roesch |first5=Scott C. |last6=Stein |first6=Murray B. |date=August 23, 2010 |title=Refining the classification of children with selective mutism: a latent profile analysis |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=770–784 |doi=10.1080/15374410802359759 |issn=1537-4424 |pmc=2925839 |pmid=18991128}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perednik |first=Ruth |date=1 June 2012 |title=An interview with Ruth Perednik: treating selective mutism |journal=North American Journal of Psychology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=365 |id={{Gale|A288873877}} {{ProQuest|1013609961}} |quote=Many are above average in intelligence, creative, and sensitive to others thoughts and feelings.}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Manazarta == 9ug5cwupvmrxixnhhf9hoi04v0negs4 Wale Tinubu 0 158184 859384 2026-06-17T13:52:49Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356031447|Wale Tinubu]]" 859384 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jubril Adewale "Wale" Tinubu''' ListeniCON (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1967) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne kuma lauya a Najeriya, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar [[Oando]] [[:en:Oando_PLC|PLC]].<ref>{{Cite interview|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/faraigundan/2014/07/30/meet-wale-tinubu-the-man-building-africas-largest-energy-company-part-one/#729ec5a84552|title=Meet Wale Tinubu, The Man Building Africa's Largest Energy Company - Part One|interviewer=Farai Gundan|last=Timbu|first=Adewale|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-08-05|language=en|date=2014-07-30}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1990 a matsayin lauya, ya kware a ayyukan kamfanoni da na man fetur. A shekara ta 1994, ya kafa Ocean & Oil Group kuma ya jagoranci ci gaban dabarunsa daga kasuwancin mai da kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Public Companies Worldwide, Letter - Bloomberg - Bloomberg |url=https://www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25068904&privcapId=12418394 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081719/https://www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25068904&privcapId=12418394 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2012-06-02 |title=The Silent Revolutionary: Jubril Adewale Tinubu - Ventures Africa |url=http://venturesafrica.com/the-silent-revolutionary-jubril-adewale-tinubu/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |work=Ventures Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Profile: Jubril Adewale Tinubu - Group CEO & Executive Director, Oando PLC |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=25068904&privcapId=12418394 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tinubu ya sami karatun firamare a jihar Legas kuma daga baya ya sami [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a 1983 daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu]] . Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Liverpool kuma ya sami digiri na Master of Laws daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=MarketScreener |title=Jubril Adewale Tinubu - Biography |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Jubril-Adewale-Tinubu-074G4G-E/biography/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.marketscreener.com}}</ref> Ya koma Najeriya yana da shekaru 22 don halartar [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] don ya cancanci yin aiki kuma an kira shi zuwa kotun Najeriya a shekarar 1990.((((((((((<(Tinubu had his primary education in Lagos state and later obtained the West African School Certificate in 1983 from the Federal Government College, Odogbolu. He studied law at the University of Liverpool and obtained a Master of Laws degree from the London School of Economics.[1] He returned to Nigeria at 22 to attend the Nigerian Law School in order to qualify to practice and was called to the Nigerian == Ayyuka == Tinubu ya fara aikinsa tare da kamfanin lauyoyin iyalinsa, K. O. Tinubu da Co, inda ya kware a cikin dokar kamfanoni da man fetur. A shekara ta 1994, ya kafa Ocean and Oil Limited, kamfanin mai da ke Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Private Sector Icon of the Year<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 28, 2023 |title=Garlands for distinguished Nigerians |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/garlands-for-distinguished-nigerians/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>" * Conferred with the honour of Commander of the Order of the Niger ([[Order of the Niger|CON]]) in 2022 by the Federal Government of Nigeria under the administration of President [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=Oando Boss 'Wale Tinubu Bags National Honour |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/celebration/oando-boss-wale-tinubu-bags-national-honour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012193141/https://www.thegazellenews.com/celebration/oando-boss-wale-tinubu-bags-national-honour/ |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Thegazellenews |language=en-US}}</ref> * "The King of African Oil" by ''Forbes'' magazine<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gundan |first=Farai |title=Meet Wale Tinubu, The Man Building Africa's Largest Energy Company - Part One |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/faraigundan/2014/07/30/meet-wale-tinubu-the-man-building-africas-largest-energy-company-part-one/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2011 |title="The King of African Oil" Wale Tinubu on the November 2011 cover of Forbes Africa |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/11/the-king-of-african-oil-wale-tinubu-on-the-november-2011-cover-of-forbes-africa/}}</ref> * One of the Top Ten CEOs in the world by ASKMEN<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-28 |title=Oando chief set for EY world's entrepreneur award |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/oando-chief-set-for-ey-worlds-entrepreneur-award/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> * Young global leader by the World Economic Forum (January 2007)<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2007 |title=WEF Names Oando Chief Young Global Leader for 2007 |url=http://www.petroleumafrica.com/wef-names-oando-chief-young-global-leader-for-2007/ |website=petroleumafrica.com}}</ref> * "African Business Leader of the Year" by Africa Investor (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Changing Fortunes meets the millionaire entrepreneurs of Brazil and Africa - Media centre |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/worldnews/changing-fortunes-ep-2 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> * "Leadership" Business Person of the Year 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Forum on Africa Co-Chairs Call for Sustained Action to Create Inclusive Growth |url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-africa-co-chairs-call-sustained-action-create-inclusive-growth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406174406/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-africa-co-chairs-call-sustained-action-create-inclusive-growth |archive-date=2015-04-06 |website=World Economic Forum on Africa Co-Chairs Call for Sustained Action to Create Inclusive Growth - World Economic Forum}}</ref> * "Africa Executive of the Year" by Oil Council (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oando PLC Group Chief Executive named ‘Africa Executive of the Year’ at Oil Council 2015 Africa Assembly |url=https://www.oandoplc.com/press-release/oando-plc-group-chief-executive-named-africa-executive-of-the-year-at-oil-council-2015-africa-assembly |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.oandoplc.com |language=en}}</ref> * "Entrepreneur of the Year" West Africa by Ernst &amp;amp; Young (2015){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adewale Tinubu dan dan [[Bola Tinubu]] ne, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, GCFR . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] b5s1f575knx2zrjecz71432i39o88qh 859387 859384 2026-06-17T13:54:10Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859387 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jubril Adewale "Wale" Tinubu''' ListeniCON (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1967) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne kuma lauya a Najeriya, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar [[Oando]] [[:en:Oando_PLC|PLC]].<ref>{{Cite interview|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/faraigundan/2014/07/30/meet-wale-tinubu-the-man-building-africas-largest-energy-company-part-one/#729ec5a84552|title=Meet Wale Tinubu, The Man Building Africa's Largest Energy Company - Part One|interviewer=Farai Gundan|last=Timbu|first=Adewale|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-08-05|language=en|date=2014-07-30}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1990 a matsayin lauya, ya kware a ayyukan kamfanoni da na man fetur. A shekara ta 1994, ya kafa Ocean & Oil Group kuma ya jagoranci ci gaban dabarunsa daga kasuwancin mai da kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Public Companies Worldwide, Letter - Bloomberg - Bloomberg |url=https://www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25068904&privcapId=12418394 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081719/https://www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25068904&privcapId=12418394 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2012-06-02 |title=The Silent Revolutionary: Jubril Adewale Tinubu - Ventures Africa |url=http://venturesafrica.com/the-silent-revolutionary-jubril-adewale-tinubu/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |work=Ventures Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Profile: Jubril Adewale Tinubu - Group CEO & Executive Director, Oando PLC |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=25068904&privcapId=12418394 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tinubu ya sami karatun firamare a jihar Legas kuma daga baya ya sami [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] a 1983 daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu]] . Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Liverpool kuma ya sami digiri na Master of Laws daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=MarketScreener |title=Jubril Adewale Tinubu - Biography |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Jubril-Adewale-Tinubu-074G4G-E/biography/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.marketscreener.com}}</ref> Ya koma Najeriya yana da shekaru 22 don halartar [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] don ya cancanci yin aiki kuma an kira shi zuwa kotun Najeriya a shekarar 1 == Ayyuka == Tinubu ya fara aikinsa tare da kamfanin lauyoyin iyalinsa, K. O. Tinubu da Co, inda ya kware a cikin dokar kamfanoni da man fetur. A shekara ta 1994, ya kafa Ocean and Oil Limited, kamfanin mai da ke Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Private Sector Icon of the Year<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 28, 2023 |title=Garlands for distinguished Nigerians |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/garlands-for-distinguished-nigerians/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>" * Conferred with the honour of Commander of the Order of the Niger ([[Order of the Niger|CON]]) in 2022 by the Federal Government of Nigeria under the administration of President [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=Oando Boss 'Wale Tinubu Bags National Honour |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/celebration/oando-boss-wale-tinubu-bags-national-honour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012193141/https://www.thegazellenews.com/celebration/oando-boss-wale-tinubu-bags-national-honour/ |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Thegazellenews |language=en-US}}</ref> * "The King of African Oil" by ''Forbes'' magazine<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gundan |first=Farai |title=Meet Wale Tinubu, The Man Building Africa's Largest Energy Company - Part One |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/faraigundan/2014/07/30/meet-wale-tinubu-the-man-building-africas-largest-energy-company-part-one/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2011 |title="The King of African Oil" Wale Tinubu on the November 2011 cover of Forbes Africa |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/11/the-king-of-african-oil-wale-tinubu-on-the-november-2011-cover-of-forbes-africa/}}</ref> * One of the Top Ten CEOs in the world by ASKMEN<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-28 |title=Oando chief set for EY world's entrepreneur award |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/oando-chief-set-for-ey-worlds-entrepreneur-award/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> * Young global leader by the World Economic Forum (January 2007)<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2007 |title=WEF Names Oando Chief Young Global Leader for 2007 |url=http://www.petroleumafrica.com/wef-names-oando-chief-young-global-leader-for-2007/ |website=petroleumafrica.com}}</ref> * "African Business Leader of the Year" by Africa Investor (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Changing Fortunes meets the millionaire entrepreneurs of Brazil and Africa - Media centre |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/worldnews/changing-fortunes-ep-2 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> * "Leadership" Business Person of the Year 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Forum on Africa Co-Chairs Call for Sustained Action to Create Inclusive Growth |url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-africa-co-chairs-call-sustained-action-create-inclusive-growth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406174406/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-africa-co-chairs-call-sustained-action-create-inclusive-growth |archive-date=2015-04-06 |website=World Economic Forum on Africa Co-Chairs Call for Sustained Action to Create Inclusive Growth - World Economic Forum}}</ref> * "Africa Executive of the Year" by Oil Council (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oando PLC Group Chief Executive named ‘Africa Executive of the Year’ at Oil Council 2015 Africa Assembly |url=https://www.oandoplc.com/press-release/oando-plc-group-chief-executive-named-africa-executive-of-the-year-at-oil-council-2015-africa-assembly |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.oandoplc.com |language=en}}</ref> * "Entrepreneur of the Year" West Africa by Ernst &amp;amp; Young (2015){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adewale Tinubu dan dan [[Bola Tinubu]] ne, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, GCFR . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 0eqsy8wp1k62yp2ow30dt7ek5b2shxy Egbert Udo Udoma 0 158185 859398 2026-06-17T14:07:41Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355791454|Egbert Udo Udoma]]" 859398 wikitext text/x-wiki Ess<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Sir Egbert Udo Udoma''', listenⓘ [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]], (21 Yuni 1917 - 2 Fabrairu 1998)<ref name="Abati2">Reuben Abati, [http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/reuben-abati/book-review-udo-udoma-in-the-shelter-of-the-elephant-rock.html "Book review: Udo Udoma: In The Shelter Of The Elephant Rock"], Nigerian Village Square, 8 March 2009.</ref> [[lauya]] ne kuma mai shari'a na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] . Ya kasance Babban Alkalin Uganda daga 1963 zuwa 1969. Ya shafe shekaru 13 a matsayin alƙali a Kotun Koli ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1978. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Najeriya. Udoma na ɗaya daga cikin baƙar fata na farko da suka sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a 1944 daga Jami'ar Oxford . [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ce ta ba shi lambar yabo kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Methodist kuma mai riƙe da lambar yabo ta John Wesley (KJW). == Rayuwa == An haife shi a yankin [[Mutanen Ibibio|Ibibio]] na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Methodist, Uzuakoli . Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya ci gaba da zuwa kasashen waje don yin karatu a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin (TCD) tare da goyon bayan al'ummarsa da Ibibio Union, ƙungiyar da daga baya ya jagoranci. A TCD, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Falsafa ta Jami'ar, ƙungiyar muhawara ta ɗalibai. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] .(((((((((((((was born in the Ibibio area of Akwa Ibom State and attended Methodist College, Uzuakoli. After completing his secondary education, he proceeded abroad to study at Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) with the support of his community and the Ibibio Union, an organization which he later led. At TCD, he served as president of the University Philosophical Society, the student debating society. He later earned a postgraduate degree at Oxford University. Ya koma [[Najeriya]] don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a tsakiyar shekarun 1940, amma ya zama mai ban sha'awa kuma ya motsa shi da siyasar kishin kasa na lokacin. A wannan lokacin, Najeriya tana jan hankalin masu dawowa da suka bar a baya.<ref name="Whiteman">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> Ya shiga [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] da wuri, amma ya bar jam'iyyar bayan rikici a tsohuwar [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Yankin Gabas]] wanda ya ga cire Eyo Ita, mutumin Ibeno daga ofis a matsayin shugaban Yankin Gabashin Azikiwe. Daga 1953 zuwa 1959, Udo Udoma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, a ƙarƙashin dandalin Jam'iyyar Independence ta United National, sannan ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar jihar Calabar / Ogoja / Rivers. Koyaya, gazawarsa ta yi nasara wajen kirkirar yanki mai zaman kansa ko jiha a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da kuma nasarar manyan yankuna uku a taron kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1958, ya kai shi ga ba da siyasa ga jam'iyyun da suka fi rinjaye.<ref name="Whiteman2">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru hudu a matsayin alƙali na Kotun Koli kafin a nada shi Babban Alkalin Uganda . Ya kasance Kwamandan Knight na Order of the British Empire, kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta goyi bayan 'yancin Najeriya daga Burtaniya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa Najeriya. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1998.<ref name="Whiteman3">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya kasance batun tarihin rayuwa guda biyu: ''Mutumin: Sir Justice Udo Udoma'' na Dennis Udo-Inyang, da Dokar da Jiha: Kyautar Sir Udo Uduma ta Ekong Sampson . A cikin 2008 dukiyar Sir Udo Udoma ta fitar da The Eagle In Its Flight: Kasancewar Memoir na Hon. Sir Udo udoma, CFR (Grace & Son).<ref name="Whiteman4">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref>Ɗansa na uku [[Udoma Udo Udoma]] ya kasance sanata na musamman na jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Tarayyar Najeriya kuma Ministan Kasafin Kudi da Shirye-shiryen a karkas in gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]] . == Littattafai == * Zaki da Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Wani Rubuce-rubuce (1943) * Labarin Ibbio Union (1987) * ''Tarihi da Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya'' (1994) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] 1nddtelawf503n3p9xo3msl4h270srz 859399 859398 2026-06-17T14:10:28Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[lauya]] ne kuma mai shari'a na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] . Ya kasance Babban Alkalin Uganda daga 1963 zuwa 1969. Ya shafe shekaru 13 a matsayin alƙali a Kotun Koli ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1978. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Najeriya. Udoma na ɗaya daga cikin baƙar fata na farko da suka sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a 1944 daga Jami'ar Oxford . [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ce ta ba shi lambar yabo kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Methodist kuma mai riƙe da lambar yabo ta John Wesley (KJW). == Rayuwa == An haife shi a yankin [[Mutanen Ibibio|Ibibio]] na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Methodist, Uzuakoli . Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya ci gaba da zuwa kasashen waje don yin karatu a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin (TCD) tare da goyon bayan al'ummarsa da Ibibio Union, ƙungiyar da daga baya ya jagoranci. A TCD, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Falsafa ta Jami'ar, ƙungiyar muhawara ta ɗalibai. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . Ya koma [[Najeriya]] don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a tsakiyar shekarun 1940, amma ya zama mai ban sha'awa kuma ya motsa shi da siyasar kishin kasa na lokacin. A wannan lokacin, Najeriya tana jan hankalin masu dawowa da suka bar a baya.<ref name="Whiteman">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> Ya shiga [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] da wuri, amma ya bar jam'iyyar bayan rikici a tsohuwar [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Yankin Gabas]] wanda ya ga cire Eyo Ita, mutumin Ibeno daga ofis a matsayin shugaban Yankin Gabashin Azikiwe. Daga 1953 zuwa 1959, Udo Udoma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, a ƙarƙashin dandalin Jam'iyyar Independence ta United National, sannan ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar jihar Calabar / Ogoja / Rivers. Koyaya, gazawarsa ta yi nasara wajen kirkirar yanki mai zaman kansa ko jiha a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da kuma nasarar manyan yankuna uku a taron kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1958, ya kai shi ga ba da siyasa ga jam'iyyun da suka fi rinjaye.<ref name="Whiteman2">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru hudu a matsayin alƙali na Kotun Koli kafin a nada shi Babban Alkalin Uganda . Ya kasance Kwamandan Knight na Order of the British Empire, kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta goyi bayan 'yancin Najeriya daga Burtaniya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa Najeriya. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1998.<ref name="Whiteman3">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya kasance batun tarihin rayuwa guda biyu: ''Mutumin: Sir Justice Udo Udoma'' na Dennis Udo-Inyang, da Dokar da Jiha: Kyautar Sir Udo Uduma ta Ekong Sampson . A cikin 2008 dukiyar Sir Udo Udoma ta fitar da The Eagle In Its Flight: Kasancewar Memoir na Hon. Sir Udo udoma, CFR (Grace & Son).<ref name="Whiteman4">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref>Ɗansa na uku [[Udoma Udo Udoma]] ya kasance sanata na musamman na jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Tarayyar Najeriya kuma Ministan Kasafin Kudi da Shirye-shiryen a karkas in gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]] . == Littattafai == * Zaki da Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Wani Rubuce-rubuce (1943) * Labarin Ibbio Union (1987) * ''Tarihi da Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya'' (1994) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] 9usfnwxu895ektwphe7mrjgm6k0hywc 859400 859399 2026-06-17T14:10:59Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[lauya]] ne kuma mai shari'a na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] . Ya kasance Babban Alkalin Uganda daga 1963 zuwa 1969. Ya shafe shekaru 13 a matsayin alƙali a Kotun Koli ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1978. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Najeriya. Udoma na ɗaya daga cikin baƙar fata na farko da suka sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a 1944 daga Jami'ar Oxford . [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ce ta ba shi lambar yabo kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Methodist kuma mai riƙe da lambar yabo ta John Wesley (KJW). == Rayuwa == An haife shi a yankin [[Mutanen Ibibio|Ibibio]] na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Methodist, Uzuakoli . Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya ci gaba da zuwa kasashen waje don yin karatu a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin (TCD) tare da goyon bayan al'ummarsa da Ibibio Union, ƙungiyar da daga baya ya jagoranci. A TCD, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Falsafa ta Jami'ar, ƙungiyar muhawara ta ɗalibai. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . Ya koma [[Najeriya]] don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a tsakiyar shekarun 1940, amma ya zama mai ban sha'awa kuma ya motsa shi da siyasar kishin kasa na lokacin. A wannan lokacin, Najeriya tana jan hankalin masu dawowa da suka bar a baya.<ref name="Whiteman">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> Ya shiga [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] da wuri, amma ya bar jam'iyyar bayan rikici a tsohuwar [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Yankin Gabas]] wanda ya ga cire Eyo Ita, mutumin Ibeno daga ofis a matsayin shugaban Yankin Gabashin Azikiwe. Daga 1953 zuwa 1959, Udo Udoma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, a ƙarƙashin dandalin Jam'iyyar Independence ta United National, sannan ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar jihar Calabar / Ogoja / Rivers. Koyaya, gazawarsa ta yi nasara wajen kirkirar yanki mai zaman kansa ko jiha a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da kuma nasarar manyan yankuna uku a taron kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1958, ya kai shi ga ba da siyasa ga jam'iyyun da suka fi rinjaye.<ref name="Whiteman2">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru hudu a matsayin alƙali na Kotun Koli kafin a nada shi Babban Alkalin Uganda . Ya kasance Kwamandan Knight na Order of the British Empire, kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta goyi bayan 'yancin Najeriya daga Burtaniya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa Najeriya. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1998.<ref name="Whiteman3">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya kasance batun tarihin rayuwa guda biyu: ''Mutumin: Sir Justice Udo Udoma'' na Dennis Udo-Inyang, da Dokar da Jiha: Kyautar Sir Udo Uduma ta Ekong Sampson . A cikin 2008 dukiyar Sir Udo Udoma ta fitar da The Eagle In Its Flight: Kasancewar Memoir na Hon. Sir Udo udoma, CFR (Grace & Son).<ref name="Whiteman4">Kaye Whiteman, "An African benchmark; Obituary: Sir Udo Udoma". ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 February 1998.</ref>Ɗansa na uku [[Udoma Udo Udoma]] ya kasance sanata na musamman na jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Tarayyar Najeriya kuma Ministan Kasafin Kudi da Shirye-shiryen a karkas in gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]] . == Littattafai == * Zaki da Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Wani Rubuce-rubuce (1943) * Labarin Ibbio Union (1987) * ''Tarihi da Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya'' (1994) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] cmuhr00kotxqq5ng7jx4v0kfw2d1fsd Emeka Ed Keazor 0 158186 859401 2026-06-17T14:19:14Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346537480|Emeka Ed Keazor]]" 859401 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emeka Ed Keazor''' lauya ce ta Najeriya, marubuciya, masanin tarihi, kuma mai shirya fina-finai, an haife ta Kenneth Keazor da Victoria Keazor . A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nsibidi.<ref name="Guardian2">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=Nigerian historian Keazor named director of Nsibidi Institute |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigerian-historian-keazor-named-director-of-nsibidi-institute/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022 ya zama shugaban Piql West Africa.<ref name="Sun2">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday2">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Shi ne darektan kuma furodusa na fim din da ya lashe lambar yabo - Janairu 15: Untold Memories of the Nigeria-Biafra War, fim din da ke ba da labarin yakin basasar Najeriya; fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo a kyautar fim din Spotlight a 2021 kuma an zabi shi don mafi kyawun fim a [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]] a 2020. A cikin 2016, [[YNaija]] ya lissafa shi a cikin 100 masu tasiri na Najeriya da ke raye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-12 |title=These are the 100 Most Influential Nigerians alive today |url=https://ynaija.com/y100-100-influential-nigerians-alive-today |website=ynaija.com}}</ref>(((+(((((((((((director and producer of award winning movie - January 15: Untold Memories of the Nigeria-Biafra War, a documentary movie that chronicled the Nigerian civil war; the movie earned him an award at the Spotlight Film Award in 2021 and was nominated for best documentary at the A == Ilimi da rayuwar mutum == Keazor ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Home Science da Kwalejin St Gregory, duka biyu a Legas. Daga nan ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] don digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in shari'a da Kwalejin Birkbeck, Jami'ar London . Ya kasance Fellow na Royal Society for the Arts, Associate Fellow na Real Historical Society, kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta African Society of Cambridge University Award na 2014 don bincike a Tarihin Afirka == Littattafai == * ''Kofin Tarayya da Kwallon Kafa na Najeriya: Godiya ga Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa mafi tsufa'' * ''Layin Legas-Hamburg''<ref name="Sun">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> * ''120 Manyan 'yan Najeriya Ba Mu taɓa sani ba'' * ''Najeriya60: Rashin mafarki na shekaru 99'' * ''Najeriya: Tafiyar zuwa amalgamation'' * ''Shin Rayuwar Baƙar fata ta Muhimmanci ga Daular Burtaniya a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu'' * ''Tarihin Igbo: Abubuwa masu muhimmanci, nasarori da ƙalubale - Ed Emeka Keazor'' * ''An fitar da shi: Juyin Juya Halin Enugu Rangers (1970-1977) '' == Hotuna == * ''uniya na 2''<ref name="Ynaija">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Ed Keazor Remembers Nigeria's Forgotten Army in "Company Yaya: Lost African Voices of World War 2" |url=https://ynaija.com/ed-keazor-remembers-nigerias-forgotten-army-in-company-yaya-lost-african-voices-of-world-war-2/ |website=ynaija.com}}</ref> * ''Kada ka ce Mutu: Labari da Tarihin Rangers<ref name="Sun3">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday3">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref>'' * ''Onunaekwuluora: Labarin Thurstan Shaw'' * ''Tafiyar Beats''<ref name="Sun4">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday4">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> * ''Janairu 15, 1970: Abubuwan da ba a taɓa ba game da Najeriya - Yaƙin Biafra''<ref name="TW Magazine">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=January 15, 1970 – Untold memories of the Nigeria-Biafra war |url=https://twmagazine.net/lifestyle/living/january-15-1970-untold-memories-of-the-nigeria-biafra-war/ |website=twmagazine.net}}</ref> * ''Legas: Haihuwar Birni na Style (2017) '' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 460d6npzrlmmz7b3uaymo4fq18vr3lf 859403 859401 2026-06-17T14:20:43Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emeka Ed Keazor''' lauya ce ta Najeriya, marubuciya, masanin tarihi, kuma mai shirya fina-finai, an haife ta Kenneth Keazor da Victoria Keazor . A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nsibidi.<ref name="Guardian2">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=Nigerian historian Keazor named director of Nsibidi Institute |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigerian-historian-keazor-named-director-of-nsibidi-institute/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022 ya zama shugaban Piql West Africa.<ref name="Sun2">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday2">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Shi ne darektan kuma furodusa na fim din da ya lashe lambar yabo - Janairu 15: Untold Memories of the Nigeria-Biafra War, fim din da ke ba da labarin yakin basasar Najeriya; fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo a kyautar fim din Spotlight a 2021 kuma an zabi shi don mafi kyawun fim a [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]] a 2020. A cikin 2016, [[YNaija]] ya lissafa shi a cikin 100 masu tasiri na Najeriya da ke raye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-12 |title=These are the 100 Most Influential Nigerians alive today |url=https://ynaija.com/y100-100-influential-nigerians-alive-today |website=ynaija.com}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar mutum == Keazor ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Home Science da Kwalejin St Gregory, duka biyu a Legas. Daga nan ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] don digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in shari'a da Kwalejin Birkbeck, Jami'ar London . Ya kasance Fellow na Royal Society for the Arts, Associate Fellow na Real Historical Society, kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta African Society of Cambridge University Award na 2014 don bincike a Tarihin Afirka == Littattafai == * ''Kofin Tarayya da Kwallon Kafa na Najeriya: Godiya ga Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa mafi tsufa'' * ''Layin Legas-Hamburg''<ref name="Sun">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> * ''120 Manyan 'yan Najeriya Ba Mu taɓa sani ba'' * ''Najeriya60: Rashin mafarki na shekaru 99'' * ''Najeriya: Tafiyar zuwa amalgamation'' * ''Shin Rayuwar Baƙar fata ta Muhimmanci ga Daular Burtaniya a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu'' * ''Tarihin Igbo: Abubuwa masu muhimmanci, nasarori da ƙalubale - Ed Emeka Keazor'' * ''An fitar da shi: Juyin Juya Halin Enugu Rangers (1970-1977) '' == Hotuna == * ''uniya na 2''<ref name="Ynaija">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Ed Keazor Remembers Nigeria's Forgotten Army in "Company Yaya: Lost African Voices of World War 2" |url=https://ynaija.com/ed-keazor-remembers-nigerias-forgotten-army-in-company-yaya-lost-african-voices-of-world-war-2/ |website=ynaija.com}}</ref> * ''Kada ka ce Mutu: Labari da Tarihin Rangers<ref name="Sun3">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday3">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref>'' * ''Onunaekwuluora: Labarin Thurstan Shaw'' * ''Tafiyar Beats''<ref name="Sun4">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Piql appoints Nze Keazor board chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/piql-appoints-nze-keazor-board-chairman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="Thisday4">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2022 |title=Piql West Africa Strengthens Board with New Chairman in Significant Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/04/piql-west-africa-strengthens-board-with-new-chairman-in-significant-deal/ |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> * ''Janairu 15, 1970: Abubuwan da ba a taɓa ba game da Najeriya - Yaƙin Biafra''<ref name="TW Magazine">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=January 15, 1970 – Untold memories of the Nigeria-Biafra war |url=https://twmagazine.net/lifestyle/living/january-15-1970-untold-memories-of-the-nigeria-biafra-war/ |website=twmagazine.net}}</ref> * ''Legas: Haihuwar Birni na Style (2017) '' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hrm9fl3hljwyvtwot537xawccaotu3u Emmanuel Ayoola 0 158187 859404 2026-06-17T14:26:56Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342863917|Emmanuel Ayoola]]" 859404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola''' (27 ga Oktoba 1933 - 20 ga Agusta 2024) lauya ne kuma alƙali na Najeriya wanda ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa Mai Zaman Kanta a shekara ta 2005. Ya kuma kasance alƙali na Kotun daukaka kara na Kotun Musamman ta [[Saliyo]] . <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola |url=http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers Association}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Emmanuel Ayoola a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1933..<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATgzo8jnNtYC&q=Emmanuel+Ayoola+27+Oct.+1933 Profile of Emmanuel Ayoola]</ref>Ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a daga Jami'ar London, da kuma BA a Jurisprudence daga Jami'an Oxford. An kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingilishi a Lincoln's Inn a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]]. Shekaru goma sha bakwai yana da aikin lauya mai zaman kansa a [[Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola |url=http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers Association}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf "About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Lawyers Association. Archived from [http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="uwais">{{Cite web |last=MARIAM UWAIS |date=18 November 2003 |title=Hon Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola Justice of the Supreme Court: Jurist Par Excellence Takes a Bow. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19421622_ITM |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=This Day}}</ref>((((((((((((((((Emmanuel Ayoola was born on 27 October 1933.[1] He obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of London, and a BA in Jurisprudence from Oxford University. He was called to the English Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1957. In 1959 he was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria. For seventeen years he had a private legal practice in Ibadan, O == Ayyukan shari'a == A shekara ta 1976 an nada shi Alkalin Babban Kotun Yammacin Najeriya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka ya zama alƙali na Babban Kotun Jihar Oyo . <ref name="uwais">{{Cite web |last=MARIAM UWAIS |date=18 November 2003 |title=Hon Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola Justice of the Supreme Court: Jurist Par Excellence Takes a Bow. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19421622_ITM |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMARIAM_UWAIS2003">MARIAM UWAIS (18 November 2003). [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19421622_ITM "Hon Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola Justice of the Supreme Court: Jurist Par Excellence Takes a Bow"]. This Day<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara ta [[Gambiya]] (1980-1983) kuma ya kasance Babban Alkalin Gambiya (Gambiya (1983-1992). Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Alƙalai ta Duniya a 1991. Ya kasance Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ta [[Seychelles]], da kuma Mai Shari'a na Kotun dawakai ta Najeriya (1992-1998), Mai Shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Najeriya (1998-2003), ya yi ritaya a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003 yana da shekaru 70. Daga nan ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Najeriya (2003-2005) da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Aiki kan Dokar Gyara Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2000.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola |url=http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers Association}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf "About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Lawyers Association. Archived from [http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada Ayoola a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar daukaka kara na Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo (2004-2005), wanda aka kafa don gwada wadanda ke da alhakin yakin basasar Saliyo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2002 |title=Judicial Appointments to the Special Court |url=http://www.specialcourt.org/documents/PlanningMission/PressReleases/Judicialappointments.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709054003/http://www.specialcourt.org/documents/PlanningMission/PressReleases/Judicialappointments.html |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Ya shirya Seychelles Law Digest, Law Reports of the [[Gambiya]], da kuma Nigerian Monthly Law Reports . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ayoola |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_9565.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601190815/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_9565.html |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=AfDevInfo}}</ref> == Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa Mai Zaman Kanta == A shekara ta 2005 aka nada Ayoola a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa mai zaman kanta, inda ya maye gurbin [[Mustapha Akanbi]] a lokacin da ya yi ritaya.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATgzo8jnNtYC&q=Emmanuel+Ayoola+27+Oct.+1933 Profile of Emmanuel Ayoola]</ref>A watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ayoola ya ce duk ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa da ke hana kokarin gwamnati a yaki da cin hanci leken asiri ya kamata ya jawo hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da gafartawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2008 |title=ICPC Chairman Wants Life Jail for Saboteurs of Anti-Corruption Campaign |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200808220641.html |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Daily Champion}}</ref> == Mutuwa == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] mxhnejjqo2zdok2czsbfug7ex9q03la 859406 859404 2026-06-17T14:32:26Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola''' (27 ga Oktoba 1933 - 20 ga Agusta 2024) lauya ne kuma alƙali na Najeriya wanda ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa Mai Zaman Kanta a shekara ta 2005. Ya kuma kasance alƙali na Kotun daukaka kara na Kotun Musamman ta [[Saliyo]] . <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola |url=http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers Association}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Emmanuel Ayoola a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1933..<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATgzo8jnNtYC&q=Emmanuel+Ayoola+27+Oct.+1933 Profile of Emmanuel Ayoola]</ref>Ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a daga Jami'ar London, da kuma BA a Jurisprudence daga Jami'an Oxford. An kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingilishi a Lincoln's Inn a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an shigar da shi a matsayin lauya da lauya na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]]. Shekaru goma sha bakwai yana da aikin lauya mai zaman kansa a [[Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola |url=http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers Association}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf "About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Lawyers Association. Archived from [http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="uwais">{{Cite web |last=MARIAM UWAIS |date=18 November 2003 |title=Hon Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola Justice of the Supreme Court: Jurist Par Excellence Takes a Bow. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19421622_ITM |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=This Day}}</ref> == Ayyukan shari'a == A shekara ta 1976 an nada shi Alkalin Babban Kotun Yammacin Najeriya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka ya zama alƙali na Babban Kotun Jihar Oyo . <ref name="uwais">{{Cite web |last=MARIAM UWAIS |date=18 November 2003 |title=Hon Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola Justice of the Supreme Court: Jurist Par Excellence Takes a Bow. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19421622_ITM |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMARIAM_UWAIS2003">MARIAM UWAIS (18 November 2003). [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19421622_ITM "Hon Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola Justice of the Supreme Court: Jurist Par Excellence Takes a Bow"]. This Day<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara ta [[Gambiya]] (1980-1983) kuma ya kasance Babban Alkalin Gambiya (Gambiya (1983-1992). Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Alƙalai ta Duniya a 1991. Ya kasance Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ta [[Seychelles]], da kuma Mai Shari'a na Kotun dawakai ta Najeriya (1992-1998), Mai Shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Najeriya (1998-2003), ya yi ritaya a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003 yana da shekaru 70. Daga nan ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Najeriya (2003-2005) da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Aiki kan Dokar Gyara Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2000.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola |url=http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Lawyers Association}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163131/http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf "About the Keynote Speaker: Justice Emmanuel Olayinka Ayoola"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Lawyers Association. Archived from [http://www.nigerianlawyers.org/ayoolaprofile.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada Ayoola a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar daukaka kara na Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo (2004-2005), wanda aka kafa don gwada wadanda ke da alhakin yakin basasar Saliyo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2002 |title=Judicial Appointments to the Special Court |url=http://www.specialcourt.org/documents/PlanningMission/PressReleases/Judicialappointments.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709054003/http://www.specialcourt.org/documents/PlanningMission/PressReleases/Judicialappointments.html |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Ya shirya Seychelles Law Digest, Law Reports of the [[Gambiya]], da kuma Nigerian Monthly Law Reports . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ayoola |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_9565.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601190815/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_9565.html |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=AfDevInfo}}</ref> == Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa Mai Zaman Kanta == A shekara ta 2005 aka nada Ayoola a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa mai zaman kanta, inda ya maye gurbin [[Mustapha Akanbi]] a lokacin da ya yi ritaya.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATgzo8jnNtYC&q=Emmanuel+Ayoola+27+Oct.+1933 Profile of Emmanuel Ayoola]</ref>A watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ayoola ya ce duk ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa da ke hana kokarin gwamnati a yaki da cin hanci leken asiri ya kamata ya jawo hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da gafartawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2008 |title=ICPC Chairman Wants Life Jail for Saboteurs of Anti-Corruption Campaign |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200808220641.html |access-date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Daily Champion}}</ref> == Mutuwa == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] 9pie2flpwy11xiozdgynlzs5yakqi54 Enoh T. Ebong 0 158188 859411 2026-06-17T14:41:05Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291131848|Enoh T. Ebong]]" 859411 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Enoh Titilayo Ebong''' lauya ce ta Najeriya-Amurka kuma jami'in kasuwanci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka daga 2022 zuwa 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ebong ne a [[Najeriya]]. Mahaifin Ebong, Ime James Ebong, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na dindindin na Ma'aikatar Raya Tattalin Arziki da sake ginawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-26 |title=Strengthening Business Ties with Africa |url=https://2014-2017.commerce.gov/news/blog/2016/01/strengthening-business-ties-africa.html |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Department of Commerce |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Master of Arts a tarihi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh, da Juris Doctor daga Jami'an Michigan Law School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=President Biden Announces Key Nominations |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/14/president-biden-announces-key-nominations-5/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>(((((((((Ebong was born in Nigeria. Ebong's father, Ime James Ebong, served as permanent secretary of the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Economic Development and Reconstruction.[1] She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, a Master of Arts in history from the University of Edinburgh, and a == Ayyuka == Ebong memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Massachusetts . Daga 1997 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi da kasuwanci a Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, da Popeo . Daga nan ta shiga Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya-mai ba da shawara daga 2004 zuwa 2007, mataimakin darakta na yanki na Afirka ta Kudu daga 2007 zuwa 2007, mataimakiyar babban lauya daga 2008 zuwa 2010, mataimakin babban lauya tun daga 2010 zuwa 2013, babban lauya ne daga 2013 zuwa 2015, mukaddashin darakta a 2017, kuma mataimakin Darakta da CFO daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Ta koma USTDA a matsayin CFO da kuma mukaddashin darektan a farkon Gwamnatin Biden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enoh T. Ebong – USTDA |url=https://ustda.gov/staff/enoh-t-ebong/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nomination zuwa USTDA === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2021, Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya zabi Ebong a matsayin darektan USTDA. An gudanar da sauraron shari'a a gaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Dattijai game da zaben ta a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2021. Kwamitin ya ba da rahoton gabatarwa ga majalisar dattijai a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2022. Dukan Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar da Ebong a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022, ta hanyar kuri'un murya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=PN1291 — Enoh T. Ebong — Trade and Development Agency 117th Congress (2021-2022) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1291?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22ebong%22%2C%22ebong%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=US Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Nomin siyasa na Joe Biden == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] damy9lwc9l22h9xpzn249cr6rw9wptc 859428 859411 2026-06-17T14:51:56Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291131848|Enoh T. Ebong]]" 859428 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Enoh Titilayo Ebong''' lauya ce ta Najeriya-Amurka kuma jami'in kasuwanci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka daga 2022 zuwa 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ebong ne a [[Najeriya]]. Mahaifin Ebong, Ime James Ebong, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na dindindin na Ma'aikatar Raya Tattalin Arziki da sake ginawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-26 |title=Strengthening Business Ties with Africa |url=https://2014-2017.commerce.gov/news/blog/2016/01/strengthening-business-ties-africa.html |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Department of Commerce |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Master of Arts a tarihi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh, da Juris Doctor daga Jami'an Michigan Law School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=President Biden Announces Key Nominations |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/14/president-biden-announces-key-nominations-5/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>((((((((((Ebong was born in Nigeria. Ebong's father, Ime James Ebong, served as permanent secretary of the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Economic Development and Reconstruction.[1] She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, a Master of Arts in history from the University of Edinburgh, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan == Ayyuka == Ebong memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Massachusetts . Daga 1997 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi da kasuwanci a Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, da Popeo . Daga nan ta shiga Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya-mai ba da shawara daga 2004 zuwa 2007, mataimakin darakta na yanki na Afirka ta Kudu daga 2007 zuwa 2007, mataimakiyar babban lauya daga 2008 zuwa 2010, mataimakin babban lauya tun daga 2010 zuwa 2013, babban lauya ne daga 2013 zuwa 2015, mukaddashin darakta a 2017, kuma mataimakin Darakta da CFO daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Ta koma USTDA a matsayin CFO da kuma mukaddashin darektan a farkon Gwamnatin Biden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enoh T. Ebong – USTDA |url=https://ustda.gov/staff/enoh-t-ebong/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nomination zuwa USTDA === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2021, Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya zabi Ebong a matsayin darektan USTDA. An gudanar da sauraron shari'a a gaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Dattijai game da zaben ta a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2021. Kwamitin ya ba da rahoton gabatarwa ga majalisar dattijai a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2022. Dukan Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar da Ebong a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022, ta hanyar kuri'un murya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=PN1291 — Enoh T. Ebong — Trade and Development Agency 117th Congress (2021-2022) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1291?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22ebong%22%2C%22ebong%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=US Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n9u3o3gv7bhaa60n1vh4tof7che1809 859433 859428 2026-06-17T14:54:41Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Enoh Ebong | image = Enoh T. Ebong, USTDA Director.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2022 | office = Director of the [[United States Trade and Development Agency]] | term_start = April 6, 2022 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | successor = TBC | president = [[Joe Biden]] | term1 = 2017 | president1 = [[Barack Obama]] | education = [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Edinburgh]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br>[[University of Michigan]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | birth_place = [[Nigeria]] | birth_name = Enoh Titilayo Ebong }} '''Enoh Titilayo Ebong''' lauya ce ta Najeriya-Amurka kuma jami'in kasuwanci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka daga 2022 zuwa 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ebong ne a [[Najeriya]]. Mahaifin Ebong, Ime James Ebong, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na dindindin na Ma'aikatar Raya Tattalin Arziki da sake ginawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-26 |title=Strengthening Business Ties with Africa |url=https://2014-2017.commerce.gov/news/blog/2016/01/strengthening-business-ties-africa.html |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Department of Commerce |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Master of Arts a tarihi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh, da Juris Doctor daga Jami'an Michigan Law School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=President Biden Announces Key Nominations |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/14/president-biden-announces-key-nominations-5/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ebong memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Massachusetts . Daga 1997 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi da kasuwanci a Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, da Popeo . Daga nan ta shiga Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya-mai ba da shawara daga 2004 zuwa 2007, mataimakin darakta na yanki na Afirka ta Kudu daga 2007 zuwa 2007, mataimakiyar babban lauya daga 2008 zuwa 2010, mataimakin babban lauya tun daga 2010 zuwa 2013, babban lauya ne daga 2013 zuwa 2015, mukaddashin darakta a 2017, kuma mataimakin Darakta da CFO daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Ta koma USTDA a matsayin CFO da kuma mukaddashin darektan a farkon Gwamnatin Biden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enoh T. Ebong – USTDA |url=https://ustda.gov/staff/enoh-t-ebong/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nomination zuwa USTDA === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2021, Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya zabi Ebong a matsayin darektan USTDA. An gudanar da sauraron shari'a a gaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Dattijai game da zaben ta a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2021. Kwamitin ya ba da rahoton gabatarwa ga majalisar dattijai a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2022. Dukan Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar da Ebong a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022, ta hanyar kuri'un murya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=PN1291 — Enoh T. Ebong — Trade and Development Agency 117th Congress (2021-2022) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1291?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22ebong%22%2C%22ebong%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=US Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9n29xqyg76cl3nd9zo9b14soo1t0ijn Abinci mai gina jiki ga mai ciki 0 158189 859412 2026-06-17T14:41:30Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 859412 wikitext text/x-wiki Shan taba sigari a lokacin daukar ciki yana haifar da mummunar sakamako a kan kiwon lafiya da haifuwa, ban da tasirin lafiyar taba. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa amfani da taba yana da mahimmanci a cikin zubar da ciki tsakanin masu shan sigari, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga wasu barazanar lafiyar jariri.[1][2][3] Saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da shi, ana ba mutane shawara kada su sha sigari kafin, lokacin ko bayan daukar ciki. Idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba, duk da haka, rage yawan sigari na yau da kullun na iya rage haɗarin ga uwa da yaro. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga mutane a kasashe masu tasowa, inda shayarwa ke da mahimmanci ga matsayin abinci mai gina jiki na yaro.[1] ==Shan Taba kafin Daukar Ciki== Mata masu juna biyu ko da ke shirin yin ciki ana ba da shawarar su daina shan sigari.[1][2] Yana da mahimmanci a bincika waɗannan tasirin saboda shan sigari kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan daukar ciki ba wani hali ne mai ban mamaki a tsakanin jama'a gaba ɗaya ba kuma yana iya samun mummunar tasirin lafiya, musamman tsakanin uwa da yaro, a sakamakon haka. rvhj12ewd23duy4yyntelzh2r6vz4kf Ann-Helén Laestadius 0 158190 859452 2026-06-17T15:59:59Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343663428|Ann-Helén Laestadius]]" 859452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ann-Helen_Laestadius.jpg|thumb|Ann-Helén Laestadius a cikin 2011]] Monika Ulrika Ann-Helén Laestadius (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar Sami ce ta Sweden kuma marubuciya ce mafi kyawun sayarwa. A cikin 2016, littafinta Tio över ett (Goma da suka gabata) ya lashe Kyautar Agusta ta Sweden a matsayin mafi kyawun biyayya a cikin yara da matasa. [1][2] Ta rubuta littafinta na farko a cikin 2021 mai taken Stolen, wanda Rachel Willson-Broyles ta fassara zuwa Turanci a cikin 2023 kuma ya zama mai sayar da takarda na 1 . [3][4] Netflix ta fitar da fim din, Stolen, a cikin 2024.[5] == Tarihin rayuwar ta == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] sx6r298o6ryxtstjlijmiev6qx0xpuu 859456 859452 2026-06-17T16:10:47Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343663428|Ann-Helén Laestadius]]" 859456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ann-Helen_Laestadius.jpg|thumb|Ann-Helén Laestadius a cikin 2011]] Monika Ulrika Ann-Helén Laestadius (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar jaridar Sami ce ta Sweden kuma marubuciya ce mafi kyawun sayarwa. A cikin 2016, littafinta Tio över ett (Goma da suka gabata) ya lashe Kyautar Agusta ta Sweden a matsayin mafi kyawun biyayya a cikin yara da matasa. [1][2] Ta rubuta littafinta na farko a cikin 2021 mai taken Stolen, wanda Rachel Willson-Broyles ta fassara zuwa Turanci a cikin 2023 kuma ya zama mai sayar da takarda na 1 . [3][4] Netflix ta fitar da fim din, Stolen, a cikin 2024.[5] == Tarihin rayuwar ta == An haife ta a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1971 a Jukkasjärvi a arewacin Sweden, Monika Ulrika Ann-Helen Laestadius 'yar ma'aikaciyar birni ce Ivar Jan-Erik Laestadius (an haife shi 1951) da matarsa ​​Ellen Sara Kristina née Marainen (an haifi 1948), mataimakiyar shago. Yanzu tana zaune a Solna kusa da Stockholm, ta yi aikin jarida tun 1990.[2] Sashen Game da Mawallafin na littafinta mai suna Stolen [3] ya ce "marubuci ce kuma 'yar jarida daga Kiruna, Sweden. Ita 'yar Sami ce kuma zuriyar Tornedalian, biyu daga cikin 'yan tsiraru na Sweden. A shekara ta 2007, ta wallafa littafinta na farko na yara, Sms från Soppero (Sms daga Soppero). Sauran biyar sun biyo baya. Her Tio över ett (Goma da suka gabata) ta lashe kyautar Agusta don wallafe-wallafen yara na Sweden a shekarar 2016.[1][2] Masu juri sun yi sharhi: "Yana game da baƙin ciki na al'umma mai canzawa, game da al'ummar farar hula da siyasa ta gida, da kuma game da soyayya da abota. A cikin ƙwarewa, Laestadius intertwines wuri, siyasa da ilimin halayyar dan adam. " An kuma ba ta kyautar Norrland Literature Prize (Norrlands litteraturpris) don wannan aikin a cikin 2017.[3][4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] c0atv8ax7fckejeozrdh3zksjz6lmos Isabel Gauthier 0 158191 859457 2026-06-17T16:18:57Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859457 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nsfy13si2trwvujeihz48twnb3or89d 859458 859457 2026-06-17T16:20:24Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859458 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Young Investigator, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (2002), [1] lambar yabo ta APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Behavioral / Cognitive neuroscience (2003) [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta binciken Troland daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa "don gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci game da rawar da ƙwarewar gani ke takawa cikin gane abubuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da fuskoki da kuma binciken wuraren kwakwalwa da wannan ganewa" (2008).[3] An zabe ta Fellow na Association for Psychological Science (2010). A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Gauthier a matsayin Fellow na Society of Experimental Psychologists . A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta suna "farfesa na SEC na shekara" ta Taron Kudu maso Gabas . [4] A cikin 2021 Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Psychonomic Society Mid-Career. [5] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cmtr6akman4l5cf0k77haeebqkmhhb1 859461 859458 2026-06-17T16:22:42Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859461 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ne, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Young Investigator, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (2002), [1] lambar yabo ta APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Behavioral / Cognitive neuroscience (2003) [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta binciken Troland daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa "don gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci game da rawar da ƙwarewar gani ke takawa cikin gane abubuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da fuskoki da kuma binciken wuraren kwakwalwa da wannan ganewa" (2008).[3] An zabe ta Fellow na Association for Psychological Science (2010). A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Gauthier a matsayin Fellow na Society of Experimental Psychologists . A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta suna "farfesa na SEC na shekara" ta Taron Kudu maso Gabas . [4] A cikin 2021 Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Psychonomic Society Mid-Career. [5] Da farko a shekara ta 2011, Gauthier ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, inda ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen tsarin rahoto kuma ta ba da rahoto game da girman tasiri da la'akari da iko fifiko na edita. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, inda ta fara wa'adi na biyu a 2023. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t4tndtoc7rf4f7dkl26c53qjyeszdyp 859462 859461 2026-06-17T16:29:36Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859462 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masaniyar kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Young Investigator, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (2002), [1] lambar yabo ta APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Behavioral / Cognitive neuroscience (2003) [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta binciken Troland daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa "don gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci game da rawar da ƙwarewar gani ke takawa cikin gane abubuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da fuskoki da kuma binciken wuraren kwakwalwa da wannan ganewa" (2008).[3] An zabe ta Fellow na Association for Psychological Science (2010). A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Gauthier a matsayin Fellow na Society of Experimental Psychologists . A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta suna "farfesa na SEC na shekara" ta Taron Kudu maso Gabas . [4] A cikin 2021 Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Psychonomic Society Mid-Career. [5] Da farko a shekara ta 2011, Gauthier ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, inda ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen tsarin rahoto kuma ta ba da rahoto game da girman tasiri da la'akari da iko fifiko na edita. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, inda ta fara wa'adi na biyu a 2023. Gauthier ta sami digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Yale (1993-1998). Rubutun ta Dissecting face recognition: Matsayin ƙwarewa da matakin rarrabuwa a cikin ganewar abu an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Michael J, Tarr . Ta rike mukamai na post-doctoral a Yale da MIT kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Vanderbilt a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychonomic Society profile: Isabel Gauthier |url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/gauthier}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mnwrx0ugyflkqi7185ifjk2946b1t3u 859464 859462 2026-06-17T16:38:54Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859464 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masaniyar kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Young Investigator, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (2002), [1] lambar yabo ta APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Behavioral / Cognitive neuroscience (2003) [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta binciken Troland daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa "don gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci game da rawar da ƙwarewar gani ke takawa cikin gane abubuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da fuskoki da kuma binciken wuraren kwakwalwa da wannan ganewa" (2008).[3] An zabe ta Fellow na Association for Psychological Science (2010). A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Gauthier a matsayin Fellow na Society of Experimental Psychologists . A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta suna "farfesa na SEC na shekara" ta Taron Kudu maso Gabas . [4] A cikin 2021 Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Psychonomic Society Mid-Career. [5] Da farko a shekara ta 2011, Gauthier ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, inda ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen tsarin rahoto kuma ta ba da rahoto game da girman tasiri da la'akari da iko fifiko na edita. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, inda ta fara wa'adi na biyu a 2023. == Tarihin rayuwa == Gauthier ta sami digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Yale (1993-1998). Rubutun ta Dissecting face recognition: Matsayin ƙwarewa da matakin rarrabuwa a cikin ganewar abu an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Michael J, Tarr . Ta rike mukamai na post-doctoral a Yale da MIT kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Vanderbilt a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychonomic Society profile: Isabel Gauthier |url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/gauthier}}</ref> == Bincike Bincike Ilimi == Gauthier ta bincika batutuwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa da fahimta, tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da ƙwarewar fahimta ke takawa a cikin takamaiman tasirin rukuni a cikin yankuna kamar fuskoki, haruffa ko ƙididdigar kiɗa. Ta haɗa da dabaru daban-daban don nazarin waɗannan batutuwa, gami da hotunan magnetic resonance (fMRI), abubuwan da suka shafi taron (ERP), da nazarin horo na halayyar ta amfani da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa (misali, Greebles, YUFOs, Ziggerins [1]). [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 64tcpa0vufnsmf17saoe2sguysbaixu 859466 859464 2026-06-17T16:40:29Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859466 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masaniyar kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Young Investigator, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (2002), [1] lambar yabo ta APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Behavioral / Cognitive neuroscience (2003) [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta binciken Troland daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa "don gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci game da rawar da ƙwarewar gani ke takawa cikin gane abubuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da fuskoki da kuma binciken wuraren kwakwalwa da wannan ganewa" (2008).[3] An zabe ta Fellow na Association for Psychological Science (2010). A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Gauthier a matsayin Fellow na Society of Experimental Psychologists . A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta suna "farfesa na SEC na shekara" ta Taron Kudu maso Gabas . [4] A cikin 2021 Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Psychonomic Society Mid-Career. [5] Da farko a shekara ta 2011, Gauthier ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, inda ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen tsarin rahoto kuma ta ba da rahoto game da girman tasiri da la'akari da iko fifiko na edita. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, inda ta fara wa'adi na biyu a 2023. == Tarihin rayuwa == Gauthier ta sami digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Yale (1993-1998). Rubutun ta Dissecting face recognition: Matsayin ƙwarewa da matakin rarrabuwa a cikin ganewar abu an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Michael J, Tarr . Ta rike mukamai na post-doctoral a Yale da MIT kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Vanderbilt a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychonomic Society profile: Isabel Gauthier |url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/gauthier}}</ref> == Bincike Bincike Ilimi == Gauthier ta bincika batutuwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa da fahimta, tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da ƙwarewar fahimta ke takawa a cikin takamaiman tasirin rukuni a cikin yankuna kamar fuskoki, haruffa ko ƙididdigar kiɗa. Ta haɗa da dabaru daban-daban don nazarin waɗannan batutuwa, gami da hotunan magnetic resonance (fMRI), abubuwan da suka shafi taron (ERP), da nazarin horo na halayyar ta amfani da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa (misali, Greebles, YUFOs, Ziggerins [1]). Ɗaya daga cikin ɓangaren kwakwalwa da Gauthier da abokan aiki ke bincika akai-akai ta amfani da fMRI shine ɓangaren fuska na fusiform (FFA). An yi imanin cewa FFA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gane fuska, amma binciken Gauthier ya bincika rawar da FFA na iya takawa a cikin fahimtar ƙwararru game da abubuwan da ba na fuska ba, [1] kamar motoci a cikin masana mota. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Kwarewar yanki ta ƙayyade bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin sarrafawa gaba ɗaya. Jaridar Nazarin Halitta: Janar, 149 (1), 31. * Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, AW (2000). Kwarewa ga motoci da tsuntsaye suna tattara wuraren kwakwalwa da ke da hannu a gane fuska. Nature Neuroscience, ''3'' (2), 191-197. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Kasancewa gwani "mai saurin fushi": Binciken hanyoyin da za a gane fuska. ''Binciken hangen nesa'', ''37'' (12), 1673-1682. * Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, AW, Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. C. (1999). Ayyukan yankin fuska na tsakiya yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙwarewa wajen gane abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. ''Halitta Neuroscience'', ''2'' (6), 568-573. * Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Moylan, J., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, AW (2000). Yankin fuska na fusiform wani bangare ne na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke aiwatar da fuska a matakin mutum. ''Jaridar Cognitive Neuroscience'', ''12'' (3), 495-504. * Richler, J. J., Tomarken, AJ., Lahadi, MA, Vickery, T. J., Ryan, K. F., Floyd, R. J., ... [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin ganewar abu. Binciken Halitta, 126 (2), 226. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dyx76zalvjt8bzkznhux1yoxyn4pcdm 859467 859466 2026-06-17T16:41:36Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336518294|Isabel Gauthier]]" 859467 wikitext text/x-wiki   Isabel Gauthier masaniyar kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce, kuma Farfesa David K. Wilson na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugaban Lab na Huba da Abubuwa [1] a Sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Vanderbilt. [2] A shekara ta 2000, tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa (PEN), wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje sama da goma da ke fadin Arewacin Amurka.[3] A shekara ta 2006 PEN ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Lokaci ta NSF (TDLC). [4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Young Investigator, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (2002), [1] lambar yabo ta APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Behavioral / Cognitive neuroscience (2003) [2] da kuma lambar yabo ta binciken Troland daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa "don gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci game da rawar da ƙwarewar gani ke takawa cikin gane abubuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da fuskoki da kuma binciken wuraren kwakwalwa da wannan ganewa" (2008).[3] An zabe ta Fellow na Association for Psychological Science (2010). A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Gauthier a matsayin Fellow na Society of Experimental Psychologists . A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta suna "farfesa na SEC na shekara" ta Taron Kudu maso Gabas . [4] A cikin 2021 Gauthier ya sami lambar yabo ta Psychonomic Society Mid-Career. [5] Da farko a shekara ta 2011, Gauthier ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, inda ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen tsarin rahoto kuma ta ba da rahoto game da girman tasiri da la'akari da iko fifiko na edita. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ita ce babban edita na Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, inda ta fara wa'adi na biyu a 2023. == Tarihin rayuwa == Gauthier ta sami digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Yale (1993-1998). Rubutun ta Dissecting face recognition: Matsayin ƙwarewa da matakin rarrabuwa a cikin ganewar abu an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Michael J, Tarr . Ta rike mukamai na post-doctoral a Yale da MIT kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Vanderbilt a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychonomic Society profile: Isabel Gauthier |url=https://www.psychonomic.org/page/gauthier}}</ref> == Bincike Bincike Ilimi == Gauthier ta bincika batutuwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa da fahimta, tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da ƙwarewar fahimta ke takawa a cikin takamaiman tasirin rukuni a cikin yankuna kamar fuskoki, haruffa ko ƙididdigar kiɗa. Ta haɗa da dabaru daban-daban don nazarin waɗannan batutuwa, gami da hotunan magnetic resonance (fMRI), abubuwan da suka shafi taron (ERP), da nazarin horo na halayyar ta amfani da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa (misali, Greebles, YUFOs, Ziggerins [1]). Ɗaya daga cikin ɓangaren kwakwalwa da Gauthier da abokan aiki ke bincika akai-akai ta amfani da fMRI shine ɓangaren fuska na fusiform (FFA). An yi imanin cewa FFA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gane fuska, amma binciken Gauthier ya bincika rawar da FFA na iya takawa a cikin fahimtar ƙwararru game da abubuwan da ba na fuska ba, [1] kamar motoci a cikin masana mota. Binciken Gauthier yana da h-index na yanzu = 66 a watan Satumbar 2021, a cewar Google Scholar), duba shafin Google Scholar[https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=zMFcCjEAAAAJ Shafin Masanin Google] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Kwarewar yanki ta ƙayyade bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin sarrafawa gaba ɗaya. Jaridar Nazarin Halitta: Janar, 149 (1), 31. * Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, AW (2000). Kwarewa ga motoci da tsuntsaye suna tattara wuraren kwakwalwa da ke da hannu a gane fuska. Nature Neuroscience, ''3'' (2), 191-197. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Kasancewa gwani "mai saurin fushi": Binciken hanyoyin da za a gane fuska. ''Binciken hangen nesa'', ''37'' (12), 1673-1682. * Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, AW, Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. C. (1999). Ayyukan yankin fuska na tsakiya yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙwarewa wajen gane abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. ''Halitta Neuroscience'', ''2'' (6), 568-573. * Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Moylan, J., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, AW (2000). Yankin fuska na fusiform wani bangare ne na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke aiwatar da fuska a matakin mutum. ''Jaridar Cognitive Neuroscience'', ''12'' (3), 495-504. * Richler, J. J., Tomarken, AJ., Lahadi, MA, Vickery, T. J., Ryan, K. F., Floyd, R. J., ... [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin ganewar abu. Binciken Halitta, 126 (2), 226. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jxybpva7sdrk3c95tpzm78bfcml1n11 Saulo Mineiro 0 158192 859469 2026-06-17T16:46:16Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348455248|Saulo Mineiro]]" 859469 wikitext text/x-wiki   Saulo Rodrigues da Silva (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), wanda aka fi sani da Saulo Mineiro ko kuma Saulo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa Shanghai Shenhua a matsayin mai gaba. == Ayyukan sa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 4qwtp8j3f0cs9l3lurjbu7cyhjm07dn 859471 859469 2026-06-17T16:48:04Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348455248|Saulo Mineiro]]" 859471 wikitext text/x-wiki Saulo Rodrigues da Silva (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), wanda aka fi sani da Saulo Mineiro ko kuma Saulo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa Shanghai Shenhua a matsayin mai gaba. == Ayyukan sa == An haifi Saulo a Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, kuma ya wakilci kungiyar Uberlândia EC a matsayin matashi. [1] Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, a wasan 2-2 na Campeonato Mineiro a gida da Cruzeiro; bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 61, dole ne ya bar filin minti biyu bayan haka saboda raunin hannu.[2] Saulo ya kwashe sauran yakin neman zabe na 2017 a kan aro a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta América Mineiro. [1] A yakin neman zabe na 2018, bayan ya sake buga wa Uberlândia wasa, ya kuma wakilci Uberaba da Araxá.[2] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 6oqpc56zmq0mtu8hyp48l3fej2adpuh 859473 859471 2026-06-17T16:49:58Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348455248|Saulo Mineiro]]" 859473 wikitext text/x-wiki Saulo Rodrigues da Silva (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), wanda aka fi sani da Saulo Mineiro ko kuma Saulo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa Shanghai Shenhua a matsayin mai gaba. == Ayyukan sa == An haifi Saulo a Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, kuma ya wakilci kungiyar Uberlândia EC a matsayin matashi. [1] Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, a wasan 2-2 na Campeonato Mineiro a gida da Cruzeiro; bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 61, dole ne ya bar filin minti biyu bayan haka saboda raunin hannu.[2] Saulo ya kwashe sauran yakin neman zabe na 2017 a kan aro a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta América Mineiro. [1] A yakin neman zabe na 2018, bayan ya sake buga wa Uberlândia wasa, ya kuma wakilci Uberaba da Araxá.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, bayan takaitaccen aiki a Tupi da CRAC, Saulo ya sanya hannu a Volta Redonda . [1] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2021.[2] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Uberlandia |2017 |Mineiro | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018 |Jerin D |4 |0 |9 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !4 !0 !10 !1 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !14 !1 |- |Uberaba |2018 |Mai hakar ma'adinai Modulo II | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Araxá |2018 |Mineiro 2nd Division | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 |- |Tupi |2019 |Jerin D |0 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |CRAC |2019 |Goiano | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Volta ta zagaye |2019 |Jerin C |12 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Rio (state cup)|Copa Rio]]|name=CRJ}} |1 |13 |1 |- |2020 |Jerin C |6 |5 |12 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !18 !5 !12 !5 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !1 !32 !11 |- | rowspan="3" |Ceará |2020 |Jerin A |17 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- |2021 |Jerin A |9 |2 |5 |2 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Sudamericana]]|name=COS}} |0 |11{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa do Nordeste]]|name=CDN}} |4 |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !26 !6 !6 !2 !2 !0 !4 !0 !11 !4 !49 !12 |- | rowspan="4" |Yokohama FC |2021 |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |J2 League |19 |4 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- |2023 |J1 League |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[J.League Cup]]|name=JLC}} |0 |13 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !44 !10 |- |Ceará |2024 |Jerin b |30 |11 |6 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8{{Efn|name=CDN}} |0 |45 |13 |- | rowspan="3" |Shanghai Shenhua |2025 |Kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin |14 |8 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |8{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League Elite]]|name=AFC}} |4 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Chinese Super Cup]]|name=CSC}} |0 |11 |4 |- |2026 |Kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |2{{Efn|name=AFC}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !15 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !10 !4 !1 !0 !26 !12 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !132 !38 !62 !12 !8 !2 !14 !4 !23 !5 !239 !61 |} == Manazarta == * Saulo MineiroaJ.League (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Tarihi) (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://cearasc.com/elenco/Profissional/perfil/atacante/saulo-rodrigues-da-silva/ Bayanan Ceará] (a cikin Portuguese na Brazil) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] qstzlmo4rmxe4jcikszgmjkqc0175vp 859476 859473 2026-06-17T16:54:32Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348455248|Saulo Mineiro]]" 859476 wikitext text/x-wiki Saulo Rodrigues da Silva (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), wanda aka fi sani da Saulo Mineiro ko kuma Saulo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa Shanghai Shenhua a matsayin mai gaba. == Ayyukan sa == An haifi Saulo a Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, kuma ya wakilci kungiyar Uberlândia EC a matsayin matashi. [1] Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, a wasan 2-2 na Campeonato Mineiro a gida da Cruzeiro; bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 61, dole ne ya bar filin minti biyu bayan haka saboda raunin hannu.[2] Saulo ya kwashe sauran yakin neman zabe na 2017 a kan aro a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta América Mineiro. [1] A yakin neman zabe na 2018, bayan ya sake buga wa Uberlândia wasa, ya kuma wakilci Uberaba da Araxá.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, bayan takaitaccen aiki a Tupi da CRAC, Saulo ya sanya hannu a Volta Redonda . [1] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2021.[2] A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2020, bayan ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni shida kawai na Série C na 2020, Saulo ya koma kai tsaye zuwa Série A tare da Ceará . [1] Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, inda ya maye gurbin Cléber a wasan da ya ci 2-1 a gida a kan Coritiba . Saulo ya zira kwallaye na farko a saman matakin a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2020, inda ya zira kwallan tawagarsa na uku a cikin nasarar da ya samu 4-1 a kan Vasco da Gama.[1] == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Uberlandia |2017 |Mineiro | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018 |Jerin D |4 |0 |9 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !4 !0 !10 !1 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !14 !1 |- |Uberaba |2018 |Mai hakar ma'adinai Modulo II | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Araxá |2018 |Mineiro 2nd Division | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 |- |Tupi |2019 |Jerin D |0 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |CRAC |2019 |Goiano | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Volta ta zagaye |2019 |Jerin C |12 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Rio (state cup)|Copa Rio]]|name=CRJ}} |1 |13 |1 |- |2020 |Jerin C |6 |5 |12 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !18 !5 !12 !5 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !1 !32 !11 |- | rowspan="3" |Ceará |2020 |Jerin A |17 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- |2021 |Jerin A |9 |2 |5 |2 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Sudamericana]]|name=COS}} |0 |11{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa do Nordeste]]|name=CDN}} |4 |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !26 !6 !6 !2 !2 !0 !4 !0 !11 !4 !49 !12 |- | rowspan="4" |Yokohama FC |2021 |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |J2 League |19 |4 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- |2023 |J1 League |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[J.League Cup]]|name=JLC}} |0 |13 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !44 !10 |- |Ceará |2024 |Jerin b |30 |11 |6 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8{{Efn|name=CDN}} |0 |45 |13 |- | rowspan="3" |Shanghai Shenhua |2025 |Kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin |14 |8 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |8{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League Elite]]|name=AFC}} |4 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Chinese Super Cup]]|name=CSC}} |0 |11 |4 |- |2026 |Kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |2{{Efn|name=AFC}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !15 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !10 !4 !1 !0 !26 !12 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !132 !38 !62 !12 !8 !2 !14 !4 !23 !5 !239 !61 |} == Manazarta == * Saulo MineiroaJ.League (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Tarihi) (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://cearasc.com/elenco/Profissional/perfil/atacante/saulo-rodrigues-da-silva/ Bayanan Ceará] (a cikin Portuguese na Brazil) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 1hr5sghcm56b367pxy015fkzkfqyu9b 859477 859476 2026-06-17T16:54:58Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348455248|Saulo Mineiro]]" 859477 wikitext text/x-wiki Saulo Rodrigues da Silva (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), wanda aka fi sani da Saulo Mineiro ko kuma Saulo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa Shanghai Shenhua a matsayin mai gaba. == Ayyukan sa == An haifi Saulo a Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, kuma ya wakilci kungiyar Uberlândia EC a matsayin matashi. [1] Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, a wasan 2-2 na Campeonato Mineiro a gida da Cruzeiro; bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 61, dole ne ya bar filin minti biyu bayan haka saboda raunin hannu.[2] Saulo ya kwashe sauran yakin neman zabe na 2017 a kan aro a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta América Mineiro. [1] A yakin neman zabe na 2018, bayan ya sake buga wa Uberlândia wasa, ya kuma wakilci Uberaba da Araxá.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, bayan takaitaccen aiki a Tupi da CRAC, Saulo ya sanya hannu a Volta Redonda . [1] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2021.[2] A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2020, bayan ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni shida kawai na Série C na 2020, Saulo ya koma kai tsaye zuwa Série A tare da Ceará . [1] Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, inda ya maye gurbin Cléber a wasan da ya ci 2-1 a gida a kan Coritiba . Saulo ya zira kwallaye na farko a saman matakin a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2020, inda ya zira kwallan tawagarsa na uku a cikin nasarar da ya samu 4-1 a kan Vasco da Gama.[1] == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 21 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|saulo-rodrigues-da-silva/477610|Saulo Mineiro|accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Uberlandia |2017 |Mineiro | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018 |Jerin D |4 |0 |9 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !4 !0 !10 !1 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !14 !1 |- |Uberaba |2018 |Mai hakar ma'adinai Modulo II | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Araxá |2018 |Mineiro 2nd Division | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 |- |Tupi |2019 |Jerin D |0 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |CRAC |2019 |Goiano | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Volta ta zagaye |2019 |Jerin C |12 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Rio (state cup)|Copa Rio]]|name=CRJ}} |1 |13 |1 |- |2020 |Jerin C |6 |5 |12 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !18 !5 !12 !5 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !1 !32 !11 |- | rowspan="3" |Ceará |2020 |Jerin A |17 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- |2021 |Jerin A |9 |2 |5 |2 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Sudamericana]]|name=COS}} |0 |11{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Copa do Nordeste]]|name=CDN}} |4 |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !26 !6 !6 !2 !2 !0 !4 !0 !11 !4 !49 !12 |- | rowspan="4" |Yokohama FC |2021 |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |J2 League |19 |4 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- |2023 |J1 League |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[J.League Cup]]|name=JLC}} |0 |13 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !44 !10 |- |Ceará |2024 |Jerin b |30 |11 |6 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8{{Efn|name=CDN}} |0 |45 |13 |- | rowspan="3" |Shanghai Shenhua |2025 |Kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin |14 |8 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |8{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League Elite]]|name=AFC}} |4 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Chinese Super Cup]]|name=CSC}} |0 |11 |4 |- |2026 |Kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |2{{Efn|name=AFC}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !15 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !10 !4 !1 !0 !26 !12 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !132 !38 !62 !12 !8 !2 !14 !4 !23 !5 !239 !61 |} == Manazarta == * Saulo MineiroaJ.League (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Tarihi) (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://cearasc.com/elenco/Profissional/perfil/atacante/saulo-rodrigues-da-silva/ Bayanan Ceará] (a cikin Portuguese na Brazil) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] cfgamckgf4pgnjfuzjuv5kt2ae2bkpo Edith Kiss 0 158193 859478 2026-06-17T17:02:35Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342885340|Edith Kiss]]" 859478 wikitext text/x-wiki   Edith Bán Kiss (kuma Edit, née Rott 1905 - 27 Oktoba 1966) ta kasance mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen Hungary. A cikin kaka na 1944, an kore ta zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus sannan aka tura ta zuwa Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata yin aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sake ta a ƙarshen yaƙin, ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanonin fursunoni tare da zane-zane 30 na gouache waɗanda aka nuna a Budapest a ƙarshen 1945.[1] Duk da haka, ba a san aikinta sosai ba a Yamma. A sakamakon haka, bayan mutuwar mijinta ta Kashewa kanta a birnin Paris a shekarar 1966. A shekara ta 1992, an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Deportation a Berlin, Paris da Budapest.[2][3] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Budapest a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1905, Edith Kiss ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Friges da Melitta Rott . Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Budapest da Düsseldorf, ta zama mai zane-zane a Hungary a lokacin kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II . A wannan lokacin, ta auri Tivadar Bán . [1][2] [[Fayil:Relief_in_Újpest_Synagogue_02.JPG|left|thumb|Sauye-sauyen Kiss na Yahudawa da aka aika zuwa ɗakunan gas]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] oofsbxes406xxb6lwshlh2bbgadr0vr 859479 859478 2026-06-17T17:03:25Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342885340|Edith Kiss]]" 859479 wikitext text/x-wiki   Edith Bán Kiss (kuma Edit, née Rott 1905 - 27 Oktoba 1966) ta kasance mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen Hungary. A cikin kaka na 1944, an kore ta zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus sannan aka tura ta zuwa Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata yin aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sake ta a ƙarshen yaƙin, ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanonin fursunoni tare da zane-zane 30 na gouache waɗanda aka nuna a Budapest a ƙarshen 1945.[1] Duk da haka, ba a san aikinta sosai ba a Yamma. A sakamakon haka, bayan mutuwar mijinta ta Kashewa kanta a birnin Paris a shekarar 1966. A shekara ta 1992, an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Deportation a Berlin, Paris da Budapest.[2][3] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Budapest a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1905, Edith Kiss ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Friges da Melitta Rott . Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Budapest da Düsseldorf, ta zama mai zane-zane a Hungary a lokacin kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II . A wannan lokacin, ta auri Tivadar Bán . [1][2] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944, tare da dubban sauran matan Yahudawa a Hungary, an tilasta wa Kiss aiki sannan aka kore shi zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus. A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1944, an tura ta zuwa Ludwigsfelde" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde">Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata 1,100 su yi aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe . [1] [[Fayil:Relief_in_Újpest_Synagogue_02.JPG|left|thumb|Sauye-sauyen Kiss na Yahudawa da aka aika zuwa ɗakunan gas]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] jaiv6hjre58an1wp8yas7u2gvbh6gbm 859480 859479 2026-06-17T17:04:59Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342885340|Edith Kiss]]" 859480 wikitext text/x-wiki   Edith Bán Kiss (kuma Edit, née Rott 1905 - 27 Oktoba 1966) ta kasance mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen Hungary. A cikin kaka na 1944, an kore ta zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus sannan aka tura ta zuwa Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata yin aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sake ta a ƙarshen yaƙin, ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanonin fursunoni tare da zane-zane 30 na gouache waɗanda aka nuna a Budapest a ƙarshen 1945.[1] Duk da haka, ba a san aikinta sosai ba a Yamma. A sakamakon haka, bayan mutuwar mijinta ta Kashewa kanta a birnin Paris a shekarar 1966. A shekara ta 1992, an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Deportation a Berlin, Paris da Budapest.[2][3] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Budapest a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1905, Edith Kiss ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Friges da Melitta Rott . Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Budapest da Düsseldorf, ta zama mai zane-zane a Hungary a lokacin kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II . A wannan lokacin, ta auri Tivadar Bán . [1][2] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944, tare da dubban sauran matan Yahudawa a Hungary, an tilasta wa Kiss aiki sannan aka kore shi zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus. A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1944, an tura ta zuwa Ludwigsfelde" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde">Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata 1,100 su yi aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe . [1] Yayin da ƙarshen yaƙin ya kusanci, an mayar da Kiss zuwa Ravensbrück daga inda 'yan Nazi suka tura ta kan tafiya ta mutuwa.[1] Tare da abokinta Agnes Rezsone Bartha, ta tsere a Strasen kusa da Wesenbergon 30 ga Afrilu. Sun koma Budapest ta hanyar Berlin, Prague da Bratislava, sun isa can a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1945.[2] [[Fayil:Relief_in_Újpest_Synagogue_02.JPG|left|thumb|Sauye-sauyen Kiss na Yahudawa da aka aika zuwa ɗakunan gas]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] pip3qf8vxr3dchud30623lwldtmbalm 859481 859480 2026-06-17T17:06:46Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342885340|Edith Kiss]]" 859481 wikitext text/x-wiki   Edith Bán Kiss (kuma Edit, née Rott 1905 - 27 Oktoba 1966) ta kasance mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen Hungary. A cikin kaka na 1944, an kore ta zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus sannan aka tura ta zuwa Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata yin aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sake ta a ƙarshen yaƙin, ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanonin fursunoni tare da zane-zane 30 na gouache waɗanda aka nuna a Budapest a ƙarshen 1945.[1] Duk da haka, ba a san aikinta sosai ba a Yamma. A sakamakon haka, bayan mutuwar mijinta ta Kashewa kanta a birnin Paris a shekarar 1966. A shekara ta 1992, an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Deportation a Berlin, Paris da Budapest.[2][3] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Budapest a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1905, Edith Kiss ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Friges da Melitta Rott . Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Budapest da Düsseldorf, ta zama mai zane-zane a Hungary a lokacin kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II . A wannan lokacin, ta auri Tivadar Bán . [1][2] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944, tare da dubban sauran matan Yahudawa a Hungary, an tilasta wa Kiss aiki sannan aka kore shi zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus. A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1944, an tura ta zuwa Ludwigsfelde" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde">Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata 1,100 su yi aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe . [1] Yayin da ƙarshen yaƙin ya kusanci, an mayar da Kiss zuwa Ravensbrück daga inda 'yan Nazi suka tura ta kan tafiya ta mutuwa.[1] Tare da abokinta Agnes Rezsone Bartha, ta tsere a Strasen kusa da Wesenbergon 30 ga Afrilu. Sun koma Budapest ta hanyar Berlin, Prague da Bratislava, sun isa can a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1945.[2] [[Fayil:Relief_in_Újpest_Synagogue_02.JPG|left|thumb|Sauye-sauyen Kiss na Yahudawa da aka aika zuwa ɗakunan gas]] Lokacin da ta dawo Budapest, Kiss ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanin fursuna a cikin jerin zane-zane 30 da ake kira Deportation wanda ta nuna a cikin birni a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1945. Bayan ta saki mijinta na farko, ta auri Sándor Kiss kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Yamma tare da shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tafiyarsu, a watan Yulin 1948 an sanya manyan dutse guda huɗu na korar da ta kirkira a bangon waje na Majami'ar Újpest ta Budapest.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin taimako ya nuna wani ɗan sanda na Hungary yana jagorantar Yahudawa zuwa motocin shanu don korar su, na biyu ya nuna mai tsaron Arrow Cross Party yana kula da maza a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, na uku ya gabatar da mai tsaron Nazi yana kiwon Yahudawa a cikin ɗakunan gas kuma na huɗu ya nuna Sojojin Red Army suna maraba da Yahudawa a Budapest.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] 0cx2m355jtlgxv7qvhc0786vy3j7ukn 859482 859481 2026-06-17T17:07:52Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342885340|Edith Kiss]]" 859482 wikitext text/x-wiki   Edith Bán Kiss (kuma Edit, née Rott 1905 - 27 Oktoba 1966) ta kasance mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen Hungary. A cikin kaka na 1944, an kore ta zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus sannan aka tura ta zuwa Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata yin aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sake ta a ƙarshen yaƙin, ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanonin fursunoni tare da zane-zane 30 na gouache waɗanda aka nuna a Budapest a ƙarshen 1945.[1] Duk da haka, ba a san aikinta sosai ba a Yamma. A sakamakon haka, bayan mutuwar mijinta ta Kashewa kanta a birnin Paris a shekarar 1966. A shekara ta 1992, an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Deportation a Berlin, Paris da Budapest.[2][3] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Budapest a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1905, Edith Kiss ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Friges da Melitta Rott . Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Budapest da Düsseldorf, ta zama mai zane-zane a Hungary a lokacin kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II . A wannan lokacin, ta auri Tivadar Bán . [1][2] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944, tare da dubban sauran matan Yahudawa a Hungary, an tilasta wa Kiss aiki sannan aka kore shi zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück a arewacin Jamus. A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1944, an tura ta zuwa Ludwigsfelde" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde">Masana'antar Daimler-Benz a Ludwigsfelde inda aka tilasta mata 1,100 su yi aiki a kan injunan jirgin sama na Luftwaffe . [1] Yayin da ƙarshen yaƙin ya kusanci, an mayar da Kiss zuwa Ravensbrück daga inda 'yan Nazi suka tura ta kan tafiya ta mutuwa.[1] Tare da abokinta Agnes Rezsone Bartha, ta tsere a Strasen kusa da Wesenbergon 30 ga Afrilu. Sun koma Budapest ta hanyar Berlin, Prague da Bratislava, sun isa can a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1945.[2] [[Fayil:Relief_in_Újpest_Synagogue_02.JPG|left|thumb|Sauye-sauyen Kiss na Yahudawa da aka aika zuwa ɗakunan gas]] Lokacin da ta dawo Budapest, Kiss ta kwatanta abubuwan da ta samu a sansanin fursuna a cikin jerin zane-zane 30 da ake kira Deportation wanda ta nuna a cikin birni a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1945. Bayan ta saki mijinta na farko, ta auri Sándor Kiss kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Yamma tare da shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tafiyarsu, a watan Yulin 1948 an sanya manyan dutse guda huɗu na korar da ta kirkira a bangon waje na Majami'ar Újpest ta Budapest.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin taimako ya nuna wani ɗan sanda na Hungary yana jagorantar Yahudawa zuwa motocin shanu don korar su, na biyu ya nuna mai tsaron Arrow Cross Party yana kula da maza a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, na uku ya gabatar da mai tsaron Nazi yana kiwon Yahudawa a cikin ɗakunan gas kuma na huɗu ya nuna Sojojin Red Army suna maraba da Yahudawa a Budapest.[2] Duk da ƙarin ayyukan da ke nuna abubuwan da ta samu a korar ta, ba a san ta da 'a game da fasahar Kiss ba. Bayan lokutan da ta yi a Switzerland, Casablanca da London, da mutuwar mijinta, ta kashe kanta a otal din Paris a daren 26-27 ga Oktoba 1966. Helmuth Bauer ne ya sake gano kundin gouache dinta a Landan a 1992 kuma tun daga lokacin an nuna gouaches dinta a wurare daban-daban a Jamus da Paris da Budapest.[1] An kuma gabatar da su a cikin nune-nunen We were Nobody a Ravensbrück Memorial [de] [de].[2][3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] c6evx7aqrjbi3znquyr3br1zjjb3zk5 Aikin noma a Senegal 0 158194 859483 2026-06-17T17:12:34Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347643993|Agriculture in Senegal]]" 859483 wikitext text/x-wiki Noma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arzikin Senegal, duk da cewa Senegal tana cikin yankin [[Sahel]] mai fama da fari. Ganin cewa ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na ƙasar ake [[Ban ruwa|ba da ruwa]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Senegal — 2022 World Factbook Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/countries/senegal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315172229/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/countries/senegal |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> Senegal ta ci gaba da dogaro da noma mai wadatar da ruwan sama. Noma tana mamaye kusan kashi 75% na ma'aikata. Duk da yawan amfanin gona, yawancin manoma suna nomawa don buƙatun rayuwa . [[Gero]], [[shinkafa]], [[masara]], da [[Sorghum|dawa]] su ne manyan amfanin gonakin abinci da ake nomawa a Senegal. Noma yana fuskantar fari da barazanar kwari kamar fari, tsuntsaye, ƙudaje 'ya'yan itace, da fararen ƙudaje . Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran [[Sauyin yanayi a Senegal|tasirin sauyin yanayi a Senegal]] zai yi mummunar illa ga tattalin arzikin noma saboda [[Matsanancin yanayi|yanayi mai tsanani]] kamar fari, da kuma yanayin zafi. <ref name=":0-Sen">{{Cite web |title=Senegal factsheet: Climate information and agricultural planning |url=https://2016report.futureclimateafrica.org/reader/west-africa/senegal-factsheet-climate-information-and-agricultural-planning/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005146/https://2016report.futureclimateafrica.org/reader/west-africa/senegal-factsheet-climate-information-and-agricultural-planning/ |archive-date=2020-08-07 |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=2016report.futureclimateafrica.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Senegal ƙasa ce mai shigo da abinci daga waje, musamman shinkafa, wadda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 75% na hatsi da ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashen waje. Gyada, rake, da [[auduga]] muhimman amfanin gona ne na kuɗi, kuma ana noma nau'ikan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu iri-iri don kasuwannin gida da na fitarwa. A shekarar 2006, fitar da ɗanko daga Larabci ya haura zuwa dala miliyan 280, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar hanyar fitar da amfanin gona daga waje. Wake kore, [[tumatir]] na masana'antu, tumatir ceri, kankana, da [[mangwaro]] su ne manyan amfanin gona na kayan lambu na Senegal. Yankin Casamance, wanda [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ta ware daga sauran Senegal, muhimmin yanki ne na noma, amma ba tare da kayayyakin more rayuwa ko hanyoyin [[Sufuri a Senegal|sufuri]] don inganta ƙarfinsa ba. Duk da rashin sabunta kamun kifi na hannu, fannin kamun kifi ya kasance babban albarkatun tattalin arziki na Senegal kuma babban abin da ke samar da kudaden waje. Bangarorin dabbobi da kaji ba su da ci gaba sosai kuma suna da damar zamani, ci gaba da bunƙasa. Senegal tana shigo da mafi yawan kayayyakin madara da na kiwo. An hana wannan fanni saboda ƙarancin yawan amfanin gona da ƙarancin jarin da ake zubawa. Ana iya samar da kayayyakin namun daji da na gandun daji sosai, kuma idan aka tsara su da kyau, manoma matalauta za su iya amfana. Duk da cewa yankin noma ya fuskanci mummunan hari daga fari a shekarar 2004, ya farfado kuma ana sa ran yawan amfanin gona zai karu da kashi 6.1% a shekarar 2006 da kuma kashi 5.1% a shekarar 2007. == Musulunci da Noma a Senegal == [[Fayil:Disciple_khelcom.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wani almajiri ɗan Mouride da ke aiki a gonakin Khelcom]] Noma ta daɗe tana da muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a yankin Senegambian. Tun ƙarni na 19, samar da amfanin gona yana da alaƙa da ci gaban nau'ikan tsarin Musulunci, musamman tsarin [[Muridanci|Mouride]] . Duk da cewa ba a san ainihin lokacin da Musulunci ya fara shigowa yankin ba, sai a ƙarni na 17 ne tsarin tsarin Musulunci ya sami damar yin tasiri sosai a fannin noma da sauran fannoni na al'ummar Senegal (Linares 1992). A ƙarni na 19, Musulunci ya ƙara yaɗuwa a faɗin ƙasar, galibi saboda aikin Cheikh Amadou Bamba Mbacke (1853-1927), wanda ya kafa Mourridiyya, wanda har zuwa yau ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun daular Sufi masu tasiri a fannin tattalin arziki na Senegal. Annabin mai tasiri ya kafa jamhuriyoyin marabout daban-daban waɗanda koyarwarsu aka tsara su a fannin noma daaras (sg. [[daara]] ). A cikin waɗannan wurare na al'umma, mabiyan Bamba za su tallafa wa junansu ta hanyar samun kuɗin shiga daga aikin gona. Tsarin aiki tare da koyarwar addini shine ginshiƙin kafa wannan tsari, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka waɗannan wuraren noma masu matuƙar himma ga al'umma. <ref name="cochrane 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Cochrane |first=Laura |date=2020 |title=Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal |journal=Africa |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1017/S0001972019001074 |s2cid=216299944}}</ref> Waɗannan wurare ne na al'umma a buɗe da kuma tabbas a duk lokacin juyin juya halin siyasa, yaƙin 'yan daba da gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma yaƙi da mulkin mallaka. Muhimmancin muhimmancin ilimi, noma da ruhaniya ya sa suka zama wurare a buɗe ga dukkan kabilu, ƙabilu, da azuzuwan. Manufofin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ke yaƙi da rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 sun ba da shawarar haɓaka noman gyada a matsayin amfanin gona mai riba. Gyada, wata hanya mai amfani ga manufofin abinci da kuma na mai, da farko ta faɗaɗa a wani yanki na Yammacin Tsakiyar Senegal. Daga baya, waɗannan manufofin farko sun haifar da ƙarin matakai biyu na faɗaɗa gyada a 1910 da 1940. An danganta ci gaban yankin gyada a 1910 da kusancin dangantaka tsakanin Amadou Bamba Mbakke da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa. Da farko, Faransawa sun fahimci cewa Shaykh Bamba ba shi da wata barazana ta siyasa kuma sun fi sha'awar ci gaban addini da ruhaniya na mutane. Faransawa sun fara haɗin gwiwa da shugabannin Mouride, suna neman goyon bayan jama'a don faɗaɗa ma'aikata na kasuwannin saka hannun jari na gyada da samarwa. <ref name="cochrane 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Cochrane |first=Laura |date=2020 |title=Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal |journal=Africa |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1017/S0001972019001074 |s2cid=216299944}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCochrane2020">Cochrane, Laura (2020). "Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal". ''Africa''. '''90''' (2): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0001972019001074|10.1017/S0001972019001074]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216299944 216299944].</cite></ref> Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ƙarfafa faɗaɗa yankin 'yan'uwantaka na Mouride, jihar da ke ba da damar shiga yankunan dazuzzuka masu kyau. An ƙarfafa wa daaras, waɗanda suka fara kafa ƙungiyoyin noma da ruhaniya, su bazu a ko'ina cikin Terres Neuves, suna share dazuzzuka da kuma shiga cikin manufofin noma na Faransa na noma ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pires |first=M. |date=2012 |title=A historical political ecology of land use in the southeastern Peanut Basin of Senegal |journal=African Geographical Review |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=95 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2012.715992 |s2cid=154513863}}</ref> Musuluncin Senegal ya tafi tare da manufofin noma na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, inda farashin gyada ya dogara ne akan kasuwar duniya mara tabbas. Duk da haka, faɗaɗawar ta kasance ta bambanta a cikin tasirinta a faɗin ƙasar. Faɗaɗar ƙungiyoyin Wolof, wacce ke da alaƙa da koyarwar 'yan'uwantaka ta Mouride, a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na hanyar Terres Neuves, ta nuna wasu daga cikin ayyukan noma mafi tsauri da ɓarna da aka gani a Senegal, inda ake yin noma da fifikon tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba tare da la'akari da tasirin muhalli ba. <ref name="pires 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Pires |first=M. |date=2012 |title=A historical political ecology of land use in the southeastern Peanut Basin of Senegal. |journal=African Geographical Review |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=95 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2012.715992 |s2cid=154513863}}</ref> An nuna cewa wasu faɗaɗawar ƙungiyoyin [[Mutanen Serer|Serer]] sun fi dacewa da buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki na ƙasa kuma sun ƙarfafa salon noma wanda ya fi ƙarfin tallafawa da kuma riƙe ƙasar na dogon lokaci. Yayin da noman gyada na Jola ya nuna alaƙa da ƙungiyar addinin Musulunci kawai a zamanin yau. Ayyukan noma na zamani suna ci gaba da samun tasiri daga akidu da ayyukan Musulunci. Misali, a [[Touba]], wurin binne Shaykh Amadou Bamba, wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana a matsayin cibiyar ayyukan hajjin Musulunci ta Senegal, ayyukan noma da ke kewaye da su suna aiki don sauƙaƙe da kuma ƙarfafa aikin hajji. == Manazarta == adegazas65x59cu7bszkjvwf25qmhfz 859484 859483 2026-06-17T17:12:58Z Engineer014 44591 859484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Noma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arzikin Senegal, duk da cewa Senegal tana cikin yankin [[Sahel]] mai fama da fari. Ganin cewa ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na ƙasar ake [[Ban ruwa|ba da ruwa]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Senegal — 2022 World Factbook Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/countries/senegal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315172229/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/countries/senegal |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> Senegal ta ci gaba da dogaro da noma mai wadatar da ruwan sama. Noma tana mamaye kusan kashi 75% na ma'aikata. Duk da yawan amfanin gona, yawancin manoma suna nomawa don buƙatun rayuwa . [[Gero]], [[shinkafa]], [[masara]], da [[Sorghum|dawa]] su ne manyan amfanin gonakin abinci da ake nomawa a Senegal. Noma yana fuskantar fari da barazanar kwari kamar fari, tsuntsaye, ƙudaje 'ya'yan itace, da fararen ƙudaje . Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran [[Sauyin yanayi a Senegal|tasirin sauyin yanayi a Senegal]] zai yi mummunar illa ga tattalin arzikin noma saboda [[Matsanancin yanayi|yanayi mai tsanani]] kamar fari, da kuma yanayin zafi. <ref name=":0-Sen">{{Cite web |title=Senegal factsheet: Climate information and agricultural planning |url=https://2016report.futureclimateafrica.org/reader/west-africa/senegal-factsheet-climate-information-and-agricultural-planning/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005146/https://2016report.futureclimateafrica.org/reader/west-africa/senegal-factsheet-climate-information-and-agricultural-planning/ |archive-date=2020-08-07 |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=2016report.futureclimateafrica.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Senegal ƙasa ce mai shigo da abinci daga waje, musamman shinkafa, wadda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 75% na hatsi da ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashen waje. Gyada, rake, da [[auduga]] muhimman amfanin gona ne na kuɗi, kuma ana noma nau'ikan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu iri-iri don kasuwannin gida da na fitarwa. A shekarar 2006, fitar da ɗanko daga Larabci ya haura zuwa dala miliyan 280, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar hanyar fitar da amfanin gona daga waje. Wake kore, [[tumatir]] na masana'antu, tumatir ceri, kankana, da [[mangwaro]] su ne manyan amfanin gona na kayan lambu na Senegal. Yankin Casamance, wanda [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ta ware daga sauran Senegal, muhimmin yanki ne na noma, amma ba tare da kayayyakin more rayuwa ko hanyoyin [[Sufuri a Senegal|sufuri]] don inganta ƙarfinsa ba. Duk da rashin sabunta kamun kifi na hannu, fannin kamun kifi ya kasance babban albarkatun tattalin arziki na Senegal kuma babban abin da ke samar da kudaden waje. Bangarorin dabbobi da kaji ba su da ci gaba sosai kuma suna da damar zamani, ci gaba da bunƙasa. Senegal tana shigo da mafi yawan kayayyakin madara da na kiwo. An hana wannan fanni saboda ƙarancin yawan amfanin gona da ƙarancin jarin da ake zubawa. Ana iya samar da kayayyakin namun daji da na gandun daji sosai, kuma idan aka tsara su da kyau, manoma matalauta za su iya amfana. Duk da cewa yankin noma ya fuskanci mummunan hari daga fari a shekarar 2004, ya farfado kuma ana sa ran yawan amfanin gona zai karu da kashi 6.1% a shekarar 2006 da kuma kashi 5.1% a shekarar 2007. == Musulunci da Noma a Senegal == [[Fayil:Disciple_khelcom.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wani almajiri ɗan Mouride da ke aiki a gonakin Khelcom]] Noma ta daɗe tana da muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a yankin Senegambian. Tun ƙarni na 19, samar da amfanin gona yana da alaƙa da ci gaban nau'ikan tsarin Musulunci, musamman tsarin [[Muridanci|Mouride]] . Duk da cewa ba a san ainihin lokacin da Musulunci ya fara shigowa yankin ba, sai a ƙarni na 17 ne tsarin tsarin Musulunci ya sami damar yin tasiri sosai a fannin noma da sauran fannoni na al'ummar Senegal (Linares 1992). A ƙarni na 19, Musulunci ya ƙara yaɗuwa a faɗin ƙasar, galibi saboda aikin Cheikh Amadou Bamba Mbacke (1853-1927), wanda ya kafa Mourridiyya, wanda har zuwa yau ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun daular Sufi masu tasiri a fannin tattalin arziki na Senegal. Annabin mai tasiri ya kafa jamhuriyoyin marabout daban-daban waɗanda koyarwarsu aka tsara su a fannin noma daaras (sg. [[daara]] ). A cikin waɗannan wurare na al'umma, mabiyan Bamba za su tallafa wa junansu ta hanyar samun kuɗin shiga daga aikin gona. Tsarin aiki tare da koyarwar addini shine ginshiƙin kafa wannan tsari, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka waɗannan wuraren noma masu matuƙar himma ga al'umma. <ref name="cochrane 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Cochrane |first=Laura |date=2020 |title=Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal |journal=Africa |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1017/S0001972019001074 |s2cid=216299944}}</ref> Waɗannan wurare ne na al'umma a buɗe da kuma tabbas a duk lokacin juyin juya halin siyasa, yaƙin 'yan daba da gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma yaƙi da mulkin mallaka. Muhimmancin muhimmancin ilimi, noma da ruhaniya ya sa suka zama wurare a buɗe ga dukkan kabilu, ƙabilu, da azuzuwan. Manufofin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ke yaƙi da rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 sun ba da shawarar haɓaka noman gyada a matsayin amfanin gona mai riba. Gyada, wata hanya mai amfani ga manufofin abinci da kuma na mai, da farko ta faɗaɗa a wani yanki na Yammacin Tsakiyar Senegal. Daga baya, waɗannan manufofin farko sun haifar da ƙarin matakai biyu na faɗaɗa gyada a 1910 da 1940. An danganta ci gaban yankin gyada a 1910 da kusancin dangantaka tsakanin Amadou Bamba Mbakke da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa. Da farko, Faransawa sun fahimci cewa Shaykh Bamba ba shi da wata barazana ta siyasa kuma sun fi sha'awar ci gaban addini da ruhaniya na mutane. Faransawa sun fara haɗin gwiwa da shugabannin Mouride, suna neman goyon bayan jama'a don faɗaɗa ma'aikata na kasuwannin saka hannun jari na gyada da samarwa. <ref name="cochrane 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Cochrane |first=Laura |date=2020 |title=Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal |journal=Africa |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1017/S0001972019001074 |s2cid=216299944}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCochrane2020">Cochrane, Laura (2020). "Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal". ''Africa''. '''90''' (2): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>356. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0001972019001074|10.1017/S0001972019001074]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216299944 216299944].</cite></ref> Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ƙarfafa faɗaɗa yankin 'yan'uwantaka na Mouride, jihar da ke ba da damar shiga yankunan dazuzzuka masu kyau. An ƙarfafa wa daaras, waɗanda suka fara kafa ƙungiyoyin noma da ruhaniya, su bazu a ko'ina cikin Terres Neuves, suna share dazuzzuka da kuma shiga cikin manufofin noma na Faransa na noma ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pires |first=M. |date=2012 |title=A historical political ecology of land use in the southeastern Peanut Basin of Senegal |journal=African Geographical Review |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=95 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2012.715992 |s2cid=154513863}}</ref> Musuluncin Senegal ya tafi tare da manufofin noma na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, inda farashin gyada ya dogara ne akan kasuwar duniya mara tabbas. Duk da haka, faɗaɗawar ta kasance ta bambanta a cikin tasirinta a faɗin ƙasar. Faɗaɗar ƙungiyoyin Wolof, wacce ke da alaƙa da koyarwar 'yan'uwantaka ta Mouride, a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na hanyar Terres Neuves, ta nuna wasu daga cikin ayyukan noma mafi tsauri da ɓarna da aka gani a Senegal, inda ake yin noma da fifikon tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba tare da la'akari da tasirin muhalli ba. <ref name="pires 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Pires |first=M. |date=2012 |title=A historical political ecology of land use in the southeastern Peanut Basin of Senegal. |journal=African Geographical Review |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=95 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2012.715992 |s2cid=154513863}}</ref> An nuna cewa wasu faɗaɗawar ƙungiyoyin [[Mutanen Serer|Serer]] sun fi dacewa da buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki na ƙasa kuma sun ƙarfafa salon noma wanda ya fi ƙarfin tallafawa da kuma riƙe ƙasar na dogon lokaci. Yayin da noman gyada na Jola ya nuna alaƙa da ƙungiyar addinin Musulunci kawai a zamanin yau. Ayyukan noma na zamani suna ci gaba da samun tasiri daga akidu da ayyukan Musulunci. Misali, a [[Touba]], wurin binne Shaykh Amadou Bamba, wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana a matsayin cibiyar ayyukan hajjin Musulunci ta Senegal, ayyukan noma da ke kewaye da su suna aiki don sauƙaƙe da kuma ƙarfafa aikin hajji. == Manazarta == t04hgj3qdj43tqe44t7gzouupcw7a2g Coo-Trois-Ponts Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric 0 158195 859487 2026-06-17T17:18:31Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1237933484|Coo-Trois-Ponts Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Coo-Trois-Ponts''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ajiyar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin famfo, wacce ke Trois-Ponts, Lardin Liege, Belgium. Tana kusa da Kogin Amblève, ɗaya daga cikin wurare kaɗan da ake samun tsayin gida mai nisan mita 250+ a Belgium. Tashar wutar lantarki tana amfani da ruwanta don tallafawa tsarin wutar lantarki inda ake fitar da ruwa daga ƙaramin tafki zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafkuna biyu da aka sani da Coo I da Coo II. Idan buƙatar makamashi ta yi yawa, ana iya fitar da ruwa daga waɗannan tafkuna don samar da wutar lantarki. Sannan ruwan zai koma ƙaramin tafki kuma aikin zai maimaita kamar yadda ake buƙata. Haka kuma ana amfani da injunan da ke tura ruwan zuwa manyan tafkuna a mafi tsayi a matsayin janareto. An ƙaddamar da masana'antar a matakai biyu, Coo I (1969) da Coo II (1978). Engie-Electrabel ne mallakarta kuma tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 1,164 MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coo hydroelectric plant |url=http://www.walo.ch/english/projekte/aktuelle-projekte/damm-und-deponiebau/psw-coo-belgien.html?iTempCatID=86&iSuperCatID=51&iSelectedProject=126 |access-date=14 January 2012 |publisher=Walo}}</ref> == Zane da aiki == Madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan tashar wutar lantarki tana da siffar gwiwar hannu domin tsohon kogin Ambleve ne (wanda yanzu haka wani ruwa mai tsawon mita 15 ya ratsa ta). An samar da shi da madatsun ruwa guda biyu, ɗaya mai {{Convert|10|m|ft|0}} tsayi da sauran {{Convert|30|m|ft|0}} . Matsakaicin tsayin tafki na wannan tafki shine {{Convert|248|m|ft|0}} . A cikin tsaunukan da ke sama da yammacin ƙasan madatsar ruwa akwai madatsun ruwa na sama, Coo I da Coo II. An samar da kowace madatsar ruwa da wani jirgin ruwa mai cike da ƙasa. Coo I da Coo II suna da matsakaicin tsayin madatsar ruwa na {{Convert|509|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|507|m|ft|0}}, bi da bi. Ajiyar aiki (ko mai amfani) na haɗakar ma'ajiyar Coo ta sama shine {{Convert|8450000|m3|acre.ft|0}} . Madatsar ruwan ƙasa tana da irin wannan ƙarfin aiki. Ana canja ruwa tsakanin madatsar ruwan ta hanyar amfani da bututun ruwa guda biyu, Coo I yana da girman {{Convert|748|m|ft|0}} tsayi da kuma Coo II a {{Convert|830|m|ft|0}}tsawon a ƙasa. Tashar wutar lantarki tana ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma tana ɗauke da janareto shida na masana'antar. Ma'ajiyar Coo I tana ba da wutar lantarki ga injinan famfo na Francis guda uku masu ƙarfin MW 158 (FPT) tare da Coo II waɗanda suka ƙunshi FPT guda uku masu ƙarfin MW 230. Sauyin tsayi tsakanin ma'ajiyar biyu yana ba da damar samun kan ruwa wanda ya bambanta tsakanin {{Convert|230|m|ft|0}} da kuma {{Convert|275|m|ft|0}}, shugaban da ya fi tasiri shine {{Convert|245|m|ft|0}} . A cikin shekarun 2000, Engie-Electrabel tana da shirin gina madatsar ruwa ta uku ta sama tare da ƙarin injinan turbines (da kuma zurfafa madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa daidai gwargwado). Daga nan aka yi watsi da waɗannan tsare-tsaren domin an ɗauki fasahar batirin sinadarai a matsayin zaɓi mafi kyau, galibi don aiwatar da ƙananan na'urori tare da ƙarancin buƙatun haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Extension de la centrale de stockage de Coo — Presse |url=http://www.cdh-wallonie.be/notre-action-au-pw/questions-ecrites/l2019extension-de-la-centrale-de-stockage-de-coo}}</ref> Madadin haka, a shekarar 2021, an ɗaga ɗaya daga cikin bututun ruwa na sama da mita 2, a matsayin matakin farko na babban gyaran tashar. Za a kuma haƙa ƙaramin ma'ajiyar ruwa don ƙara ƙarfinta daidai gwargwado, wanda zai haifar da ƙaruwar ƙarfin adanawa da kashi 7.5% (daga daidai da 6,000 MWh zuwa 6,450 MWh). Za a maye gurbin tsofaffin injinan turbines guda 3, wanda hakan zai ƙara ƙarfin kololuwar wutar lantarki daga 1,080 MW zuwa 1,159 MW. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Energie: Engie va doper la centrale de Coo |url=https://www.lesoir.be/371567/article/2021-05-11/energie-engie-va-doper-la-centrale-de-coo}}</ref> Kamfanin zai iya tashi daga tsayawa zuwa cikakken aiki cikin mintuna biyu da rabi sannan ya koma yanayin famfo cikin mintuna bakwai. Yana samar da kimanin MWh miliyan 1 a kowace shekara kuma yana cinye kusan kashi 20 cikin ɗari a yanayin famfo. Kamfanin yawanci yana fitar da ruwa a lokutan da farashin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa kuma yana sakin sa don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da farashin ya yi tsada don samun riba mai yawa. Ikonsa na daidaitawa da sauri zuwa ga buƙatar wutar lantarki ya sa ya zama tashar wutar lantarki mai tasowa . == Manazarta == 1z4mgcld6x0e0mvgywerc84mc6jqgy1 859488 859487 2026-06-17T17:18:58Z Engineer014 44591 859488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Coo-Trois-Ponts''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ajiyar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin famfo, wacce ke Trois-Ponts, Lardin Liege, Belgium. Tana kusa da Kogin Amblève, ɗaya daga cikin wurare kaɗan da ake samun tsayin gida mai nisan mita 250+ a Belgium. Tashar wutar lantarki tana amfani da ruwanta don tallafawa tsarin wutar lantarki inda ake fitar da ruwa daga ƙaramin tafki zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafkuna biyu da aka sani da Coo I da Coo II. Idan buƙatar makamashi ta yi yawa, ana iya fitar da ruwa daga waɗannan tafkuna don samar da wutar lantarki. Sannan ruwan zai koma ƙaramin tafki kuma aikin zai maimaita kamar yadda ake buƙata. Haka kuma ana amfani da injunan da ke tura ruwan zuwa manyan tafkuna a mafi tsayi a matsayin janareto. An ƙaddamar da masana'antar a matakai biyu, Coo I (1969) da Coo II (1978). Engie-Electrabel ne mallakarta kuma tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 1,164 MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coo hydroelectric plant |url=http://www.walo.ch/english/projekte/aktuelle-projekte/damm-und-deponiebau/psw-coo-belgien.html?iTempCatID=86&iSuperCatID=51&iSelectedProject=126 |access-date=14 January 2012 |publisher=Walo}}</ref> == Zane da aiki == Madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan tashar wutar lantarki tana da siffar gwiwar hannu domin tsohon kogin Ambleve ne (wanda yanzu haka wani ruwa mai tsawon mita 15 ya ratsa ta). An samar da shi da madatsun ruwa guda biyu, ɗaya mai {{Convert|10|m|ft|0}} tsayi da sauran {{Convert|30|m|ft|0}} . Matsakaicin tsayin tafki na wannan tafki shine {{Convert|248|m|ft|0}} . A cikin tsaunukan da ke sama da yammacin ƙasan madatsar ruwa akwai madatsun ruwa na sama, Coo I da Coo II. An samar da kowace madatsar ruwa da wani jirgin ruwa mai cike da ƙasa. Coo I da Coo II suna da matsakaicin tsayin madatsar ruwa na {{Convert|509|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|507|m|ft|0}}, bi da bi. Ajiyar aiki (ko mai amfani) na haɗakar ma'ajiyar Coo ta sama shine {{Convert|8450000|m3|acre.ft|0}} . Madatsar ruwan ƙasa tana da irin wannan ƙarfin aiki. Ana canja ruwa tsakanin madatsar ruwan ta hanyar amfani da bututun ruwa guda biyu, Coo I yana da girman {{Convert|748|m|ft|0}} tsayi da kuma Coo II a {{Convert|830|m|ft|0}}tsawon a ƙasa. Tashar wutar lantarki tana ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma tana ɗauke da janareto shida na masana'antar. Ma'ajiyar Coo I tana ba da wutar lantarki ga injinan famfo na Francis guda uku masu ƙarfin MW 158 (FPT) tare da Coo II waɗanda suka ƙunshi FPT guda uku masu ƙarfin MW 230. Sauyin tsayi tsakanin ma'ajiyar biyu yana ba da damar samun kan ruwa wanda ya bambanta tsakanin {{Convert|230|m|ft|0}} da kuma {{Convert|275|m|ft|0}}, shugaban da ya fi tasiri shine {{Convert|245|m|ft|0}} . A cikin shekarun 2000, Engie-Electrabel tana da shirin gina madatsar ruwa ta uku ta sama tare da ƙarin injinan turbines (da kuma zurfafa madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa daidai gwargwado). Daga nan aka yi watsi da waɗannan tsare-tsaren domin an ɗauki fasahar batirin sinadarai a matsayin zaɓi mafi kyau, galibi don aiwatar da ƙananan na'urori tare da ƙarancin buƙatun haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Extension de la centrale de stockage de Coo — Presse |url=http://www.cdh-wallonie.be/notre-action-au-pw/questions-ecrites/l2019extension-de-la-centrale-de-stockage-de-coo}}</ref> Madadin haka, a shekarar 2021, an ɗaga ɗaya daga cikin bututun ruwa na sama da mita 2, a matsayin matakin farko na babban gyaran tashar. Za a kuma haƙa ƙaramin ma'ajiyar ruwa don ƙara ƙarfinta daidai gwargwado, wanda zai haifar da ƙaruwar ƙarfin adanawa da kashi 7.5% (daga daidai da 6,000 MWh zuwa 6,450 MWh). Za a maye gurbin tsofaffin injinan turbines guda 3, wanda hakan zai ƙara ƙarfin kololuwar wutar lantarki daga 1,080 MW zuwa 1,159 MW. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Energie: Engie va doper la centrale de Coo |url=https://www.lesoir.be/371567/article/2021-05-11/energie-engie-va-doper-la-centrale-de-coo}}</ref> Kamfanin zai iya tashi daga tsayawa zuwa cikakken aiki cikin mintuna biyu da rabi sannan ya koma yanayin famfo cikin mintuna bakwai. Yana samar da kimanin MWh miliyan 1 a kowace shekara kuma yana cinye kusan kashi 20 cikin ɗari a yanayin famfo. Kamfanin yawanci yana fitar da ruwa a lokutan da farashin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa kuma yana sakin sa don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da farashin ya yi tsada don samun riba mai yawa. Ikonsa na daidaitawa da sauri zuwa ga buƙatar wutar lantarki ya sa ya zama tashar wutar lantarki mai tasowa . == Manazarta == 5xsz35hk2nkxmdmhy3mkmordpz9c1vl Mozambique a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2015 0 158196 859489 2026-06-17T17:20:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1137378460|Mozambique at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships]]" 859489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Mozambik|Mozambique]]''' ta fafata a gasar cin kofin ruwa ta duniya ta 2015 a Kazan, [[Rasha]] daga 24 ga Yuli zuwa 9 ga Agusta 2015. == iyo == Masu ninkaya na Mozambique sun cimma ka'idojin cancanta a cikin waɗannan abubuwan (har zuwa matsakaicin masu ninkaya 2 a kowane gasa a lokacin shiga A-standard, da kuma 1 a B-standard): == Manazarta == 3wgmdtm3c953o7ff7ranzb12q5oeus9 859490 859489 2026-06-17T17:20:43Z Engineer014 44591 859490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Mozambik|Mozambique]]''' ta fafata a gasar cin kofin ruwa ta duniya ta 2015 a Kazan, [[Rasha]] daga 24 ga Yuli zuwa 9 ga Agusta 2015. == iyo == Masu ninkaya na Mozambique sun cimma ka'idojin cancanta a cikin waɗannan abubuwan (har zuwa matsakaicin masu ninkaya 2 a kowane gasa a lokacin shiga A-standard, da kuma 1 a B-standard): == Manazarta == 21eybeilhr8klmgygt2ny17dmprulqi Typhoid 0 158197 859491 2026-06-17T17:22:44Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Typhoid fever wata kwayar cuta ce da ake samu daga gurbatatun ruwa da abinci mara tsafata da kwayar cutar salmonella type da paratyphy da ake samu cikin irin na'un abinci,Ga alamomin wannan cutar, ciyon cikin,amai,da miredawar ciki,da rashin samun dandano abinci,wannan cutar ana samun karewa daga wannan wajen tsafatace abinci da rawa .wannan ana magani ta da antibiotics drugs 859491 wikitext text/x-wiki Typhoid fever wata kwayar cuta ce da ake samu daga gurbatatun ruwa da abinci mara tsafata da kwayar cutar salmonella type da paratyphy da ake samu cikin irin na'un abinci,Ga alamomin wannan cutar, ciyon cikin,amai,da miredawar ciki,da rashin samun dandano abinci,wannan cutar ana samun karewa daga wannan wajen tsafatace abinci da rawa .wannan ana magani ta da antibiotics drugs n7btmtyqmyw0n6dh9d6wa0m8tdvc33n Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kapichira 0 158198 859492 2026-06-17T17:23:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334864407|Kapichira Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kapichira''' wata tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a [[Kapachira Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kapachira]] da ke kan [[Rafin Shire|kogin Shire]] a [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|128|MW}}, wanda ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje 86,000, tare da {{Convert|32|MW}} saitin samar da wutar lantarki. An haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki a matakai, inda matakin farko ya ƙunshi shigar da injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu masu ƙarfin megawatts 32 na farko. An buɗe Mataki na I na tashar wutar lantarki a hukumance a watan Satumba na 2000. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Global Energy Observatory |date=15 April 2018 |title=Global Energy Observatory: Kapichira Hydroelectric Power Plant Malawi |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/40390 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=Globalenergyobservatory.org}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2014, a wani biki da shugabar Malawi a wancan lokacin, [[Joyce banda|Joyce Banda]], ta halarta, an kunna kashi na biyu na aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Kapichira, wanda ya ninka megawatts 64 da ake da su a yanzu zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na megawatts 128. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=HydroWorld |date=31 January 2014 |title=Malawi commissions Kapichira hydropower plant expansion |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093256/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Chikwawa, a yankin Kudancin Malawi, kimanin {{Convert|70|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yamma da Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=Earthtech.com |date=3 March 2016 |title=Kapichira Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.earthtech.com/projects/facilities/kapichira.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605021707/http://www.earthtech.com/projects/facilities/kapichira.htm |archive-date=2009-06-05 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Earthtech.com |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na wannan tashar wutar lantarki sune: 15°53'45.0"S, 34°45'14.0"E (Latitude:-15.895833; Longitude:34.753889). == Bayani == Kowace na'ura tana aiki a kan wani katafaren kai na {{Convert|54|m}} da kuma fitar da ruwa na {{Convert|67|m3/s}} . An gina tashar wutar lantarki a matakai biyu, inda aka kammala mataki na farko a shekarar 2000. <ref name="Six">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Nation Online |date=22 January 2013 |title=Kapichira II Power Plant to Spur Business Growth |url=http://mwnation.com/kapichira-ii-power-plant-to-spur-business-growth/ |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> Mataki na biyu mai irin wannan karfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|64|MW}} a matsayin mataki na farko, an kammala shi a shekarar 2014 kuma an fara aiki da shi a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2018. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=HydroWorld |date=31 January 2014 |title=Malawi commissions Kapichira hydropower plant expansion |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093256/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHydroWorld2014">HydroWorld (31 January 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093256/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html "Malawi commissions Kapichira hydropower plant expansion"]. Hydroworld.com. Archived from [https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html the original] on 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Gine-gine == An gina kashi na farko na tashar wutar lantarki da kuɗaɗen da aka aro daga wasu abokan hulɗa na ci gaba na duniya, ciki har da KfW, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Kamfanin Raya Ƙasashen Waje na Commonwealth, Bankin Duniya, da Kamfanin Raya Ƙasa na Netherlands . Abokan haɗin gwiwar ci gaban sun ba da rancen dala miliyan 131.1 tare da gwamnatin Malawi kuma sun zuba jarin dala miliyan 21.9, jimillar dala miliyan 153. <ref name="Seven">{{Cite web |last=KfW |date=1995 |title=Malawi: Kapichira Hydropower Plant, Ex-Post Evaluation |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/migration/Entwicklungsbank-Startseite/Development-Finance/Evaluation/Results-and-Publications/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Malawi_Kapichira_2003.pdf |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=[[KfW|Entwicklungsbank-Startseite]]}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar mataki na biyu ga Kamfanin China Gezhouba Group Corporation (CGGC) kuma ya haɗa da shigar da sabbin injinan turbine guda biyu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin samar da megawatt 32. An kammala aikin a watan Janairun 2014. <ref name="Two" /> == Lalacewar guguwa da gyare-gyare == A ranar 24 ga Janairun 2022, guguwar Ana ta afkawa madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, inda ta yi barna mai tsanani, lamarin da ya haifar da rufewar ginin. Wannan ya haifar da asarar kimanin karfin samar da wutar lantarki na MW 130, wanda ya yi daidai da kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na yawan samar da wutar lantarki a kasar. <ref name="LossR">{{Cite web |last=Lameck Masina |date=6 February 2022 |title=Malawi Loses 30% of Its Electricity to Tropical Storm Ana |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/malawi-loses-30-of-its-electricity-to-tropical-storm-ana-/6429686.html |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, [[Lazarus Chakwera]], shugaban Malawi, ya sanar da cewa Bankin Duniya ya ba Malawi MWK: biliyan 60 (dala miliyan 60) don gyara da kuma gyara Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kapichira. Bayan waɗannan gyare-gyare, ana sa ran cewa sabon ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki zai zama megawatts 135. <ref name="RehabR">{{Cite web |last=Fazilla Tembo |date=7 June 2022 |title=Govt Secures K60bn From World Bank to Rehabilitate the Damaged Kapichira Hydro Power |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-secures-k60bn-from-world-bank-to-rehabilitate-the-damaged-kapichira-hydro-power/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Nyasa Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == bvsvk2cdgxqjain804bf8dmg3i2x441 859493 859492 2026-06-17T17:23:29Z Engineer014 44591 859493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kapichira''' wata tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a [[Kapachira Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kapachira]] da ke kan [[Rafin Shire|kogin Shire]] a [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|128|MW}}, wanda ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje 86,000, tare da {{Convert|32|MW}} saitin samar da wutar lantarki. An haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki a matakai, inda matakin farko ya ƙunshi shigar da injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu masu ƙarfin megawatts 32 na farko. An buɗe Mataki na I na tashar wutar lantarki a hukumance a watan Satumba na 2000. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Global Energy Observatory |date=15 April 2018 |title=Global Energy Observatory: Kapichira Hydroelectric Power Plant Malawi |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/40390 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=Globalenergyobservatory.org}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2014, a wani biki da shugabar Malawi a wancan lokacin, [[Joyce banda|Joyce Banda]], ta halarta, an kunna kashi na biyu na aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Kapichira, wanda ya ninka megawatts 64 da ake da su a yanzu zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na megawatts 128. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=HydroWorld |date=31 January 2014 |title=Malawi commissions Kapichira hydropower plant expansion |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093256/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Chikwawa, a yankin Kudancin Malawi, kimanin {{Convert|70|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yamma da Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=Earthtech.com |date=3 March 2016 |title=Kapichira Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.earthtech.com/projects/facilities/kapichira.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605021707/http://www.earthtech.com/projects/facilities/kapichira.htm |archive-date=2009-06-05 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Earthtech.com |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na wannan tashar wutar lantarki sune: 15°53'45.0"S, 34°45'14.0"E (Latitude:-15.895833; Longitude:34.753889). == Bayani == Kowace na'ura tana aiki a kan wani katafaren kai na {{Convert|54|m}} da kuma fitar da ruwa na {{Convert|67|m3/s}} . An gina tashar wutar lantarki a matakai biyu, inda aka kammala mataki na farko a shekarar 2000. <ref name="Six">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Nation Online |date=22 January 2013 |title=Kapichira II Power Plant to Spur Business Growth |url=http://mwnation.com/kapichira-ii-power-plant-to-spur-business-growth/ |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> Mataki na biyu mai irin wannan karfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|64|MW}} a matsayin mataki na farko, an kammala shi a shekarar 2014 kuma an fara aiki da shi a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2018. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=HydroWorld |date=31 January 2014 |title=Malawi commissions Kapichira hydropower plant expansion |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093256/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHydroWorld2014">HydroWorld (31 January 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093256/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html "Malawi commissions Kapichira hydropower plant expansion"]. Hydroworld.com. Archived from [https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/01/malawi-commissions-kapichira-hydropower-plant-expansion.html the original] on 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Gine-gine == An gina kashi na farko na tashar wutar lantarki da kuɗaɗen da aka aro daga wasu abokan hulɗa na ci gaba na duniya, ciki har da KfW, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Kamfanin Raya Ƙasashen Waje na Commonwealth, Bankin Duniya, da Kamfanin Raya Ƙasa na Netherlands . Abokan haɗin gwiwar ci gaban sun ba da rancen dala miliyan 131.1 tare da gwamnatin Malawi kuma sun zuba jarin dala miliyan 21.9, jimillar dala miliyan 153. <ref name="Seven">{{Cite web |last=KfW |date=1995 |title=Malawi: Kapichira Hydropower Plant, Ex-Post Evaluation |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/migration/Entwicklungsbank-Startseite/Development-Finance/Evaluation/Results-and-Publications/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Malawi_Kapichira_2003.pdf |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=[[KfW|Entwicklungsbank-Startseite]]}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar mataki na biyu ga Kamfanin China Gezhouba Group Corporation (CGGC) kuma ya haɗa da shigar da sabbin injinan turbine guda biyu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin samar da megawatt 32. An kammala aikin a watan Janairun 2014. <ref name="Two" /> == Lalacewar guguwa da gyare-gyare == A ranar 24 ga Janairun 2022, guguwar Ana ta afkawa madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, inda ta yi barna mai tsanani, lamarin da ya haifar da rufewar ginin. Wannan ya haifar da asarar kimanin karfin samar da wutar lantarki na MW 130, wanda ya yi daidai da kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na yawan samar da wutar lantarki a kasar. <ref name="LossR">{{Cite web |last=Lameck Masina |date=6 February 2022 |title=Malawi Loses 30% of Its Electricity to Tropical Storm Ana |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/malawi-loses-30-of-its-electricity-to-tropical-storm-ana-/6429686.html |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, [[Lazarus Chakwera]], shugaban Malawi, ya sanar da cewa Bankin Duniya ya ba Malawi MWK: biliyan 60 (dala miliyan 60) don gyara da kuma gyara Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kapichira. Bayan waɗannan gyare-gyare, ana sa ran cewa sabon ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki zai zama megawatts 135. <ref name="RehabR">{{Cite web |last=Fazilla Tembo |date=7 June 2022 |title=Govt Secures K60bn From World Bank to Rehabilitate the Damaged Kapichira Hydro Power |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-secures-k60bn-from-world-bank-to-rehabilitate-the-damaged-kapichira-hydro-power/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Nyasa Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5dxixwfpaa5e6zjtg00lp9etfpjs0r8 Almadraba 0 158199 859494 2026-06-17T17:25:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357378691|Almadraba]]" 859494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Almadraba''''' (kalmar [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] ta fito daga Andalusian Arabic ; a cikin Portuguese ) wata dabara ce mai zurfi kuma ta daɗaɗɗiya don kamawa da kama tuna mai launin shuɗi na Atlantic ( ''Thunnus thynnus'' ). Dabarar, a cikin mafi sauƙin maimaitawa, ta ƙunshi kafa shinge don kama tuna lokacin da suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] daga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] (Fabrairu zuwa Yuli), a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa haihuwa da kuma har zuwa kwanan nan, a kan tafiyarsu ta dawowa, ("al revés"); kamawar ta ƙunshi, da sauransu, tuna bullet ( ''auxis rochei'' ), ƙaramin tunny ( ''euthynnus alletteretus'' ), Atlantic bonito ( ''sarda sarda'' ), bigeye tuna ( ''thunnus obesus'' ) da swordfish ( ''xiphias gladius'' [[Fayil:Cemitério_de_âncora.jpg|thumb|Makabartar Anchors a Tsibirin Tavira wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Almadrava]] Wani nau'i ne na kamun kifi na gargajiya da ake yi a kudu maso gabashin Spain ( [[Andalusia]], Murcia da kudancin Valencian Community ), Maroko da kudancin Portugal ( Algarve ). An saita Almadrabas daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Cádiz de la Frontera, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Las almadrabes y Chiclana |url=http://www.diariodecadiz.es/article/opinion/734368/las/almadrabas/y/chiclana.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131947/http://www.diariodecadiz.es/article/opinion/734368/las/almadrabas/y/chiclana.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 13, 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The future of the almadraba sector – traditional tuna fishing methods in the eu |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/540367/IPOL_STU(2015)540367_EN.pdf |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> la Frontera, Barbate, Rota, Zahara de los Atunes, La Línea de la Concepción, Nueva Umbría, Isla Port Tarifa, [[Ceuta]] da sauran su. Akwai irin wannan dabara a Sicily da aka sani da {{Lang|scn|[[mattanza]]}} (an aro daga kalmar Sifaniyanci mai suna {{Lang|es|matanza}}, ma'ana 'yanka'). == A cikin fim == * Fim ɗin Roberto Rossellini mai suna <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Stromboli</i></nowiki> ya ƙunshi wani yanayi inda jarumar ta kalli mijinta yana amfani da almadraba. * Fim ɗin Rupert Murray mai suna ''The End of the Line (fim ɗin 2009)'' ya nuna almadraba yayin da yake magana game da raguwar kamawa. * Gajeren shirin fim na Portuguese [[:pt:A Almadraba Atuneira]], wanda Antonio Campos ya jagoranta. == Manazarta == ot9d7kwdoclx6lu5vjf6ak5ahg6919o 859495 859494 2026-06-17T17:25:35Z Engineer014 44591 859495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Almadraba''''' (kalmar [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] ta fito daga Andalusian Arabic ; a cikin Portuguese ) wata dabara ce mai zurfi kuma ta daɗaɗɗiya don kamawa da kama tuna mai launin shuɗi na Atlantic ( ''Thunnus thynnus'' ). Dabarar, a cikin mafi sauƙin maimaitawa, ta ƙunshi kafa shinge don kama tuna lokacin da suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] daga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] (Fabrairu zuwa Yuli), a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa haihuwa da kuma har zuwa kwanan nan, a kan tafiyarsu ta dawowa, ("al revés"); kamawar ta ƙunshi, da sauransu, tuna bullet ( ''auxis rochei'' ), ƙaramin tunny ( ''euthynnus alletteretus'' ), Atlantic bonito ( ''sarda sarda'' ), bigeye tuna ( ''thunnus obesus'' ) da swordfish ( ''xiphias gladius'' [[Fayil:Cemitério_de_âncora.jpg|thumb|Makabartar Anchors a Tsibirin Tavira wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Almadrava]] Wani nau'i ne na kamun kifi na gargajiya da ake yi a kudu maso gabashin Spain ( [[Andalusia]], Murcia da kudancin Valencian Community ), Maroko da kudancin Portugal ( Algarve ). An saita Almadrabas daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Cádiz de la Frontera, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Las almadrabes y Chiclana |url=http://www.diariodecadiz.es/article/opinion/734368/las/almadrabas/y/chiclana.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131947/http://www.diariodecadiz.es/article/opinion/734368/las/almadrabas/y/chiclana.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 13, 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The future of the almadraba sector – traditional tuna fishing methods in the eu |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/540367/IPOL_STU(2015)540367_EN.pdf |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> la Frontera, Barbate, Rota, Zahara de los Atunes, La Línea de la Concepción, Nueva Umbría, Isla Port Tarifa, [[Ceuta]] da sauran su. Akwai irin wannan dabara a Sicily da aka sani da {{Lang|scn|[[mattanza]]}} (an aro daga kalmar Sifaniyanci mai suna {{Lang|es|matanza}}, ma'ana 'yanka'). == A cikin fim == * Fim ɗin Roberto Rossellini mai suna <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Stromboli</i></nowiki> ya ƙunshi wani yanayi inda jarumar ta kalli mijinta yana amfani da almadraba. * Fim ɗin Rupert Murray mai suna ''The End of the Line (fim ɗin 2009)'' ya nuna almadraba yayin da yake magana game da raguwar kamawa. * Gajeren shirin fim na Portuguese [[:pt:A Almadraba Atuneira]], wanda Antonio Campos ya jagoranta. == Manazarta == q22cpudqe0dmn0chm22wkrw97wg1n2z Daniel Kulla 0 158200 859497 2026-06-17T17:35:37Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354550115|Daniel Kulla]]" 859497 wikitext text/x-wiki   Daniel Kulla (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977 a Blankenburg (Harz) ) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon SPIESSER kuma ya wallafa littattafai game da maye da akidar makirci.[1] == Rayuwa da aiki == Kulla ya shirya ayyukan Remix na wallafe-wallafen tare da wasu marubuta, da farko ya buga su ta hanyar kansa, Systemausfall '90 Verlag, kafin ya zama edita da marubuci tare da Werner Pieper a shekara ta 2001. [1] Ya rubuta Der Phrasenprüfer, wani aikin tarihin rayuwa game da Wau Holland, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Chaos Computer Club.[2] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 16c3ckvbgohkkzwvnek8nsg57v5r80j 859498 859497 2026-06-17T17:38:55Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354550115|Daniel Kulla]]" 859498 wikitext text/x-wiki   Daniel Kulla (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977 a Blankenburg (Harz) ) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon SPIESSER kuma ya wallafa littattafai game da maye da akidar makirci.[1] == Rayuwa da aiki == Kulla ya shirya ayyukan Remix na wallafe-wallafen tare da wasu marubuta, da farko ya buga su ta hanyar kansa, Systemausfall '90 Verlag, kafin ya zama edita da marubuci tare da Werner Pieper a shekara ta 2001. [1] Ya rubuta Der Phrasenprüfer, wani aikin tarihin rayuwa game da Wau Holland, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Chaos Computer Club.[2] A cikin littafinsa na 2007 Entschwörungstheorie. . Niemand regiert die Welt, Kulla ya bincika tarihi da haɗarin tunanin makircin akida, ya bambanta shi daga wasu nau'o'in makircin makirci.[1] A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2011 tare da Süddeutsche Zeitung, ya yi jayayya cewa akidar makirci ta fito ne daga al'umma kuma tana karfafa halin da ake ciki na kishin kasa, wariyar launin fata da adawa da Yahudawa.[1] A shekara ta 2000, Kulla ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon Spiesser . [1] Ya rubuta ba bisa ka'ida ba ga jaridar mako-mako Jungle World . [2] Tare da Torsun Burkhardt, mawaƙi na ƙungiyar electropunk ta Berlin Egotronic, ya rubuta littafin fim din Raven wegen Deutschland . [3] Ya kuma ba da laccoci da karatu a kan batutuwa da suka hada da akidar makirci, The Coming Insurrection, wuraren aiki a Argentina, da maye da kusanci.[4] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] elxlbmjl1pxoaq8anr4qb3b0lsh16iz 859499 859498 2026-06-17T17:40:10Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354550115|Daniel Kulla]]" 859499 wikitext text/x-wiki   Daniel Kulla (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977 a Blankenburg (Harz) ) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon SPIESSER kuma ya wallafa littattafai game da maye da akidar makirci.[1] == Rayuwa da aiki == Kulla ya shirya ayyukan Remix na wallafe-wallafen tare da wasu marubuta, da farko ya buga su ta hanyar kansa, Systemausfall '90 Verlag, kafin ya zama edita da marubuci tare da Werner Pieper a shekara ta 2001. [1] Ya rubuta Der Phrasenprüfer, wani aikin tarihin rayuwa game da Wau Holland, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Chaos Computer Club.[2] A cikin littafinsa na 2007 Entschwörungstheorie. . Niemand regiert die Welt, Kulla ya bincika tarihi da haɗarin tunanin makircin akida, ya bambanta shi daga wasu nau'o'in makircin makirci.[1] A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2011 tare da Süddeutsche Zeitung, ya yi jayayya cewa akidar makirci ta fito ne daga al'umma kuma tana karfafa halin da ake ciki na kishin kasa, wariyar launin fata da adawa da Yahudawa.[1] A shekara ta 2000, Kulla ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon Spiesser . [1] Ya rubuta ba bisa ka'ida ba ga jaridar mako-mako Jungle World . [2] Tare da Torsun Burkhardt, mawaƙi na ƙungiyar electropunk ta Berlin Egotronic, ya rubuta littafin fim din Raven wegen Deutschland . [3] Ya kuma ba da laccoci da karatu a kan batutuwa da suka hada da akidar makirci, The Coming Insurrection, wuraren aiki a Argentina, da maye da kusanci.[4] Littafin Kulla Leben im Rausch . Juyin Halitta, Geschichte, Aufstand, wanda aka fara bugawa a 2012 kuma aka sake bugawa a 2014, yana haɓaka ra'ayi na maye a matsayin muhimmiyar ikon tsarin juyayi don yin amfani da nasu "sauti". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leben im Rausch |url=https://www.classless.org/contact/leben-im-rausch/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=classless.org |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leben im Rausch : Evolution, Geschichte, Aufstand |url=https://d-nb.info/1026220289 |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=[[German National Library]] |language=de}}</ref> Da yake nazarin littafin a cikin ''taz'', Sebastian Dörfler ya rubuta cewa Kulla ya danganta maye ga nau'ikan jari-hujja na darajar jari-huji da ayyukan zamantakewa, haɗari da yiwuwar amfani. A wata hira da aka yi da jetzt, Kulla ya ce maye "ba mai kyau ba ne ko mara kyau" kuma zai iya ƙarfafawa ko rushe mulki.h == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] bomqxq9gn0qqz8rnkm1yqsodj7cigj4 859500 859499 2026-06-17T17:41:07Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354550115|Daniel Kulla]]" 859500 wikitext text/x-wiki   Daniel Kulla (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977 a Blankenburg (Harz) ) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon SPIESSER kuma ya wallafa littattafai game da maye da akidar makirci.[1] == Rayuwa da aiki == Kulla ya shirya ayyukan Remix na wallafe-wallafen tare da wasu marubuta, da farko ya buga su ta hanyar kansa, Systemausfall '90 Verlag, kafin ya zama edita da marubuci tare da Werner Pieper a shekara ta 2001. [1] Ya rubuta Der Phrasenprüfer, wani aikin tarihin rayuwa game da Wau Holland, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Chaos Computer Club.[2] A cikin littafinsa na 2007 Entschwörungstheorie. . Niemand regiert die Welt, Kulla ya bincika tarihi da haɗarin tunanin makircin akida, ya bambanta shi daga wasu nau'o'in makircin makirci.[1] A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2011 tare da Süddeutsche Zeitung, ya yi jayayya cewa akidar makirci ta fito ne daga al'umma kuma tana karfafa halin da ake ciki na kishin kasa, wariyar launin fata da adawa da Yahudawa.[1] A shekara ta 2000, Kulla ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban edita na mujallar matasa ta Saxon Spiesser . [1] Ya rubuta ba bisa ka'ida ba ga jaridar mako-mako Jungle World . [2] Tare da Torsun Burkhardt, mawaƙi na ƙungiyar electropunk ta Berlin Egotronic, ya rubuta littafin fim din Raven wegen Deutschland . [3] Ya kuma ba da laccoci da karatu a kan batutuwa da suka hada da akidar makirci, The Coming Insurrection, wuraren aiki a Argentina, da maye da kusanci.[4] Littafin Kulla Leben im Rausch . Juyin Halitta, Geschichte, Aufstand, wanda aka fara bugawa a 2012 kuma aka sake bugawa a 2014, yana haɓaka ra'ayi na maye a matsayin muhimmiyar ikon tsarin juyayi don yin amfani da nasu "sauti". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leben im Rausch |url=https://www.classless.org/contact/leben-im-rausch/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=classless.org |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leben im Rausch : Evolution, Geschichte, Aufstand |url=https://d-nb.info/1026220289 |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=[[German National Library]] |language=de}}</ref> Da yake nazarin littafin a cikin ''taz'', Sebastian Dörfler ya rubuta cewa Kulla ya danganta maye ga nau'ikan jari-hujja na darajar jari-huji da ayyukan zamantakewa, haɗari da yiwuwar amfani. A wata hira da aka yi da jetzt, Kulla ya ce maye "ba mai kyau ba ne ko mara kyau" kuma zai iya ƙarfafawa ko rushe mulki.h A waje da wallafe-wallafen, Kulla ya rubuta waƙoƙi tare da Egotronic da Björn Peng . [1] Yin aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Kulla ba tare da aji ba tare da mawaƙin Hamburg Istari Lasterfahrer, ya fitar da kundin Nein, nein, das ist nicht der Kommunismus (2008), Wir ntho doch noch was vor (2010) da Auf- & Zustände (2012). [2] [3][4] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] j8hp3h2061i63difp6mgje91lm6bhlg Ludolf Wienbarg 0 158201 859502 2026-06-17T17:46:40Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297527503|Ludolf Wienbarg]]" 859502 wikitext text/x-wiki Christian Ludolf Wienbarg (25 Disamba 1802 - 2 Janairu 1872) ɗan jaridar Jamus ne kuma mai sukar adabi, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Young Germany a lokacin Vormärz .   An haifi Wienbarg a Altona, a matsayin ɗan ƙarfe. A shekara ta 1822 ya fara karatun tauhidin a Jami'ar Kiel . A shekara ta 1826, dole ne ya bar karatunsa saboda dalilai na kudi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff a Lauenburg . A shekara ta 1829, an ba shi digiri na likita a Jami'ar Marburg don rubutun sa game da ma'anar asalin Ra'ayoyin Plato. A shekara ta 1833, ya karbi aiki a matsayin malami a Kiel. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 396vg0kk1hve3i2nfjvaoriemylz91x 859503 859502 2026-06-17T17:47:43Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297527503|Ludolf Wienbarg]]" 859503 wikitext text/x-wiki Christian Ludolf Wienbarg (25 Disamba 1802 - 2 Janairu 1872) ɗan jaridar Jamus ne kuma mai sukar adabi, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Young Germany a lokacin Vormärz .   An haifi Wienbarg a Altona, a matsayin ɗan ƙarfe. A shekara ta 1822 ya fara karatun tauhidin a Jami'ar Kiel . A shekara ta 1826, dole ne ya bar karatunsa saboda dalilai na kudi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff a Lauenburg . A shekara ta 1829, an ba shi digiri na likita a Jami'ar Marburg don rubutun sa game da ma'anar asalin Ra'ayoyin Plato. A shekara ta 1833, ya karbi aiki a matsayin malami a Kiel. A cikin 1834, ya wallafa tarin tare da laccoci 22 a ƙarƙashin taken "Ästhetische Feldzüge" ("Kamfen ɗin Kyakkyawan"). Tare da kalmomin buɗewa "Ga ku, matashiyar Jamus, na keɓe waɗannan jawabai" ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kalmar "Matashiyar Jamus". A wannan shekarar, ya sadu da marubucin Karl Gutzkow a Frankfurt da Main . Sun shirya buga mujallar a lokacin rani na 1835. Koyaya, Gwamnatin Jamus ta kwace shi kuma ta hana shi har ma kafin isar da bugawa ta farko. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} hvrvnxpivkdmimapvq9e74vo1glamn2 859504 859503 2026-06-17T17:48:40Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297527503|Ludolf Wienbarg]]" 859504 wikitext text/x-wiki Christian Ludolf Wienbarg (25 Disamba 1802 - 2 Janairu 1872) ɗan jaridar Jamus ne kuma mai sukar adabi, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Young Germany a lokacin Vormärz .   An haifi Wienbarg a Altona, a matsayin ɗan ƙarfe. A shekara ta 1822 ya fara karatun tauhidin a Jami'ar Kiel . A shekara ta 1826, dole ne ya bar karatunsa saboda dalilai na kudi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff a Lauenburg . A shekara ta 1829, an ba shi digiri na likita a Jami'ar Marburg don rubutun sa game da ma'anar asalin Ra'ayoyin Plato. A shekara ta 1833, ya karbi aiki a matsayin malami a Kiel. A cikin 1834, ya wallafa tarin tare da laccoci 22 a ƙarƙashin taken "Ästhetische Feldzüge" ("Kamfen ɗin Kyakkyawan"). Tare da kalmomin buɗewa "Ga ku, matashiyar Jamus, na keɓe waɗannan jawabai" ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kalmar "Matashiyar Jamus". A wannan shekarar, ya sadu da marubucin Karl Gutzkow a Frankfurt da Main . Sun shirya buga mujallar a lokacin rani na 1835. Koyaya, Gwamnatin Jamus ta kwace shi kuma ta hana shi har ma kafin isar da bugawa ta farko. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1835, an fara dakatar da rubuce-rubucen Wienbarg, tare da na Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Börne, Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube da Theodor Mundt, a Prussia kuma daga baya a duk jihohin membobin Ƙungiyar Jamus. An tilasta Wienbarg ya bar Frankfurt kuma ya tsere zuwa Heligoland, sannan tsibirin Burtaniya da ya shahara tare da 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Jamus. A cikin kaka na 1836, ya koma Hamburg inda ya ci gaba da ayyukansa a matsayin ɗan jarida da edita na mujallu daban-daban. A ƙarshen shekarun 1830, 'yan uwansa ne suka goyi bayansa. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 1839 ya auri Elisabeth Wilhelmine Dorothea Marwedel, 'yar wani iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a Altona, amma aurensa bai inganta yanayin kudi ba. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} brgautcah4saqz6pqgs8tpbc1k2px69 859507 859504 2026-06-17T17:49:48Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297527503|Ludolf Wienbarg]]" 859507 wikitext text/x-wiki Christian Ludolf Wienbarg (25 Disamba 1802 - 2 Janairu 1872) ɗan jaridar Jamus ne kuma mai sukar adabi, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Young Germany a lokacin Vormärz .   An haifi Wienbarg a Altona, a matsayin ɗan ƙarfe. A shekara ta 1822 ya fara karatun tauhidin a Jami'ar Kiel . A shekara ta 1826, dole ne ya bar karatunsa saboda dalilai na kudi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff a Lauenburg . A shekara ta 1829, an ba shi digiri na likita a Jami'ar Marburg don rubutun sa game da ma'anar asalin Ra'ayoyin Plato. A shekara ta 1833, ya karbi aiki a matsayin malami a Kiel. A cikin 1834, ya wallafa tarin tare da laccoci 22 a ƙarƙashin taken "Ästhetische Feldzüge" ("Kamfen ɗin Kyakkyawan"). Tare da kalmomin buɗewa "Ga ku, matashiyar Jamus, na keɓe waɗannan jawabai" ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kalmar "Matashiyar Jamus". A wannan shekarar, ya sadu da marubucin Karl Gutzkow a Frankfurt da Main . Sun shirya buga mujallar a lokacin rani na 1835. Koyaya, Gwamnatin Jamus ta kwace shi kuma ta hana shi har ma kafin isar da bugawa ta farko. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1835, an fara dakatar da rubuce-rubucen Wienbarg, tare da na Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Börne, Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube da Theodor Mundt, a Prussia kuma daga baya a duk jihohin membobin Ƙungiyar Jamus. An tilasta Wienbarg ya bar Frankfurt kuma ya tsere zuwa Heligoland, sannan tsibirin Burtaniya da ya shahara tare da 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Jamus. A cikin kaka na 1836, ya koma Hamburg inda ya ci gaba da ayyukansa a matsayin ɗan jarida da edita na mujallu daban-daban. A ƙarshen shekarun 1830, 'yan uwansa ne suka goyi bayansa. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 1839 ya auri Elisabeth Wilhelmine Dorothea Marwedel, 'yar wani iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a Altona, amma aurensa bai inganta yanayin kudi ba. A cikin 1846, an tattauna shirye-shiryensa na ƙaura zuwa Amurka a cikin manema labarai, amma sha'awar ƙasa ga Tambayar Schleswig-Holstein ta sa ya sake tunanin shawarar sa. A cikin 1848 da 1849, ya ba da gudummawa a Yaƙin Schleswig na farko . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} hwhhwvzzppsrgj5g6xxos6qjmevl6tk 859508 859507 2026-06-17T17:50:54Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297527503|Ludolf Wienbarg]]" 859508 wikitext text/x-wiki Christian Ludolf Wienbarg (25 Disamba 1802 - 2 Janairu 1872) ɗan jaridar Jamus ne kuma mai sukar adabi, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Young Germany a lokacin Vormärz .   An haifi Wienbarg a Altona, a matsayin ɗan ƙarfe. A shekara ta 1822 ya fara karatun tauhidin a Jami'ar Kiel . A shekara ta 1826, dole ne ya bar karatunsa saboda dalilai na kudi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff a Lauenburg . A shekara ta 1829, an ba shi digiri na likita a Jami'ar Marburg don rubutun sa game da ma'anar asalin Ra'ayoyin Plato. A shekara ta 1833, ya karbi aiki a matsayin malami a Kiel. A cikin 1834, ya wallafa tarin tare da laccoci 22 a ƙarƙashin taken "Ästhetische Feldzüge" ("Kamfen ɗin Kyakkyawan"). Tare da kalmomin buɗewa "Ga ku, matashiyar Jamus, na keɓe waɗannan jawabai" ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kalmar "Matashiyar Jamus". A wannan shekarar, ya sadu da marubucin Karl Gutzkow a Frankfurt da Main . Sun shirya buga mujallar a lokacin rani na 1835. Koyaya, Gwamnatin Jamus ta kwace shi kuma ta hana shi har ma kafin isar da bugawa ta farko. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1835, an fara dakatar da rubuce-rubucen Wienbarg, tare da na Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Börne, Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube da Theodor Mundt, a Prussia kuma daga baya a duk jihohin membobin Ƙungiyar Jamus. An tilasta Wienbarg ya bar Frankfurt kuma ya tsere zuwa Heligoland, sannan tsibirin Burtaniya da ya shahara tare da 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Jamus. A cikin kaka na 1836, ya koma Hamburg inda ya ci gaba da ayyukansa a matsayin ɗan jarida da edita na mujallu daban-daban. A ƙarshen shekarun 1830, 'yan uwansa ne suka goyi bayansa. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 1839 ya auri Elisabeth Wilhelmine Dorothea Marwedel, 'yar wani iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi a Altona, amma aurensa bai inganta yanayin kudi ba. A cikin 1846, an tattauna shirye-shiryensa na ƙaura zuwa Amurka a cikin manema labarai, amma sha'awar ƙasa ga Tambayar Schleswig-Holstein ta sa ya sake tunanin shawarar sa. A cikin 1848 da 1849, ya ba da gudummawa a Yaƙin Schleswig na farko . Bayan 1850, Wienbarg ya zauna a Hamburg da Altona, ya sha giya, matalauta, kuma jama'a sun manta da shi. A shekara ta 1869, an sanya shi a asibitin mahaukaci a Schleswig inda ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1872. [1] == Ayyuka (zaɓin) == == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} m712h4ar8q5w6ioubv5odg7zbxu6ij2 Tashar Mafia 0 158202 859505 2026-06-17T17:49:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1097064209|Mafia Channel]]" 859505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Mafia''' mashigar ruwa ce a yankin Pwani, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Afirka]] . <ref name="mapcartaA">{{Cite web |title=Mafia Channel |url=http://mapcarta.com/12656502 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tashar Mafia ta miƙe a kusan arewa/kudu tsakanin mashigar [[Rafiji River|kogin Rufiji]] da Tsibirin Mafia . [[Delta|Mashigar ruwa]] da ke bakin kogin Rufiji suna fitowa zuwa [[tsibirin]] kuma ruwa yana wucewa ta cikinsa, wanda ke haifar da [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] da tsibirin da kuma [[tsibirin]] kanta akai-akai. Ƙaramin Tsibirin Bwejuu mai kunkuntar yana tsakiyar mashigar. <ref name="mapcartaB">{{Cite web |title=Bwejuu Island |url=http://mapcarta.com/12667148 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Manazarta == n1o829xd2mhuut6pi9um86xm658a8ei 859506 859505 2026-06-17T17:49:46Z Engineer014 44591 859506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Mafia''' mashigar ruwa ce a yankin Pwani, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Afirka]] . <ref name="mapcartaA">{{Cite web |title=Mafia Channel |url=http://mapcarta.com/12656502 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tashar Mafia ta miƙe a kusan arewa/kudu tsakanin mashigar [[Rafiji River|kogin Rufiji]] da Tsibirin Mafia . [[Delta|Mashigar ruwa]] da ke bakin kogin Rufiji suna fitowa zuwa [[tsibirin]] kuma ruwa yana wucewa ta cikinsa, wanda ke haifar da [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] da tsibirin da kuma [[tsibirin]] kanta akai-akai. Ƙaramin Tsibirin Bwejuu mai kunkuntar yana tsakiyar mashigar. <ref name="mapcartaB">{{Cite web |title=Bwejuu Island |url=http://mapcarta.com/12667148 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2aeixlfks04pxjq2zk9mi0dl4dkxii2 Socotra 0 158203 859509 2026-06-17T17:52:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359745652|Socotra]]" 859509 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Socotra''', {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|t|r|ə|,_|s|oʊ|-|,_|ˈ|s|ɒ|k|ə|t|r|ə}}; {{langx|ar|سُقُطْرَىٰ}} {{transliteration|ar|Suquṭrā}}}} da aka fi sani da '''Saqatri''', {{Efn|{{langx|sqt|ساقطْري|Sāqaṭri}}}} tsibiri ne [[Yemen|na Yemen]] a [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana tsakanin [[Tekun Aden]], Tashar Guardafui da [[Tekun Larabawa|Tekun Arabiya]], kuma yana kusa da manyan hanyoyin jigilar kaya. Mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai shida a cikin tarin tsibiran Socotra, ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 95% na faɗin tsibirin. Yana da nisan {{Convert|380|km|nmi}} kudu da [[Yankin Larabawa|Tsibirin Larabawa]] da kuma {{Cvt|232|km|nmi}} gabashin yankin kusurwar Afirka . {{Sfn|Brown|Mies|2012}} Ana kiran mazauna tsibirin Socotrans, kuma suna jin [[Larabci]] da Soqotri . Socotra ba kasafai take karbar bakuncin nau'ikan halittu masu yawa ba; kashi daya bisa uku na rayuwar tsirrai ba a samun su a wani wuri a Duniya. Saboda yanayin kasa na tsibirin, an bayyana shi a matsayin "wuri mafi kama da baƙo a Duniya". <ref name="Huntingford">{{Cite book|last3=George Wynn Brereton Huntingford}}</ref> Tsibirin yana da fadin {{Cvt|132|km|mi}} a tsayi da {{Cvt|42|km|mi}} a fadinsa mafi faɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Avi |date=4 September 2008 |title=The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth |url=http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005054207/http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=30 August 2011 |website=DarkRoastedBlend.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, an amince da Socotra a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . == Asalin Ma'anar == Ra'ayoyin masana sun bambanta game da asalin sunan tsibirin. Wata ka'ida ita ce kalmar ''Socotra'' na iya samowa daga sunan Girkanci wanda aka samo daga sunan wata ƙabilar Larabawa ta Kudu da aka ambata a cikin rubuce-rubucen Sabaic da Ḥaḍramitic kamar ''Dhū-Śakūrid'' ( ). <ref name="name">{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Ancient South Arabia through History |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/ancient-south-arabia-through-history |access-date=2020-02-20 |website=www.cambridgescholars.com |pages=5–6 |quote=As for Śakūrid (S³krd), this name appears to be the basis of the Greek name for Soqoṭrā, Dioskouridēs, via a reconstructed *Dhū-Śakūrid.12}}</ref> Wata ka'ida kuma ita ce kalmar Larabci ''Suqutra'' ta kasu kamar haka: ''suq'' yana nufin 'kasuwa', kuma ''qutra'' wani nau'i ne na ''qatir'' mara kyau, wanda ke nufin jinin dodo . Babban birnin Socotra shine Suq kamar yadda 'yan Portugal suka ruwaito a ƙarni na 16, wanda suka kira shi ''kasuwa'' . == Tarihi == Da farko akwai al'adar gargajiya ta Oldowan a Socotra. An sami kayan aikin dutse na Oldowan a yankin da ke kewaye da Hadibo a shekarar 2008. <ref>Zhukov, Valery A. (2014), ''The Results of Research of the Stone Age Sites in the Island of Socotra (Yemen) in 2008–2012''. – Moscow: Triada Ltd. 2014, p. 114, ill. 134 (in Russian) {{ISBN|978-5-89282-591-7}}.</ref> === Tsohon zamani === Socotra ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cinikin ƙasashen duniya na da kuma bayyana a matsayin ''Dioskouridou'' (Διοσκουρίδου νῆσος), ma'ana "tsibirin Dioscurides " a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean, wani taimakon kewayawa na Girka na ƙarni na farko AD. Kogon Hoq ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce, zane-zane da abubuwan tarihi. Ƙarin bincike ya nuna cewa matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka ziyarci tsibirin sun bar waɗannan tsakanin ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa da ƙarni na shida bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa. An rubuta rubutun a cikin harsunan Brāhmī na Indiya, Larabci na Kudu, [[Rubutun Geʽez|Habasha]], Girkanci, Palmyrene da Bactrian . Wannan tarin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane kusan 250 ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin binciken hanyoyin cinikayyar Tekun Indiya a wannan lokacin. === Tsakiyar Zamani === A shekara ta 880, wata rundunar sojojin [[Masarautar Aksum|Aksumite]] ta mamaye tsibirin, kuma aka tsarkake wani bishop na Orthodox na Gabas . Daga baya aka kori Habashawa da wani babban runduna da Imam Al-Salt bin Malik na [[Oman]] ya aiko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=E.G. |date=1974 |title=Mahdism and holy wars in Ethiopia before 1600 |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=4 |page=114 |issn=0308-8421 |jstor=41223140}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na Farisa Ibn al-Mujawir, wanda ya shaida cewa ya isa Socotra daga Indiya a shekara ta 1222, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mutane a tsibirin, mazauna tsaunuka na asali da mazauna bakin teku na ƙasashen waje. Akwai manyan matsugunan 'yan kasuwa 'yan Indiya daga Sindh da [[Balochistan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=G. Rex |date=1985 |title=Ibn al-Mujāwir on Dhofar and Socotra |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=15 |pages=79–92 |issn=0308-8421 |jstor=41223031}}</ref> === Farkon Zamani === A shekara ta 1507, wani jirgin ruwan Portugal karkashin jagorancin Tristao da Cunha tare da Afonso de Albuquerque ya sauka a Suq suka kwace tashar jiragen ruwa bayan wani yaƙi mai tsauri da suka yi da Sarkin Mahra . Manufarsu ita ce kafa sansani a wani wuri mai mahimmanci a kan hanyar zuwa Indiya. Rashin tashar jiragen ruwa mai kyau da rashin haihuwa a ƙasar ya haifar da yunwa da rashin lafiya a sansanin sojojin, kuma Turawan Portugal sun yi watsi da tsibirin a shekara ta 1511. Sarakunan Mahra sun kwace ikon tsibirin, kuma mazauna suka musulunta . == Manazarta == m38tbl6rwfwsibqdcfq07pvpuhn5n29 859510 859509 2026-06-17T17:52:38Z Engineer014 44591 859510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Socotra''', {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|t|r|ə|,_|s|oʊ|-|,_|ˈ|s|ɒ|k|ə|t|r|ə}}; {{langx|ar|سُقُطْرَىٰ}} {{transliteration|ar|Suquṭrā}}}} da aka fi sani da '''Saqatri''', {{Efn|{{langx|sqt|ساقطْري|Sāqaṭri}}}} tsibiri ne [[Yemen|na Yemen]] a [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana tsakanin [[Tekun Aden]], Tashar Guardafui da [[Tekun Larabawa|Tekun Arabiya]], kuma yana kusa da manyan hanyoyin jigilar kaya. Mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai shida a cikin tarin tsibiran Socotra, ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 95% na faɗin tsibirin. Yana da nisan {{Convert|380|km|nmi}} kudu da [[Yankin Larabawa|Tsibirin Larabawa]] da kuma {{Cvt|232|km|nmi}} gabashin yankin kusurwar Afirka . {{Sfn|Brown|Mies|2012}} Ana kiran mazauna tsibirin Socotrans, kuma suna jin [[Larabci]] da Soqotri . Socotra ba kasafai take karbar bakuncin nau'ikan halittu masu yawa ba; kashi daya bisa uku na rayuwar tsirrai ba a samun su a wani wuri a Duniya. Saboda yanayin kasa na tsibirin, an bayyana shi a matsayin "wuri mafi kama da baƙo a Duniya". <ref name="Huntingford">{{Cite book|last3=George Wynn Brereton Huntingford}}</ref> Tsibirin yana da fadin {{Cvt|132|km|mi}} a tsayi da {{Cvt|42|km|mi}} a fadinsa mafi faɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Avi |date=4 September 2008 |title=The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth |url=http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005054207/http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=30 August 2011 |website=DarkRoastedBlend.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, an amince da Socotra a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . == Asalin Ma'anar == Ra'ayoyin masana sun bambanta game da asalin sunan tsibirin. Wata ka'ida ita ce kalmar ''Socotra'' na iya samowa daga sunan Girkanci wanda aka samo daga sunan wata ƙabilar Larabawa ta Kudu da aka ambata a cikin rubuce-rubucen Sabaic da Ḥaḍramitic kamar ''Dhū-Śakūrid'' ( ). <ref name="name">{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Ancient South Arabia through History |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/ancient-south-arabia-through-history |access-date=2020-02-20 |website=www.cambridgescholars.com |pages=5–6 |quote=As for Śakūrid (S³krd), this name appears to be the basis of the Greek name for Soqoṭrā, Dioskouridēs, via a reconstructed *Dhū-Śakūrid.12}}</ref> Wata ka'ida kuma ita ce kalmar Larabci ''Suqutra'' ta kasu kamar haka: ''suq'' yana nufin 'kasuwa', kuma ''qutra'' wani nau'i ne na ''qatir'' mara kyau, wanda ke nufin jinin dodo . Babban birnin Socotra shine Suq kamar yadda 'yan Portugal suka ruwaito a ƙarni na 16, wanda suka kira shi ''kasuwa'' . == Tarihi == Da farko akwai al'adar gargajiya ta Oldowan a Socotra. An sami kayan aikin dutse na Oldowan a yankin da ke kewaye da Hadibo a shekarar 2008. <ref>Zhukov, Valery A. (2014), ''The Results of Research of the Stone Age Sites in the Island of Socotra (Yemen) in 2008–2012''. – Moscow: Triada Ltd. 2014, p. 114, ill. 134 (in Russian) {{ISBN|978-5-89282-591-7}}.</ref> === Tsohon zamani === Socotra ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cinikin ƙasashen duniya na da kuma bayyana a matsayin ''Dioskouridou'' (Διοσκουρίδου νῆσος), ma'ana "tsibirin Dioscurides " a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean, wani taimakon kewayawa na Girka na ƙarni na farko AD. Kogon Hoq ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce, zane-zane da abubuwan tarihi. Ƙarin bincike ya nuna cewa matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka ziyarci tsibirin sun bar waɗannan tsakanin ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa da ƙarni na shida bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa. An rubuta rubutun a cikin harsunan Brāhmī na Indiya, Larabci na Kudu, [[Rubutun Geʽez|Habasha]], Girkanci, Palmyrene da Bactrian . Wannan tarin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane kusan 250 ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin binciken hanyoyin cinikayyar Tekun Indiya a wannan lokacin. === Tsakiyar Zamani === A shekara ta 880, wata rundunar sojojin [[Masarautar Aksum|Aksumite]] ta mamaye tsibirin, kuma aka tsarkake wani bishop na Orthodox na Gabas . Daga baya aka kori Habashawa da wani babban runduna da Imam Al-Salt bin Malik na [[Oman]] ya aiko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=E.G. |date=1974 |title=Mahdism and holy wars in Ethiopia before 1600 |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=4 |page=114 |issn=0308-8421 |jstor=41223140}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na Farisa Ibn al-Mujawir, wanda ya shaida cewa ya isa Socotra daga Indiya a shekara ta 1222, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mutane a tsibirin, mazauna tsaunuka na asali da mazauna bakin teku na ƙasashen waje. Akwai manyan matsugunan 'yan kasuwa 'yan Indiya daga Sindh da [[Balochistan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=G. Rex |date=1985 |title=Ibn al-Mujāwir on Dhofar and Socotra |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=15 |pages=79–92 |issn=0308-8421 |jstor=41223031}}</ref> === Farkon Zamani === A shekara ta 1507, wani jirgin ruwan Portugal karkashin jagorancin Tristao da Cunha tare da Afonso de Albuquerque ya sauka a Suq suka kwace tashar jiragen ruwa bayan wani yaƙi mai tsauri da suka yi da Sarkin Mahra . Manufarsu ita ce kafa sansani a wani wuri mai mahimmanci a kan hanyar zuwa Indiya. Rashin tashar jiragen ruwa mai kyau da rashin haihuwa a ƙasar ya haifar da yunwa da rashin lafiya a sansanin sojojin, kuma Turawan Portugal sun yi watsi da tsibirin a shekara ta 1511. Sarakunan Mahra sun kwace ikon tsibirin, kuma mazauna suka musulunta . == Manazarta == r8bj99o8ks5mqk4w2bi3dn9a5rm9hcg Nakasa 0 158204 859511 2026-06-17T18:08:18Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358756456|Disability]]" 859511 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Naƙasa wani yanayi ne, dake Samun mutum ta wani abu Wanda ya danganci naqasu a Halittar sa.yanayi wanda ke sa ya fi wuya ga mutum ya yi wasu ayyuka ko samun daidaito a cikin al'umma.[1] Naƙasassun na iya zama na fahimta, na ci gaba, na hankali, na tunani, na jiki, mai ji, ko haɗuwa da dalilai da yawa. Na iya kasancewa daga haihuwa ko kuma ana iya samun su yayin rayuwar mutum. A tarihi, an gane nakasassu ne kawai bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi - duk da haka, nakasassu ba binary ba ne kuma suna iya gabatar da su musamman dangane da mutum.[2] Na iya zama mai sauƙin gani, ko marar ganuwa a cikin yanayi. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa ta bayyana nakasa kamar yadda ta haɗa da: [[Fayil:Let's_Raise_the_Roof_-_A_Social_Model_of_Disability_-_a_Welsh_Government_video_-_2021.webm|thumb|Wani ɗan gajeren shawarwarin gwamnati game da Tsarin zamantakewa na nakasa]] [[Fayil:Taiwan_Accessibility.jpg|alt=A blue sign with a white border and text displays a graphic of a person in a wheelchair.|thumb|Alamar a Taiwan da ke nuna hanyar samun damar keken guragu]] : Samun dama shine matakin da samfurin, sabis ko muhalli yake samuwa don amfani ga mutanen da ke buƙatar shi. Mutanen da ke da wasu nau'ikan nakasa suna gwagwarmaya don samun daidaito ga wasu abubuwa a cikin al'umma. Misali, makaho ba zai iya karanta takardar zabe ba, sabili da haka ba shi da damar yin zabe wanda ke buƙatar takardun kuri'u. Wani misali na iya zama cewa mutum a cikin keken guragu ba zai iya hawa matakala ba sabili da haka ba shi da damar shiga gine-gine ba tare da ramuka ba. An lura da samun damar shiga kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyin motsa jiki don zama matsala musamman.[1][2] [[Fayil:Museum_of_disABILITY_History_Buffalo_NY.jpg|alt=crutches, braces, photographs, and other exhibits|thumb|Gidan Tarihi na Rashin Samun, Buffalo, New York]] [[Fayil:Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg|alt=Autism acceptance symbol; an infinity symbol that is rainbow colored.|right|thumb|259x259px|Masu gwagwarmayar nakasassu sun ja hankalin batutuwa da yawa. Yunkurin nakasassu da kansa ya haifar da sake fasalin yaren da ya dace, yayin tattauna nakasassu. Misali, rarrabawar kiwon lafiya na "rashin lafiya" an yi watsi da shi saboda mummunan tasirinsa. Bugu da ƙari, gwagwarmayar nakasassu ta haifar da harshe mai banƙyama da nakasassu suka dawo da shi. Mairs (1986) ya bayyana yadda nakasassu zasu iya zaɓar bayyana kansu a matsayin "mai nakasa". Wannan na iya zama abin mamaki cewa suna amfani da mummunan harshe da ke da alaƙa da nakasa don bayyana kansu; duk da haka, manufar ita ce dawo da "masu nakasa" daga ƙwararrun likitoci, da sake daidaita shi da harshen da aka fi so na nakasassu. Maido da harshe ya nuna a sama matsayi a cikin tsarin zamantakewa, yayin da yake nuna yadda a matsayin al'umma muke gina ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin nakasa. Alamar launin bakan gizo tana wakiltar bambancin bakan gizo da kuma motsi na neurodiversity mafi girma.<ref name="symbol">{{Cite web |last=Muzikar |first=Debra |date=April 20, 2015 |title=The Autism Puzzle Piece: A symbol that's going to stay or go? |url=http://the-art-of-autism.com/the-autism-puzzle-piece-a-symbol-of-what/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401234134/http://the-art-of-autism.com/the-autism-puzzle-piece-a-symbol-of-what/ |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2017 |website=The Art of Autism}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Beggars_(1568).jpg|alt=painting of a group of people, some missing feet, hunched over crutches as a beggar walks past|thumb|''Masu nakasa'', Pieter Bruegel, 1568]] [[Fayil:Disability_Rights_protest.jpg|thumb|Gwagwarmaya don amincewa da Harshen Kurame na Irish]] [[Fayil:Disabled_BIPOC_in_front_of_pride_flag.jpg|alt=Pictured are three Black and disabled people. On the left is a non-binary person holding a cane, in the middle there is a woman sitting in a power wheelchair, and on the right is a woman sitting in a chair. They are all partially smiling at the camera while a rainbow pride flag drapes on the wall behind them.|thumb|Baƙar fata uku da nakasassu a gaban tutar girman kaitutar alfahari]] [[Fayil:Wheelchair_basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics.jpg|alt=an athlete tilts his wheelchair and raises an arm to block his opponent's shot|thumb|Wasan kwando na keken hannu tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Iran a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] ay8lkpwoflkyuh3dojx344kdutm7nn8 Tanner Banks 0 158205 859514 2026-06-17T18:24:25Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359766423|Tanner Banks]]" 859514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanner Pierce Banks''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1991) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Philadelphia Phillies na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya taba taka leda a MLB na [[Chicago White Sox]] . White Sox ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na 18 na shirin MLB na 2014, kuma ya fara bugawa MLB a 2022. == Ayyuka == === Kwalejin === Banks ya fara aikinsa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Salt Lake kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na bazara tare da Willmar Stingers na Northwoods League bayan shekarunsa na farko da na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2025 |title=Northwoods League Alumni in Major League Baseball |url=https://assets.northwoodsleague.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/NWL-Alumni-in-MLB-2025.pdf |access-date=September 18, 2025 |website=Northwoods League}}</ref> Ya koma Jami'ar Utah a cikin shekaru biyu na karshe, ya kammala a shekarar 2014. Chicago White Sox ne suka tsara Banks a zagaye na 18, tare da zabin 528 na gaba ɗaya, na shirin Major League Baseball na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strelow |first=Bret |date=June 20, 2017 |title=Dash's Tanner Banks takes long route to All-Star appearance |url=https://journalnow.com/sports/dash_baseball/article_f571bfde-e812-5dbe-9882-a3cfe6e094a3.html |access-date=December 28, 2025 |website=Winston-Salem Journal}}</ref> Banks ya fara aikinsa na farko tare da rookie-level Arizona League White Sox kuma ya bayyana a wasan 1 na Single-A Kannapolis Intimidators . A cikin 2015, Banks ya raba shekara tsakanin Kannapolis da kuma sabon matakin Great Falls Voyagers, ya yi rikodin 5-5 da 2.71 ERA a cikin jimlar gasa 22. A shekara mai zuwa, Banks ya raba lokaci tsakanin Kannapolis da High-A Winston-Salem Dash, ya zira kwallaye 12-7 da 3.50 ERA tare da 116 strikeouts a cikin 159 innings da aka fara a fadin 27. Banks ya buga kakar 2017 tare da Winston-Salem da Double-A Birmingham Barons, inda ya buga rikodin 10-11 da 4.28 ERA tare da 113 strikeouts a wasanni 26 (25 daga cikinsu sun fara). A cikin 2018, Banks ya koma ga masu haɗin gwiwa guda biyu kuma ya rubuta rikodin 12-7 da 2.59 ERA tare da 100 strikeouts a cikin 146 innings na aiki a fadin 23 farawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanner Banks College, Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=banks-000tan |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Baseball-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref>  Banks sun raba kakar 2019 tsakanin Double-A Birmingham da Triple-A Charlotte Knights, suna tara rikodin 6-7 da 4.19 ERA tare da 88 strikeouts a cikin bayyanar 30 (21 daga cikinsu sun fara). Banks bai taka leda a wasa ba a shekarar 2020 saboda sokewar kakar wasa ta kananan wasanni saboda annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Todd |first=Jeff |date=June 30, 2020 |title=2020 Minor League Season Canceled |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/06/2020-minor-league-season-will-be-canceled.html |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 2021 tare da Triple-A Charlotte, inda ya samu 4.53 ERA tare da 70 strikeouts a cikin 59 innings da aka buga a cikin jimlar wasanni 25. An gayyaci Banks zuwa Horar da Spring don kakar 2022. Koyaya, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa Banks ya sanya jerin sunayen ranar buɗewa ta Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=White Sox's Tanner Banks: Nabs roster spot |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/white-soxs-tanner-banks-nabs-roster-spot/ |website=CBS Sports |language=en-us}}</ref> An zaba shi a hukumance a cikin jerin mutane 40 a ranar 7 ga Afrilu.  A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, Banks ya fara bugawa MLB, inda ya buga wasanni biyu na karshe na nasarar 10-1 na Detroit Tigers. Banks bai ba da izinin gudu ba kuma ya tattara hudu strikeouts a wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2022 |title=Former Stinger Tanner Banks Debuts with the White Sox |url=https://northwoodsleague.com/blog/2022/04/11/former-stinger-tanner-banks-debuts-with-the-white-sox/ |website=Northwoods League}}</ref> A wasanni 35 a lokacin yakin neman zabe, Banks ya tara rikodin 2-0 da 3.06 ERA tare da 49 strikeouts a fadin 53 innings pitched. Banks ya buga wasanni 32 ga White Sox a 2023, yana yin rikodin 4.43 ERA tare da 51 strikeouts a fadin 61 innings na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanner Banks 2024 pitching Stats Per Game - MLB |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/gamelog/_/id/40437/year/2023/category/pitching |access-date=August 2, 2024 |website=espn.com |language=en}}</ref> Banks ya fara kamfen ɗin 2024 a cikin bullpen na Chicago, yana aiki zuwa 4.13 ERA tare da 55 strikeouts da 2 ceto a kan 48 innings. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2024, an sayar da Banks zuwa Philadelphia Phillies don musayar dan wasan kwallon kafa William Bergolla . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Phillies Acquire Left-hander Tanner Banks From White Sox |url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/phillies-acquire-left-hander-tanner-banks-from-white-sox |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=mlb.com |language=en-us}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 2y4smfcroztpahz3vg6rqf3wwga1rzp 859706 859514 2026-06-17T22:45:37Z Sadiq maikano 45961 859706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tanner Pierce Banks''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1991) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Philadelphia Phillies na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya taba taka leda a MLB na [[Chicago White Sox]] . White Sox ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na 18 na shirin MLB na 2014, kuma ya fara bugawa MLB a 2022. == Ayyuka == === Kwalejin === Banks ya fara aikinsa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Salt Lake kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na bazara tare da Willmar Stingers na Northwoods League bayan shekarunsa na farko da na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2025 |title=Northwoods League Alumni in Major League Baseball |url=https://assets.northwoodsleague.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/NWL-Alumni-in-MLB-2025.pdf |access-date=September 18, 2025 |website=Northwoods League}}</ref> Ya koma Jami'ar Utah a cikin shekaru biyu na karshe, ya kammala a shekarar 2014. Chicago White Sox ne suka tsara Banks a zagaye na 18, tare da zabin 528 na gaba ɗaya, na shirin Major League Baseball na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strelow |first=Bret |date=June 20, 2017 |title=Dash's Tanner Banks takes long route to All-Star appearance |url=https://journalnow.com/sports/dash_baseball/article_f571bfde-e812-5dbe-9882-a3cfe6e094a3.html |access-date=December 28, 2025 |website=Winston-Salem Journal}}</ref> Banks ya fara aikinsa na farko tare da rookie-level Arizona League White Sox kuma ya bayyana a wasan 1 na Single-A Kannapolis Intimidators . A cikin 2015, Banks ya raba shekara tsakanin Kannapolis da kuma sabon matakin Great Falls Voyagers, ya yi rikodin 5-5 da 2.71 ERA a cikin jimlar gasa 22. A shekara mai zuwa, Banks ya raba lokaci tsakanin Kannapolis da High-A Winston-Salem Dash, ya zira kwallaye 12-7 da 3.50 ERA tare da 116 strikeouts a cikin 159 innings da aka fara a fadin 27. Banks ya buga kakar 2017 tare da Winston-Salem da Double-A Birmingham Barons, inda ya buga rikodin 10-11 da 4.28 ERA tare da 113 strikeouts a wasanni 26 (25 daga cikinsu sun fara). A cikin 2018, Banks ya koma ga masu haɗin gwiwa guda biyu kuma ya rubuta rikodin 12-7 da 2.59 ERA tare da 100 strikeouts a cikin 146 innings na aiki a fadin 23 farawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanner Banks College, Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=banks-000tan |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Baseball-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref>  Banks sun raba kakar 2019 tsakanin Double-A Birmingham da Triple-A Charlotte Knights, suna tara rikodin 6-7 da 4.19 ERA tare da 88 strikeouts a cikin bayyanar 30 (21 daga cikinsu sun fara). Banks bai taka leda a wasa ba a shekarar 2020 saboda sokewar kakar wasa ta kananan wasanni saboda annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Todd |first=Jeff |date=June 30, 2020 |title=2020 Minor League Season Canceled |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/06/2020-minor-league-season-will-be-canceled.html |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 2021 tare da Triple-A Charlotte, inda ya samu 4.53 ERA tare da 70 strikeouts a cikin 59 innings da aka buga a cikin jimlar wasanni 25. An gayyaci Banks zuwa Horar da Spring don kakar 2022. Koyaya, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa Banks ya sanya jerin sunayen ranar buɗewa ta Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=White Sox's Tanner Banks: Nabs roster spot |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/white-soxs-tanner-banks-nabs-roster-spot/ |website=CBS Sports |language=en-us}}</ref> An zaba shi a hukumance a cikin jerin mutane 40 a ranar 7 ga Afrilu.  A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, Banks ya fara bugawa MLB, inda ya buga wasanni biyu na karshe na nasarar 10-1 na Detroit Tigers. Banks bai ba da izinin gudu ba kuma ya tattara hudu strikeouts a wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2022 |title=Former Stinger Tanner Banks Debuts with the White Sox |url=https://northwoodsleague.com/blog/2022/04/11/former-stinger-tanner-banks-debuts-with-the-white-sox/ |website=Northwoods League}}</ref> A wasanni 35 a lokacin yakin neman zabe, Banks ya tara rikodin 2-0 da 3.06 ERA tare da 49 strikeouts a fadin 53 innings pitched. Banks ya buga wasanni 32 ga White Sox a 2023, yana yin rikodin 4.43 ERA tare da 51 strikeouts a fadin 61 innings na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanner Banks 2024 pitching Stats Per Game - MLB |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/gamelog/_/id/40437/year/2023/category/pitching |access-date=August 2, 2024 |website=espn.com |language=en}}</ref> Banks ya fara kamfen ɗin 2024 a cikin bullpen na Chicago, yana aiki zuwa 4.13 ERA tare da 55 strikeouts da 2 ceto a kan 48 innings. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2024, an sayar da Banks zuwa Philadelphia Phillies don musayar dan wasan kwallon kafa William Bergolla . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Phillies Acquire Left-hander Tanner Banks From White Sox |url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/phillies-acquire-left-hander-tanner-banks-from-white-sox |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=mlb.com |language=en-us}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 2vplaskjtgphj6rhht5s8oc334tzq2s Chwaka Bay 0 158206 859517 2026-06-17T18:27:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1251752569|Chwaka Bay]]" 859517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chwaka Bay''' babban wuri ne da ke bakin tekun gabas na tsakiyar tsibirin Unguja na [[Tanzaniya]] - mafi girman tsibiri na Zanzibar Archipelago . Tekun ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai da dama, kuma garuruwan Chwaka da Kae suna bakin tekun. Kusurwar kudu maso yamma na bakin teku ta zama wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Jozani Chwaka Bay . == Manazarta == i46hl00ujun2ig68tzqhb38lcmc935w 859518 859517 2026-06-17T18:28:02Z Engineer014 44591 859518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chwaka Bay''' babban wuri ne da ke bakin tekun gabas na tsakiyar tsibirin Unguja na [[Tanzaniya]] - mafi girman tsibiri na Zanzibar Archipelago . Tekun ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai da dama, kuma garuruwan Chwaka da Kae suna bakin tekun. Kusurwar kudu maso yamma na bakin teku ta zama wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Jozani Chwaka Bay . == Manazarta == do1gbb80mimsh9fcbhfog8vrmxcbkwm Lindi Bay 0 158207 859520 2026-06-17T18:28:58Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1079695526|Lindi Bay]]" 859520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tekun Lindi''' ( [[Harshen Swahili|Yaren Swahili]] : ''Ghuba la Lindi)'' wani ruwa ne da ke yankin kudancin yankin Lindi a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tekun yana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]], tsawonsa kilomita 11.8, faɗinsa kilomita 5.9 da kuma gajeriyarsa mita 750. Kogin [[Kogin Lukuledi|Lukuledi]] ne ke ciyar da kogin, inda bakin kogin ya shiga cikin teku yake a garin Lindi, wanda shine babban birnin yankin Lindi. Tekun ba shi da tashar jiragen ruwa, duk da haka, yawancin jiragen ruwan teku sune Jirgin Ruwa na Lindi da kwale-kwalen da masunta mazauna yankin ke amfani da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindi Bay bay, Lindi, Tanzania |url=https://tz.geoview.info/lindi_bay,155948 |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=tz.geoview.info}}</ref> Asalin mazaunan Tekun su ne mutanen Mwera . <ref>{{Cite web |last=PeopleGroups.org |title=PeopleGroups.org - Mwera of Tanzania |url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=14998#topmenu |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == lrkr4ceg4gh6cmmu83kf7pjl5e750g1 859521 859520 2026-06-17T18:29:21Z Engineer014 44591 859521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tekun Lindi''' ( [[Harshen Swahili|Yaren Swahili]] : ''Ghuba la Lindi)'' wani ruwa ne da ke yankin kudancin yankin Lindi a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tekun yana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]], tsawonsa kilomita 11.8, faɗinsa kilomita 5.9 da kuma gajeriyarsa mita 750. Kogin [[Kogin Lukuledi|Lukuledi]] ne ke ciyar da kogin, inda bakin kogin ya shiga cikin teku yake a garin Lindi, wanda shine babban birnin yankin Lindi. Tekun ba shi da tashar jiragen ruwa, duk da haka, yawancin jiragen ruwan teku sune Jirgin Ruwa na Lindi da kwale-kwalen da masunta mazauna yankin ke amfani da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindi Bay bay, Lindi, Tanzania |url=https://tz.geoview.info/lindi_bay,155948 |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=tz.geoview.info}}</ref> Asalin mazaunan Tekun su ne mutanen Mwera . <ref>{{Cite web |last=PeopleGroups.org |title=PeopleGroups.org - Mwera of Tanzania |url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=14998#topmenu |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == cuxuduc6i2fo77v2u87awbenug88yxc Cape Guardafui 0 158208 859522 2026-06-17T18:32:18Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352716874|Cape Guardafui]]" 859522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cape Guardafui''' ( Somali , Arabic ) ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a [[Somaliya]], a cikin gwamnatin tarayya ta Puntland . Tana da matsayi na kololuwar yankin kusurwar Afirka . Gabar tekunta a 51°27'52"E ita ce wuri na biyu mafi gabas a babban yankin Afirka bayan Ras Hafun . An sanya mata suna ne bayan mashigar teku ta bakin teku ta Guardafui Channel . == Wuri == Cape Guardafui yana a 11°49′N 51°15′E / 11.817°N 51.250°E / 11.817; 51.250, kusa da tashar Guardafui. Tsibirin [[Socotra]] yana kusa da cape a arewacin Tekun Somaliya . A gefen teku goma sha biyar (mil 45) a yammacin Guardafui akwai Ras Filuk, wani dutse mai tsayi da ke shiga Tekun Aden daga ƙasa mai faɗi. Ana kyautata zaton dutsen ya yi daidai da tsohuwar ''Elephas Mons'' ko ''Cape Elephant'' ( ''Ras Filuk'' a [[Larabci]] ) da [[Strabo]] ya bayyana. <ref name="Tuckey">{{Cite book|last3=James Hingston Tuckey}}</ref> <ref name="Hamilton">{{Cite book|last3=Strabo}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kira shi azaman ''Aromata promontorium'' ( Greek : Αρώματον ἄκρον) ta tsohuwar Helenawa, Guardafui an bayyana shi a farkon karni na 1 AZ a cikin ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'', tare da sauran wuraren kasuwanci masu tasowa a arewacin Somaliya. <ref name="Tuckey">{{Cite book|last3=James Hingston Tuckey}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTuckey1815">[[James Hingston Tuckey|Tuckey, James Hingston, Commander, Royal Navy]] (1815). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 ''Maritime geography and statistics, or A description of the ocean and its coasts, maritime commerce, navigation, etc'']. Vol.&nbsp;III. London: Printed for Black, Parry, and Co. p.&nbsp;30. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133429/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on May 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> Sunan ''Guardafui'' ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya ta hanyar matuƙan jiragen ruwa da ke amfani da Faransanci na Bahar Rum : "guarda fui" a cikin tsohuwar Italiyanci yana nufin "duba da tserewa", a matsayin nuni ga haɗarin kafet. Wata ka'ida ta gano sunan zuwa wani wuri mai kusanci da aka sani da Jard-Hafun, wanda aka fi sani da Gard-Hafun. Har yanzu garin Hafun yana ɗauke da wannan sunan. A farkon karni na 19, ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na Somaliya sun hana shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwansu a bakin teku, yayin da suke yin ciniki da Aden da Mocha a [[Yemen]] da ke makwabtaka da su ta amfani da jiragen ruwansu. <ref name="Tuckey">{{Cite book|last3=James Hingston Tuckey}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTuckey1815">[[James Hingston Tuckey|Tuckey, James Hingston, Commander, Royal Navy]] (1815). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 ''Maritime geography and statistics, or A description of the ocean and its coasts, maritime commerce, navigation, etc'']. Vol.&nbsp;III. London: Printed for Black, Parry, and Co. p.&nbsp;30. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133429/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on May 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> Saboda yawan hatsarin jiragen ruwa a cikin teku masu haɗari kusa da Cape Guardafui, Birtaniya ta yi yarjejeniya da sultan [[Osman Mahamuud]] na Majeerteen Sultanate, wanda ke iko da mafi yawan yankin arewa maso gabashin Somaliya a ƙarni na 19. Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Birtaniya za ta biya tallafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara don kare ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Birtaniya da suka nutse da kuma jiragen tsaro daga ganima. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ba ta tabbata ba, domin Birtaniya ta ji tsoron cewa yin hakan zai "ba wa wasu ƙasashe misali na yin yarjejeniyoyi da Somaliya, waɗanda suka yi kama da sun shirya shiga dangantaka da duk wanda ke zuwa". Sultan [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]] na [[Daular Musulunci ta Hobyo|masarautar Hobyo]], wanda shi ma ke iko da wani ɓangare na gabar teku, daga baya ya ba wa wani mai otal ɗin Faransa da ke Aden da kuma tsohon jami'in rundunar sojojin Faransa rangwame don gina hasumiyar fitila a Cape Guardafui. Wani kamfani a [[Marseille]] ya tara jarin aikin, amma daga baya yarjejeniyar ta gaza. Birtaniya ta miƙa wa Italiya ikon yankin da ake takaddama a kai inda Cape Guardafui take a shekarar 1894. Tun daga shekarar 1899, Italiyawa sun yi cikakken bincike da bincike don gina hasumiyar wuta kuma an gabatar da aikin farko na gaske a shekarar 1904. Italiya ta so ƙasashen ruwa su raba kuɗin gini da gyara hasumiyar wuta ta gaba, wanda zai fi amfana daga sabon hasumiyar wuta, amma Birtaniya, wacce ta yi zargin cewa Italiya ma tana da niyyar gina tashar haƙa kwal da za ta yi gogayya da Aden, a ƙarshe ta ƙi bayar da gudummawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-06 |title=Un faro torinese contro i pirati africani |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2014/04/06/news/un-faro-torinese-contro-i-pirati-africani-1.35763179 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109190540/https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2014/04/06/news/un-faro-torinese-contro-i-pirati-africani-1.35763179 |archive-date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=lastampa.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> Don haka, sai a farkon shekarun 1920 ne hukumomin ƙasar Italiya ta Somalia suka cika alƙawarin gina hasumiyar fitila. Na farko, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Afrilun 1924 a matsayin Hasumiyar Francesco Crispi, hasumiyar fitila ce mai sauƙi, mai aiki da ƙarfe da aka gina a saman babban filin jirgin sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2014 |title=1924 – Il primo faro a capo Guardafui nella Somalia Italiana |url=https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/1924-il-primo-faro-a-capo-guardafui/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024122825/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/1924-il-primo-faro-a-capo-guardafui/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> A lokaci guda, an kunna tashar mara waya don sa ido kan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, wadda aka gina a ƙauyen Tohen da ke kusa. An fara wani gagarumin bore ga mulkin Italiya a wannan yanki na ƙasar Somaliya ta Italiya a lokacin, kuma sojojin da ke tsaron sabon hasumiyar fitilar da kuma tashar mara waya sun yi nasarar dakile hare-hare biyu da 'yan tawaye da dama suka kai a watan Nuwamba na 1925 da Janairu na 1926. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=Caduti in Somalia per la difesa del faro Francesco Crispi |url=https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/caduti-in-somalia-per-la-difesa-del-faro-francesco-crispi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714192416/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/caduti-in-somalia-per-la-difesa-del-faro-francesco-crispi/ |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> Hasumiyar hasken ta fuskanci wasu matsaloli a lokacin hare-haren, kuma wannan shine ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa hukumomi suka gina hasumiyar hasken dutse mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wadda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1930. An gina sabon hasumiyar hasken mai ban mamaki a siffar "Fascio littorio" ta ɗan fasist na Italiya. Hasumiyar hasken, wadda ba a amfani da ita yanzu, har yanzu tana da babban ruwan gatari na dutse wanda ke da alaƙa da alamar ɗan fasist . Ras Asir yana wakiltar ƙarshen nahiyar Afirka. Makiyaya da yawa da ke ratsawa a nan suma masunta ne saboda yawan kifayen da ke bakin tekun. Tare da amfani da na'urorin hangen nesa, ana iya ganin jiragen ruwan da ke ratsa Tashar Guardafui a wasu lokutan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] stpz4kjcu0c8vvxvs0d0o8d9npb25yk 859523 859522 2026-06-17T18:33:07Z Engineer014 44591 859523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cape Guardafui''' ( Somali , Arabic ) ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a [[Somaliya]], a cikin gwamnatin tarayya ta Puntland . Tana da matsayi na kololuwar yankin kusurwar Afirka . Gabar tekunta a 51°27'52"E ita ce wuri na biyu mafi gabas a babban yankin Afirka bayan Ras Hafun . An sanya mata suna ne bayan mashigar teku ta bakin teku ta Guardafui Channel . == Wuri == Cape Guardafui yana a 11°49′N 51°15′E / 11.817°N 51.250°E / 11.817; 51.250, kusa da tashar Guardafui. Tsibirin [[Socotra]] yana kusa da cape a arewacin Tekun Somaliya . A gefen teku goma sha biyar (mil 45) a yammacin Guardafui akwai Ras Filuk, wani dutse mai tsayi da ke shiga Tekun Aden daga ƙasa mai faɗi. Ana kyautata zaton dutsen ya yi daidai da tsohuwar ''Elephas Mons'' ko ''Cape Elephant'' ( ''Ras Filuk'' a [[Larabci]] ) da [[Strabo]] ya bayyana. <ref name="Tuckey">{{Cite book|last3=James Hingston Tuckey}}</ref> <ref name="Hamilton">{{Cite book|last3=Strabo}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kira shi azaman ''Aromata promontorium'' ( Greek : Αρώματον ἄκρον) ta tsohuwar Helenawa, Guardafui an bayyana shi a farkon karni na 1 AZ a cikin ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'', tare da sauran wuraren kasuwanci masu tasowa a arewacin Somaliya. <ref name="Tuckey">{{Cite book|last3=James Hingston Tuckey}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTuckey1815">[[James Hingston Tuckey|Tuckey, James Hingston, Commander, Royal Navy]] (1815). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 ''Maritime geography and statistics, or A description of the ocean and its coasts, maritime commerce, navigation, etc'']. Vol.&nbsp;III. London: Printed for Black, Parry, and Co. p.&nbsp;30. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133429/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on May 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> Sunan ''Guardafui'' ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya ta hanyar matuƙan jiragen ruwa da ke amfani da Faransanci na Bahar Rum : "guarda fui" a cikin tsohuwar Italiyanci yana nufin "duba da tserewa", a matsayin nuni ga haɗarin kafet. Wata ka'ida ta gano sunan zuwa wani wuri mai kusanci da aka sani da Jard-Hafun, wanda aka fi sani da Gard-Hafun. Har yanzu garin Hafun yana ɗauke da wannan sunan. A farkon karni na 19, ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na Somaliya sun hana shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwansu a bakin teku, yayin da suke yin ciniki da Aden da Mocha a [[Yemen]] da ke makwabtaka da su ta amfani da jiragen ruwansu. <ref name="Tuckey">{{Cite book|last3=James Hingston Tuckey}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTuckey1815">[[James Hingston Tuckey|Tuckey, James Hingston, Commander, Royal Navy]] (1815). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 ''Maritime geography and statistics, or A description of the ocean and its coasts, maritime commerce, navigation, etc'']. Vol.&nbsp;III. London: Printed for Black, Parry, and Co. p.&nbsp;30. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133429/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on May 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> Saboda yawan hatsarin jiragen ruwa a cikin teku masu haɗari kusa da Cape Guardafui, Birtaniya ta yi yarjejeniya da sultan [[Osman Mahamuud]] na Majeerteen Sultanate, wanda ke iko da mafi yawan yankin arewa maso gabashin Somaliya a ƙarni na 19. Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Birtaniya za ta biya tallafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara don kare ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Birtaniya da suka nutse da kuma jiragen tsaro daga ganima. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ba ta tabbata ba, domin Birtaniya ta ji tsoron cewa yin hakan zai "ba wa wasu ƙasashe misali na yin yarjejeniyoyi da Somaliya, waɗanda suka yi kama da sun shirya shiga dangantaka da duk wanda ke zuwa". Sultan [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]] na [[Daular Musulunci ta Hobyo|masarautar Hobyo]], wanda shi ma ke iko da wani ɓangare na gabar teku, daga baya ya ba wa wani mai otal ɗin Faransa da ke Aden da kuma tsohon jami'in rundunar sojojin Faransa rangwame don gina hasumiyar fitila a Cape Guardafui. Wani kamfani a [[Marseille]] ya tara jarin aikin, amma daga baya yarjejeniyar ta gaza. Birtaniya ta miƙa wa Italiya ikon yankin da ake takaddama a kai inda Cape Guardafui take a shekarar 1894. Tun daga shekarar 1899, Italiyawa sun yi cikakken bincike da bincike don gina hasumiyar wuta kuma an gabatar da aikin farko na gaske a shekarar 1904. Italiya ta so ƙasashen ruwa su raba kuɗin gini da gyara hasumiyar wuta ta gaba, wanda zai fi amfana daga sabon hasumiyar wuta, amma Birtaniya, wacce ta yi zargin cewa Italiya ma tana da niyyar gina tashar haƙa kwal da za ta yi gogayya da Aden, a ƙarshe ta ƙi bayar da gudummawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-06 |title=Un faro torinese contro i pirati africani |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2014/04/06/news/un-faro-torinese-contro-i-pirati-africani-1.35763179 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109190540/https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2014/04/06/news/un-faro-torinese-contro-i-pirati-africani-1.35763179 |archive-date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=lastampa.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> Don haka, sai a farkon shekarun 1920 ne hukumomin ƙasar Italiya ta Somalia suka cika alƙawarin gina hasumiyar fitila. Na farko, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Afrilun 1924 a matsayin Hasumiyar Francesco Crispi, hasumiyar fitila ce mai sauƙi, mai aiki da ƙarfe da aka gina a saman babban filin jirgin sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2014 |title=1924 – Il primo faro a capo Guardafui nella Somalia Italiana |url=https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/1924-il-primo-faro-a-capo-guardafui/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024122825/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/1924-il-primo-faro-a-capo-guardafui/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> A lokaci guda, an kunna tashar mara waya don sa ido kan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, wadda aka gina a ƙauyen Tohen da ke kusa. An fara wani gagarumin bore ga mulkin Italiya a wannan yanki na ƙasar Somaliya ta Italiya a lokacin, kuma sojojin da ke tsaron sabon hasumiyar fitilar da kuma tashar mara waya sun yi nasarar dakile hare-hare biyu da 'yan tawaye da dama suka kai a watan Nuwamba na 1925 da Janairu na 1926. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=Caduti in Somalia per la difesa del faro Francesco Crispi |url=https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/caduti-in-somalia-per-la-difesa-del-faro-francesco-crispi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714192416/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/caduti-in-somalia-per-la-difesa-del-faro-francesco-crispi/ |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> Hasumiyar hasken ta fuskanci wasu matsaloli a lokacin hare-haren, kuma wannan shine ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa hukumomi suka gina hasumiyar hasken dutse mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wadda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1930. An gina sabon hasumiyar hasken mai ban mamaki a siffar "Fascio littorio" ta ɗan fasist na Italiya. Hasumiyar hasken, wadda ba a amfani da ita yanzu, har yanzu tana da babban ruwan gatari na dutse wanda ke da alaƙa da alamar ɗan fasist . Ras Asir yana wakiltar ƙarshen nahiyar Afirka. Makiyaya da yawa da ke ratsawa a nan suma masunta ne saboda yawan kifayen da ke bakin tekun. Tare da amfani da na'urorin hangen nesa, ana iya ganin jiragen ruwan da ke ratsa Tashar Guardafui a wasu lokutan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tma2s4ep8tb5jlrai0ogofq73r1f6zg Duwatsun Hajhir 0 158209 859524 2026-06-17T18:36:44Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355450661|Hajhir Mountains]]" 859524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dutsen Hajhir''' wani tsauni ne da ke tsibirin [[Socotra]], [[Yemen]] . Tsayin tsauni ya kai {{Convert|1519|m}} a Dutsen Scand, wanda shine mafi tsayin tsibiri. Akwai nau'ikan 50 a Socotra waɗanda ake samu kawai a cikin tsaunuka. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan shuke-shuken da ke da yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Asiya kuma suna da yawan jama'a a karkara == Yanayin ƙasa == Duwatsun Dutsen Hajhir suna tsibirin Socotra, wani tsibiri mallakar [[Yemen]], {{Sfn|White|2012}} wanda ya rabu da babban yankin shekaru miliyan 18 da suka gabata. An ƙirƙiri tsaunukan Hajhir ne ta hanyar ayyukan aman wuta. Duwatsu su ne [[Raba magudanan ruwa|magudanar ruwan]] Socotra. {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} Dutsen Scand shine mafi tsayin tsaunukan {{Sfn|Řepka|Maděra|Čermák|Forrest|2017}} a tsayin {{Convert|1519|m}} sama da matakin teku. Dutsen Hajhir ya ƙunshi dutse mai siffar granite da kuma duwatsu masu kama da juna. {{Sfn|Veettil|Van|Quang|2020}} Fuskar arewa ta tsaunukan tana da duwatsu masu tsayi yayin da fuskokin kudu da gabas suna da gangare. {{Sfn|Porter|Stone|1996}} Duwatsun fuskar arewa suna kai tsayin mita 400 zuwa 600. {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} == Muhalli == An san Socotra da nau'ikanta na musamman da kuma na musamman . {{Sfn|White|2012}} {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} Ana samun nau'ikan asalin Socotra guda 100 a cikin tsaunuka kuma 50 daga cikinsu suna kan tsaunuka ne kawai. Ana samun ''Dracaena cinnabari'' da {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} ''Carex socotrana'' a kan tsaunuka. {{Sfn|Řepka|Maděra|Čermák|Forrest|2017}} Duwatsu suna da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa a kudu maso yammacin Asiya. {{Sfn|White|2012}} Yankin tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin inuwar tsaunukan Hajhir yana fuskantar ƙarancin iska. Kololuwar tsaunukan yana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na mm 300 fiye da ƙananan yankuna. {{Sfn|Porter|Stone|1996}} == Yawan Jama'a == Al'ummar karkara da Mukaddam ke jagoranta suna zaune a tsaunukan tsaunuka. {{Sfn|White|2012}} == Manazarta == qwjq1fodkztvg35bdkq95n1vmq1vkhh 859526 859524 2026-06-17T18:39:48Z Engineer014 44591 859526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dutsen Hajhir''' wani tsauni ne da ke tsibirin [[Socotra]], [[Yemen]] . Tsayin tsauni ya kai {{Convert|1519|m}} a Dutsen Scand, wanda shine mafi tsayin tsibiri. Akwai nau'ikan 50 a Socotra waɗanda ake samu kawai a cikin tsaunuka. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan shuke-shuken da ke da yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Asiya kuma suna da yawan jama'a a karkara == Yanayin ƙasa == Duwatsun Dutsen Hajhir suna tsibirin Socotra, wani tsibiri mallakar [[Yemen]], {{Sfn|White|2012}} wanda ya rabu da babban yankin shekaru miliyan 18 da suka gabata. An ƙirƙiri tsaunukan Hajhir ne ta hanyar ayyukan aman wuta. Duwatsu su ne [[Raba magudanan ruwa|magudanar ruwan]] Socotra. {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} Dutsen Scand shine mafi tsayin tsaunukan {{Sfn|Řepka|Maděra|Čermák|Forrest|2017}} a tsayin {{Convert|1519|m}} sama da matakin teku. Dutsen Hajhir ya ƙunshi dutse mai siffar granite da kuma duwatsu masu kama da juna. {{Sfn|Veettil|Van|Quang|2020}} Fuskar arewa ta tsaunukan tana da duwatsu masu tsayi yayin da fuskokin kudu da gabas suna da gangare. {{Sfn|Porter|Stone|1996}} Duwatsun fuskar arewa suna kai tsayin mita 400 zuwa 600. {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} == Muhalli == An san Socotra da nau'ikanta na musamman da kuma na musamman . {{Sfn|White|2012}} {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} Ana samun nau'ikan asalin Socotra guda 100 a cikin tsaunuka kuma 50 daga cikinsu suna kan tsaunuka ne kawai. Ana samun ''Dracaena cinnabari'' da {{Sfn|NASA Earth Observatory|2003}} ''Carex socotrana'' a kan tsaunuka. {{Sfn|Řepka|Maděra|Čermák|Forrest|2017}} Duwatsu suna da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa a kudu maso yammacin Asiya. {{Sfn|White|2012}} Yankin tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin inuwar tsaunukan Hajhir yana fuskantar ƙarancin iska. Kololuwar tsaunukan yana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na mm 300 fiye da ƙananan yankuna. {{Sfn|Porter|Stone|1996}} == Yawan Jama'a == Al'ummar karkara da Mukaddam ke jagoranta suna zaune a tsaunukan tsaunuka. {{Sfn|White|2012}} == Manazarta == c31tj6hfbl1iqu3847pqllfquhcm2o0 Chake-Chake Bay 0 158210 859527 2026-06-17T18:41:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291586797|Chake-Chake Bay]]" 859527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chake-Chake Bay''' babban wuri ne da ke tsakiyar gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin Pemba, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai biyu na Zanzibar Archipelago na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin Chake-Chake, ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin jama'a na tsibirin, yana cikin tsakiyar gabar tekun. Tafkin teku ba shi da faɗi sosai, yana da tsawon kilomita biyar kacal daga arewa zuwa kudu, amma yana da zurfi, yana tsakanin tsibirai biyu masu tsayi, Ras Tundua a kudu da Ras Mkumbuu a arewa. Tsibiran na ƙarshe shine wurin da ɗaya daga cikin matsugunan farko na tsibirin ya kasance, [[Ras Mkumbuu Ruins|Qanbalu]], wanda yanzu ya zama kango. == Manazarta == ezz45wj4rbrgjivbfmgczfena4dw3st 859528 859527 2026-06-17T18:41:27Z Engineer014 44591 859528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chake-Chake Bay''' babban wuri ne da ke tsakiyar gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin Pemba, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai biyu na Zanzibar Archipelago na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin Chake-Chake, ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin jama'a na tsibirin, yana cikin tsakiyar gabar tekun. Tafkin teku ba shi da faɗi sosai, yana da tsawon kilomita biyar kacal daga arewa zuwa kudu, amma yana da zurfi, yana tsakanin tsibirai biyu masu tsayi, Ras Tundua a kudu da Ras Mkumbuu a arewa. Tsibiran na ƙarshe shine wurin da ɗaya daga cikin matsugunan farko na tsibirin ya kasance, [[Ras Mkumbuu Ruins|Qanbalu]], wanda yanzu ya zama kango. == Manazarta == 4rw9myqqhb93g8yez0s9p60fc6z3qj1 Ana Chaves Bay 0 158211 859529 2026-06-17T18:44:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353621638|Ana Chaves Bay]]" 859529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ana Chaves Bay''' ( Portuguese ) bakin teku ne a bakin tekun arewa maso gabas na tsibirin São Tomé a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Principe]] . Babban birnin [[Sao Tomé]] da tashar jiragen ruwa suna kusa da bay. Ya taso daga Ponta Oque del Rei a arewa zuwa Ponta São Sebastião a kudu. Forte de São Sebastião, yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Gidan kayan tarihi na São Sebastião|Sao Sebastião Museum]], ya mamaye Ponta São Sebastião. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa na São Tomé a ƙarshen 1950s akan ƙasar da aka kwato wanda ya wuce {{Convert|0.2|mi|km}} arewacin Ponta São Sebastião; akwai tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsawon mita 200 a ƙarshen arewa, tare da zurfin mita 3 a gefenta. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙasar don kayayyakin da aka yi da ƙarfi; tashar jiragen ruwa ta Neves ita ce babbar hanyar shiga don man fetur mai ruwa. <ref name="enaport" /> Gabaɗaya bakin teku ba shi da zurfi, yana ba da wurin ajiye jiragen ruwa ga ƙananan jiragen ruwa a zurfin ƙasa da {{Convert|5|m|ft}} . <ref name="nga" /> [[Fayil:2011-SaoTome-6_(8085272268).jpg|left|thumb|Ana Chaves Bay da tsakiyar Sao Tomé City]] Akwai wani hasumiya mai haske a Ponta Oque del Rei a ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin gabar teku, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1994. Tsawonsa mai zurfi mita 9 ne kuma nisansa shine {{Convert|6|nmi}} . Wani haske kuma shine Hasumiyar Haske ta São Sebastião da ke ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin teku, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1928. <ref name="rowlett" /> Tsawonsa na tsakiya mita 14 ne kuma nisansa shine {{Convert|12|nmi}} . <ref name="ngall" /> A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006, jirgin Air São Tomé da Príncipe guda ɗaya tilo, DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300, ya yi hatsari a Ana Chaves Bay a arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin São Tomé a lokacin da ake shirin yin atisaye. Mutane huɗu sun mutu, kuma jirgin ya lalace ba tare da an gyara shi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=cgest.com.br |title=Jornal de São Tomé |url=http://www.jornal.st/noticias.php?noticia=1839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902162416/http://www.jornal.st/noticias.php?noticia=1839 |archive-date=2006-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.jornal.st}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, gwamnatin São Tomé da Príncipe ta ba wa kamfanin mai na ƙasar Angola Sonangol wani rangwame na dogon lokaci don kula da kuma haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa inda aka ruwaito cewa Sonangol ta zuba jarin dala miliyan 30 don haɓaka yankin ciniki mai 'yanci. <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2011 |title=Concession awarded in São Tomé |url=http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20110125.395917.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425154308/http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20110125.395917.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=World Cargo News}}</ref> == Manazarta == k8d7c4ff7zgwn43g3rytz1igkbmd1e8 859530 859529 2026-06-17T18:44:58Z Engineer014 44591 859530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ana Chaves Bay''' ( Portuguese ) bakin teku ne a bakin tekun arewa maso gabas na tsibirin São Tomé a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Principe]] . Babban birnin [[Sao Tomé]] da tashar jiragen ruwa suna kusa da bay. Ya taso daga Ponta Oque del Rei a arewa zuwa Ponta São Sebastião a kudu. Forte de São Sebastião, yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Gidan kayan tarihi na São Sebastião|Sao Sebastião Museum]], ya mamaye Ponta São Sebastião. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa na São Tomé a ƙarshen 1950s akan ƙasar da aka kwato wanda ya wuce {{Convert|0.2|mi|km}} arewacin Ponta São Sebastião; akwai tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsawon mita 200 a ƙarshen arewa, tare da zurfin mita 3 a gefenta. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙasar don kayayyakin da aka yi da ƙarfi; tashar jiragen ruwa ta Neves ita ce babbar hanyar shiga don man fetur mai ruwa. <ref name="enaport" /> Gabaɗaya bakin teku ba shi da zurfi, yana ba da wurin ajiye jiragen ruwa ga ƙananan jiragen ruwa a zurfin ƙasa da {{Convert|5|m|ft}} . <ref name="nga" /> [[Fayil:2011-SaoTome-6_(8085272268).jpg|left|thumb|Ana Chaves Bay da tsakiyar Sao Tomé City]] Akwai wani hasumiya mai haske a Ponta Oque del Rei a ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin gabar teku, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1994. Tsawonsa mai zurfi mita 9 ne kuma nisansa shine {{Convert|6|nmi}} . Wani haske kuma shine Hasumiyar Haske ta São Sebastião da ke ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin teku, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1928. <ref name="rowlett" /> Tsawonsa na tsakiya mita 14 ne kuma nisansa shine {{Convert|12|nmi}} . <ref name="ngall" /> A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006, jirgin Air São Tomé da Príncipe guda ɗaya tilo, DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300, ya yi hatsari a Ana Chaves Bay a arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin São Tomé a lokacin da ake shirin yin atisaye. Mutane huɗu sun mutu, kuma jirgin ya lalace ba tare da an gyara shi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=cgest.com.br |title=Jornal de São Tomé |url=http://www.jornal.st/noticias.php?noticia=1839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902162416/http://www.jornal.st/noticias.php?noticia=1839 |archive-date=2006-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.jornal.st}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, gwamnatin São Tomé da Príncipe ta ba wa kamfanin mai na ƙasar Angola Sonangol wani rangwame na dogon lokaci don kula da kuma haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa inda aka ruwaito cewa Sonangol ta zuba jarin dala miliyan 30 don haɓaka yankin ciniki mai 'yanci. <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2011 |title=Concession awarded in São Tomé |url=http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20110125.395917.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425154308/http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20110125.395917.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=World Cargo News}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4s4fhpt694pcs27u2j09aw1o4x15he7 Abd al Kuri 0 158212 859531 2026-06-17T18:49:50Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350266178|Abd al Kuri]]" 859531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abd al Kuri''' ( Arabic ) wani lokacin ana rubuta '''Adal Kuri''' ko '''Abdal Kuri''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne mai duwatsu a cikin Tashar Guardafui . A matsayin wani ɓangare na Gundumar Socotra Archipelago ta [[Yemen]], <ref name="britannica" /> tana da nisan mil 65 (105)&nbsp;km) kudu maso yammacin babban tsibirin Socotra . <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=ʿAbd al-Kūrī {{!}} Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Yankinsa ya ƙunshi dutse mai daraja da diorite da aka rufe da dutse mai daraja . == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin Abd al-Kuri yana da ɗan bushewa, ba tare da ciyayi ba; ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, wanda ya samo asali daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]], yana samar da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai mahimmanci kowace shekara. <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=ʿAbd al-Kūrī {{!}} Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri "ʿAbd al-Kūrī | Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Jerin manyan tsaunuka guda biyu, waɗanda suka rarrabu kusa da tsakiyar tsibirin, suna gudana kusan duk tsawon gabashin yamma na tsibirin. Gabar tekun arewa ta ƙunshi galibin rairayin bakin teku masu yashi tare da wasu tsaunuka da tsaunuka, yayin da gabar tekun kudu ta ƙunshi manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi. <ref name="NM1878" /> Mafi girman wurin tsibirin, Dutsen Ṣāliḥ, ya kai tsayin sama da {{Convert|700|m}} . Jimillar yankin Abd al-Kuri shine 133&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> (51 sq mi). Yawancin mazaunanta suna rayuwa ne da kamun kifi . <ref name="britannica" /> Kilmia ita ce babban ƙauyen. == Flora da fauna == Abd al-Kuri yana da nau'o'in [[Shuka|tsire-tsire]] masu yawa, <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=ʿAbd al-Kūrī {{!}} Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri "ʿAbd al-Kūrī | Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ciki har da nau'in tsire-tsire na ''Ruellia kuriensis'' da ''Convolvulus kossmatii'' da kuma ''Euphorbia abdelkuri'' . Tsibirin gida ne ga wani [[tsuntsu]] mai suna Abd al-Kuri sparrow ( ''Passer hemileucus'' ), wanda ke da kimanin mutane 1,000. An amince da tsibirin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA), ta BirdLife International, saboda kasancewar sparrow mai suna da kuma don kiwo na tsuntsayen tropical masu launin ja ( ''Phaethon aethereus'' ), sooty gull ( ''Ichthyaetus hemprichii'' ) da Persian shearwater ( ''Puffinus persicus'' ). <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021 |title=Abd al-Kuri (Socotra) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/abd-al-kuri-(socotra)-iba-yemen |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> Nau'ikan [[Kadangare|kadangaru]] guda biyu da suka samo asali daga Abd al-Kuri, ƙadangarun bango na Socotran ( ''Mesalina kuri'' ) da kuma dutsen Abd al-Kuri ( ''Pristurus abdelkuri'' ), an sanya musu suna bayan tsibirin. <ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Abd el Kuri", p. 1; "Kur", p. 148).</ref> Ƙarin dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke akwai sun haɗa da Abd al-Kuri skink ( ''Trachylepis cristinae'' ), gecko mai kaifi mai ganye ( ''Hemidactylus oxyrhinus'' ) da kuma gecko mai ganye mai ganye ( ''Hemidactylus forbesii'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Species |first=Abd al-Kuri |date=9 September 2024 |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://inaturalist.org/observations?lat=12.169899472637768&lng=52.201044993438025&place_id=any&radius=27.533947225247744&subview=map&view=species}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Native_Dwellings,_Abd-el-Kuri.jpg|left|thumb|Gidajen 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19]] An tura Thomas Fellowes a jirgin HMS <nowiki><i id="mwxw">Briton</i></nowiki> a shekarar 1872 zuwa Abd al Kuri, tare da Socotra, daga hukumomin Birtaniya don ganin ko zai zama wuri mai dacewa don zama wurin da bayin da aka 'yantar. Fellowes sun yanke shawarar kin amincewa da hakan, suna masu ambaton mummunan yanayin rayuwa a tsibiran biyu. === 2020s === A watan Yunin 2020, Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kudu ta karɓe iko da Jihar Socotra, wadda ta haɗa da Abd al Kuri, daga baya kuma Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kudu ta gudanar da ita a lokacin da aka yi [[Yakin Basasar Yemeni (2014-Yanzu)|yaƙin basasar Yemen na 2014.]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2020 |title=Yemen separatists seize remote Socotra island from Saudi-backed government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/yemen-separatists-seize-remote-socotra-island-from-saudi-backed-government-idUSKBN23S0DT/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> An fara aikin gina filin jirgin sama a tsibirin a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=Mysterious Airfield on Gulf of Aden is Nearly Complete |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/mysterious-strategic-airfield-on-gulf-of-aden-is-nearly-completed |publisher=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai [[Yemen Press Agency|ta Yemen]] (YPA) ta ba da rahoto game da korar da aka yi wa mazauna ƙauyukansu a tsibirin Abd Al Kuri a tsibirin Socotra da aka yi musu da'awar cewa an gina sansanin soja da ke ɗauke da sojojin [[Isra'ila]] da na [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] . <ref name="en.ypagency.net">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=UAE occupation forces displace dozens of families from Abd al Kuri Island |url=https://en.ypagency.net/265308 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Yemen Press Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, filin jirgin saman ya bayyana a kan hotunan tauraron dan adam na tsibirin tare da tarin duwatsu da za a iya gani daga tauraron dan adam da ke cewa "Ina son UAE." Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta amsa wani bincike da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya yi game da hoton da ke nuna cewa kasancewar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a Socotra ya dogara ne akan dalilan jin kai kuma ana yin sa ne tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin Yemen da na yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=An airstrip is being built on a Yemeni island during the ongoing war, with 'I LOVE UAE' next to it |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-island-airstrip-houthis-israel-hamas-war-gaza-0ba77bb63497b3239151d4dbd7e78934 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2025, an ga filin jirgin saman ya kusa kammala bayan da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya yi nazarin hotunan tauraron dan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Mysterious airstrip appears on a Yemeni island as Houthi rebel attacks threaten region |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-island-airstrip-houthis-israel-hamas-war-gaza-8f1e8b70ddff7ca25842509ca7f0f2b0 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] lrtn2asy0abowvizq2b5b2b3ey09ys6 859532 859531 2026-06-17T18:50:26Z Engineer014 44591 859532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abd al Kuri''' ( Arabic ) wani lokacin ana rubuta '''Adal Kuri''' ko '''Abdal Kuri''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne mai duwatsu a cikin Tashar Guardafui . A matsayin wani ɓangare na Gundumar Socotra Archipelago ta [[Yemen]], <ref name="britannica" /> tana da nisan mil 65 (105)&nbsp;km) kudu maso yammacin babban tsibirin Socotra . <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=ʿAbd al-Kūrī {{!}} Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Yankinsa ya ƙunshi dutse mai daraja da diorite da aka rufe da dutse mai daraja . == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin Abd al-Kuri yana da ɗan bushewa, ba tare da ciyayi ba; ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, wanda ya samo asali daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]], yana samar da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai mahimmanci kowace shekara. <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=ʿAbd al-Kūrī {{!}} Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri "ʿAbd al-Kūrī | Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Jerin manyan tsaunuka guda biyu, waɗanda suka rarrabu kusa da tsakiyar tsibirin, suna gudana kusan duk tsawon gabashin yamma na tsibirin. Gabar tekun arewa ta ƙunshi galibin rairayin bakin teku masu yashi tare da wasu tsaunuka da tsaunuka, yayin da gabar tekun kudu ta ƙunshi manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi. <ref name="NM1878" /> Mafi girman wurin tsibirin, Dutsen Ṣāliḥ, ya kai tsayin sama da {{Convert|700|m}} . Jimillar yankin Abd al-Kuri shine 133&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> (51 sq mi). Yawancin mazaunanta suna rayuwa ne da kamun kifi . <ref name="britannica" /> Kilmia ita ce babban ƙauyen. == Flora da fauna == Abd al-Kuri yana da nau'o'in [[Shuka|tsire-tsire]] masu yawa, <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=ʿAbd al-Kūrī {{!}} Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Abd-al-Kuri "ʿAbd al-Kūrī | Arabian Sea, Socotra, Dhofar | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ciki har da nau'in tsire-tsire na ''Ruellia kuriensis'' da ''Convolvulus kossmatii'' da kuma ''Euphorbia abdelkuri'' . Tsibirin gida ne ga wani [[tsuntsu]] mai suna Abd al-Kuri sparrow ( ''Passer hemileucus'' ), wanda ke da kimanin mutane 1,000. An amince da tsibirin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA), ta BirdLife International, saboda kasancewar sparrow mai suna da kuma don kiwo na tsuntsayen tropical masu launin ja ( ''Phaethon aethereus'' ), sooty gull ( ''Ichthyaetus hemprichii'' ) da Persian shearwater ( ''Puffinus persicus'' ). <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021 |title=Abd al-Kuri (Socotra) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/abd-al-kuri-(socotra)-iba-yemen |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> Nau'ikan [[Kadangare|kadangaru]] guda biyu da suka samo asali daga Abd al-Kuri, ƙadangarun bango na Socotran ( ''Mesalina kuri'' ) da kuma dutsen Abd al-Kuri ( ''Pristurus abdelkuri'' ), an sanya musu suna bayan tsibirin. <ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Abd el Kuri", p. 1; "Kur", p. 148).</ref> Ƙarin dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke akwai sun haɗa da Abd al-Kuri skink ( ''Trachylepis cristinae'' ), gecko mai kaifi mai ganye ( ''Hemidactylus oxyrhinus'' ) da kuma gecko mai ganye mai ganye ( ''Hemidactylus forbesii'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Species |first=Abd al-Kuri |date=9 September 2024 |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://inaturalist.org/observations?lat=12.169899472637768&lng=52.201044993438025&place_id=any&radius=27.533947225247744&subview=map&view=species}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Native_Dwellings,_Abd-el-Kuri.jpg|left|thumb|Gidajen 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19]] An tura Thomas Fellowes a jirgin HMS <nowiki><i id="mwxw">Briton</i></nowiki> a shekarar 1872 zuwa Abd al Kuri, tare da Socotra, daga hukumomin Birtaniya don ganin ko zai zama wuri mai dacewa don zama wurin da bayin da aka 'yantar. Fellowes sun yanke shawarar kin amincewa da hakan, suna masu ambaton mummunan yanayin rayuwa a tsibiran biyu. === 2020s === A watan Yunin 2020, Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kudu ta karɓe iko da Jihar Socotra, wadda ta haɗa da Abd al Kuri, daga baya kuma Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kudu ta gudanar da ita a lokacin da aka yi [[Yakin Basasar Yemeni (2014-Yanzu)|yaƙin basasar Yemen na 2014.]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2020 |title=Yemen separatists seize remote Socotra island from Saudi-backed government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/yemen-separatists-seize-remote-socotra-island-from-saudi-backed-government-idUSKBN23S0DT/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> An fara aikin gina filin jirgin sama a tsibirin a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=Mysterious Airfield on Gulf of Aden is Nearly Complete |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/mysterious-strategic-airfield-on-gulf-of-aden-is-nearly-completed |publisher=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai [[Yemen Press Agency|ta Yemen]] (YPA) ta ba da rahoto game da korar da aka yi wa mazauna ƙauyukansu a tsibirin Abd Al Kuri a tsibirin Socotra da aka yi musu da'awar cewa an gina sansanin soja da ke ɗauke da sojojin [[Isra'ila]] da na [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] . <ref name="en.ypagency.net">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=UAE occupation forces displace dozens of families from Abd al Kuri Island |url=https://en.ypagency.net/265308 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Yemen Press Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, filin jirgin saman ya bayyana a kan hotunan tauraron dan adam na tsibirin tare da tarin duwatsu da za a iya gani daga tauraron dan adam da ke cewa "Ina son UAE." Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta amsa wani bincike da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya yi game da hoton da ke nuna cewa kasancewar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a Socotra ya dogara ne akan dalilan jin kai kuma ana yin sa ne tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin Yemen da na yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=An airstrip is being built on a Yemeni island during the ongoing war, with 'I LOVE UAE' next to it |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-island-airstrip-houthis-israel-hamas-war-gaza-0ba77bb63497b3239151d4dbd7e78934 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2025, an ga filin jirgin saman ya kusa kammala bayan da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya yi nazarin hotunan tauraron dan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Mysterious airstrip appears on a Yemeni island as Houthi rebel attacks threaten region |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-island-airstrip-houthis-israel-hamas-war-gaza-8f1e8b70ddff7ca25842509ca7f0f2b0 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 8ur07bip6gzayg0ald77p5ua04xtv75 Lagoa Azul 0 158213 859533 2026-06-17T18:51:51Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302110165|Lagoa Azul]]" 859533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lagoa Azul''' (Fotigal don "lagoon shuɗi") ƙaramin teku ne a arewacin tsibirin São Tomé a [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . Yana cikin Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé . <ref name="ST">{{Cite web |title=Parque Natural d'Obô em São Tomé |url=https://arleciosoares13.wordpress.com/areas-protegidas/parque-natural-de-sao-tome/ |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 4 arewa maso yamma da garin Guadalupe . Wuri ne mai shahara don nutsewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagoa Azul |url=http://costanorte.pt/pt/ilhas-de-stome/13/2-lagoa-azul/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621012118/http://costanorte.pt/pt/ilhas-de-stome/13/2-lagoa-azul/ |archive-date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> Akwai hasumiyar haske kusa da bakin teku, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1997. == Duba kuma == * [[Yanayin ƙasa na Sao Tomé da Principe|Geography na Sao Tomé da Principe]] == Manazarta == owk9r2ac57muyhyl36280mz29t8z37l 859534 859533 2026-06-17T18:52:18Z Engineer014 44591 859534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lagoa Azul''' (Fotigal don "lagoon shuɗi") ƙaramin teku ne a arewacin tsibirin São Tomé a [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . Yana cikin Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé . <ref name="ST">{{Cite web |title=Parque Natural d'Obô em São Tomé |url=https://arleciosoares13.wordpress.com/areas-protegidas/parque-natural-de-sao-tome/ |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 4 arewa maso yamma da garin Guadalupe . Wuri ne mai shahara don nutsewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagoa Azul |url=http://costanorte.pt/pt/ilhas-de-stome/13/2-lagoa-azul/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621012118/http://costanorte.pt/pt/ilhas-de-stome/13/2-lagoa-azul/ |archive-date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> Akwai hasumiyar haske kusa da bakin teku, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1997. == Duba kuma == * [[Yanayin ƙasa na Sao Tomé da Principe|Geography na Sao Tomé da Principe]] == Manazarta == m73b5vw9fw5knfb6tfqucoyb4taj67d Tashar Tsaro 0 158214 859535 2026-06-17T18:53:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347335353|Guardafui Channel]]" 859535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Guardafui''' ( Arabic , Somali ) wani mashigin teku ne daga ƙarshen yankin kusurwar Afirka wanda ke tsakanin yankin Puntland na [[Somaliya]] da kuma yankin Socotra na [[Yemen]] da ke yammacin [[Tekun Larabawa|Tekun Arabiya]] . Yana haɗa [[Tekun Aden]] daga arewa da [[Tekun Indiya]] a kudu. Sunansa shine Cape Guardafui, ƙarshen yankin kusurwar Afirka. == Tsawon == Faɗin sa ya kai kusan {{Convert|100|km|-1}} tsakanin Ras Asir (Gardafuul) da Abd al Kari, da kusan {{Cvt|240|km}} tsakanin Ras Asir da Socotra. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2008 |title=Socotra islands scenery in Yemen |url=http://en.youth.cn/yculture/200911/t20091118_1085530.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190841/http://en.youth.cn/yculture/200911/t20091118_1085530.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |access-date=May 21, 2018 |website=en.youth.cn |publisher=China Youth International}}</ref> Ras Asir, wanda a da ake kira Gardafuul, wani lardi na yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa, an sanya masa suna ne saboda shi. A ma'anarsa ta kunkuntar, Marinka Gardafuil, a Turanci da ake kira Guardafui Channel, yana nufin mashigar ruwa tsakanin Puntland da Abd al Kuri . == Sunaye == Mashigar teku tana da sunaye da yawa, ciki har da Mashigar Ras Hafun, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan babban yankin Ras Hafun, kusa da garin Foar, Mashigar Ras Asir-Socotra, Mashigar Cape Guardafui, Mashigar Guardafui-Socotra, Mashigar Guardafui, Mashigar Cape Guardafui, Mashigar Socotra, da Mashigar Socotra. == Manazarta == 72z21jmj8m22jod950tv45icb6qy1ty 859536 859535 2026-06-17T18:54:04Z Engineer014 44591 859536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Guardafui''' ( Arabic , Somali ) wani mashigin teku ne daga ƙarshen yankin kusurwar Afirka wanda ke tsakanin yankin Puntland na [[Somaliya]] da kuma yankin Socotra na [[Yemen]] da ke yammacin [[Tekun Larabawa|Tekun Arabiya]] . Yana haɗa [[Tekun Aden]] daga arewa da [[Tekun Indiya]] a kudu. Sunansa shine Cape Guardafui, ƙarshen yankin kusurwar Afirka. == Tsawon == Faɗin sa ya kai kusan {{Convert|100|km|-1}} tsakanin Ras Asir (Gardafuul) da Abd al Kari, da kusan {{Cvt|240|km}} tsakanin Ras Asir da Socotra. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2008 |title=Socotra islands scenery in Yemen |url=http://en.youth.cn/yculture/200911/t20091118_1085530.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190841/http://en.youth.cn/yculture/200911/t20091118_1085530.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |access-date=May 21, 2018 |website=en.youth.cn |publisher=China Youth International}}</ref> Ras Asir, wanda a da ake kira Gardafuul, wani lardi na yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa, an sanya masa suna ne saboda shi. A ma'anarsa ta kunkuntar, Marinka Gardafuil, a Turanci da ake kira Guardafui Channel, yana nufin mashigar ruwa tsakanin Puntland da Abd al Kuri . == Sunaye == Mashigar teku tana da sunaye da yawa, ciki har da Mashigar Ras Hafun, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan babban yankin Ras Hafun, kusa da garin Foar, Mashigar Ras Asir-Socotra, Mashigar Cape Guardafui, Mashigar Guardafui-Socotra, Mashigar Guardafui, Mashigar Cape Guardafui, Mashigar Socotra, da Mashigar Socotra. == Manazarta == qn4m99kqkje3e9afqcs1mjdqaf6v69w Ancylostoma duodenal 0 158215 859542 2026-06-17T18:59:59Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340814265|Ancylostoma duodenale]]" 859542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Hookworm_larvaG.jpg|image_caption=Photomicrograph of larva|name=|genus=Ancylostoma|species=duodenale|authority=([[Angelo Dubini|Dubini]], 1843)|synonyms=''Agchylostoma duodenale'' <small>Dubini, 1843</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{GBIF|taxon=''Ancylostoma duodenale'' (Dubini, 1843) Creplin, 1845|id=4558924|access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>}} Ancylostoma duodenale wani nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Ancylostoma. Tsutsotsi ne na nematode na parasitic kuma wanda aka fi sani da Tsohuwar Duniya hookworm. Yana rayuwa a cikin ƙananan hanji musamman jejunum [ana ,ana hujja hujja] na ma'abota tabbatacciyar runduna, gabaɗaya mutane,[1]:307-308[2] inda za ta iya saduwa da girma. Ancylostoma duodenale da Necator americanus su ne nau'in hookworm guda biyu na ɗan adam waɗanda galibi ana tattaunawa tare a matsayin sanadin kamuwa da cutar hookworm. Suna da dioecious.[3] Ancylostoma duodenale yana da yawa a ko'ina cikin duniya, ciki har da Kudancin Turai, Arewacin Afirka, Indiya, Sin, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, wasu yankuna a Amurka, Caribbean, da Kudancin Amirka. == Halaye == ''A. duodenale'' karami ne, tsutsotsi ne mai laushi, launin fari mai launin toka. Yana da faranti biyu na ventral a gefen baya na capsule na baki. Kowannensu yana da manyan hakora guda biyu waɗanda aka haɗa a gindinsu. Ana iya samun ƙananan hakora biyu a cikin zurfin murfin baki. Maza suna da tsawon 8-11 mm tare da bursa mai jima'i a ƙarshen baya. Mata suna da tsawon 10-13 mm, tare da vulva da ke ƙarshen baya; mata na iya sa ƙwai 10,000 zuwa 30,000 a kowace rana. Matsakaicin rayuwar mace ''A. duodenale'' shekara ce.<ref name="animaldiversity">{{Cite web |last=Fetouh |first=Nagla |year=2003 |title=''Ancylostoma duodenale'' |url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_duodenale/ |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref> Akwai matakai huɗu na larval, kuma larvae filariform (L3) suna da sheathed saboda suna riƙe da cuticle na matakin ci gaba na baya bayan molting. {{Rp|307-308}}&nbsp;&nbsp; == Rayuwa == Bayan tsutsa "marasa lafiya" ta shiga cikin fata marar kyau - yawanci ta ƙafafu - tsutsa ta shiga cikin jini. Daga nan sai a kai shi cikin huhu, a shiga cikin alveoli, a hau zuwa buroshi da trachea, sai a yi tari a shanye a cikin karamar hanji, inda ya balaga. Tsutsa daga baya ta zama babba a cikin ƙananan hanji (jejunum galibi [ana binciken hujja]), inda suke haɗawa da villi kuma tsutsotsi na mata na iya yin kwai 25,000 kowace rana. Ana sakin ƙwai a cikin najasa kuma suna zama a ƙasa; idan aka ajiye shi akan ƙasa mai ɗumi mai ɗanɗano, tsutsa ta yi saurin tasowa a cikin kwan kuma tana ƙyanƙyashe bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu. Wannan tsutsa ta rhabditiform tana tsiro sau biyu a cikin ƙasa kuma ta zama tsutsa mai kamuwa da cuta a mataki na uku a cikin kwanaki 5 zuwa 10. Wadannan larvae na filariform marasa lahani suna iya jin girgiza a cikin ƙasa, zafi, ko carbon dioxide, kuma suna amfani da hanyoyin dendritic kama da cilia. Suna amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin azaman thermosensory, chemosensory, da masu karɓar injiniyoyi don ƙaura zuwa ga mai gida don kamuwa da cuta.[1] Larvae na filariform (Mataki na L3) na iya shiga cikin fatar wata halitta da aka fallasa kuma ta fara sabon sake zagayowar kamuwa da cuta. A. Duodenale kuma ana iya yada shi ta baki, ta hanyar shigar da tsutsa na filariform;[2]: 307-308 yana iya samun rundunonin paratenic a cikin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda tsutsa za ta iya tsira a cikin tsokoki. An ba da rahoton watsawa a tsaye a cikin mutane ta hanyar shayarwa[4][5] da kuma ta hanyar canja wuri[3] [5]. == Yaduwar cututtuka == ''A. duodenale'' ya zama ruwan dare a Kudancin Turai, Arewacin Afirka, Indiya, China, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ƙananan yankuna na Amurka, tsibirin Caribbean, da Kudancin Amurka. Wannan ƙwaro sananne ne a cikin ma'adinai saboda daidaito a cikin zafin jiki da danshi wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan wurin zama don kwai da ci gaban yara. An kiyasta mutane biliyan daya sun kamu da cutar hookworms. Cutar ''A. duodenale'' ta hanyar hulɗa da fata tare da ƙasa da aka gurɓata da tsutsotsi. An fahimci hanyar da ta shiga jikin mutum a cikin shekarun 1880, bayan annobar ancylostomiasis tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai da ke aiki a cikin Gotthard Tunnel mai zafi da zafi ([[Switzerland]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bugnion |first=E. |year=1881 |title=On the epidemic caused by Ankylostomum among the eorkmen in the St. Gothard Tunnel |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1054 |pages=382 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.1054.382 |pmc=2263460 |pmid=20749811}}</ref><ref name="Peduzzi">{{Cite journal |last=Peduzzi |first=R. |last2=Piffaretti |first2=J.-C. |year=1983 |title=''Ancylostoma duodenale'' and the Saint Gothard anaemia |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=287 |issue=6409 |pages=1942–5 |doi=10.1136/bmj.287.6409.1942 |pmc=1550193 |pmid=6418279}}</ref> == Cutar == Cutar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta tana haifar da ciwon ciki, asarar abinci, da geophagy. Cutar da ke da tsanani tana haifar da karancin furotin mai tsanani ko ƙarancin ƙarfe. Rashin furotin na iya haifar da bushewar fata, edema, da kuma raguwar ciki daga edema (potbelly), yayin da ƙarancin ƙarfe na iya haifar le rashin jin daɗi da gazawar zuciya. A cikin mata masu juna biyu, wannan kwayar cutar tana iya kamuwa da tayin kuma tana iya haifar da rikitarwa kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ƙarancin jini na uwa, da [[Mutuwar jarirai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soil-Transmitted Helminths {{!}} USAID's Neglected Tropical Disease Program |url=https://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/usaid-target-diseases/soil-transmitted-helminths |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426154054/https://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/usaid-target-diseases/soil-transmitted-helminths |archive-date=2017-04-26 |access-date=2017-04-26 |website=www.neglecteddiseases.gov |language=en}}</ref> Kwai na A. duodenale da Necator americanus ba za a iya bambanta ba. Ba za a iya samun tsutsa a cikin samfuran stool ba sai dai idan an bar su a yanayin zafi na kwana ɗaya ko fiye. Ilimi, ingantattun tsaftar muhalli, da sarrafa najasa na da muhimmanci. Sanya takalmi a wuraren da ke da yawa na iya rage yawan kamuwa da cuta, haka nan. A. Duodenale za a iya bi da albendazole, mebendazole, da benzimidazoles. Pyrantel pamoate madadin. A lokuta masu tsanani na anemia, ƙarin jini na iya zama dole. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Ancylostoma_duodenale_(04).tif|alt=photomicrograph|Buccal capsule of adult showing four teeth (arrows) on its ventral wall{{Rp|307}} Fayil:Ancylostoma_duodenale_(02).tif|alt=refer to caption|Diagram of adult's head Fayil:Ancylostoma_duodenale_egg_(01).png|alt=refer to caption|Schematic of thin-shelled egg at eight-cell stage Fayil:Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg|alt=photomicrograph|Infective filariform larva </gallery> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ihd6ah4u3uf2xgay7tdekcw4dg9v8jt Nitroxinil 0 158216 859544 2026-06-17T19:02:41Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352698310|Nitroxinil]]" 859544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|drug_name=|INN=|type=<!-- empty -->|IUPAC_name=4-Hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile|image=Nitroxinil Structure.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=|caption=Structure of nitroxinil <!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=''Fluconix'', ''Dovenix'', ''Trodax''|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A/B1/B2/B3/C/D/X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_US=<!-- A/B/C/D/X/N -->|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=Subcutaneous in the form of an N-Ethylglucamine salt solution|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III -->|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC/Rx-only/Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_status=<!-- Free text --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|duration_of_action=|excretion=<!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number=1689-89-0|class=|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P52|ATC_suffix=AG08|PubChem=15532|DrugBank=|synonyms=Nitroxynil <!-- | EC_number = 216-884-8 -->|UNII=9L0EXQ7125 <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=7|H=3|I=1|N=2|O=3|SMILES=C1=C(C=C(C(=C1[N+](=O)[O-])O)I)C#N|StdInChI=1S/C7H3IN2O3/c8-5-1-4(3-9)2-6(7(5)11)10(12)13/h1-2,11H|melting_point=136-139}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Nitroxinil</nowiki&gt;">Nitroxinil</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Nitroxinil_Structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tsarin nitroxinil</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |''Fluconix'', ''Dovenix'', ''Trodax'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Nitroxynil |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Route of administration|Hanyoyin gudanarwa<br />]] | class="infobox-data" |Subcutaneous a cikin nau'in N-Ethylglucamine gishiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP52AG08 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP52AG08 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">4-Hydroxy-3-iodine-5-nitrobenzonitrile</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1689-89-0 1689-89-0]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/15532 15532]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/9L0EXQ7125 9L0EXQ7125]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9075117 DTXSID9075117][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2680251#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.015.350 100.015.350][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2680251#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>7</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Iodine">Na</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>3</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">290.016</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DC%28C%3DC%28C%28%3DC1%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29O%29I%29C%23N Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na narkewa | class="infobox-data" |136-139 °C (277-282 °F) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1=C (C=C (C (=C1[N+] (=O) [O-]) O) I) C#N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C7H3IN2O3/c8-5-1-4 (3-9) 2-6 (7 (5) 11) 10 (12) 13/h1-2,11H</div> </div> |} '''Nitroxinil''' magani ne na dabbobi, maganin dabbobi ne akan tsutsotsi a cikin tumaki da shanu. Abinda ke aiki a kan hanta fluke da ''Fasciola hepatica'' kuma zuwa ƙarami a kan tsutsotsi a cikin gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="parasitipedia">{{Cite web |title=NITROXINIL = NITROXYNIL for veterinary use in CATTLE, SHEEP and GOATS against flukes and roundworms |url=http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2510&Itemid=2783 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Sunayen alama sun haɗa da Fluconix, Dovenix da Trodax . Hakanan ana amfani da Nitroxynil akan nau'ikan jan gum worm (Haemonchus contortus) waɗanda suka zama mai tsayayya da benzimidazoles. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> May & Baker ne suka kirkiro Nitroxinil <su i="">p about="#mwt24" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Citation/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite patent&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_patent&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;inventor-last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;May &amp;amp; Baker&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;inventor-first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;inventorlink&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;inventor2-last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;inventor2-first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;inventorlink2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publication-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;18 Dec 1964&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;issue-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;6 Mar 1968&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Method for the Treatment of Helminth Infestations&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;country-code&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;GB&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;patent-number&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1104885&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwUQ\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"citation patent\" id=\"CITEREFMay_&amp;amp;_Baker1968\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;amp;IDX=GB1104885\" id=\"mwUg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">GB 1104885</a></nowiki>,<nowiki><span id=\"mwUw\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></nowiki>May <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Baker,<nowiki><span id=\"mwVA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></nowiki>\"Method for the Treatment of Helminth Infestations\",<nowiki><span id=\"mwVQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></nowiki>published 18 Dec 1964,<nowiki><span id=\"mwVg\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\"> </span></nowiki>issued 6 Mar 1968<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"Z3988\" id=\"mwVw\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&amp;amp;rft.number=1104885&amp;amp;rft.cc=GB&amp;amp;rft.title=Method+for+the+Treatment+of+Helminth+Infestations&amp;amp;rft.inventor=May+%26+Baker&amp;amp;rft.date=6 Mar 1968&amp;amp;rft.pubdate=18 Dec 1964\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><span id=\"mwWA\" style=\"display: none;\"><span id=\"mwWQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Nitroxinil#cite_note-3 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin a cikin bincike game da abubuwan da aka samo daga p-hydroxybenzonitrile. Baya ga nitroxynil, herbicides ioxynil (3,5-diiodo) da bromoxynil (3.5-dibromo) an kuma kirkiresu ne daga wannan kamfani. Nitroxynil yana da ƙungiyar nitro ban da ƙungiyar iodine guda ɗaya.</su> Nitroxynil kusan ba zai iya narkewa a cikin ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci ana yin allurar a cikin dabbobi a cikin nau'in gishiri mai narkewa na [[ethylglucamine]].<ref name="parasitipedia">{{Cite web |title=NITROXINIL = NITROXYNIL for veterinary use in CATTLE, SHEEP and GOATS against flukes and roundworms |url=http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2510&Itemid=2783 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Bai kamata a ba da shi ga dabbobi da ke samar da madara don amfani da mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1998 |title=Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Nitroxinil, Summary Report |url=http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015185.pdf |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medical Products |page=5 |language=English}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7cuvld9ckrgt131s93id8tq2eyua4lc Arprinocid 0 158217 859545 2026-06-17T19:03:42Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329511682|Arprinocid]]" 859545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=457153232|IUPAC_name=9-[(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)methyl]-6-purinamine|image=arprinocid.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|image2=Arprinocid molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the arprinocid molecule|width2=240 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=55779-18-5|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=AX11|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=321993|PubChem=41574|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=6A0XTA8ZUH|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D02987 <!--Chemical data-->|C=12|H=9|Cl=1|F=1|N=5|smiles=C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)Cl)CN2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)F|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=37936|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C12H9ClFN5/c13-8-2-1-3-9(14)7(8)4-19-6-18-10-11(15)16-5-17-12(10)19/h1-3,5-6H,4H2,(H2,15,16,17)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=NAPNOSFRRMHNBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Arprinocid</nowiki&gt;">Arprinocid</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Arprinocid.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Arprinocid_molecule_ball.png|alt=Ball-and-stick model of the arprinocid molecule|class=bg-transparent|240x240px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51AX11 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51AX11 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">9-[ (2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl) methyl]-6-purinamine</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=55779-18-5 55779-18-5]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/41574 41574]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.37936.html 37936]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/6A0XTA8ZUH 6A0XTA8ZUH]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02987 D02987]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL321993 ChEMBL321993]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3057773 DTXSID3057773][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795760#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.054.362 100.054.362][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795760#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>12</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>9</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><span title="Fluorine">F</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>5</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">277.69</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%28%3DC1%29Cl%29CN2C%3DNC3%3DC2N%3DCN%3DC3N%29F Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1=CC (=C (C (=C1) Cl) CN2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N) F</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C12H9ClFN5/c13-8-2-1-3-9 (14) 7 (8) 4-19-6-18-10-11 (15) 16-5-17-12 (10) 19/h1-3,5-6H,4H2, (H2,15,16,17) <sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: NAPNOSFRRMHNBJ-UHFFFAO<sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=457153232&page2=Arprinocid (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Arprinocid''' coccidiostat ne (ko kuma mai yiwuwa coccidiocide, watau magani mai kashe kwayar cutar ''Coccidia'') wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin maganin dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McQuistion TE, McDougald LR |date=October 1981 |title=Anticoccidial activity of arprinocid and halofuginone |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1016/0304-4017(81)90004-2 |pmid=7201182}}</ref> == Haɗuwa == [[Fayil:Arprinocid_synthesis.png|center|thumb|400x400px|Arprinocid kira: Merck &amp;amp; Co. R. J. Tull, G. D. Hartman, da L. M. Weinstock, takardar shaidar Amurka 4,098,787 (1978).]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} eblnvl0p3w7rv3cy5ov9ln6rqrwsgr5 Melarsomine 0 158218 859546 2026-06-17T19:04:43Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359560937|Melarsomine]]" 859546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=444367111|IUPAC_name=Bis(2-aminoethyl) {4-[(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]phenyl}arsonodithioite|image=melaminylthioarsenate.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=Skeletal formula of melarsomine|width=240|image2=Melarsomine 3D spacefill.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Space-filling model of the melarsomine molecule <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Immiticide, Diroban|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|melarsomine}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=128470-15-5|ATC_prefix=none|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=65962|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=374GJ0S41A|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D08168|ChemSpiderID=59365 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=13|H=21|As=1|N=8|S=2|smiles=C1=CC(=CC=C1NC2=NC(=NC(=N2)N)N)[As](SCCN)SCCN|StdInChI=1S/C13H21AsN8S2/c15-5-7-23-14(24-8-6-16)9-1-3-10(4-2-9)19-13-21-11(17)20-12(18)22-13/h1-4H,5-8,15-16H2,(H5,17,18,19,20,21,22)|StdInChIKey=MGEOLZFMLHYCFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Melarsomine</nowiki&gt;">Melarsomine</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Melaminylthioarsenate.png|alt=Skeletal formula of melarsomine|class=skin-invert-image|240x240px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Melarsomine_3D_spacefill.png|alt=Space-filling model of the melarsomine molecule|class=bg-transparent|240x240px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Kashewa, Diroban |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/melarsomine.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">Bis (2-aminoethyl) {4-[ (4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino]phenyl}arsonodithioite</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=128470-15-5 128470-15-5]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/65962 65962]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.59365.html 59365]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/374GJ0S41A 374GJ0S41A]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08168 D08168]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID40155907 DTXSID40155907][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15409394#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>13</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>21</sub><span title="Arsenic">Kamar yadda</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>8</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span><sub>2</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">428.41</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC1NC2%3DNC%28%3DNC%28%3DN2%29N%29N%29%5BAs%5D%28SCCN%29SCCN Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1=CC (=CC=C1NC2=NC (=NC (=N2) N) N) [As] (SCCN) SCCN</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C13H21AsN8S2/c15-5-7-23-14 (24-8-6-16) 9-1-3-10 (4-2-9) 19-13-21-11 (17) 20-12 (18) 22-13/h1-4H,5-8,15-16H2, (H5,17,18,19,20,21,22) </div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:MGEOLZFMLHYCFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444367111&page2=Melarsomine (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Melarsomine''' (melaminylthioarsenate) maganin anthelmintic ne na arsenic. A Amurka, ana tallata shi a ƙarƙashin sunayen kasuwanci na Immiticide (Merial) da ''Diroban'' (Zoetis), kuma Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta amince da shi don maganin cututtukan zuciya (''Dirofilaria immitis'') a cikin [[Kare|karnuka]]. Ba a amince da shi don magani a cikin cats ba, ko karnuka a cikin kamuwa da cuta ta ƙarshe. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.heartwormsociety.org/ Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka] jrsew3lrhaz5f36kh7xq0tivwwnj3ap Jelleine 0 158219 859548 2026-06-17T19:07:17Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321845103|Jelleine]]" 859548 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jelleine''' iyali ne na [[peptide]], wanda aka ware daga Jelly na sarauta na ''Apis mellifera iberiensis,'' wani nau'in ƙudan zuma. Wannan sabon iyali yana da damar amfani da shi wajen bunkasa sabbin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lima |first=William Gustavo |last2=Brito |first2=Julio Cesar Moreira |last3=Verly |first3=Rodrigo Moreira |last4=Lima |first4=Maria Elena de |date=January 26, 2024 |title=Jelleine, a Family of Peptides Isolated from the Royal Jelly of the Honey Bees (Apis mellifera), as a Promising Prototype for New Medicines: A Narrative Review |journal=Toxins |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=24 |doi=10.3390/toxins16010024 |pmc=10819630 |pmid=38251241 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bincike == Jelleines an fara ware su ne a shekara ta 2004 ta ƙungiyar bincike ta Farfesa Mario Sergio Palma a Jami'ar Jihar São Paulo, Brazil. Da farko, ya tattara jelly na sarauta daga rukuni na ƙudan zuma kuma ya tsarkake sakamakon ta hanyar juyawa, high-performance ruwa chromatography. Wannan tsarkakewar jelly na sarauta ya nuna aikin antimicrobial akan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Fontana |first=Renato |last2=Mendes |first2=Maria Anita |last3=de Souza |first3=Bibiana Monson |last4=Konno |first4=Katsuhiro |last5=César |first5=Lílian Mari Marcondes |last6=Malaspina |first6=Osmar |last7=Palma |first7=Mario Sergio |date=June 26, 2004 |title=Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera) |journal=Peptides |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=919–928 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2004.03.016 |pmid=15203237 |s2cid=6839870}}</ref> Ya zuwa yanzu, an sami peptides huɗu a cikin wannan iyali, kowannensu yana dauke da carboxamide C-terminal. == Binciken kiwon lafiya == Jelleine yana nuna aikin antimicrobial akan ''S. epidermidis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Agarwal S, Sharma G, Dang S, Gupta S, Gabrani R |date=2016 |title=Antimicrobial Peptides as Anti-Infectives against Staphylococcus epidermidis |url= |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=301–8 |doi=10.1159/000443479 |pmc=5588407 |pmid=26684017}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jkqz923rweesdaeo2swczfccwroyc65 Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron 0 158220 859549 2026-06-17T19:09:32Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292965569|Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron]]" 859549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=408380655 <!--Combo data-->|type=combo|component1=Milbemycin oxime|class1=[[Endectocide]]|component2=Lufenuron|class2=[[Ectoparasiticide]] <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|pro|sentinel_flavor_tabs}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=182005-62-5|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=<!-- 'none' if uncategorised -->|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=<!--Chemical data-->}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron</nowiki&gt;">Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron</span> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Haɗuwa da |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Milbemycin oxime]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Endectocide|Kisan kai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Lufenuron]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Ectoparasiticide|Kisan kwari]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/pro/sentinel_flavor_tabs.html Bayanan ƙwararrun magunguna na FDA]</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[CAS Registry Number|Lambar CAS]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=182005-62-5 182005-62-5]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=408380655&page2=Milbemycin+oxime%2Flufenuron (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} Haɗin '''milbemycin oxime / lufenuron''' (sunayen kasuwanci '''Sentinel Flavor Tabs''', ta Novartis Animal Health, da '''Shirin da kuma''') magani ne na kula da kwayar cuta wanda sinadarin aiki, milbemyzin oxime, ya kawar da tsutsotsi, yayin da sinadarin mai aiki na biyu, lufenuron, ya dakatar da ci gaban ƙwai da tsutsotsi. Wannan haɗuwa an yi rajista don amfani da dabba kawai. Don samun inganci, ana ba da magani sau ɗaya a kowane wata, tare da abinci, a cikin sashi da ya dace da nauyin dabba da abin ya shafa. Yawan da aka saba da shi shine 500 μg milbemycin oxime da 10 MG lufenuron / kg nauyin jiki. Novartis yana nuna adadin da ya dace ta hanyar canza launi a cikin kunshe-kunshe.&nbsp;&nbsp; Yawancin bincike na 2002 na Novartis sun nuna cewa milbemycin oxime/lufenuron ya kwatanta da wasu jiyya, kamar allurar moxidectin. Haɗin yana ɗaukar tasiri a cikin kawar da ƙuma, da kuma rigakafin kamuwa da cuta daga hookworm (Ancilostoma caninum), heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis), roundworms, whipworms (Trichuris vulpis), da ascarids (Toxocara canis da Toxascaris leonina). [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Amincewar FDA ga Sentinel ta Amurka ta ce "Yin amfani da maganin kwari a lokaci guda yana iya zama dole".[1] Yin amfani da Sentinel da nitenpyram (Capstar) ne a lokaci guda yana da alamar da aka amince da FDA "don kashe ƙwanƙwarar manya".[2] == Sakamakon sakamako == Milbemycin oxime / lufenuron na iya haifar da mummunar amsawar jiki a wasu dabbobi, mafi tsanani waɗanda ke da cutar zuciya ko nauyin ƙasa da 2 lbs. An ba da shawarar cewa a gwada dukkan karnuka don ƙwayar zuciya kafin a dauki magani don rage wannan haɗarin. Sakamakon sakamako masu tsanani na iya haɗawa da rashin jin daɗi, rauni, tuntuɓewa, ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙishirwa, ƙishiri mai yawa, da ɗalibai masu faɗi. Sakamakon illa masu tsanani sune rashin jin daɗi ko rashin abinci, fushin fata daban-daban, da canje-canje na yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Milbemycin Oxime |url=https://vcacanada.com/know-your-pet/milbemycin-oxime |website=VCA Canada Hospitals}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1cjin617vpzniarpywzrm8obx7sgkf7 Nifurtimox / eflornithine 0 158221 859550 2026-06-17T19:10:39Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298020117|Nifurtimox/eflornithine]]" 859550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|drug_name=|type=combo|component1=Nifurtimox|class1=[[antiparasitic agent]]|component2=Eflornithine|class2=antiparasitic agent <!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A/B1/B2/B3/C/D/X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A/B/C/D/X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_NZ=<!--Class A, B, C -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number=|ATCvet=|ATC_prefix=<!-- 'none' if uncategorised -->|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=|DrugBank=}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Nifurtimox/eflornithine</nowiki&gt;">Nifurtimox/eflornithine</span> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Haɗuwa da |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Nifurtimox]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Antiparasitic agent|Magungunan rigakafi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Eflornithine]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan rigakafi |} '''nifurtimox / eflornithine''' haɗuwa ce ta magungunan rigakafi guda biyu, nifurtimox da eflornithiine, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen magance 3" href="./African_trypanosomiasis" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="African trypanosomiasis">Tripanosomiasis na Afirka (rashin barci).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Priotto G, Kasparian S, Mutombo W, Ngouama D, Ghorashian S, Arnold U, Ghabri S, Baudin E, Buard V, Kazadi-Kyanza S, Ilunga M, Mutangala W, Pohlig G, Schmid C, Karunakara U, Torreele E, Kande V |date=July 2009 |title=Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, randomised, phase III, non-inferiority trial |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=374 |issue=9683 |pages=56–64 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61117-X |pmid=19559476 |s2cid=32757305 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alirol E, Schrumpf D, Amici Heradi J, Riedel A, de Patoul C, Quere M, Chappuis F |date=January 2013 |title=Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: Médecins Sans Frontières experience in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.1093/cid/cis886 |pmid=23074318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An haɓaka shi ne ta hanyar Magunguna don Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su da kuma abokan hulɗa kuma an haɗa shi a cikin jerin Magunguna masu mahimmanci na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2003 |title=Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) &#124; DNDi |url=https://dndi.org/research-development/portfolio/nect/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2010 |title=Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment for sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis): WHO wraps up training of key health care personnel |url=https://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/research/combination_treatment/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021143836/http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/research/combination_treatment/en/ |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> An rarraba shi a cikin kayan aiki tare da kayan aiki don magance marasa lafiya huɗu, wanda ke da nauyin kilo 39 kuma yana da ƙarar 170 dm3, yana mai da jigilar zuwa asibitocin ƙauyuka masu nisa ƙalubalen dabaru.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eperon G, Balasegaram M, Potet J, Mowbray C, Valverde O, Chappuis F |date=November 2014 |title=Treatment options for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1407–1417 |doi=10.1586/14787210.2014.959496 |pmc=4743611 |pmid=25204360}}</ref>&nbsp; Ana amfani da tsarin magani da aka sani da maganin haɗuwa da nifurtimox-eflornithine (NECT) a mataki na biyu na gambiense African trypanosomiasis a duk faɗin Afirka inda cutar ta zama ruwan dare.<ref name="Franco_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Samo M, Jannin JG |year=2012 |title=Monitoring the use of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) in the treatment of second stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine |volume=3 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.2147/RRTM.S34399 |pmc=6067772 |pmid=30100776 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin ya haɗa da jinkirin ruwa na 400 MG na eflornithine kowane sa'o'i 12 na kwanaki 7 tare da 15 MG / kg na nifurtimox ta baki sau uku a rana na kwanaki 10.<ref name="Franco_2012" /> Jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2019 har yanzu suna ba da shawarar NECT a lokuta na cututtukan da suka ci gaba, amma in ba haka ba suna ba da shawara kan amfani da fexinidazole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO publishes new guidelines for the treatment of sleeping sickness |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/08-08-2019-who-publishes-new-guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-sleeping-sickness |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m3z7mr3gt79qeusk11jvll8iw77ae4j Clopidol 0 158222 859551 2026-06-17T19:12:00Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330139432|Clopidol]]" 859551 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=450844569|IUPAC_name=3,5-Dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-pyridin-4-ol|image=clopidol.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=140|image2=Clopidol molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|width2=180|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the clopidol molecule <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Coyden, Clobek(Animate Animal Health)|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|clopidol}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=2971-90-6|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BX05|PubChem=18087|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=446918|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=8J763HFF5N|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D03559|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=17084|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C7H7Cl2NO/c1-3-5(8)7(11)6(9)4(2)10-3/h1-2H3,(H,10,11)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=ZDPIZLCVJAAHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=7|H=7|Cl=2|N=1|O=1|smiles=CC1=C(Cl)C(O)=C(Cl)C(C)=N1}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="8" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Clopidol</nowiki&gt;">Clopidol</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Clopidol.png|class=skin-invert-image|140x140px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Clopidol_molecule_ball.png|alt=Ball-and-stick model of the clopidol molecule|class=bg-transparent|180x180px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Coyden, Clobek (Animate Animal Health) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidol.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BX05 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BX05 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">3,5-Dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-pyridin-4-ol</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2971-90-6 2971-90-6]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/18087 18087]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.17084.html 17084]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/8J763HFF5N 8J763HFF5N]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D03559 D03559]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL446918 ChEMBL446918]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8041793 DTXSID8041793][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135111#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.019.099 100.019.099][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135111#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>7</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>7</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">192.04</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DC%28Cl%29C%28O%29%3DC%28Cl%29C%28C%29%3DN1 Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CC1=C (Cl) C (O) =C (Cl" C (C) =N1</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C7H7Cl2NO/c1-3-5 (8) 7 (11) 6 (9) 4 (2) 10-3/h1-2H3, (H,10,11) N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: ZDPIZLCVJAAHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=450844569&page2=Clopidol (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Clopidol''' wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta wanda ake amfani dashi kamar yadda yake a cikin maganin dabbobi a matsayin coccidiostat. An shirya shi ta hanyar masana'antu ta hanyar tsari mai matakai da yawa daga dehydroacetic acid . Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Amurka ta kafa 3" href="./Recommended_exposure_limit" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Recommended exposure limit">iyakar bayyanar da aka ba da shawarar (REL) don clopidol a 10 MG / m<sup>3</sup> TWA (ma'aunin ma'auni na lokaci) don jimlar bayyanar, 5 MG / m <sup>3</sup> TWA don bayyanar numfashi, da 20 MG / m2 don bayyanar gajeren lokaci. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Ayyuka ta kafa iyakar bayyanar da aka ba da izini (PEL); PEL na numfashi iri ɗaya ne da REL, amma jimlar iyakar bayyanarwa ita ce 15 MG / m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Clopidol |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0143.html |access-date= |website=Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards |publisher=NIOSH}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f5f0ulxaf3aik3z5ls9mik89pon366c Kashe Ascaricide 0 158223 859552 2026-06-17T19:13:12Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1222577845|Ascaricide]]" 859552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ascaricides''' magunguna ne don magance ascariasis wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cututtukan da ke tattare da parasitic Nematodes (roundworms) na jinsin ''Ascaris'' (''giant intestinal roundworms''). Babban tsutsa na [[aladu]] (''Ascaris suum'') yawanci yana kamuwa da aladu yayin da ''Ascaris lumbricoides'' ke shafar yawan mutane, yawanci a yankunan sub-tropical da na wurare masu zafi tare da rashin tsabta. Ascaricides na cikin ƙungiyar magungunan da ake kira anthelmintics wanda ke fitar da tsutsotsi na parasitic (helminths) da sauran parasites na ciki daga jiki ta hanyar ko dai ya gigice ko kashe su kuma ba tare da haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga mai masaukin ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Nau'o'in == Ascaricides na yau da kullun sun haɗa da: * Mebendazole (Vermox), yana haifar da jinkirin immobilization da mutuwar tsutsotsi ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓu da kuma hana shan glucose da sauran abubuwan gina jiki a cikin hanji mai saukin kamuwa inda helminths ke zaune. Adadin baki shine 100 [[Kilogram|mg]] kowane sa'o'i 12 na kwanaki 3. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Piperazine, wakili mai laushi wanda ke haifar da amsawar toshewar ƙwayar ascaris zuwa acetylcholine. Sakamakon narcotizing yana hana tsutsotsi, wanda ke hana ƙaura lokacin da aka kammala magani tare da magunguna masu rauni kamar thiabendazole. Idan aka yi amfani da shi da kansa yana haifar da tsutsotsi a cikin datti. Dosage shine 75 MG / kg (mafi girma 3.5 g) a matsayin kashi ɗaya na baki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth, Pin-Rid, Pin-X), yana lalata ganglionic block na yaduwar neuromuscular nicotinic, wanda ke haifar da shanyewar spastic na tsutsotsi. Spastic (tetanic) magungunan gurgunta, musamman pyrantel pamoate, na iya haifar da cikakkiyar toshewar hanji a cikin nauyin tsutsotsi mai nauyi. Dosage shine 11 MG / kg kada ya wuce 1 g a matsayin kashi ɗaya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Albendazole, wakili mai yawa na antihelminthic wanda ke rage samar da ATP a cikin tsutsotsi, yana haifar da raguwar makamashi, immobilization, kuma a ƙarshe mutuwa. Dosage shine 400 MG da aka bayar a matsayin kashi ɗaya na baki (wanda aka hana a lokacin daukar ciki da yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2).&nbsp; * Thiabendazole, na iya haifar da ƙaurawar tsutsotsi zuwa cikin esophagus, don haka yawanci ana haɗa shi da piperazine. * Hexylresorcinol, mai tasiri a cikin kashi ɗaya * Santonin, magani na farko da aka zaba daga shekarun 1830 har zuwa 1950 lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da mafi aminci. Yana da guba fiye da hexylresorcinol . <ref name="Holt" /> * Man na chenopodium, ya fi guba fiye da hexylresorcinol <ref name="Holt" /> == Dubi kuma == * Kwayar cuta * Ascariasis == Manazarta == <references /> oc3jpmzvbpmd5yideujl7rwig67em0j Carbadox 0 158224 859553 2026-06-17T19:14:18Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329560540|Carbadox]]" 859553 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css" />  '''Carbadox''' magani ne na dabbobi wanda ke yaki da kamuwa da cuta a cikin alade, musamman cututtukan alade. == Bayani == An nuna Carbadox don kula da cututtukan alade (vibrionic dysentery, jini mai jini, ko cututtuken zubar da jini); kula da cututtuka na alade (Salmonellosis ko necrotic enteritis wanda ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' ya haifar); taimako wajen hana ƙaura da kafa manyan cututtukansar roundworm (''Ascaris suum''); taimako wajen rigakafin kafa cututtukun nodularm (''Oesophagostomum''). <ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |date=1 Apr 2014 |title=21CFR 558.115 |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=558.115 |access-date=23 Mar 2015 |website=Code of Federal Regulations |publisher=FDA}}</ref> == Tsaro == A cikin samfuran dabbobi, an nuna carbadox a matsayin mai haifar da cutar kansa [ana buƙatar ambaton] da kuma haifar da lahani na haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoshimura |first=Haruo |year=2002 |title=Teratogenic assessment of carbadox in rats |journal=Toxicology Letters |volume=129 |issue=1–2 |pages=115–118 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00522-7 |pmid=11879981}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Hukumar Kula da Dabbobi ta yi tambaya game da aminci saboda yiwuwar cutar kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2019 |title=Questions and Answers regarding Carbadox |url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/product-safety-information/questions-and-answers-regarding-carbadox |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930182037/https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/product-safety-information/questions-and-answers-regarding-carbadox |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} == Tsarin mulki == An amince da Carbadox a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kawai don amfani da alade kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi a cikin kwanaki 42 na yanka ba ko amfani da shi ga dabbobi masu juna biyu.<ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |date=1 Apr 2014 |title=21CFR 558.115 |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=558.115 |access-date=23 Mar 2015 |website=Code of Federal Regulations |publisher=FDA}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta koma hana amfani da ita a cikin naman alade, tana mai nuna yiwuwar haɗarin ciwon daji ga mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Maggie |date=8 April 2016 |title=FDA Moves to Ban Cancer-Causing Pork Antibiotic |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-moves-ban-cancer-causing-pork-antibiotic-n553101?cid=sm_fb |access-date=9 Apr 2016 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Koyaya, tun daga watan Agusta 2018, FDA ta dakatar da janyewar amincewarta har abada kuma carbadox ya kasance. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10-K: PHIBRO ANIMAL HEALTH CORP |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/10-k-phibro-animal-health-corp-2018-08-27 |access-date=3 Jul 2019 |publisher=MarketWatch}}</ref> A cikin 2004, gwamnatin Kanada ta dakatar da carbadox a matsayin abin da ake ƙara ciyar da dabbobi kuma don amfanin ɗan adam.[1] [ba a yi nasara ba] Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma hana amfani da carbadox a kowane mataki.[2] Ostiraliya ta hana amfani da carbadox a cikin dabbobi masu samar da abinci.[3] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lzv7rwljn6sx0l7gsjockto1j5q1211 Lasalocid 0 158225 859554 2026-06-17T19:15:13Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329515640|Lasalocid]]" 859554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=462089190|IUPAC_name=6-[(3''R'',4''S'',5''S'',7''R'')-7-[(2''S'',3''S'',5''S'')-5-ethyl-5-[(2''R'',5''R'',6''S'')-|image=Lasalocid structure.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|lasalocid}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=25999-31-9|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BB02|PubChem=5360807|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChEBI=92181|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=4514598|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=W7V2ZZ2FWB|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D04671|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=145347 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=34|H=54|O=8|smiles=O=C(O)c1c(O)c(ccc1CC[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C(=O)[C@@H]([C@H]3O[C@@]([C@@H]2O[C@H]([C@](O)(CC2)CC)C)(CC)C[C@@H]3C)CC)C)C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C34H54O8/c1-9-25(31-21(6)18-34(11-3,42-31)26-16-17-33(40,10-2)23(8)41-26)30(37)22(7)28(35)19(4)12-14-24-15-13-20(5)29(36)27(24)32(38)39/h13,15,19,21-23,25-26,28,31,35-36,40H,9-12,14,16-18H2,1-8H3,(H,38,39)/t19-,21+,22+,23+,25+,26-,28+,31+,33-,34+/m1/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=BBMULGJBVDDDNI-OWKLGTHSSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Lasalocid</nowiki&gt;">Lasalocid</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lasalocid_structure.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/lasalocid.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BB02 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BB02 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">6-[ (3''R'',4''S'',5''S'',7''R'') -7-[ (2''S'',3''S'',5''S'') -5-ethyl-5-[ (2''R'',5''R'',6''S'') -</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=25999-31-9 25999-31-9]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5360807 5360807]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4514598.html 4514598]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/W7V2ZZ2FWB W7V2ZZ2FWB]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04671 D04671]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:92181 CHEBI:92181]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL145347 ChEMBL145347]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9048485 DTXSID9048485][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3827314#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.043.077 100.043.077][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3827314#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>34</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>54</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>8</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">590.798</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28O%29c1c%28O%29c%28ccc1CC%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D3O%5BC%40%40%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D2O%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%5D%28O%29%28CC2%29CC%29C%29%28CC%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D3C%29CC%29C%29C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C (O) c1c (O) C (ccc1CC[C@@@H] (C) [C@H], O) [C @H] ([C@H) [C#@H] [C@@] ([ C@@H) 2O[C@ H] ([c@H]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C34H54O8/c1-9-25 (31-21 (6) 18-34 (11-3,42-31) 26-16-17-33 (40,10-2) 23 (8) 41-26) 30 (37) 22 (7) 28 (35) 19 (4) 12-14-24-15-13-20 (5) 29 (36) 27 (24) 32 (38) 39/h13,15,19,21-23,25-26,28,31,35-36,40H,9-12,14,16-18H2,1-8H3, (H3,18,39) /t19-,21+,22+,22+,23/s<sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: BBMULGJBVDDDNI-OWKLGTHSSA-N <sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=462089190&page2=Lasalocid (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Lasalocid''' wakili ne na maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da coccidiostat, wanda aka samar da shi ta hanyar nau'ikan ''Streptomyces lasaliensis''. Magungunan ne a cikin kayan abinci da ake kira '''Bovatec''' da '''Avatec''' . Lasalocid yana iya yin tsaka-tsaki mai tsaka-tsakin tare da cations monovalent da divalent kuma jigilar su ta hanyar apolar lokaci (gami da membranes na lipid bilayer). Hakanan yana iya jigilar manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar dopamine. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dawakai da karnuka suna da saukin kamuwa da tasirin guba na lasalocid, kuma bai kamata a taɓa ba da shi ga nau'in da ba a yi niyya ba. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hal3lmx40c6kap4rpritrtzpxvt8jd6 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate 0 158226 859555 2026-06-17T19:16:24Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329512378|Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate]]" 859555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=459957208|IUPAC_name=''N''-Benzyl-''N'',''N''-dimethyl-2-phenoxyethanaminium 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylate|image=Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|drug_name=<!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=Undefined|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=Oral <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=<1%|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=Renal (negligible) <!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=3818-50-6|CAS_supplemental=<br>{{CAS|7181-73-9}} (bephenium)|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_suffix=CX02|PubChem=54678490|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=18524|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|changed|FDA}}|UNII=47RU9546DX|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1673148 <!--Chemical data-->|C=28|H=29|N=1|O=4|smiles=C[N+](C)(CCOc1ccccc1)Cc2ccccc2.c1ccc2cc(c(cc2c1)C(=O)[O-])O|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C17H22NO.C11H8O3/c1-18(2,15-16-9-5-3-6-10-16)13-14-19-17-11-7-4-8-12-17;12-10-6-8-4-2-1-3-7(8)5-9(10)11(13)14/h3-12H,13-15H2,1-2H3;1-6,12H,(H,13,14)/q+1;/p-1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=PMPQCPQAHTXCDK-UHFFFAOYSA-M}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate</nowiki&gt;">Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Pregnancy category|Matsayi na ciki<br />]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Ba a bayyana shi ba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Magana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P02CX02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P02CX02 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |<1% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |Renal (ba za a iya watsi da shi ba) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">''N''-Be''N''-''N'',N-dimethyl-2-phenoxyethanaminium 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylate</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <spa sup="sup">&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span> title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3818-50-6 3818-50-6] N [https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7181-73-9&title= 7181-73-9] (bephenium) <br /></spa> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54678490 54678490]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.18524.html 18524]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/47RU9546DX 47RU9546DX]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1673148 ChEMBL1673148]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8022662 DTXSID8022662][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56559272#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.021.189 100.021.189][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56559272#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>28</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>29</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>4</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">443.543</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BN%2B%5D%28C%29%28CCOc1ccccc1%29Cc2ccccc2.c1ccc2cc%28c%28cc2c1%29C%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29O Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C[N+] (C) (CCOc1ccccc1) Cc2ccc2.c1ccc2cc (c (cc2c1) C (=O) [O-]) O</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C17H22NO. C11H8O3/c1-18 (2,15-16-9-5-3-6-10-16) 13-14-19-17-11-7-4-8-12-17;12-10-6-8-4-2-1-3-7 (8) 5-9 (10) 11 (13) 14/h3-12H,13-15H2,1-2H3;1-6,12H, (H,13,14) /q+1;/p-1 N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:PMPQCPQAHTXCDK-UHFFFAOYSA-M<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=459957208&page2=Bephenium+hydroxynaphthoate (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate''' (INN, sunayen kasuwanci ''''''Alcopar'''''', Alcopar, '''Befenium''', '''Debefenium''', '''Francin''', '''Nemux''') wakili ne na anthelmintic wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin maganin cututtukan hookworm da ascariasis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jayewardene G, Ismail MM, Wijayaratnam Y |date=July 1960 |title=Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate in treatment of ascariasis |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5194 |pages=268–71 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5194.268 |pmc=2097409 |pmid=14406934}}</ref> An tsara shi azaman gishiri tsakanin sinadaran magunguna masu aiki, bephenium, da 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bephenium ba FDA ta amince da shi ba kuma ba a samu a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name="POC-IT">{{Cite web |last=Pham PA |date=March 19, 2009 |title=Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate |url=http://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540057/all/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate |website=Point-of-Care Information Technology ABX Guide |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]}} Retrieved on March 25, 2011.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r71o8pvjaao5ugmym3aa0vpdlml4r24 Arsenamide 0 158227 859556 2026-06-17T19:17:13Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329511710|Arsenamide]]" 859556 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css" />  '''Arsenamide''' ko '''Tiacetarsamide''' (sunan kasuwanci '''Caparsolate''') arsenical ne. Yana da wani wakili na chemotherapeutic da aka gabatar akan canine filaria da trichomonas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagata |first=M. |last2=Yamada |first2=K. |date=1962-03-20 |title=Caparsolate Sodium in the Treatment of Canine Filariasis |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvma1951/15/3/15_3_94/_article |journal=Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association |language=ja |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=94–98 |doi=10.12935/jvma1951.15.94 |issn=0446-6454 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 6ejc4tu0jlphbxvegredjyx1po47q57 Narasin 0 158228 859557 2026-06-17T19:18:09Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329516942|Narasin]]" 859557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=444434623|IUPAC_name=(2''R'')-2-[(2''R'',3''S'',5''S'',6''R'')-6-[(1''S'',2''S'',3''S'',5''R'')-5- [(2''S'',5''S'',7''R'',9''S'',10''S'',12''R'',15''R'')-2-[(2''R'',5''R'',6''S'')-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-15-hydroxy-2,10,12-trimethyl-1,6,8-trioxadispiro[4.1.5<sup>7</sup>.3<sup>5</sup>]pentadec-13-en-9-yl]-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-4-oxoheptyl]-3,5-dimethyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]butanoic acid|image=narasin.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|narasin}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=55134-13-9|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BB04|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P51|BB54}}|PubChem=65452|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=58911|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=DZY9VU539P|synonyms=(4''S'')-4-methyl-salinomycin <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=43|H=72|O=11|smiles=O=C([C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)[C@]5([H])O[C@]([C@@H](CC)C(O)=O)([H])[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]5C)[C@H](CC)[C@@]1([H])O[C@@]2(O[C@@]3(CC[C@]([C@]4([H])O[C@@H](C)[C@@](O)(CC)CC4)(C)O3)[C@H](O)C=C2)[C@H](C)C[C@@H]1C|StdInChI=1S/C43H72O11/c1-12-30(35(46)27(8)34(45)28(9)36-23(4)21-24(5)37(51-36)31(13-2)39(47)48)38-25(6)22-26(7)42(52-38)18-15-32(44)43(54-42)20-19-40(11,53-43)33-16-17-41(49,14-3)29(10)50-33/h15,18,23-34,36-38,44-45,49H,12-14,16-17,19-22H2,1-11H3,(H,47,48)/t23-,24-,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32+,33+,34+,36+,37+,38-,40-,41+,42-,43-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=VHKXXVVRRDYCIK-CWCPJSEDSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Narasin</nowiki&gt;">Narasin</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Narasin.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" | (4''S'') -4-methyl-salinomycin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/narasin.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BB54 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.&#x3C;span&#x20;title=][https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BB54 WHO]</span>.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BB04" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">WHO) QP51 BB54 (WHO) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;"> (2''R'') -2-[ (2''R'',3''S'',<sup>5</sup>''S'',6''R'') -6-[ (1''S'',2''S'',3''S'',5''R'') -5-[ (2''S'',5''S'',<sup>7</sup>''R'',9''S'',10''S'',12''R'',15''R'') --2-[ (2''R'',5''R'',6''S'') -5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-15-hydroxadispiro[4.1.57.35]pentadec-13-en-9-yl-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl]ethyl-2-trioxadispentyl-4-dimethyl-2,3</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=55134-13-9 55134-13-9]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/65452 65452]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.58911.html 58911]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/DZY9VU539P DZY9VU539P]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2046707 DTXSID2046707][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2104314#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.122.892 100.122.892][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2104314#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>43</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>72</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>11</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |765,038 g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%5D5%28%5BH%5D%29O%5BC%40%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CC%29C%28O%29%3DO%29%28%5BH%5D%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D5C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28CC%29%5BC%40%40%5D1%28%5BH%5D%29O%5BC%40%40%5D2%28O%5BC%40%40%5D3%28CC%5BC%40%5D%28%5BC%40%5D4%28%5BH%5D%29O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%40%5D%28O%29%28CC%29CC4%29%28C%29O3%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29C%3DC2%29%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D1C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C ([C@@H] (C) [C@H] [O) [C @H] ((C@]5 ([H]) O[C@] (CC) C (O) =O) ([H) [C>@H] C[C@C] (C@@C] C[H) (C@O] (C @O] ([H] (O) [[C@G@O]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C43H72O11/c1-12-30 (35 (46) 27 (8) 34 (45) 28 (9) 36-23 (4) 21-24 (5) 37 (51-36) 31 (13-2) 39 (47) 48) 38-25 (6) 22-26 (7) 42 (52-38) 18-15-32 (44) 43 (54-42) 20-19-40 (11,53-43) 33-16-17-41 (49,14-3) 29 (10) 50-33/h15,15,23-34,36-38,49H,12-14,16-14,16-33,32,13-14,13-14,23-33,38,32,32,3H2,32,42,32,14+42,42,43,42,3+42,329/30+43,43,430+42,434,23),43+,43+42,14+,434,23-34,23+42,30+40,42,40,43,40,40,430+,432,42,43+43,32,43,34,32,40,32,420,42,430++42,3432,430/4,32,43+</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: VHKXXVVRRDYCIK-CWCPJSEDSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444434623&page2=Narasin (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Narasin''' wani coccidiostat ne kuma wakili ne na maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerhold RW, Fuller AL, Lollis L, Parr C, McDougald LR |date=March 2011 |title=The efficacy of anticoccidial products against Eimeria spp. in northern bobwhites |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |doi=10.1637/9572-101310-Reg.1 |pmid=21500637 |s2cid=30943649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fitzgerald PR, Mansfield ME |date=July 1989 |title=Effects of inoculations with Eimeria zuernii on young calves treated with decoquinate or narasin with or without dexamethasone |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=1056–1059 |doi=10.2460/ajvr.1989.50.07.1056 |pmid=2774323}}</ref> An samo shi ne daga salinomycin tare da ƙarin Ƙungiyar methyl. Narasin ana samar da shi ta hanyar fermentation na wani nau'in ''Streptomyces aureofaciens'' . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} kx73ea8p7dvq0amqaj02s46b89ks8qr Toltrazuril 0 158229 859558 2026-06-17T19:19:07Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352873974|Toltrazuril]]" 859558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=448215930|image=Toltrazuril.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=240|alt=|image2=Toltrazuril molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the toltrazuril <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Baycox, Tolcox|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|toltrazuril}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BC01|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P51|BC51}}|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_CA_comment=|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=69004-03-1|PubChem=68591|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=2104931|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=61859|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=QVZ3IAR3JS|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D06187 <!--Chemical data-->|IUPAC_name=1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethylthio)phenoxy]phenyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione|C=18|H=14|F=3|N=3|O=4|S=1|smiles=CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)N2C(=O)NC(=O)N(C2=O)C)OC3=CC=C(C=C3)SC(F)(F)F|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C18H14F3N3O4S/c1-10-9-11(24-16(26)22-15(25)23(2)17(24)27)3-8-14(10)28-12-4-6-13(7-5-12)29-18(19,20)21/h3-9H,1-2H3,(H,22,25,26)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=OCINXEZVIIVXFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Toltrazuril</nowiki&gt;">Toltrazuril</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Toltrazuril.png|class=skin-invert-image|240x240px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Toltrazuril_molecule_ball.png|alt=Ball-and-stick model of the toltrazuril|class=bg-transparent|240x240px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Baycox da Tolcox |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/toltrazuril.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BC51 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.&#x3C;span&#x20;title=][https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BC51 WHO]</span>.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BC01" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">WHO) QP51 BC51 (WHO) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Canada</nowiki&gt;">CA</abbr></small>: kawai&#x20;Sai dai </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4- (trifluoromethylthio) phenoxy]phenyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69004-03-1 69004-03-1]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68591 68591]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.61859.html 61859]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/QVZ3IAR3JS QVZ3IAR3JS]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D06187 D06187]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL2104931 ChEMBL2104931]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID90219063 DTXSID90219063][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470932#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.132.547 100.132.547][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470932#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>18</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>14</sub><span title="Fluorine">F</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">425.38</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DC%28C%3DCC%28%3DC1%29N2C%28%3DO%29NC%28%3DO%29N%28C2%3DO%29C%29OC3%3DCC%3DC%28C%3DC3%29SC%28F%29%28F%29F Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CC1=C (C=CC (=C1) N2C (=O) NC (=O) N (C2=O) C) OC3=CC=C (S=C3) SC (F) (F) F</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C18H14F3N3O4S/c1-10-9-11 (24-16 (26) 22-15 (25) 23 (2) 17 (24) 27) 3-8-14 (10) 28-12-4-6-13 (7-5-12) 29-18 (19,20) 21/h3-9H,1-2H3, (H,22,25,26) N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: OCI<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=448215930&page2=Toltrazuril (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Toltrazuril''' magani ne na rigakafin kwayar cuta wanda aka yi amfani da shi don magance coccidiosis a cikin dabbobi. Coccidiosis cuta ce mai cutar cuta da coccidia ke haifar, wacce ke da microscopic, spore-forming, kwayar cuta guda ɗaya da ke cikin kwayar cutaa ta ƙwayoyin cuta ta ƙwayoyi ta ƙwayoyan cuta ta Conoidasida . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Diaferia M, Veronesi F, Morganti G, Nisoli L, Fioretti DP |date=August 2013 |title=Efficacy of toltrazuril 5 % suspension (Baycox®, Bayer) and diclazuril (Vecoxan®, Janssen-Cilag) in the control of Eimeria spp. in lambs |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=112 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=163–168 |doi=10.1007/s00436-013-3440-1 |pmid=23756962 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toltrazuril - referral |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/referrals/toltrazuril |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=European Medicines Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawkins MG |date=January 2014 |title=Advances in exotic mammal clinical therapeutics. |journal=Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |doi=10.1053/j.jepm.2013.11.006 |quote=Toltrazuril, a broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug, is effective against both schizont and gamont stages of ''Eimeria spp''.}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Toltrazuril yana aiki ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da ikon protozoa na haifuwa. Yana rushe rarrabawar tsakiya na protozoal kuma yana lalata membrane na tantanin halitta na parasites. Wannan aikin yana haifar da lalacewar coccidia a duk matakai na rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gjerde B, Helle O |date=1986 |title=Efficacy of toltrazuril in the prevention of coccidiosis in naturally infected lambs on pasture |journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=124–137 |doi=10.1186/BF03548565 |pmc=8189374 |pmid=3751809 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amfani da magani na dabbobi == Ana amfani da Toltrazuril sosai a cikin maganin dabbobi don magance coccidiosis a cikin dabbobi daban-daban, gami da kaji, aladu, shanu, tumaki, da dabbobi masu zaman kansu kamar karnuka da cats. Sau da yawa ana gudanar da shi azaman kashi ɗaya ko a cikin jerin allurai dangane da tsananin kamuwa da cuta da nau'in da ake kula da su.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ocal N, Yagci BB, Duru SY, Kul OG |date=January 2007 |title=Toltrazuril treatment for acute clinical coccidiosis in hair goat kids: clinical pathological, haematologic and biochemical findings |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242775899 |journal=Medycyna Weterynaryjna |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=805 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="pmid12887207">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mathis GF, Froyman R, Irion T, Kennedy T |date=2003 |title=Coccidiosis control with toltrazuril in conjunction with anticoccidial medicated or nonmedicated feed |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=463–9 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0463:CCWTIC]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=12887207}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ponazuril == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oiilfd482xlploarhgzbw75kkt2dn6w Stibophen 0 158230 859559 2026-06-17T19:20:14Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329520085|Stibophen]]" 859559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=387475262|IUPAC_name=Pentasodium 2-(2-oxido-3,5-disulfonatophenoxy)-1,3,2-benzodioxastibole-5,7-disulfonate|image=Stibophen.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|CAS}}|CAS_number=23940-36-5|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=EF31LJY4KN|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_suffix=BX03|PubChem=16683091|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=17615576 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=12|H=4|Na=5|O=16|S=4|Sb=1|smiles=C1=C(C=C2C(=C1S(=O)(=O)[O-])O[Sb](O2)OC3=CC(=CC(=C3[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]|StdInChI=1S/2C6H6O8S2.5Na.7H2O.Sb/c2*7-4-1-3(15(9,10)11)2-5(6(4)8)16(12,13)14;;;;;;;;;;;;;/h2*1-2,7-8H,(H,9,10,11)(H,12,13,14);;;;;;7*1H2;/q;;5*+1;;;;;;;;+3/p-8|StdInChIKey=ZDDUXABBRATYFS-UHFFFAOYSA-F}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Stibophen''' maganin rigakafi ne wanda Bayer ya kirkira wanda ake amfani dashi azaman magani ga [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller MJ, Lyon HP |date=November 1955 |title=Treatment of vesical schistosomiasis with stibophen |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1049–56 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1955.4.1049 |pmid=13268811}}</ref> ta hanyar allurar intramuscular. An rarraba shi a matsayin mahaɗin antimony mai sau uku. Sunayen alama sun haɗa da Fouadin / Fuadin (mai suna don girmama Fud I na Masar, wanda ya goyi bayan bincike da ci gabanta). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khalil M, Betache MH |date=February 1930 |title=Treatment of Bilharziasis With a New Compound 'Fouadin.' |journal=Lancet |volume=215 |issue=5553 |pages=234–35 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)87344-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williamson TV, Dodson AI |date=May 1933 |title=The Specific Effect of 'Fouadin' (Fuadin) on Granuloma Inguinale: Preliminary Report |journal=JAMA |volume=100 |issue=21 |pages=1671–76 |doi=10.1001/jama.1933.02740210019007}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Stibophen yana hana enzyme phosphofructokinase, wanda tsutsotsi ke buƙatar glycolysis, [1] aƙalla ta hanyar ɗaure sulfhydryl (-SH) rukunin enzyme.[2]. Hana glycolysis yana gurɓatar da tsutsotsi, waɗanda suka rasa riƙe su a bangon veins na mesenteric kuma suna jujjuya hanta, suna mutuwa, kuma ƙwayoyin hanta suna phagocytosed. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 72r7rlxo0ndhexl82l3n1n115xt7td2 Robenidine 0 158231 859560 2026-06-17T19:21:15Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268773528|Robenidine]]" 859560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=448215878|IUPAC_name=1,2-Bis[(4-chlorophenyl)methyleneamino]guanidine|image=Robenidine.png <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|robenidine}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=25875-51-8|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BX03|PubChem=9570438|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=4888ME6C4E|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=7844905 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=15|H=13|Cl=2|N=5|smiles=C1=CC(=CC=C1C=NNC(=NN=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)N)Cl|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C15H13Cl2N5/c16-13-5-1-11(2-6-13)9-19-21-15(18)22-20-10-12-3-7-14(17)8-4-12/h1-10H,(H3,18,21,22)/b19-9+,20-10+|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MOOFYEJFXBSZGE-LQGKIZFRSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Robenidine shine coccidiostat. Robenidine wani maganin rigakafi ne da ake amfani da shi don sarrafa coccidiosis, kamuwa da cutar protozoal mai rauni a cikin kaji.[1] Ko da yake akwai sauran magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta, robenidine yana da mahimmanci wajen kula da juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta yayin da manoma ke jujjuya amfani da robenidine tare da sauran maganin rigakafi don ƙoƙarin kiyaye tasirin waɗannan samfuran wajen yaƙi da cututtuka.[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Robenidine</nowiki&gt;">Robenidine</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Robenidine.png|class=dark_mode_safe|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Clinical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/robenidine.html International Drug Names]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BX03&#x20;(<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BX03 WHO]</span>)&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Identifiers |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>IUPAC name</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">1,2-Bis[(4-chlorophenyl)methyleneamino]guanidine</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CAS Number | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=25875-51-8 25875-51-8]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |PubChem <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr></span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9570438 9570438]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.7844905.html 7844905]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/4888ME6C4E 4888ME6C4E]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>)</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9046813 DTXSID9046813] [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7341124#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.042.993 100.042.993] [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7341124#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Chemical and physical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Formula | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>15</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>13</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>5</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Molar mass | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">334.20</span>&nbsp;g·mol<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |3D model (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC1C%3DNNC%28%3DNN%3DCC2%3DCC%3DC%28C%3DC2%29Cl%29N%29Cl Interactive image]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>SMILES</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1=CC(=CC=C1C=NNC(=NN=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)N)Cl</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C15H13Cl2N5/c16-13-5-1-11(2-6-13)9-19-21-15(18)22-20-10-12-3-7-14(17)8-4-12/h1-10H,(H3,18,21,22)/b19-9+,20-10+<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:MOOFYEJFXBSZGE-LQGKIZFRSA-N<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp;(what is this?)</span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=448215878&page2=Robenidine (verify)]</span></span> |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9g615e6f4nrrl5tdal62nh5cylgyimc Salicylhydroxamic acid 0 158232 859561 2026-06-17T19:22:27Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329367836|Salicylhydroxamic acid]]" 859561 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Hatnote|The drug SHAM is not to be confused with a sham drug, which is either a legitimate [[placebo]] or a [[quackery|quack remedy]].}}<templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css" />  '''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' ('''SHA''' ko '''SHAM''') magani ne wanda yake da karfi kuma ba za a iya juyawa ba na enzyme na [[urea]]" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Urease">urease a cikin kwayoyin cuta da tsire-tsire daban-daban; yawanci ana amfani dashi don kamuwa da cututtukan urinary. Kwayar tana kama da urea amma ba ta iya haɗawa da urease ba; <ref name="pmid_14304845">{{Cite journal |last=Fishbein |first=W |last2=Carbone |first2=P |year=1965 |title=Urease catalysis. ii. Inhibition of the enzyme by hydroxyurea, hydroxylamine, and acetohydroxamic acid |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=240 |pages=2407–2414 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97338-2 |pmid=14304845 |doi-access=free}}</ref> don haka tana rushe metabolism na [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ta hanyar hana gasa. Har ila yau wakili ne na trypanocidal. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ta baki, ana sarrafa shi zuwa salicylamide, wanda ke haifar da tasirin analgesic, antipyretic, da kuma tasirin kumburi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Salicylhydroxamic acid kuma wani nau'i ne na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kira na metallacrowns. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin tsire-tsire, wasu fungi da wasu protists tare da madadin oxidase (AOX) enzyme a cikin tsarin jigilar lantarki na mitochondrial, salicylhdroxamic acid yana aiki ne a matsayin mai hana enzyme, yana toshe yawanci ba a hana shi ba na electrons ta hanyar AOX.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anina D. Murphy |last2=Naomi Lang-Unnasch |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Alternative Oxidase Inhibitors Potentiate the Activity of Atovaquone against Plasmodium falciparum |journal=American Society for Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=651–654 |doi=10.1128/AAC.43.3.651 |pmc=89175 |pmid=10049282}}</ref> AOX yana aiki ne a matsayin "gajeren kewayon" na sarkar lantarki ta yau da kullun, yana watsar da electrons tare da raguwar translocation na protons, sabili da haka ya rage samar da ATP ta hanyar Oxidative phosphorylation. Lokacin da SHAM ta toshe AOX, ana tilasta electrons ta hanyar hanyar cytochrome da kuma ta hanyar rikitarwa IV, yana ba da damar lura da aikin hanyar cytochrom ba tare da aikin AOX ba. An gano hanyar AOX ta zama hanyar jigilar lantarki ta musamman a cikin ''Trypanosoma brucei'', kwayar halitta da ke haifar da Ciwon Barci na Afirka, ma'ana SHAM gaba ɗaya ta rufe amfani da iskar oxygen ta wannan kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minagawa N |last2=Yabu Y |last3=Kita K |last4=Nagai K |last5=Ohta N |last6=Meguro K |last7=Sakajo S |last8=Yoshimoto A |year=1997 |title=An antibiotic, ascofuranone, specifically inhibits respiration and in vitro growth of long slender bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei |journal=Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=271–80 |doi=10.1016/S0166-6851(96)02797-1 |pmid=9084049}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yabu Y |last2=Yoshida A |last3=Suzuki T |last4=Nihei C |last5=Kawai K |last6=Minagawa N |last7=Hosokawa T |last8=Nagai K |last9=Kita K |last10=Ohta N |year=2003 |title=The efficacy of ascofuranone in a consecutive treatment on Trypanosoma brucei brucei in mice |journal=Parasitol. Int. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=155–64 |doi=10.1016/S1383-5769(03)00012-6 |pmid=12798927}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Acetohydroxamic acid == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Urologicals}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lemodkskawv45dujxm6jm6c8fsj7vg9 Quinapyramine 0 158233 859562 2026-06-17T19:23:15Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329519467|Quinapyramine]]" 859562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=384102285|IUPAC_name=N'-(4-imino-1,2-dimethyl-6-quinolyl)-1,6-dimethylpyrimidin-1-ium-2,4-diamine|image=quinapyramine.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=20493-41-8|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=B2NT1100WR|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=DX05|PubChem=5351805|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=4508792 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=17|H=21|N=6|charge=+|smiles=CC1=CC(=N)C2=C(N1C)C=CC(=C2)NC3=NC(=[N+](C(=C3)C)C)N|StdInChI=1S/C17H20N6/c1-10-7-14(18)13-9-12(5-6-15(13)22(10)3)20-16-8-11(2)23(4)17(19)21-16/h5-9,18H,1-4H3,(H2,19,20,21)/p+1/b18-14+|StdInChIKey=KMJWBVJQFGRCEB-NBVRZTHBSA-O}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Quinapyramine</nowiki&gt;">Quinapyramine</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Quinapyramine.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51DX05 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51DX05 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">N'- (4-imino-1,2-dimethyl-6-quinolyl) -1,6-dimethylpyrimidin-1-ium-2,4-diamine</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20493-41-8 20493-41-8]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5351805 5351805]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4508792.html 4508792]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/B2NT1100WR B2NT1100WR]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID90942667 DTXSID90942667][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7272074#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>17</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>21</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>6</sub><sup>+</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">309.397</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DCC%28%3DN%29C2%3DC%28N1C%29C%3DCC%28%3DC2%29NC3%3DNC%28%3D%5BN%2B%5D%28C%28%3DC3%29C%29C%29N Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CC1=CC (=N) C2=C (N1C) C=CC (=C2) NC3=NC (=[N+] (C (=C3) C) N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C17H20N6/c1-10-7-14 (18) 13-9-12 (5-6-15 (13) 22 (10) 3) 20-16-8-11 (2) 23 (4) 17 (19) 21-16/h5-9,18H,1-4H3, (H2,19,20,21) /p+1/b18-14+</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:KMJWBVJQFGRCEB-NBVRZTHBSA-O</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=384102285&page2=Quinapyramine (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Quinapyramine''' wakili ne na trypanocidal don amfani da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawking F, Sen AB |date=December 1960 |title=The trypanocidal action of homidium, quinapyramine and suramin |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=567–70 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1960.tb00283.x |pmc=1482270 |pmid=13712404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ranjithkumar M, Saravanan BC, Yadav SC, Kumar R, Singh R, Dey S |date=February 2014 |title=Neurological trypanosomiasis in quinapyramine sulfate-treated horses--a breach of the blood-brain barrier? |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=371–7 |doi=10.1007/s11250-013-0498-9 |pmid=24197687 |s2cid=16060891}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} taod09dsgd9zctdlm4jqv6dsf8atoab Pyrimethamine / dapsone 0 158234 859563 2026-06-17T19:24:15Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312535002|Pyrimethamine/dapsone]]" 859563 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox drug|drug_name=|type=combo <!-- Combo data -->|component1=Pyrimethamine|class1=[[Antimalarial]]|component2=Dapsone|class2=[[Antimicrobial]] <!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=Maloprim|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=|ATCvet=|ATC_prefix=<!-- 'none' if uncategorised -->|ATC_suffix=<!-- Legal status -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C5, D1, D2, E, F1, F2, F3, F4 -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_US_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_status=<!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number=|PubChem=|DrugBank=|KEGG=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Pyrimethamine/dapsone</nowiki&gt;">Pyrimethamine/dapsone</span> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Haɗuwa da |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Pyrimethamine]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Antimalarial|Magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Dapsone]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Antimicrobial|Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Rashin tausayi |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />[[pyrimethamine]]/dapsone" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink">Pyrimethamine / dapsone, wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Maloprim, magani ne na haɗuwa da ake amfani da shi don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da pneumonia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pividal J, Viktinski V, Streat E, Schapira A |date=June 1992 |title=Efficacy of dapsone with pyrimethamine (Maloprim) for malaria prophylaxis in Maputo, Mozambique |journal=East African Medical Journal |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=303–305 |pmid=1505413}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyrimethamine (Monograph) |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pyrimethamine.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da pyrimethamine ('''Daraprim'''), maganin rigakafi, da dapsone, sulfon. Yana da amfani musamman don hana sake farfado da cututtukan da ke ɓoye a cikin manya masu fama da rigakafi. Koyaya, amfani da shi yana iyakance ta hanyar yiwuwar guba ta jini.<ref name="Aronson_2006" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r97m3d1p0ktief0pxio6u7fpkwcxiw4 Pafuramidine 0 158235 859564 2026-06-17T19:25:17Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329687602|Pafuramidine]]" 859564 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css" />  '''Pafuramidine''' (wanda aka tsara a matsayin maleic acid salt '''pafuramidine maleate''') magani ne na gwaji don maganin pneumonia (PCP). A shekara ta 2006, [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka]] ta ba da pafuramidine matsayin maganin marayu don PCP a cikin marasa lafiya tare da [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2006 |title=US FDA Grants Immtech's Oral Drug Candidate Pafuramidine (DB289) Orphan Drug Status for Treatment of PCP |url=https://www.drugs.com/nda/db289_061121.html |publisher=[[Drugs.com]]}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje na farko na asibiti sun nuna cewa pafuramide yana da tasiri a kan cutar huhu kuma yana da damar samun karancin sakamako masu illa fiye da daidaitattun magani tare da trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen D, Marsh R, Aberg JA |date=December 2007 |title=Pafuramidine for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals |journal=Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=921–928 |doi=10.1586/14787210.5.6.921 |pmid=18039076 |s2cid=22249374}}</ref> Pafuramidine kuma ya kai matakin III na gwajin asibiti don maganin cututtukan bacci na Afirka na farko, amma an dakatar da ci gaba a cikin 2008 saboda damuwa game da guba na koda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pafuramidine maleate (DB289) |url=http://www.swisstph.ch/about-us/departments/medicines-research/pharmaceutical-medicine/experience/pafuramidine-maleate-db289.html |publisher=Swiss Tropical and Public Health Initiative}}</ref><ref name="pmid22940726">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Harrill AH, Desmet KD, Wolf KK, Bridges AS, Eaddy JS, Kurtz CL, Hall JE, Paine MF, Tidwell RR, Watkins PB |date=December 2012 |title=A mouse diversity panel approach reveals the potential for clinical kidney injury due to DB289 not predicted by classical rodent models |journal=Toxicological Sciences |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=416–426 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfs238 |pmc=3498743 |pmid=22940726}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rw5h8i79s5djog13c0fge4718fk9seq Decoquinate 0 158236 859567 2026-06-17T19:39:33Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329513155|Decoquinate]]" 859567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=405798585|IUPAC_name=6-Decoxy-7-ethoxy-4-oxo-1''H''-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester|image=decoquinate.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=250 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|decoquinate}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=18507-89-6|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BX04|PubChem=29112|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|changed|FDA}}|UNII=534I52PVWH|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D03667|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=416230|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=27081|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C24H35NO5/c1-4-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-30-21-15-18-20(16-22(21)28-5-2)25-17-19(23(18)26)24(27)29-6-3/h15-17H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,25,26)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=JHAYEQICABJSTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=24|H=35|N=1|O=5|smiles=CCCCCCCCCCOC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C(=O)C(=CN2)C(=O)OCC)OCC}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Decoquinate''' shine quinolone coccidiostat da ake amfani da shi a cikin maganin dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=da Cruz FP, Martin C, Buchholz K, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Rodrigues T, Sönnichsen B, Moreira R, Gamo FJ, Marti M, Mota MM, Hannus M, Prudêncio M |date=April 2012 |title=Drug screen targeted at Plasmodium liver stages identifies a potent multistage antimalarial drug |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=205 |issue=8 |pages=1278–86 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis184 |pmc=3308910 |pmid=22396598}} tl7qh4jot9i0skylte251ix766zzzta Propamidine 0 158237 859568 2026-06-17T19:40:35Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352527616|Propamidine]]" 859568 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css" />  '''Propamidine''' maganin antiseptic ne kuma disinfectant. Propamidine isethionate, gishiri na propamidine tare da isethionic acid, ana amfani dashi a cikin maganin kamuwa da ''Acanthamoeba''.<ref name="pmid7726493">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perrine D, Chenu JP, Georges P, Lancelot JC, Saturnino C, Robba M |date=February 1995 |title=Amoebicidal efficiencies of various diamidines against two strains of Acanthamoeba polyphaga |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=339–42 |doi=10.1128/aac.39.2.339 |pmc=162538 |pmid=7726493}}</ref> Propamidine memba ne na ƙungiyar diamidine mai ƙamshi wanda ke da kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cuta a kan kwayoyin halitta da yawa. Wadannan diamidines suna yin aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta akan pyogenic cocci, staphylococci mai tsayayya da maganin rigakafi da wasu bacilli na Gram-negative, ana riƙe aikin diamidines a gaban kwayoyin halitta kamar ruwa na nama, pus da serum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brolene Eye Drops - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (eMC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6742/smpc#PHARMACOLOGICAL_PROPS |access-date=2018-11-23 |website=www.medicines.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Antiseptics and disinfectants}}{{Agents against amoebozoa}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f3kmtc4fgzhpknvyxlxqajv7zlc7h3z Oryzalin 0 158238 859569 2026-06-17T19:41:31Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351842557|Oryzalin]]" 859569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=431581830|IUPAC_name=4-(Dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide|image=Oryzalin.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=19044-88-3|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=662E385DWH|ATC_prefix=none|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=29393|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=C18877|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=27326 <!--Chemical data-->|C=12|H=18|N=4|O=6|S=1|smiles=CCCN(CCC)c1c([N+](=O)[O-])cc(S(N)(=O)=O)cc1[N+](=O)[O-]|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C12H18N4O6S/c1-3-5-14(6-4-2)12-10(15(17)18)7-9(23(13,21)22)8-11(12)16(19)20/h7-8H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,21,22)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=UNAHYJYOSSSJHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N|melting_point=137|melting_high=139}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Oryzalin</nowiki&gt;">Oryzalin</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oryzalin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">4- (Dipropylamino) -3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=19044-88-3 19044-88-3]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/29393 29393]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.27326.html 27326]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/662E385DWH 662E385DWH]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C18877 C18877]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8024238 DTXSID8024238][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410996#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.038.873 100.038.873][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410996#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>12</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>18</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">346.36</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCCN%28CCC%29c1c%28%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29cc%28S%28N%29%28%3DO%29%3DO%29cc1%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na narkewa | class="infobox-data" |137 zuwa 139 °C (279 zuwa 282 °F) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CCCN (CCC) c1c ([N+] (=O) [O-]) cc (S (N) (=O) =O) cc1[N+) (=O] [O-]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C12H18N4O6S/c1-3-5-14 (6-4-2) 12-10 (15 (17) 18) 7-9 (23 (13,21) 22) 8-11 (12) 16 (19) 20/h7-8H,3-6H2,1-2H3, (H2,13,21,22) N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:U<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=431581830&page2=Oryzalin (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Oryzalin''' maganin herbicide ne na ajin dinitroaniline . Yana aiki ta hanyar rushewa (depolymerization) na microtubules, don haka yana toshe ci gaban Anisotropic na sel na shuke-shuke. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don haifar da polyploidy a cikin tsire-tsire a matsayin madadin colchicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klíma M, Vyvadilová M, Kucera V |date=January 2008 |title=Chromosome doubling effects of selected antimitotic agents in Brassica napus microspore culture |url=http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/01063.pdf |journal=Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=30–36 |doi=10.17221/1328-CJGPB}}</ref> Yanayin aikin Oryzalin shine hana taron microtubule, don haka Rarrabawar HRAC ita ce rukuni na D (Australia), rukuni na K1 (duniya) ko rukuni na 3 (lambar). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification of Herbicides According to Site of Action |url=https://www.weedscience.org/Documents/ShowDocuments.aspx?DocumentID=1193 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=www.weedscience.org |publisher=WSSA}}</ref> An yi amfani da kimanin fam 250,000 (110 a Amurka a cikin 2019, daga kimanin fam 750,000 (340 a cikin 2010, da kuma fam 1,000,000 (450 a 1995 (ta hanyar kimantawar USGS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pesticide Use Maps - Oryzalin |url=https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2019&map=ORYZALIN&hilo=L&disp=Oryzalin |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=water.usgs.gov |publisher=USGS}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * Oryzalina cikin Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) {{Aniline Herbicides}}{{Herbicides}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 89xizlupq0s06vmjtj26k9vbo9h3psk Oltipraz 0 158239 859570 2026-06-17T19:42:31Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353687628|Oltipraz]]" 859570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=449559107|IUPAC_name=4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-3-dithiolethione|image=Oltipraz.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=64224-21-1|ATC_prefix=none|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=47318|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=6N510JUL1Y|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEBI=77319|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=178459|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=43066 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=8|H=6|N=2|S=3|smiles=CC1=C(SSC1=S)C2=NC=CN=C2|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C8H6N2S3/c1-5-7(12-13-8(5)11)6-4-9-2-3-10-6/h2-4H,1H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=CKNAQFVBEHDJQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Oltipraz</nowiki&gt;">Oltipraz</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oltipraz.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">4-methyl-5- (2-pyrazinyl) -3-dithiolethione</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=64224-21-1 64224-21-1]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/47318 47318]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.43066.html 43066]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/6N510JUL1Y 6N510Yuli1Y]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:77319 CHEBI:77319]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL178459 ChEMBL178459]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7021079 DTXSID7021079][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7088765#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.058.833 100.058.833][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7088765#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>8</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span><sub>3</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">226.33</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DC%28SSC1%3DS%29C2%3DNC%3DCN%3DC2 Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CC1=C (SSC1=S) C2=NC=CN=C2</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C8H6N2S3/c1-5-7 (12-13-8 (5) 11) 6-4-9-2-3-10-6/h2-4H,1H3 N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:CK<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=449559107&page2=Oltipraz (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Oltipraz''' wani fili ne na organosulfur wanda ke cikin ajin [[dithiolethione]] . <ref name="pmid19150646">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prince M, Li Y, Childers A, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Kleiner HE |date=March 2009 |title=Comparison of citrus coumarins on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in Nrf2 knockout mice |journal=Toxicology Letters |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=180–186 |doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.014 |pmc=2676710 |pmid=19150646}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ansari MI, Khan MM, Saquib M, Khatoon S, Hussain MK |date=May 2018 |title=Dithiolethiones: a privileged pharmacophore for anticancer therapy and chemoprevention |journal=Future Medicinal Chemistry |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1241–1260 |doi=10.4155/fmc-2017-0281 |pmid=29749746}}</ref> Yana aiki azaman Shistosomicide kuma an nuna shi a cikin samfuran dabbobi don hana samuwar ciwon daji a cikin hanji, jini, hanji, koda, hanta, huhu, pancreas, ciki, da trachea, fata, da nama na mama.<ref name="pmid15252150">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Gordon GB |date=July 2004 |title=A strategy for cancer prevention: stimulation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=885–893 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.885.3.7 |pmid=15252150 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid15374950">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Iida K, Itoh K, Kumagai Y, Oyasu R, Hattori K, Kawai K, Shimazui T, Akaza H, Yamamoto M |date=September 2004 |title=Nrf2 is essential for the chemopreventive efficacy of oltipraz against urinary bladder carcinogenesis |journal=Cancer Research |volume=64 |issue=18 |pages=6424–6431 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1906 |pmid=15374950 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na oltipraz sun kasa nuna inganci kuma sun nuna mahimman sakamako masu illa, gami da Neurotoxicity da guba na gastrointestinal.<ref name="pmid15252150" /> An kuma nuna Oltipraz don samar da radicals na superoxide, wanda zai iya zama mai guba.<ref name="pmid15680910">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Velayutham M, Villamena FA, Fishbein JC, Zweier JL |date=March 2005 |title=Cancer chemopreventive oltipraz generates superoxide anion radical |journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=435 |issue=1 |pages=83–88 |doi=10.1016/j.abb.2004.11.028 |pmid=15680910}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} hxdipxitg0jme9y1rw89vyilx2g5ipl Dirofilariasis 0 158240 859571 2026-06-17T19:43:32Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294392254|Dirofilariasis]]" 859571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Dirofilariasis | synonym = | image = Parasite140076-fig1 Dirofilaria repens removed from a subcutaneous nodule - Photos.png | caption = Comparison of probable ''[[Dirofilaria repens]]'' <small>(left)</small> and ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' <small>(right)</small> | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Dirofilariasis |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Parasite140076-fig1_Dirofilaria_repens_removed_from_a_subcutaneous_nodule_-_Photos.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Kwatanta yiwuwar ''[[Dirofilaria repens]]'' <small> (hagu) </small> da ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' <small> (dama) </small> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q443929?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''''Dirofilaria''''' kamuwa ne da kwayar cuta ta jinsin Dirofilaria . <ref name="j115">{{Cite journal |last=Klochko |first=Alena |date=2023-11-07 |title=Dirofilariasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236698-overview |access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref> Ana watsa shi ta hanyar sauro; manyan rundunoninsa sun hada da karnuka da karnuka na daji. Wadannan na iya haifar da granulomas a cikin jijiyoyin huhu. Wasu alamun da aka saba da su sun hada da tari, zazzabi da zubar da jini. Hakanan yana iya bayyana a kan X-rays na kirji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Dirofilariasis FAQs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dirofilariasis/faqs.html |access-date=May 16, 2019 |website=Center for disease control and prevention}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dirofilariasis yana haifar da cin [[sauro]]. Tsuntsaye masu girma suna samar da microfilariae a cikin zagayawa, waɗanda sauro ke cinyewa lokacin da suka ci dabba mai kamuwa da cuta. A cikin sauro, microfilariae suna tasowa cikin tsutsotsi masu kamuwa da cuta. Lokacin da sauro ya ciji wani dabba, waɗannan tsutsotsi suna ƙaura zuwa wurin cinyewa kuma suna haɓaka cikin tsutsa mai girma a cikin zuciya da jijiyoyin huhu. == Binciken ganewa == Dirofilariasis sau da yawa ana gano shi ta hanyar nazarin nama da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken bincike na cututtukan tsabar kudi. Gwaje-gwaje na jini ba su da taimako a cikin ganewar asali na dirofilariasis a cikin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prevention |first=CDC - Centers for Disease Control and |title=CDC - Dirofliariasis - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dirofilariasis/faqs.html |access-date=2017-10-08 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> == Magani == An bayar da rahoton magani tare da maganin rigakafi na tetracycline don lalata ''Dirofilaria immitis'', sau da yawa yana haifar da mutuwar tsutsotsi masu girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kramer |first=L. |last2=Grandi |first2=G. |last3=Leoni |first3=M. |last4=Passeri |first4=B. |last5=McCall |first5=J. |last6=Genchi |first6=C. |last7=Mortarino |first7=M. |last8=Bazzocchi |first8=C. |date=2008-12-10 |title=Wolbachia and its influence on the pathology and immunology of Dirofilaria immitis infection |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.014 |issn=0304-4017 |pmid=18947926}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kt804b0cbt6ofblscd4175jg2qlmdyu Niridazole 0 158241 859572 2026-06-17T19:44:44Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329361254|Niridazole]]" 859572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=444347219|IUPAC_name=1-(5-Nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)imidazolidin-2-one|image=Niridazole.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|MedlinePlus=a682128|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=61-57-4|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_suffix=BX02|PubChem=6093|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=N116U8Y5QQ|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D05170|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=5868 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=6|H=6|N=4|O=3|S=1|smiles=C1CN(C(=O)N1)C2=NC=C(S2)[N+](=O)[O-]|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C6H6N4O3S/c11-5-7-1-2-9(5)6-8-3-4(14-6)10(12)13/h3H,1-2H2,(H,7,11)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=RDXLYGJSWZYTFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Niridazole</nowiki&gt;">Niridazole</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Niridazole.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682128.html a682128]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P02BX02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P02BX02 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">1- (5-Nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl) imidazolidin-2-one</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-57-4 61-57-4]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6093 6093]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5868.html 5868]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/N116U8Y5QQ N116U8Y5Q]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D05170 D05170]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6045244 DTXSID6045244][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7039974#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.466 100.000.466][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7039974#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">214.20</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1CN%28C%28%3DO%29N1%29C2%3DNC%3DC%28S2%29%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1CN (C (=O) N1) C2=NC=C (S2) [N+] (=O) [O-]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C6H6N4O3S/c11-5-7-1-2-9 (5) 6-8-3-4 (14-6) 10 (12) 13/h3H,1-2H2, (H,7,11) N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:RDXLYGJSWZYTFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444347219&page2=Niridazole (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} Niridazole shine schistosomicide. Ana amfani da shi don magance schistosomiasis, cutar helmintic da wasu flatworms (trematodes) ke haifarwa daga kwayar halitta Schistosoma (tsohon Bilharzia). Hakanan ana san shi da sunan kasuwancin sa Ambilhar. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi azaman allunan. Niridazole yana da guba na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya kuma yana iya haifar da sakamako masu haɗari, kamar hallucinations. Har ila yau, yana iya haifar da halayen rashin lafiyan a cikin mutane masu saurin ji. Koyaya, yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan schistosomicide mafi inganci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz N |date=November 1975 |title=Clinical evaluation of niridazole and hycanthone in schistosomiasis mansoni endemic areas |journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=203–9 |bibcode=1975JTEHA...1..203K |doi=10.1080/15287397509529322 |pmid=1107578}}</ref> Kwanan nan kuma an bincika shi don amfani a cikin maganin Periodontitis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barat R, Srinatha A, Pandit JK, Mittal N, Anupurba S |date=November 2007 |title=Ethylcellulose inserts of an orphan drug for periodontitis: preparation, in vitro, and clinical studies |journal=Drug Delivery |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=531–8 |doi=10.1080/10717540701606517 |pmid=18027183 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barat R, Srinatha A, Pandit JK, Ridhurkar D, Balasubramaniam J, Mittal N, Mishra DN |year=2006 |title=Niridazole biodegradable inserts for local long-term treatment of periodontitis: possible new life for an orphan drug |journal=Drug Delivery |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=365–73 |doi=10.1080/10717540500398126 |pmid=16877312 |s2cid=31987972}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Niridazole yana mai da hankali cikin sauri a cikin kwayar cuta kuma yana hana oogenesis da spermatogenesis. Har ila yau, fili yana hana enzyme na phosphofructokinase, wanda ke haifar da raguwar glycogen da [[Hepatic shift|canjin hanta]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Anthelmintics}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fxnlekkfc7am1o0fzpbode2u9ux1zv0 Tramitichromis trilineatus 0 158242 859573 2026-06-17T19:45:06Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646490|Tramitichromis trilineatus]]" 859573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tramitichromis trilineatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa a yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin, yana fifita ruwa mai zurfi tare da ƙasa mai yashi. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == iw0cxo3ej1s1jag15wl84e4i1oyaele 859574 859573 2026-06-17T19:45:32Z Engineer014 44591 859574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tramitichromis trilineatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa a yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin, yana fifita ruwa mai zurfi tare da ƙasa mai yashi. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == 794tcpjfvs5lcap4fgwfgr9gjw9jpm7 Toxocara Malayasiensis 0 158243 859575 2026-06-17T19:45:37Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323169746|Toxocara malayasiensis]]" 859575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|image_caption=|genus=Toxocara|species=malayasiensis|authority=Gibbons et al., 2001|synonyms=}} '''''Toxocara Malayasiensis''''' wani nau'in ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne, kwayar cuta ce da ke kamuwa da hanji na cats. Ana wucewa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin al'amarin cats, kuma ana iya watsa su ga mutane, suna haifar da Toxocariasis, wata cuta mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibbons |first=L. M. |last2=Jacobs |first2=D. E. |last3=Sani |first3=R. A. |date=1 June 2001 |title=''Toxocara malaysiensis'' n. sp. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from the domestic cat (''Felis catus'' Linnaeus, 1758) |url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/1185/ |journal=[[Journal of Parasitology]] |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=660–665 |doi=10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0660:TMNSNA]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=11426732 |s2cid=155802 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake yana iya zama [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]], ba a bayyana har zuwa wane mataki ba. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kwayar cuta (mutumi) * Rashin kamuwa da cuta a cikin ciki * Cutar dabbobi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&S=0&C=0&A=498 Roundworms: Cats da Kittens daga The Pet Health Library] * CDC podcast akan Toxocariasis {{Domestic cat}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q12059457}}{{Helminthiases}} rqlzvm3e8b9rhzv66vsuhmuntyy9mju Tropheops gracilior 0 158244 859576 2026-06-17T19:46:27Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646528|Tropheops gracilior]]" 859576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tropheops gracilior''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a cikin kogo a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.2|cm|in}} TL . == Manazarta == 6rfkbcjj6kui2sboi5exbzrzimzqyt6 859579 859576 2026-06-17T19:46:52Z Engineer014 44591 859579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tropheops gracilior''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a cikin kogo a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.2|cm|in}} TL . == Manazarta == toolstvcfmmwa87wnq5rs9sem75ic5n Hombolo Dam 0 158245 859577 2026-06-17T19:46:43Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Dam din Hombolo''' dam ne a Tanzaniya. Yana a kauyen Hombolo-Bwawani, a gundumar Dodoma-rural. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ce ta gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1957 domin noman ruwa, samar da ruwan sha na cikin gida, da ruwan sha na dabbobi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E10.htm</nowiki></ref> == Dubawa == Dam ɗin yana hidimar ƙauyuka masu zuwa: Hombolo-Bwawani, Zepisa, Mahomanyika, Chanzaga, Ngaegae, Mleche, Ghambala, da Ipala; kalmar bw... 859577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Hombolo''' dam ne a Tanzaniya. Yana a kauyen Hombolo-Bwawani, a gundumar Dodoma-rural. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ce ta gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1957 domin noman ruwa, samar da ruwan sha na cikin gida, da ruwan sha na dabbobi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E10.htm</nowiki></ref> == Dubawa == Dam ɗin yana hidimar ƙauyuka masu zuwa: Hombolo-Bwawani, Zepisa, Mahomanyika, Chanzaga, Ngaegae, Mleche, Ghambala, da Ipala; kalmar bwawani a Swahili a zahiri tana nufin "zuwa dam" ko "cikin dam." A lokacin da ake gina shi ƙauye mafi kusa da ofisoshin gwamnati, ciki har da ma'aikatar, shine Hombolo saboda haka ake kiran dam Hombolo. Mutanen da ke kauyukan da ke kusa da su sun yi gudun hijira tare da ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙauyuka a lokacin da ake aikin gina madatsar ruwa, ciki har da Zepisa, yayin da ƙauyukan ujamaa ke motsa jiki don haka ya kusa bacewar waɗannan ƙauyuka, amma da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙauyukan sun koma baya. == Manazarta == 3bi495ql6fvg3b6e47iatmb0jlbacfh 859583 859577 2026-06-17T19:48:26Z Nnamadee 31123 859583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Hombolo''' dam ne a Tanzaniya. Yana a kauyen Hombolo-Bwawani, a gundumar Dodoma-rural. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ce ta gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1957 domin noman ruwa, samar da ruwan sha na cikin gida, da ruwan sha na dabbobi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E10.htm</nowiki></ref> == Dubawa == Dam ɗin yana hidimar ƙauyuka masu zuwa: Hombolo-Bwawani, Zepisa, Mahomanyika, Chanzaga, Ngaegae, Mleche, Ghambala, da Ipala; kalmar bwawani a Swahili a zahiri tana nufin "zuwa dam" ko "cikin dam." A lokacin da ake gina shi ƙauye mafi kusa da ofisoshin gwamnati, ciki har da ma'aikatar, shine Hombolo saboda haka ake kiran shi Hombolo dam. Mutanen da ke kauyukan da ke kusa da su sun yi gudun hijira tare da ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙauyuka a lokacin da ake aikin gina madatsar ruwa, ciki har da Zepisa, yayin da ƙauyukan ujamaa ke motsa jiki don haka ya kusa bacewar waɗannan ƙauyuka, amma da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙauyukan sun koma baya. == Manazarta == icmtour72fwkcvevaltc33hq7xm0c01 Notoedric mange 0 158246 859578 2026-06-17T19:46:45Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271403314|Notoedric mange]]" 859578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Notoedres-cati-mite.JPG|image_alt=|image_caption=|status=|status_system=|status_ref=|genus=Notoedres|species=cati|authority=(Hering, 1838)|synonyms=*''[[Sarcoptes]] cati'' <small>Hering, 1838</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref>''Notoedres cati'' (Hering, 1838) in GBIF Secretariat (2019). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset {{doi|10.15468/39omei}} accessed via https://www.gbif.org/species/2181903 on 2020-02-24.</ref>}} '''Notoedric mange''', wanda kuma ake kira Feline scabies, ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu yaduwa da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyi masu yaduwar fata '''''Notoedres cati''''' (Acarina, Sarcoptidae). ''N. cati'' da farko kwayar cuta ce ta felids, amma kuma tana iya kamuwa da rodents, Lagomorphs, kuma a wasu lokuta kuma karnuka da foxes. Wannan cuta ta fata kuma tana da damar [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]].<ref name="Kumar et al 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=K. Senthil |last2=Selvaraj |first2=P. |last3=Vairamuthu |first3=S. |last4=Srinivasan |first4=S. R. |last5=Kathiresan |first5=D. |date=November 2008 |title=Ivermectin therapy in the management of notoedric mange in cats |url=https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810043400}}</ref> Ana kuma kiran kamuwa da cuta acariasis, wanda ke nufin rash wanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar. == Alamomi da alamomi == Cutar ''N. cati'' tana haifar da alamomi da yawa kamar ƙishirwa mai tsanani, alopecia, sikelin da halayyar bushewa, ɓawon burodi, cututtukan pruritic waɗanda suka fara bayyana a yankin kunnuwa kuma da sauri suna yadawa a fuska, idanu, wuyansa kuma suna ci gaba da mamaye dukan jiki.<ref name="Kraabøl et al 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kraabøl |first=Morten |last2=Gundersen |first2=Vegard |last3=Fangel |first3=Kirstin |last4=Olstad |first4=Kjetil |date=17 December 2015 |title=The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective |journal=Fauna Norvegica |volume=35 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.5324/fn.v35i0.1652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin asibiti suna bayyana a cikin lokacin shayarwa, wanda galibi kwanaki 10 zuwa makonni 8 bayan yaduwar ta faru ne daga hulɗa da dabba mai kamuwa.<ref name="DrydenMange">{{Cite web |last=Dryden |first=Michael W. |title=Mange in Dogs and Cats - Integumentary System |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/mange/mange-in-dogs-and-cats |website=Veterinary Manual}}</ref> Fata za ta zama mai kauri kuma launi na murfin zai canza rawaya ko launin toka yayin da cutar ke ci gaba.<ref name="Hnilica & Patterson 2017" /><ref name="Bowman2014">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Anastasia |date=June 25, 2014 |title=Notoedres cati |url=https://www.aavp.org/wiki/arthropods/arachnids/astigmata/notoedres-cati/ |website=American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists}}</ref><ref name="DrydenMange" /> Rashin jin daɗi na kai saboda ciwo mai tsanani na iya haifar da ciwon cututtukan fata mai tsanani, cututtuken ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu. Notoedric mange mai ci gaba da yawa yakan haifar da rashin kulawa, anorexia har ma da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hellmann |first=Klaus |last2=Petry |first2=Gabriele |last3=Capari |first3=Balazs |last4=Cvejic |first4=Dejan |last5=Krämer |first5=Friederike |date=13 June 2013 |title=Treatment of Naturally Notoedres cati-infested Cats with a Combination of Imidacloprid 10 % / Moxidectin 1 % Spot-on (Advocate® / Advantage® Multi, Bayer) |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=112 |issue=S1 |pages=57–66 |doi=10.1007/s00436-013-3281-y |pmid=23760872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin mutane, kamuwa da ''N.cati'' na iya haifar da cututtukan pruritic na ɗan lokaci. == Dalilin da ya sa == Notoedric mange ya samo asali ne daga kwayar sarcoptic ''Notoedres cati'' wacce ke cikin iyalin Sarcoptidae wanda ya kunshi ƙwayoyin burrowing. ''N. cati'' yana tono hanyarsa ta cikin fata na dabba mai masaukin baki, wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani. Alamomin halayen Notoedric mange sun samo asali ne daga rashin lafiyan jikin mai masaukin akan samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma lalacewar inji da ta haifar da tonowa ta fata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panigrahi |first=P. N. |last2=Mohanty |first2=B. N. |last3=Gupta |first3=A. R. |last4=Patra |first4=R. C. |last5=Dey |first5=S. |date=2016 |title=Concurrent infestation of Notoedres, Sarcoptic and Psoroptic acariosis in rabbit and its management |journal=Journal of Parasitic Diseases |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=1091–1093 |doi=10.1007/s12639-014-0631-3 |pmc=4996244 |pmid=27605843}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Akwai yanayi da yawa waɗanda likitocin dabbobi galibi suna fara fitarwa lokacin da suke gano Notoedric mange. Wadannan yanayin da aka fitar na iya zama misali; otoacariasis, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, hypersensitivity na abinci, cututtukan autoimmune da [[Lupus|tsarin lupus erythematosus]]. Otoacariasis wani cuta ne mai ban sha'awa na tashar kunne, wanda zai iya haifar da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cakabay |first=Taliye |last2=Gokdogan |first2=Ozan |last3=Kocyigit |first3=Murat |date=September 2016 |title=Human otoacariasis: Demographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ear-canal ticks and a review of literature |journal=Journal of Otology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=111–117 |doi=10.1016/j.joto.2016.06.003 |pmc=6002594 |pmid=29937819}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci N. cati a matsayin dalilin Notoedric mange ana iya gano shi daga samfurin cire fata tare da ganewar microscopic kai tsaye na ƙwayoyin cuta, saboda akwai adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyi a kan fata. Alamun halayen da na tsarin Notoedric mange suna taimakawa tare da ganewar asali. == Cutar da ke faruwa == Wannan cututtukan fata na kwayar cuta tana da yaduwa sosai kuma ana canja shi da farko ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da dabba mai kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Bowman2014">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Anastasia |date=June 25, 2014 |title=Notoedres cati |url=https://www.aavp.org/wiki/arthropods/arachnids/astigmata/notoedres-cati/ |website=American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists}}</ref><ref name="Kraabøl et al 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kraabøl |first=Morten |last2=Gundersen |first2=Vegard |last3=Fangel |first3=Kirstin |last4=Olstad |first4=Kjetil |date=17 December 2015 |title=The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective |journal=Fauna Norvegica |volume=35 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.5324/fn.v35i0.1652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''N. cati'' na iya rayuwa na kwanaki 1-3 a waje da mai masaukin, kuma a wannan lokacin ƙwayoyin zasu iya canja wurin zuwa wani dabba.<ref name="DrydenMange">{{Cite web |last=Dryden |first=Michael W. |title=Mange in Dogs and Cats - Integumentary System |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/mange/mange-in-dogs-and-cats |website=Veterinary Manual}}</ref> == Magani == Wasu magungunan rigakafin cututtukan da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa Notoedric mange sun haɗa da selamectin, moxidectin, ivermectin da lemun tsami sulfur dips.<ref name="Kumar et al 2008" /><ref name="Bowman2014" /><ref name="DrydenMange" /> Ana amfani da sulfur na lemun tsami kuma yana da aminci don sarrafa Notoedric mange a kan cats. Bai kamata a ba da izinin cats da aka yi musu magani su yi ado ba kafin a bushe rigarsu sosai bayan magani, saboda sulfur na lemun tsami na iya haifar da guba idan an sha shi da baki.<ref name="Pinchbeck & Hillier 2006" /> Ana kuma amfani da sulfur na Lime a gefen Notoedres a matsayin magani ga Sarcoptes, Demodex, Cheyletiella, Lynxacarus, chiggers da cututtukan tsutsa. == Dubi kuma == * Ku ci * Sarcoptes scabiei * Demodicosis * Lime sulfur == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2792puuoiyh4u3vw6kt120z5mh4cf4t Tropheops macrophthalmus 0 158247 859580 2026-06-17T19:47:47Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646539|Tropheops macrophthalmus]]" 859580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tropheops macrophthalmus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == sszubzsnorr091cb56j6534vndovofm 859582 859580 2026-06-17T19:48:06Z Engineer014 44591 859582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tropheops macrophthalmus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == b1npe9mixu16lot21no1i1xj0pg5ftn Fasciolopsiasis 0 158248 859581 2026-06-17T19:47:54Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353746088|Fasciolopsiasis]]" 859581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Fasciolopsiasis | synonym = | image = Fasciolopsis buski egg 08G0039 lores.jpg | caption = Eggs of ''[[Fasciolopsis buski]]'' | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Fasciolopsiasis |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Fasciolopsis_buski_egg_08G0039_lores.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Kwayoyin ''[[Fasciolopsis buski]]'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140729?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |} <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />'''Fasciolopsiasis''' ya samo asali ne daga kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar ''Fasciolopsis buski'', mafi girman ƙwayar hanji na [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], yana girma har zuwa {{Cvt|7.5|cm|in}} in) tsawo. == Alamomi da alamomi == Yawancin kamuwa da cuta ba su da yawa, kusan ba su da alamomi. A cikin cututtuka masu tsanani, alamun na iya haɗawa da [[Ciwon ciki]], [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] mai tsanani, anemia, ascites, [[Cututtukan jini|Toxemia]], da kuma amsawar rashin lafiyan. Rashin hankali da ya haifar da shan magungunan allergenic metabolites na tsutsotsi na iya haifar da toshewar hanji kuma yana iya haifar da mutuwar mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhattacharjee HK, Yadav D, Bagga D |year=2001 |title=Fasciolopsiasis presenting as intestinal perforation: a case report |journal=Trop Gastroenterol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=40–1 |pmid=19624087}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Kwayar cutar ta kamu da [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] na amphibious <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mas-Coma |first=S. |last2=Bargues |first2=M.D. |last3=Valero |first3=M.A. |date=October 2005 |title=Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=11–12 |pages=1255–1278 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010 |pmid=16150452}}</ref> (kamar ''Segmentina nitidella, Segmentina hemisphaerula, Hippeutis schmackerie, Gyraulus, Lymnaea, Pila da Planorbis'' (''Indoplanorbis'')) bayan an sake su da guba mai shayarwa; Metacercaria da aka saki daga wannan matsakaici mai masauki a kan Tsire-tsire na ruwa kamar ruwa spinach, wanda aladu da mutane ke cinyewa. Ruwa kanta na iya kamuwa da cuta lokacin da aka sha ba tare da tafasa ba ("Encysted cercariae ya wanzu ba kawai a kan Tsire-tsire na ruwa ba, har ma a saman ruwa") <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weng YL, Zhuang ZL, Jiang HP, Lin GR, Lin JJ |year=1989 |title=Studies on ecology of Fasciolopsis buski and control strategy of fasciolopsiasis |journal=Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi |language=zh |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=108–11 |pmid=2805255}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Bayyana ƙwai na microscopic, ko [[Amai|kumfa]] mafi ƙarancin ƙwayoyin manya, a cikin tururi ko vomitus shine tushen takamaiman ganewar asali. Kwayoyin ba za a iya rarrabe su ba daga wadanda ke da alaƙa da ''Fasciola hepatica'' hanta, amma hakan ba shi da mahimmanci tunda magani iri ɗaya ne ga duka biyun. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rigakafi == Ana iya hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar nutse kayan lambu a cikin ruwan tafasa na 'yan seconds don kashe metacercariae mai kamuwa da cutar, guje wa amfani da datti mara magani ("ƙasa ta dare") a matsayin taki, da kuma kula da tsabta mai kyau da tsabta mai tsabta. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari a sarrafa [[Dodon kodi|kwari]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Magani == Praziquantel shine magani da aka zaba don magani. Magani yana da tasiri a farkon ko cututtukan da ba su da yawa. Cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani sun fi wuya a magance su. Nazarin tasirin magunguna daban-daban don kula da yara tare da ''F. buski&nbsp;'' sun nuna tetrachloroethylene kamar yadda zai iya rage ƙididdigar kwai na faecal har zuwa 99%. Sauran magungunan da za a iya amfani da su sun hada da Tiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole da pyrantel pamoate.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rabbani GH, Gilman RH, Kabir I, Mondel G |year=1985 |title=The treatment of ''Fasciolopsis buski'' infection in children: a comparison of thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, hexylresorcinol and tetrachloroethylene |journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=513–5 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(85)90081-1 |pmid=4082261}}</ref> Oxyclozanide, hexachlorophene da nitroxynil suma suna da tasiri sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Probert AJ, Sharma RK, Singh K, Saxena R |year=1981 |title=The effect of five fasciolicides on malate dehydrogenase activity and mortality of ''Fasciola gigantica'', ''Fasciolopsis buski'' and ''Paramphistomum explanatum'' |journal=J Helminthol |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=115–22 |doi=10.1017/S0022149X0002558X |pmid=7264272 |s2cid=23797188}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == [[Fayil:Mapfbuski1.jpg|thumb|Rarraba ''Fasciolopsis buski'']] ''F. buski'' yana da yawa a [[Asiya]] ciki har da [[Sin|China]], [[Taiwan]], Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], da [[Indiya]]. Yana da yaduwar kashi 60% a cikin al'ummomin da suka fi fama da cutar a kudanci da gabashin [[Indiya]] da kuma kasar Sin kuma ya haifar da kimanin mutane miliyan 10. Cutar tana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta ko a yankunan da ba su da tsarin tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keiser J, Utzinger J |year=2009 |title=Food-borne trematodiases |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=466–83 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00012-09 |pmc=2708390 |pmid=19597009}}</ref> Wani bincike daga shekarun 1950 ya gano cewa ''F. buski&nbsp;'' ya kasance a tsakiyar Thailand, yana shafar kimanin mutane 2,936 saboda tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta da ake kira caltrops na ruwa da rundunonin kwari waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su. Cutar, ko ƙwai waɗanda ke fure a cikin yanayin ruwa, suna da alaƙa da gurɓataccen ruwa a gundumomi daban-daban na Thailand kamar Lardin Ayuthaya. Babban kamuwa da cuta ya kasance a cikin mata da yara masu shekaru 10-14.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sadun EH, Maiphoom C |year=1953 |title=Studies on the epidemiology of the human intestinal fluke, ''Fasciolopsis Buski'' in Central Thailand |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1070–84 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1953.2.1070 |pmid=13104816}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Graczyk TK, Gilman RH, Fried B |year=2001 |title=Fasciolopsiasis: is it a controllable food-borne disease? |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=80–3 |doi=10.1007/s004360000299 |pmid=11199855 |s2cid=19075125}} * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA |year=2005 |title=Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=11–12 |pages=1255–78 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010 |pmid=16150452}} * {{Cite journal |last=Saurabh |first=K |last2=R |first2=Shilpi |date=2017 |title=Fasciolopsiasis in Children: Clinical, Sociodemographic Profile and Outcome |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=551–554 |doi=10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_17_7 |pmid=29405148 |doi-access=free}} == Haɗin waje == {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|B|66|5|b|65}}|ICD9={{ICD9|121.4}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D014201}}{{Consumer Food Safety}}{{Helminthiases}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eywa14j7qgplidn3h2t29e9wumi1bli Tropheops tropheops 0 158249 859584 2026-06-17T19:49:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646558|Tropheops tropheops]]" 859584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tropheops''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ya fi kama da na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], wanda ya fi son wuraren da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == mzjbx91yzxikebgnvh789j1suke69vi 859585 859584 2026-06-17T19:49:24Z Engineer014 44591 859585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tropheops''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ya fi kama da na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], wanda ya fi son wuraren da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == cmdubh9l5p04g4y4s1vnojaz3clmuik 859591 859585 2026-06-17T19:53:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646558|Tropheops tropheops]]" 859591 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tropheops''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ya fi kama da na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], wanda ya fi son wuraren da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == mzjbx91yzxikebgnvh789j1suke69vi 859592 859591 2026-06-17T19:54:04Z Engineer014 44591 859592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tropheops''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ya fi kama da na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], wanda ya fi son wuraren da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == cmdubh9l5p04g4y4s1vnojaz3clmuik Taenia crassiceps 0 158250 859586 2026-06-17T19:50:11Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344889658|Taenia crassiceps]]" 859586 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Speciesbox|image=2009-02-24 Taenia crassiceps.jpg|image_caption=''Taenia crassiceps'' larvae|genus=Taenia|species=crassiceps|authority=(Zeder, 1800)}} Taenia crasiceps shine tsutsotsi a cikin dangin Taeniidae. Kwayar cuta ce mai kama da manya wacce siffar manya ke cutar da hanjin dabbobi masu cin nama, kamar canids. Yana da alaƙa da Taenia solium, tapeworm na alade, da Taenia saginata, naman sa tapeworm. Ana samun ta a Arewacin Hemisphere, musamman a duk faɗin Kanada da Arewacin Amurka. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Matsakaicin matsakaicin halitta na wannan kwayar halitta yawanci ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ƙwayoyin. Matakan larval na ''T. crassiceps'' suna tasowa a cikin fata ko a cikin ramin jikinsu a matsayin cysticerci wanda shine tsarin cyst.<ref name="Schmid-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Schmid |first=S |last2=Grimm |first2=F |last3=Huber |first3=M |last4=Beck |first4=B |last5=Custer |first5=P |last6=Bode |first6=B |year=2013 |title=JPLL InvestiGator Catalog |journal=Cytopathology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=340–1 |doi=10.1111/cyt.12092 |pmid=24102803 |s2cid=205049949}}</ref> Taenia crasiceps ta fara rayuwarta a cikin hanjin karnukan daji, irin su kerkeci. A cikin kerkeci, tsutsar tsutsa ta haihu. Ana ratsa ƙwai a cikin najasar ƙwanƙwasa sai bera ya cinye shi. Lokacin da bera ya cinye shi da wani kerkeci, yanayin rayuwar parasite yana maimaita. Taenia crassiceps ba kasafai ke kamuwa da mutane ba, amma idan sun yi hakan, sukan haifar da tsutsa tsutsa da ke ci gaba da zama makanta. Babban garkuwar garkuwar jikin mutum yana kawar da kwayar cutar kafin lalacewa ta dindindin, duk da haka, yara ba su da kariya. [ana yanayi hujja] == Cututtukan mutane == An bayyana ''Taenia crassiceps'' a matsayin kamuwa da cuta a cikin mummunar rigakafi, kamar yadda yake a cikin [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Francois |first=A |year=1998 |title=Taenia crassiceps in advanced immuno deficiency syndrome |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=488–92 |doi=10.1097/00000478-199804000-00015 |pmid=9537478}}</ref> Amma kamuwa da cuta ta mutum ba ta da yawa, tare da rahotanni guda takwas kawai kuma mutanen da suka kamu da cutar sun kasance marasa lafiya masu hana rigakafi inda kwayar cuta ta taru a kan tsokoki na kwarangwal da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma wasu tare da cututtukan intraocular.<ref name="Schmid-2013" /> Rodents sune matsakaitan matsakaici na halitta, kuma suna ɗauke da tsutsotsi masu kama da cyst (metacestodes, cysticerci) a cikin ramin peritoneal, inda suke ninka ta hanyar budding asexual. Mutane suna aiki a matsayin matsakaici lokacin da aka cinye abinci ko ruwa da aka gurɓata da guba daga canids ko felids masu kamuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heldwein |first=K |last2=Biedermann |first2=HG |last3=Hamperl |first3=WD |last4=Bretzel |first4=G |last5=Löscher |first5=T |last6=Laregina |first6=D |last7=Frosch |first7=M |last8=Büttner |first8=DW |last9=Tappe |first9=D |year=2006 |title=Subcutaneous Taenia crassiceps infection in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=108–11 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.108 |pmid=16837716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cerebral_MRI_of_Taenia_Crassiceps_tapeworm_infection.jpg|left|thumb|MRI na gashin kai na mace ta Jamus kamar yadda aka bayyana. A- Bayani na Hanyar, hoton MR mai nauyin T1. Rashin rauni na 30 × 30 mm tare da edema na perifocal yana cikin hemisphere na dama na cerebellum kuma ya haifar da ataxia, ciwon kai, da nausea. An matse ventricle na huɗu. B- Ra'ayi na Coronal, hoton MR mai nauyin T2. Bayyanar cyst-kamar kwayar cutar tana bayyane a sarari. Wannan rauni za a iya fassara shi ba daidai ba a matsayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, racemose cysticercosis wanda ya haifar da Taenia solium tapeworm, ko coenurosis. C- Ra'ayi na Sagittal, hoton MR tare da wakili mai haɓaka bambanci. D- Bayani na Hanyar Hanyar Halin, hoton tomographic bayan tiyata.]] An bayyana wani lamari na intracranial ''T. crassiceps'' tapeworm cysticercosis tare da mummunar shiga cikin cerebellum. Wata mace 'yar Jamus mai shekaru 51 an kwantar da ita a asibiti saboda [[ciwon kai]], ƙishirwa, da amai. Alamomi da alamun sun fara makonni biyu da suka gabata, kuma tsananin ya karu tun daga lokacin. A lokacin shigarwa, mai haƙuri ya nuna ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa amma babu ƙarin rashi na jijiyoyi. Ba ta da zazzabi ko wasu alamomi. Ba ta da sanannun yanayi na yau da kullun ko kuma kwanan nan a asibiti kuma ba ta taɓa shan magungunan rigakafi ba. Ba ta da tarihin iyali na alamun jijiyoyi ko cututtukan cututtuka. Haɗin cirewar tiyata na tsutsotsi da magani tare da albendazole da praziquantel ya haifar da cikakkiyar warkewa a cikin wannan mai haƙuri wanda ba shi da rigakafi. An gano kwayar halitta ta hanyar hanyoyin kwayoyin, don haka kauce wa kuskuren ganewar cutar ''Taenia solium'' tapeworm cysticercosis.<ref name="Ntoukas-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Ntoukas |first=V |last2=Tappe |first2=D |last3=Pfütze |first3=D |last4=Simon |first4=M |last5=Holzmann |first5=T |year=2013 |title=Cerebellar cysticercosis caused by larval ''Taenia crassiceps'' tapeworm in immunocompetent woman, Germany |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2008-2011 |doi=10.3201/eid1912.130284 |pmc=3840866}}</ref> == Alamomi == Wataƙila babu alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Alamomin na iya haɗawa da ciwon kai, ƙishirwa, da amai.<ref name="Ntoukas-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Ntoukas |first=V |last2=Tappe |first2=D |last3=Pfütze |first3=D |last4=Simon |first4=M |last5=Holzmann |first5=T |year=2013 |title=Cerebellar cysticercosis caused by larval ''Taenia crassiceps'' tapeworm in immunocompetent woman, Germany |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2008-2011 |doi=10.3201/eid1912.130284 |pmc=3840866}}</ref> == Nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje == Sakamakon gwajin da ya dace daga gwajin rigakafin rigakafin da ke da alaƙa da enzyme ELISA don maganin rigakafin anticysticercal yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ganewar asali; duk da haka, sakamakon gwajin da ba shi da kyau ba ya ware cysticercosis. Ƙididdigar CBC na iya bayyana eosinophilia. == Magunguna == Cirewar tiyata wajibi ne ga mutanen da ke da intraocular cysts. Corticosteroids da aka gudanar a lokacin aiki na iya taimakawa rage kumburi da ke da alaƙa da uveitis. Ana iya magance cysticercosis na waje yadda ya kamata tare da maganin antihelminthics kamar albendazole ko praziquantel da corticosteroids na baki. == Gudanar da rigakafi == An yi nazarin martani na rigakafin da ''T. crassiceps'' da antigens dinsa suka haifar a cikin sel na mutum da na beraye, yana nuna cewa yana da ƙarfin hali don haifar da martani na Th2 wanda ke da manyan matakan Th2 cytokines, ƙananan amsawa a cikin sel lymphocytic, rashin girma da LPS-tolerogenic a cikin sel dendritic, ɗaukar sel masu hana myeloid, da macrophages masu aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peon, Espinoza-Jimenez, Terrazas |first=Alberto N., Arlette, Luis I. |date=14 November 2012 |title=Immunoregulation by Taenia crassiceps and Its Antigens |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/498583 |pmc=3591211 |pmid=23484125 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == ''Ya haɗa da rubutun yankin jama'a daga CDC kamar yadda aka ambata''<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Taenia crassiceps}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q287611}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4b523y0tfb33o3njqznfha8nj35fke4 Trematocranus pachychilus 0 158251 859587 2026-06-17T19:50:48Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646518|Trematocranus pachychilus]]" 859587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Trematocranus_pachychilus_(10.3897-zookeys.743.22814)_Figure_5_(cropped).jpg|status=DD|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |date=2018 |title=''Trematocranus pachychilus'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T129252382A148849062 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T129252382A148849062.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Trematocranus pachychilus|authority=Dierickx, Hanssens, Rusuwa, Snoeks, 2018|synonyms=}} '''''Trematocranus pachychilus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Yana da iyaka da yankin Jafua Bay na Tafkin Malawi. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan nau'in ''pachychilus'' yana nufin ''lebe mai kauri'' a Girkanci. == Bayani == Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 31.5–33.8mm. Kai mai tsayi, yayin da jiki ke da zurfi kuma an matse shi a gefe. Hanci mai nuna baki da kuma bakinsa. Lebe suna da kauri sosai. Hakora suna da siriri, gabaɗaya a miƙe kuma suna ɗan lanƙwasa a ciki. Jiki yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa ɗan launin toka. Dorsum ya fi ciki duhu. == Manazarta == krk4pfyqbkd6zy6wy10oiz74x9ig6sy 859589 859587 2026-06-17T19:52:18Z Engineer014 44591 859589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Trematocranus pachychilus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Yana da iyaka da yankin Jafua Bay na Tafkin Malawi. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan nau'in ''pachychilus'' yana nufin ''lebe mai kauri'' a Girkanci. == Bayani == Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 31.5–33.8mm. Kai mai tsayi, yayin da jiki ke da zurfi kuma an matse shi a gefe. Hanci mai nuna baki da kuma bakinsa. Lebe suna da kauri sosai. Hakora suna da siriri, gabaɗaya a miƙe kuma suna ɗan lanƙwasa a ciki. Jiki yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa ɗan launin toka. Dorsum ya fi ciki duhu. == Manazarta == ovkvo8vt784i8kk1mdr0fdc3l0djhea Oxantel 0 158252 859588 2026-06-17T19:51:54Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329517747|Oxantel]]" 859588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=444385192|IUPAC_name=3-[(''E'')-2-(1-Methyl-5,6-dihydro-4''H''-pyrimidin-2-yl)ethenyl]phenol|image=Oxantel.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=36531-26-7|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_suffix=CC02|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P52|AF03}}|PubChem=5281087|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=94AJJ30D9E|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D00806|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=4444540 <!--Chemical data-->|C=13|H=16|N=2|O=1|smiles=CN1CCCN=C1/C=C/C2=CC(=CC=C2)O|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C13H16N2O/c1-15-9-3-8-14-13(15)7-6-11-4-2-5-12(16)10-11/h2,4-7,10,16H,3,8-9H2,1H3/b7-6+|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=VRYKTHBAWRESFI-VOTSOKGWSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Oxantel</nowiki&gt;">Oxantel</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxantel.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P02CC02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P02CC02 WHO]</span>) QP52AF03 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP52AF03 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">3-[ (''E'') -2- (1-Met''H''-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrimidin-2-yl) ethenyl]phenol</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=36531-26-7 36531-26-7]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281087 5281087]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4444540.html 4444540]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/94AJJ30D9E 94AJJ30D9E]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00806 D00806]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID601016597 DTXSID601016597][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227207#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>13</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>16</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">216.284</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CN1CCCN%3DC1%2FC%3DC%2FC2%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC2%29O Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CN1CCCN=C1/C=C/C2=CC (=CC=C2) O</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C13H16N2O/c1-15-9-3-8-14-13 (15) 7-6-11-4-2-5-12 (16) 10-11/h2,4-7,10,16H,3,8-9H2,1H3/b7-6+ N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:VRYKTHBAWRESFI-VOTSOKGWSA-<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444385192&page2=Oxantel (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Oxantel''' magani ne. Yawanci ana amfani dashi a cikin maganin mutum da dabba a matsayin magani ga tsutsotsi na hanji.<ref name="pmid33929716">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Palmeirim MS, Specht S, Scandale I, Gander-Meisterernst I, Chabicovsky M, Keiser J |date=June 2021 |title=Preclinical and Clinical Characteristics of the Trichuricidal Drug Oxantel Pamoate and Clinical Development Plans: A Review |journal=Drugs |volume=81 |issue=8 |pages=907–921 |doi=10.1007/s40265-021-01505-1 |pmc=8144136 |pmid=33929716}}</ref> An kuma nuna cewa yana hana fumarate reductase a wasu ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="pmid24165189">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dashper S, O'Brien-Simpson N, Liu SW, Paolini R, Mitchell H, Walsh K, D'Cruze T, Hoffmann B, Catmull D, Zhu Y, Reynolds E |date=2014 |title=Oxantel disrupts polymicrobial biofilm development of periodontal pathogens |url= |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=378–85 |doi=10.1128/AAC.01375-13 |pmc=3910723 |pmid=24165189}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a pyrantel, oxantel yana rage yawan ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta na ciki fiye da acetylcholine sau 100, wanda ke haifar da ciwon tsoka mai ɗorewa, wanda ke sa ƙwayoyin cuta su mutu sakamakon gurguwar tsoka. Ana amfani da wannan maganin anthelmintic don magance dabbobin gida da kuma dabbobi, kuma an ruwaito cewa an yi amfani da shi wajen jure wa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙungiyoyin dabbobi biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopp SR, Kotze AC, McCarthy JS, Traub RJ, Coleman GT |date=November 2008 |title=Pyrantel in small animal medicine: 30 years on |journal=Veterinary Journal |volume=178 |issue=2 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.021 |pmid=17720556}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 891hpkchd5eye864fo40qp31ucewp00 Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka da Cutututtuka na Zoonotic 0 158253 859590 2026-06-17T19:53:00Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317017088|National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases]]" 859590 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa da na [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] ('''NCEZID''') cibiyar ƙasa ce a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) don rigakafi, ganowa da wuri, da kuma kula da barazanar cututtukan cututtukani. NCEZID tana aiki tare a duk faɗin CDC da kuma abokan hulɗa na waje ta hanyar One Health approach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Reorganization of the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/07/12/2023-14704/reorganization-of-the-national-center-for-emerging-and-zoonotic-infectious-diseases}}</ref> NCEZID yana aiki don kare mutane daga cututtukan da ke fitowa, cututtuken da ke dauke da abinci, da cututtukon zoonotic (cututtukan waɗanda zasu iya tsalle ta hanyar yaduwar jinsin daga dabba zuwa mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoonoses |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a halin yanzu a cikin shekara ta 2010. Koyaya, ayyukanta na kimiyya da burinta sun koma tarihin CDC na baya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-11-14 |title=About the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/about/index.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) |language=en-us}}</ref> An kirkiro NZEZID ta hanyar haɗa wasu sassan kungiyoyin da suka gabata, '''Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Zoonotic, Vectorborne, da Enteric''' da Cibiyar Kulawa, Bincike, da Kula da Cututtuka masu yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDC reorganization creating emerging and zoonotic disease center |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2010-02-01/cdc-reorganization-creating-emerging-and-zoonotic-disease-center |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.avma.org}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin cibiyoyin CDC guda uku da ke mai da hankali kan cututtukan cututtuka, tare da Cibiyar Kula da Rigakafi da Cututtukan numfashi ta Kasa da Cibiyar Nazarin HIV / AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, da Rigakafin TB. == Ayyuka == NCEZID tana ganowa da saka idanu kan cututtukan cututtuka ta hanyar misalai masu zuwa na kokarin ta: <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-12-09 |title=Our 2025 Priorities |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/priorities/index.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) |language=en-us}}</ref> * Kula da ruwa mai guba (bincike ruwa mai gubawa don cututtukan cututtuka) a Amurka * Yin aiki a kan magunguna ga barazanar juriya ta antimicrobial, ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da magungunan antimicrobian <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-01-31 |title=About Antimicrobial Resistance |url=https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-resistance/about/index.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Antimicrobial Resistance |language=en-us}}</ref> da tallafawa kokarin AMR na duniya ta hanyar aiki tare da Laboratory na Resistance Antimicrobial da Cibiyar Amsawa ta Duniya, Ayyukan Duniya a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, da PulseNet International. * Aiwatar da sa ido na kwayoyin halitta na matafiyi a tashar jiragen ruwa na dabarun don gargadi na farko da kuma rage cututtukan cututtuka. == Ƙungiya == NCEZID ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: * Sashen Lafiya na Duniya * Sashen Kula da Abinci, Ruwa, da Cututtukan Muhalli * Sashen Cutar Cutar Ciki da Kwarewa * Rarraba cututtukan cututtuka da zazzabin cizon sauro * Rukunin cututtukan da ke dauke da cututtuka, wanda ke aiki don ganowa da amsawa ga cututtukun da ke daukewa da cututtukani waɗanda ke da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam a cikin gida da kuma duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-11 |title=About Division of Vector-borne Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/divisions-offices/about-dvbd.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) |language=en-us}}</ref> * Sashen Ingancin Kula da Lafiya, wanda ke aiki ta hanyar tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya a Amurka da kuma duniya don kare marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-09-10 |title=About Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/divisions-offices/about-dhqp.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) |language=en-us}}</ref> * Sashe na High-Consequence Pathogens da Pathology, wanda ke kare jama'a daga cututtuka masu kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-09-19 |title=About Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/divisions-offices/about-dhcpp.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) |language=en-us}}</ref> Duk da yake yawancin ƙungiyoyin NCEZID suna zaune a Atlanta tare da sauran CDC, ƙungiyoyi biyu suna zaune a wasu wurare. Sashen cututtukan Vector-Borne yana zaune ne a Fort Collins, Colorado, tare da reshe a San Juan, Puerto Rico. Shirin Bincike na Arctic yana zaune ne a Anchorage, Alaska . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2019 |title=Living in Atlanta |url=https://www.cdc.gov/jobs/living-in-atlanta.html |access-date=May 29, 2019 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Sashen Lafiya na Migration na Duniya yana aiki da wuraren keɓewa a birane 20 a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2019 |title=U.S. Quarantine Stations |url=https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/quarantine-stations-us.html |access-date=May 29, 2019 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> NCEZID tana shiga cikin shirye-shiryen CDC masu zuwa: * Advanced Molecular Detection, wanda ke amfani da fasahar Tsarin kwayoyin halitta don aikace-aikace kamar bin diddigin barkewar abinci zuwa tushen su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-05-30 |title=About CDC's Advanced Molecular Detection Program |url=https://www.cdc.gov/advanced-molecular-detection/php/about/index.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Advanced Molecular Detection (AMD) |language=en-us}}</ref> * Lafiya ta Duniya, wanda shine ofishin da ke fadin sassan da cibiyoyin CDC daban-daban, yana magance cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa da cututtukana ta amfani da Tsarin Shirye-shiryen Lafiya na Duniya na CDC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-07-18 |title=Global Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/topics-programs/global-health.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) |language=en-us}}</ref> * One Health, wanda ke aiki a kan ayyukan One Health a cikin ƙasa da na duniya, kuma yana magance wasu batutuwan zoonotic da cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa da kuma shirye-shiryen annobar da amsawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-10-30 |title=About CDC's One Health Office |url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/php/about/index.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=One Health |language=en-us}}</ref> == History == NCEZID ta maye gurbin '''Cibiyar Cututtukan Cututtuka''', ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin asali da aka kafa a 1980. A cikin shekara ta 2007, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin nan gaba, Cibiyar Cututtukan Cututtuka ta raba cikin Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukani ta Zoonotic, Vectorborne, da Enteric da Cibiyar Kulawa, Bincike, da Kula da Cututtuka masu Cututtuka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2007-05-15 |title=Infectious disease center increases public health impact |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2007-06-01/infectious-disease-center-increases-public-health-impact |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=American Veterinary Medical Association |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an sake daidaita waɗannan cibiyoyin biyu, tare da shirye-shiryen su zuwa sabon NCEZID ko Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, da sauran sassan CDC.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2010 |title=CDC reorganization creating emerging and zoonotic disease center |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2010-02-01/cdc-reorganization-creating-emerging-and-zoonotic-disease-center |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=American Veterinary Medical Association |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3hq3ckuusq0qlhyk15u61u5os5wqy7i Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Duniya 0 158254 859593 2026-06-17T19:54:24Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334308131|Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network]]" 859593 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan ta Duniya da Cututattun ('''GIDEON''') dandamali ne na kan layi don bincike da tallafin asibiti a fannonin Cututtukani da Cutututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Victor L. |last2=Edberg |first2=Stephen C. |date=2005-01-01 |title=Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON): A World Wide Web-Based Program for Diagnosis and Informatics in Infectious Diseases |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=123–126 |doi=10.1086/426549 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=15614701 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda yawan bayanan dijital da ke akwai yanzu daga tushe da yawa a duk duniya, tattara da tattara bayanai masu amfani yana ba da ƙalubale ga masu binciken kiwon lafiya da jami'an kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Ya zuwa 2026, kimanin 1,500 kwayoyin cuta, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] (viruses), parasites, prions, da fungi an gano su, an yi nazari, kuma masu bincike sun bayyana su. Masana kimiyya na duniya, likitoci, da masana bayanai na GIDEON suna tattara da kuma nazarin bayanai akan duk waɗannan cututtukan kuma suna tsara su a cikin taƙaitaccen, daidai, da kuma tsarin da za'a iya amfani da shi. Kamfanin mai sauƙin amfani, software mai mallaka ba kawai yana bawa masu bincike damar karanta taƙaitaccen rubutu ba amma don ganin yanayin Yaduwar cututtuka, ɗaukar allurar rigakafi, da juriya ta antimicrobial. == Ƙungiya == GIDEON ya ƙunshi manyan sassan guda biyar: '''Bincike''', '''Lab''', '''Bincike'''. Tsarin '''Bincike''' yana bawa masu amfani damar nazarin babban bayanan GIDEON da nazarin ciki na cututtukan cututtukani, '''Bincike''', da barkewar cutar. Hakanan mutum na iya '''Bincika''' magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da allurar rigakafi. Ana iya tsara bayanai ta hanyar pathogen, cuta, ko ƙasa. Za'a iya inganta shi ta hanyar yanki, gundumar / lardin, karamar hukuma, damuwa, da sauran ka'idoji da yawa. '''Lab''' ɗin yana bawa likitoci, ɗalibai, da jami'an kiwon lafiya na jama'a damar gano ƙwayoyin cuta, mycobacteria, da yisti ta hanyar phenotype da sauran rukunoni da yawa. Tsarin Diagnosis, wanda Stephen Berger, MD, ya tsara, yana amfani da nazarin Bayesian don gano marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan cututtuka. Wannan shirin mai mallaka ana gwada shi lokaci-lokaci kuma likitoci sun yi amfani da shi cikin nasara a wurare daban-daban na kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Yana haifar da ganewar asali ta hanyar la'akari da alamun ƙasa, bayanan tarihi, jiyya da suka gabata, rarrabawar sararin samaniya da na lokaci na annoba, da sauran ka'idoji da yawa. Bayan an shigar da bayanai, tsarin GIDEON yana samar da jerin dukkan cututtukan da za su iya faruwa kuma ya ba da ƙimar kididdiga ga kowannensu, daga mafi kusantar zuwa mafi ƙarancin yiwuwar. Tsarin Visualize ya ƙunshi aikace-aikace don samar da jadawalin barkewar cututtuka da yanayin, ɗaukar allurar rigakafi, kasancewar vectors, da haɗarin cututtuka (dangane da algorithm na musamman wanda ke la'akari da sauye-sauye iri-iri, gami da sauye yanayin yanayi) Ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka suna bawa masu amfani damar ƙara bayanai (a cikin nasu font / harshe) da suka dace da ma'aikatarsu, sigogi masu haƙuri na lantarki, kayan daga intanet, mahimman lambobin tarho, farashin magunguna, alamu na juriya na antimicrobial, da dai sauransu. Wannan nau'in bayanan al'ada yana da amfani sosai yayin gudanar da GIDEON akan hanyoyin sadarwar ma'aikata. Bayanai a cikin GIDEON an samo su ne daga: * duk mujallu da aka sake dubawa a fannonin cututtukan cututtuka, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, magani na wurare masu zafi, magani na tafiye-tafiye, ilimin maganin rigakafi, da ilimin microbiology na asibiti * bincike na yau da kullun na wallafe-wallafen lantarki wanda ya dogara da duk kalmomin da suka dace * duk rahotanni na ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya da ke akwai (duka bugawa da na lantarki) * daidaitattun matani * Abstracts na manyan tarurruka Bincike na ciki a cikin GIDEON an kirkiresu ne ta hanyar masana na cikin gida waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Likitoci * Masana ilimin yaduwar cututtuka * Masana kimiyyar kwamfuta * Marubutan likitanci masu inganci Bayanan tarihi an sake dubawa sau biyu ta hanyar: * Likitoci * Masanin tarihi a kan ma'aikata == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vguuffg6d6itcthn6tvcq9vvzlv8st Utaka 0 158255 859594 2026-06-17T19:55:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338993210|Utaka]]" 859594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utaka''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita ga nau'ikan cichlids da yawa da ke zaune a cikin ruwa a buɗe waɗanda ake samu a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], tushen cichlids mafi bambancin a duniyar kifaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO Fishery Country Profile – THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/MWI/profile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312000547/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/MWI/profile.htm |archive-date=2007-03-12 |access-date=2008-02-17}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu, sun ƙunshi dukkan membobin dangin ''[[Copadichromis]]'' da ''[[Mchenga]]'' . "Utaka" a bayyane yake suna mamaye akasin wuraren da mbuna ke amfani da su, nau'in cichlid na Malawi da ya fi yawa wanda ke zaune a tsakanin duwatsu a gefen tafkin da ƙasa. Ba kamar mbuna ba, waɗanda galibi suna da launuka iri-iri tun daga haihuwa, Utaka galibi suna da launin tsaka-tsaki -- galibi launin toka--- har sai sun kai ga girma, saboda yanayin yin iyo a lokacin da suke balaga yana sa su fi fuskantar barazanar farauta. Suna da bambancin jinsi sosai: matan wannan rukunin ba na yau da kullun ba sa nuna launin fata, yayin da mazan galibi suna da launuka masu ban mamaki, wanda ke haifar da sunaye kamar " [[Aulonocara|peacock cichlid]] ." == Manazarta == gojguj186h0wepy86a3grvmsyx26m6j 859595 859594 2026-06-17T19:55:33Z Engineer014 44591 859595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Utaka''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita ga nau'ikan cichlids da yawa da ke zaune a cikin ruwa a buɗe waɗanda ake samu a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], tushen cichlids mafi bambancin a duniyar kifaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO Fishery Country Profile – THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/MWI/profile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312000547/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/MWI/profile.htm |archive-date=2007-03-12 |access-date=2008-02-17}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu, sun ƙunshi dukkan membobin dangin ''[[Copadichromis]]'' da ''[[Mchenga]]'' . "Utaka" a bayyane yake suna mamaye akasin wuraren da mbuna ke amfani da su, nau'in cichlid na Malawi da ya fi yawa wanda ke zaune a tsakanin duwatsu a gefen tafkin da ƙasa. Ba kamar mbuna ba, waɗanda galibi suna da launuka iri-iri tun daga haihuwa, Utaka galibi suna da launin tsaka-tsaki -- galibi launin toka--- har sai sun kai ga girma, saboda yanayin yin iyo a lokacin da suke balaga yana sa su fi fuskantar barazanar farauta. Suna da bambancin jinsi sosai: matan wannan rukunin ba na yau da kullun ba sa nuna launin fata, yayin da mazan galibi suna da launuka masu ban mamaki, wanda ke haifar da sunaye kamar " [[Aulonocara|peacock cichlid]] ." == Manazarta == ftjzeuru43w6qeuucavk4mkcm9flq19 Sciaenochromis benthicola 0 158256 859596 2026-06-17T19:56:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646362|Sciaenochromis benthicola]]" 859596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |author3=Makocho, P. |author4=Mailosi, A. |year=2019 |title=''Sciaenochromis benthicola'' |amends=2018 |article-number=e.T60966A155046969 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60966A155046969.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Sciaenochromis benthicola|authority=[[Ad Konings|Konings]], 1993|synonyms=}} '''''Sciaenochromis benthicola''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|14|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == 8og05lz6kgvte0qz7ru16hbdifdkue7 859598 859596 2026-06-17T19:57:07Z Engineer014 44591 859598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |author3=Makocho, P. |author4=Mailosi, A. |year=2019 |title=''Sciaenochromis benthicola'' |amends=2018 |article-number=e.T60966A155046969 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60966A155046969.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Sciaenochromis benthicola|authority=[[Ad Konings|Konings]], 1993|synonyms=}} '''''Sciaenochromis benthicola''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|14|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == g9ro3lsjq3jbuniam4b5bslrhrbsa0z Opisthorchis felineus 0 158257 859597 2026-06-17T19:57:01Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291776983|Opisthorchis felineus]]" 859597 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Speciesbox|image=Opisthorchis felineus Korea.jpg|image_alt=|image_caption=|status=|status_system=|status_ref=|genus=Opisthorchis|species=felineus|authority=([[Sebastiano Rivolta|Rivolta]], 1884) [[Raphaël Blanchard|Blanchard]], 1895<ref name=blanchard/>|synonyms=|synonyms_ref=}} '''''Opisthorchis felineus''''', Siberian liver fluke ko cat liver fluke, kwayar cuta ce da ke kamuwa da hanta a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. An fara gano shi a cikin 1884 a cikin hanta ta {{Interlanguage link|Sebastiano Rivolta|it}} na [[Italiya]].[it] A cikin 1891, masanin ilimin kwayar cuta na Rasha, {{Interlanguage link|Konstantin Nikolaevich Vinogradov|ru|Виноградов, Константин Николаевич}} (1847-1906) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ageev |first=A. K. |year=1972 |title=Konstantin Nikolaevich Vinogradov (on the 125th anniversary of his birth) |journal=Arkhiv Patologii |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=85–9 |pmid=4573523}}</ref> ya same shi a cikin mutum, kuma ya ba da sunan kwayar cute a "Siberian liver fluke". A cikin shekarun 1930, masanin ilimin helminth Hans Vogel na [[Hamburg]] ya buga wata kasida da ke kwatanta yanayin rayuwar ''Opisthorchis felineus''. Cututtukan Felineus na iya haɗawa da bututun pancreatic. Binciken kamuwa da cutar Opisthorchis ya dogara ne akan ganowar microscopic na ƙwai masu kwayar cuta a cikin samfurori. Ana samun magani mai aminci da tasiri don magance cututtukan Opisthorchis. Cutar da ta dace ko kifi na dafa abinci zai kashe kwayar cutar. == Rarraba == Rarraba ''Opisthorchis felineus'' sun hada da: Spain, Italiya, Albania, Girka, Faransa, Arewacin Makidoniya, Switzerland, Jamus, Poland, Rasha, Turkiyya, da Caucasus.<ref name="Chai 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chai |first=Jong-Yil |last2=Darwin Murrell |first2=K. |last3=Lymbery |first3=Alan J. |year=2005 |title=Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=11–12 |pages=1233–54 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013 |pmid=16143336}}</ref> == Tsarin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Opisthorchis_LifeCycle.gif|thumb|Tsarin rayuwa na cat liver fluke]] Matsakaicin matsakaicin rundunonin kwayar cutar sune kwari na ruwa mai laushi: * ''[[Bithynia inflata]]'' (ma'anar: ''[[Codiella inflata]]'') <ref name="WHO 1995" /><ref name="Chai 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chai |first=Jong-Yil |last2=Darwin Murrell |first2=K. |last3=Lymbery |first3=Alan J. |year=2005 |title=Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=11–12 |pages=1233–54 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013 |pmid=16143336}}</ref> * ''Bithynia troschelii''<ref name="WHO 1995" /> * ''Bithynia leachii''<ref name="Chai 2005" /> * ''Bithynia tentaculata''<ref name="Chai 2005" /> Na biyu na tsakiya sune Kifi na ruwa mai laushi: ''Leuciscus idus'', ''Tinca tinca'', Abramis brama, farin ido ''Ballerus sapa'', ''Barbus barbus'', carp na yau da kullun ''Cyprinus carpio'', ''Blicca joerkna'', ''Leuciscus idus'', ''Alburnus alburnus'', ''Aspius aspius'', da kuma rudd na yau da kullum ''Scardinius erythropthalmus'' . <ref name="Chai 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chai |first=Jong-Yil |last2=Darwin Murrell |first2=K. |last3=Lymbery |first3=Alan J. |year=2005 |title=Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=11–12 |pages=1233–54 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013 |pmid=16143336}}</ref> Kyakkyawan rundunonin su ne dabbobi masu cin kifi kamar karnuka, foxes, cats, rats, aladu, rabbits, seal, zakuna, wolverines, martens, polecats da mutane.<ref name="Chai 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chai |first=Jong-Yil |last2=Darwin Murrell |first2=K. |last3=Lymbery |first3=Alan J. |year=2005 |title=Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=11–12 |pages=1233–54 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013 |pmid=16143336}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChaiDarwin_MurrellLymbery2005">Chai, Jong-Yil; Darwin Murrell, K.; Lymbery, Alan J. (2005). "Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues". ''International Journal for Parasitology''. '''35''' (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">1233–</span>54. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013|10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16143336 16143336].</cite></ref> == Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam == An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 1.5 a Rasha sun kamu da kwayar cutar. Mazaunan Siberiya suna samun kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar cinye danyen kifi mai gishiri da daskararre. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Opisthorchiasis, cutar da Opisthorchis felineus ke haifarwa, ya bambanta da tsanani daga kamuwa da cutar asymptomatic zuwa rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Sakamakon haƙuri ya dogara ne akan ganowa da wuri da magani. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Halin mutum na opisthorchiasis na iya shafar hanta, pancreas, da gallbladder. Idan ba a bi da su a farkon matakai ba, opisthorchiasis na iya haifar da cirrhosis na hanta da kuma ƙara haɗarin ciwon hanta, amma yana iya zama asymptomatic a cikin yara. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Makonni biyu bayan kamuwa da cuta sun shiga cikin jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta suna cutar da ƙwayar biliary. Alamomin kamuwa da cutar sun hada da zazzabi, raguwar gajiya gabaɗaya, kurjin fata, da kuma rikicewar ciki. Mummunan anemia da lalacewar hanta na iya raunana wanda ya kamu da shi har tsawon watanni 1-2. Maganin opisthorchiasis gabaɗaya yana tare da kashi ɗaya na praziquantel. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kwayar cuta (mutumi) {{Clear}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fajvpk7l9r7bus90mw41dah9qsng9co Mbuna na William 0 158258 859599 2026-06-17T19:58:18Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335811233|William's mbuna]]" 859599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibuna na William''' ( '''''Maylandia greshakei''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''zebra mbuna mai launin kankara''' ko '''zebra mai launin kankara''' ko kuma '''Pseudotropheus mai launin kankara''' a tsakanin masu sha'awar [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]], nau'in kifin cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa ne kawai a [[Club Makokola|Makokola]] a kudu maso gabashin tafkin. Wannan nau'in kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|13.4|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama mai shigo da kifin kayan ado na Jamus Alfons Greshake. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == de1rhh7s8hiz3o01wrzst53fywuqra2 859601 859599 2026-06-17T19:58:59Z Engineer014 44591 859601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibuna na William''' ( '''''Maylandia greshakei''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''zebra mbuna mai launin kankara''' ko '''zebra mai launin kankara''' ko kuma '''Pseudotropheus mai launin kankara''' a tsakanin masu sha'awar [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]], nau'in kifin cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa ne kawai a [[Club Makokola|Makokola]] a kudu maso gabashin tafkin. Wannan nau'in kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|13.4|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama mai shigo da kifin kayan ado na Jamus Alfons Greshake. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0pwrwacg433smxachb3lvjh4dvitjcj Myleusnema bicornis 0 158259 859600 2026-06-17T19:58:23Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253463733|Myleusnema bicornis]]" 859600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|genus=Myleusnema|species=bicornis|authority=Moravec & Thatcher 1996}} '''''''Myleusnema'' bicornis''''' kwayar cuta ce ta hanji ta ''[[Myleus ternetzi]]'', ko "Ternetz's Silver Dollar", kifin Characoid mai laushi wanda aka saba samu a cikin kogin Guiana ta Faransa. ''M. bicornis'' yana da halaye masu yawa na morphological, wato "ƙahoni" biyu na postcloacal a bayan maza, da kuma wani yanki mai tsawo (kai) wanda za'a iya fadada shi kuma ya janye shi. Wadannan fasalulluka sun bambanta sosai daga sauran Cosmocercoidean nematodes, da kuma duk wani a cikin iyalin Kathlaniidae, kuma saboda haka suna buƙatar ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in Myleusnema; duk da haka, ba a yi nazarin lissafin kwayoyin halitta ba. == Magana == Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci ''Myleus'' (sunan mai karɓar kifi) da ''Neman'' (gajere ga nematode), yayin da takamaiman sunan, ''bicornis'', yana nufin "ƙahoni" biyu na postcloacal da ke kan maza. == Yanayin Yanayi == ''Myleusnema bicornis'' yana da halaye waɗanda suka zama na kowa ga duk nematodes: suna da tsawo kuma suna da siffar "kamar tsutsotsi", suna nuna daidaituwa ta biyu, kuma suna ƙunshe da pseudocoelom, rami na jiki na asali. Tsokoki ne kawai ke cikin nematodes, waɗanda aka rufe su da Layer na kariya. Ƙarƙashin jijiyoyi suna ba da motsawa daga gabobin ji kamar amphids, phasmids, cephalic papillae, da caudal papillae. ''M. bicornis'' ya bambanta da sauran nematodes saboda yana da rami mai tsawo na esophageal, mai shan jini na ventral pre-anal, da kuma adadi mai ban mamaki na caudal papillae (12 duka, 1 kaɗai). Har ila yau, ƙarshen cephalic ya ƙunshi leɓuna uku da kuma tsarin lamella-kamar. Haɗin waɗannan fasalulluka sun sanya kwayoyin cikin iyalin Kathlaniidae. ''M. bicornis'' has the ability to extend or retract its cephalic region, though the specific function of this ability is unknown. Its caudal papillae are unique in both number and distribution: 10 subventral pairs and 2 lateral pairs, along with one unpaired papillae in front of the cloaca. Sexual dimorphism is also present in ''Myleusnema bicornis'', in the form of two postloacal "horns" present on males. == Bayanan da ke ƙasa == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == 1. Jégu, M. 2003 Serrasalminae (Pacus da piranhas). shafi na 182-196. A cikin: R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander da C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Jerin Kifi na Ruwa na Kudancin da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brazil. [http://fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=28031&genusname=Myleus&speciesname=ternetzi http://fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php? ID=28031&genusname=Myleus&speciesname=ternetzi].&nbsp; 2. Moravec, F. da Thatcher, V.E. 1996. Myleusnema bicornis gen. da sp. n. (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae), kwayar cuta ce ta hanji ta kifin serrasalmid na ruwa mai laushi, ''Myleus ternetzi'', daga Guiana na Faransa. Folia Parasitologica 43:53-59. 3. [Hasiya] 2000. Tushen Parasitology. US: Kamfanonin McGraw Hill, Inc.. [Hasiya] [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3]{{Taxonbar|from=Q16986108}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sbed1jomujepdje8it1ibse3bkt3gah Gwajin Casoni 0 158260 859602 2026-06-17T19:59:26Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344760784|Casoni test]]" 859602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diagnostic|name=Casoni test|image=|alt=|caption=|purpose=diagnosis of hydatid disease|pronounce=|synonyms=|reference_range=|calculator=|DiseasesDB=<!--{{DiseasesDB2|numeric_id}}-->|ICD10=<!--{{ICD10|Group|Major|minor|LinkGroup|LinkMajor}} or {{ICD10PCS|code|char1/char2/char3/char4}}-->|ICD9=|ICDO=|MedlinePlus=<!--article_number-->|eMedicine=<!--article_number-->|MeshID=|OPS301=<!--{{OPS301|code}}-->|LOINC=<!--{{LOINC|code}}-->}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue; color:inherit;" |Gwajin Casoni |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |ganewar asali na cutar hydatid |} '''Gwajin Casoni''' gwajin fata ne da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano Cutar hydatid. Gwajin ya haɗa da allurar intradermal na 0.25 ml na ruwa mai tsabta daga hydatid cysts / cyst na mutum kuma an tsabtace shi ta hanyar tace Seitz a cikin hannu ɗaya, tare da daidaitaccen adadin saline da aka yi wa ɗayan hannu. Ana yin lura a cikin minti 30 masu zuwa kuma bayan 1 zuwa 2 kwanaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casoni's Test |url=http://microbiology.4umer.net/t88-casoni-s-test |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104072343/http://microbiology.4umer.net/t88-casoni-s-test |archive-date=2015-01-04 |access-date=2014-12-03}}</ref> Amsar da ke faruwa a wurin allurar a cikin minti 20 ana ɗaukarsa tabbatacce (hypersensitivity nan take). Halin jinkirin halayen yawanci ana karantawa bayan awanni 18-24.<ref>Robert A. Evans. ''Special Tests: The Procedure and Meaning of the Commoner Tests in Hospital'', page 14. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7234-3289-0}}.</ref> Gwajin yana da kyau a cikin kusan 90% na lokuta na cutar hydatid da ke shafar hanta, amma yana da kyau ga ƙasa da 50% na marasa lafiya tare da cutar hydatide a wasu wurare a cikin jiki; sakamakon sakamako mai kyau na ƙarya ma ya zama ruwan dare. Kasancewa wani nau'in I hypersensitivity reaction, ana buƙatar adana tray na anaphylactic reaction kafin a gudanar da gwajin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casoni's Test |url=http://microbiology.4umer.net/t88-casoni-s-test |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104072343/http://microbiology.4umer.net/t88-casoni-s-test |archive-date=2015-01-04 |access-date=2014-12-03}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, ana amfani da Gwaje-gwaje na serological yanzu.<ref>Richard Ravel. ''Clinical laboratory medicine'', page 291. Elsevier Health Sciences, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-8151-7148-5}}.</ref> Tomaso Casoni ne ya bayyana gwajin a shekarar 1912. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 26c243xhip77v58isph717wb2qz31d5 Sulfurhead aulonocara 0 158261 859603 2026-06-17T20:01:25Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646420|Sulfurhead aulonocara]]" 859603 wikitext text/x-wiki Peacock '''na sulfurhead aulonocara''' ( '''''Aulonocara maylandi''''' ) ko kuma '''peacock na sulfurhead''' nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine cichlid wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a ƙasar [[Malawi]] kuma an lura da shi ne kawai a Yammacin Reef (Luwala Reef) da Eccles Reef (Chimwalani Reef). Yana fuskantar barazanar tarin ƙwai don cinikin akwatin kifaye kuma wannan ya haifar da raguwar adadi da kashi 70%. A cikin wannan nau'in da ke ciyar da baki, mata ne kawai ke kula da ƙwai, kuma ana samunsa a kan yashi da wuraren duwatsu inda suke farautar ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi a cikin yashi. Yana kama da [[Blue orchid aulonocara|shuɗin orchid aulonocara]] ( ''[[Aulonocara na Kanada|Aulonocara kandeense]]'' ) kodayake yana haifar da walƙiya mai launin rawaya a gefensa. A baya, ana ɗaukar waɗannan nau'ikan biyu a matsayin ƙananan nau'ikan . <ref name="SF">{{Cite web |title=''Aulonocara maylandi'' TREWAVAS, 1984 Sulphurhead Peacock |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/aulonocara-maylandi-maylandi/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}</ref> Sunan da aka ambata a matsayin Hans-Joachim Mayland, marubuci kan cichlids kuma mai kiwon kifi, ya jawo hankalin Ethelwynn Trewavas game da nau'in. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == fpritwwqj9thzk41lhh071mp459v4ky 859604 859603 2026-06-17T20:01:50Z Engineer014 44591 859604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Peacock '''na sulfurhead aulonocara''' ( '''''Aulonocara maylandi''''' ) ko kuma '''peacock na sulfurhead''' nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine cichlid wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a ƙasar [[Malawi]] kuma an lura da shi ne kawai a Yammacin Reef (Luwala Reef) da Eccles Reef (Chimwalani Reef). Yana fuskantar barazanar tarin ƙwai don cinikin akwatin kifaye kuma wannan ya haifar da raguwar adadi da kashi 70%. A cikin wannan nau'in da ke ciyar da baki, mata ne kawai ke kula da ƙwai, kuma ana samunsa a kan yashi da wuraren duwatsu inda suke farautar ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi a cikin yashi. Yana kama da [[Blue orchid aulonocara|shuɗin orchid aulonocara]] ( ''[[Aulonocara na Kanada|Aulonocara kandeense]]'' ) kodayake yana haifar da walƙiya mai launin rawaya a gefensa. A baya, ana ɗaukar waɗannan nau'ikan biyu a matsayin ƙananan nau'ikan . <ref name="SF">{{Cite web |title=''Aulonocara maylandi'' TREWAVAS, 1984 Sulphurhead Peacock |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/aulonocara-maylandi-maylandi/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}</ref> Sunan da aka ambata a matsayin Hans-Joachim Mayland, marubuci kan cichlids kuma mai kiwon kifi, ya jawo hankalin Ethelwynn Trewavas game da nau'in. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7h72wy3sn07d7luuiabjgho30zw5qfw Gidan zuma na Heterakis 0 158262 859605 2026-06-17T20:02:30Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297508358|Heterakis gallinarum]]" 859605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|taxon=Heterakis gallinarum|authority=[[Franz von Paula Schrank|Schrank]], 1788|image=Heterakis gallinarum head.jpg|synonyms=''Heterakis gallinae''<br> ''Heterakis papillosa''<br> ''Heterakis vesicularis''<br> ''Ascaris gallinae''<br> ''Ascaris vesicularis''}} Heterakis gallinarum kwayar cuta ce ta Nematode wacce ke zaune a cikin cecum na wasu tsuntsaye na galliform, musamman a cikin masu ciyar da ƙasa kamar [[Kaza|kaji]] na gida da turkeys. Yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta wanda ke da ɗanɗano. Koyaya, sau da yawa yana ɗauke da kwayar cutar protozoan ''Histomonas meleagridis'' wanda ke haifar da histomoniasis (cutar baƙar fata).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lund EE, Chute AM, Wilkins GC |year=1975 |title=The wild turkey as a host for ''Heterakis gallinarum'' and ''Histomonas meleagridis'' |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=376–381 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-11.3.376 |pmid=1171270 |s2cid=45359310}}</ref> Yaduwar ''H. meleagridis'' ta hanyar kwai na ''H. gallinarum''.<ref>Schmidt GD & Roberts LS (2005). ''Foundations of Parasitology, 7th ed''. The McGraw Hill Companies Inc., New York, New York, p. 441. {{ISBN|978-0-07-111271-0}}</ref> ''H. gallinarum'' yana da kimanin 1-2 cm a tsawon tare da wutsiya mai kaifi da kuma mai shan preanal. Kwayar cuta ce ta mutuwa tare da alamar jima'i. Maza sun fi karami kuma sun fi guntu, suna auna kusan 9 mm a tsawon, tare da wutsiya mai laushi na musamman. Mata sun fi tsayi kuma sun fi tsayin daka, suna auna kusan 13 mm a tsawon, tare da ƙarshen wutsiya madaidaiciya.<ref name="Perm">Permin A & Hansen JW (1998). [http://www.smallstock.info/reference/KVLDK/Poultry_Parasites.pdf ''The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites'']. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 29–30. {{ISBN|92-5-104215-2}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Rayuwa == ''H. gallinarum'' yana da madaidaiciyar rayuwa da ta shafi Tsuntsaye kamar kwari, [[Talo-talo|turkeys]], [[Agwagwa|Ducks]], geese, grouse, guineafowl, partridges, pheasants, da quails a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa. Kwayoyin ''H. gallinarum'' suna wucewa cikin datti ta hanyar mai masaukin. A mafi kyawun zafin jiki (22 ° C), suna kamuwa da cuta a cikin kwanaki 12-14 kuma suna ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar na shekaru a cikin ƙasa. Bayan mai masaukin ya ci, ƙwai da aka haifa sun fito cikin yara na biyu a cikin gizzard ko duodenum, kuma ana wuce su zuwa cecum. An kammala ci gaban su a cikin lumen, amma wasu na iya shiga cikin mucosa kuma su kasance shekaru da yawa ba tare da ci gaba ba. Lokacin prepatent shine kwanaki 24-30. Ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin ƙasa da ƙwayoyin gida a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa, saboda suna iya cinye kwai a cikin datti kuma ƙarami na iya fitowa a cikin kyallen takarda, wanda ke barci har sai [[Ƙwari|tsuntsaye]] suka ci.<ref name="Perm">Permin A & Hansen JW (1998). [http://www.smallstock.info/reference/KVLDK/Poultry_Parasites.pdf ''The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites'']. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 29–30. {{ISBN|92-5-104215-2}}</ref>&nbsp; == Yaduwar cututtuka == ''H. gallinarum'' an rarraba shi a duk duniya, ana samun sa a cikin kaji, turkeys na gida, da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa, da farko na kaji. Ana samun ƙwai suna rayuwa shekaru da yawa a cikin ƙasa wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a kawar da ''H. gallinarum'' daga garken gida. Tsuntsaye na iya cinye ƙwai na ''H. gallinarum'' kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin kaji. Kodayake ƙwai da kansu suna kamuwa da cuta, suna iya ci gaba zuwa mataki na biyu na kamuwa da cututtuka. Wannan ci gaban yana faruwa a kusa da 27 °C kuma yana ɗaukar makonni 2-4.<ref>Kaufmann, J (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fUBq2P3vgokC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358 ''Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals: A Diagnostic Manual.''] Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel, Switzerland, p. 358. {{ISBN|3-7643-5115-2}}</ref>&nbsp; == Halitta == Cutar ''H. gallinarum'' kanta tana da ɗanɗano. Koyaya, ''H. gallinarum'' yana taka rawar mai ɗaukar hoto a cikin rayuwar ''Histomonas meleagridis'', wanda ke haifar da enterohepatitis "blackhead" na turkeys. ''H. meleagridis'' yana ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake cikin kwai na ''H. gallinarum'' . <ref name="Patt">Pattison M, McMullin P, Bradbury JM, Alexander D (2007). [https://www.amazon.com/Poultry-Diseases-Mark-Pattison-MRCVS/dp/0702028622 ''Poultry Diseases''], 6th ed. Saunders Ltd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 623. {{ISBN|0-7020-2862-2}}</ref> Cutar cuta mai tsanani a cikin pheasants ta nuna mummunar rauni da ke tattare da tarwatsawa, kauri, haemorrhages na petechial na mucosa, intussusception, da nodules a cikin bango na cecal. Bugu da ƙari a ƙarƙashin microscopy, an lura da cututtukan cututtuka cututtukayyaki, haemosiderosis, granulomas tare da cibiyar necrotic a cikin submucosa da leiomyomas a cikin sub mucosa, tsokoki da serosa da ke da alaƙa da tsutsotsi na ''H. gallinarum''.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Menezes RC, Tortelly R, Gomes DC, Pinto RM |year=2003 |title=Nodular typhlitis associated with the nematodes ''Heterakis gallinarum'' and ''Heterakis isolonche'' in pheasants: frequency and pathology with evidence of neoplasia |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |volume=98 |issue=8 |pages=1011–1016 |doi=10.1590/s0074-02762003000800005 |pmid=15049081 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Bincike da magani == Cututtukan farko yawanci ba su bayyana ba. Ana nuna cututtukan sakandare ta hanyar samar da nodules a cikin cecum da submucosa na cecum. A lokacin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, ganuwar hanji na iya yin kauri kuma yana nuna alamar kumburi. A cikin kaji masu sa kwai, kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani yana rage samar da kwai sosai. Binciken yawanci yana ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwai a cikin datti. Magani mai inganci shine ta hanyar amfani da mebendazole, wanda aka rarraba ga garken tsuntsaye a cikin abinci da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, kiwon tsuntsaye a kan kayan aiki yana taimakawa wajen kawar da wannan kwayar cuta. Kayan kaji masu zaman kansu na iya kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Patt">Pattison M, McMullin P, Bradbury JM, Alexander D (2007). [https://www.amazon.com/Poultry-Diseases-Mark-Pattison-MRCVS/dp/0702028622 ''Poultry Diseases''], 6th ed. Saunders Ltd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 623. {{ISBN|0-7020-2862-2}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/H/Heterakis_gallinarum/ Zipcodezoo] * [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonposition/id88767/ BioLib] * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Heterakis_gallinarum/ Bayani a Yanar Gizo na Dabbobi] * [http://eol.org/pages/4963944/overview Rarraba a cikin Encyclopedia of Life] * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/65465 Tarihin lissafi a UniProt] {{Taxonbar|from=Q3719086}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s39dz962cwjhvf1yxjsa1zkd6ax6zgp Sarcocystis nesbitti 0 158263 859606 2026-06-17T20:03:47Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224582953|Sarcocystis nesbitti]]" 859606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|genus=Sarcocystis|species=nesbitti|authority=Mandour, 1969}} '''''Sarcocystis nesbitti''''' wani nau'in Apicomplexa ne . == Cutar da mutane == [[Fayil:Sacrocystis_nesbetti_sarcocysts.jpg|left|thumb|Sarcocysts da aka ware daga mutanen da suka kamu da ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'', Pangkor Island, Malaysia, 2012. A- Intact human sarcocyst (tsawon 190 μm) tare da m cyst bango (kibiya) daga homogenized temporalis nama inoculated a cikin U937 monocytic cell al'ada (original magnification ×200, sikelin bar = 20 μm). B- Sarcocyst na intramuscular wanda aka kewaye shi da bango mai laushi mai laushi (kibiya) ba tare da wani fitowa ba. Matsakaicin kauri na bango na cyst shine game da 0.5 μm (hematoxylin da eosin stained, girman asali ×40, sikelin sandar = 10 μm).]] An gudanar da bincike kan barkewar cutar a kan mutane 93 da ke fama da alamomi daga [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] bayan koma kwaleji a ranar 17-19, 2012, a Tsibirin Pangkor. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sun kasance zazzabi (yana raguwa a cikin kusan 50% na marasa lafiya), myalgia, [[ciwon kai]], da [[tari]]. Kodayake an tabbatar da marasa lafiya guda biyu ne kawai da suka kamu da cutar ''S. nesbitti'', sauran ɗalibai da malamai a cikin rukuni suna da irin wannan kamuwa da cuta, saboda kusan duk suna da alamomi da alamomi iri ɗaya tare da farawar rashin lafiya a cikin kwanaki na juna. Bugu da kari, marasa lafiya 9 suna da myositis na fuska na musamman, amma ba za a iya tabbatar da [[sarcocysts]] a dukansu ba saboda marasa lafiya uku ne kawai suka amince da samar da samfurin biopsy na tsoka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AbuBakar |first=S |last2=Teoh |first2=B-T |last3=Sam |first3=S-S |last4=Chang |first4=L-Y |last5=Johari |first5=J |last6=Hooi |first6=P-S |display-authors=etal |date=Dec 2013 |title=Outbreak of human infection with ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'', Malaysia, 2012 |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1989–1991 |doi=10.3201/eid1912.120530 |pmc=3840867 |pmid=24274071}}</ref> == Tarihin binciken == A cikin 1843, masanin kimiyya na Switzerland Friedrich Miescher ya sami "farin zaren madara" a cikin tsokoki na linzamin kwamfuta, wanda shekaru da yawa aka sani da "Miescher's tubules". A cikin 1882, Lankester ya ba da sunan kwayar cutar ''Sarcocystis'', daga Girkanci ''sarx'' (naman) da ''kystis'' (ƙasa). Masana kimiyya ba su da tabbacin ko za a rarraba kwayoyin a matsayin protozoa ko a matsayin fungi saboda kawai an gano matakin sarcocyst. A cikin 1967, an ga tsarin tsarin da ke da siffar karami na wasu protozoa a cikin al'adun sarcocyst, kuma an ƙaddara kwayar ta zama protozoan, dangi na kusa da ''Toxoplasma''. A farkon shekarun 1970s, an bayyana yanayin rayuwa na ''Sarcocystis'' guda biyu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwka="">Sarcocystis<nowiki>''</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;journal<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1974<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;77<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;11<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;248–259<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pmid<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;4219030<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/18946849&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwTA\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt7\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFMarkusKillick-KendrickGarnham1974\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Markus, MB; Killick-Kendrick, R; Garnham, PCC (1974). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/18946849\" id=\"mwTQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"The coccidial nature and lifecycle of <i id=\"mwTg\">Sarcocystis</i></nowiki>\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwTw\">Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mwUA\">77</b></nowiki> (11): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwUQ\">248–</span></nowiki>259. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"110\" href=\"./PMID_(identifier)\" id=\"mwUg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwUw\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4219030\" id=\"mwVA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">4219030</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sarcocystis_nesbitti#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A shekara ta 1969, A. M. Mandour ya bayyana sabon nau'in Sarcocystis a cikin rhesus macaques, wanda ya ba shi suna ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'', bayan Mista P. Nesbitt, wanda ya ga trophozoites a cikin tabo. Macizai yanzu an san su ne ainihin rundunonin ''S. nesbitti'', kuma da yawa primates, gami da mutane, na iya zama matsakaici rundunonin.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2013 |title=Etymologia: ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'' |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=19 |issue=12 |page=1974 |doi=10.3201/eid1912.ET-1912 |pmc=3840860 |pmid=24427800}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}''Wannan labarin yana amfani da rubutun yankin jama'a daga CDC kamar yadda aka nakalto''.{{Taxonbar|from=Q15177110}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9d3yd6c87bxwtykmesvt0omh8cbv3vs Sarcocystis calchasi 0 158264 859607 2026-06-17T20:05:03Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338261472|Sarcocystis calchasi]]" 859607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Sarcocystis calchasi cyst in pigeon.jpg|image_caption=Cyst from the brain of a pigeon infected by ''S. calchasi''|genus=Sarcocystis|species=calchasi|authority=Olias, Gruber, Hafez, Heydorn, Mehlhorn & Lierz 2010}} Sarcocystis calchasi shine apicomplexan parasite. An gano shi ne sanadin ciwon ƙwayar cuta ta Pigeon protozoal encephalitis (PPE) a cikin tsaka-tsakin runduna, tattabarai na gida (Columba livia).[1] PPE cuta ce ta tsakiya-jijiya na tattabarai na gida. Da farko an sami rahotannin wannan cutar a Jamus, tare da bullar cutar a cikin 2008[2] da kuma a cikin 2011[3] a Amurka. Sarcocystis calchasi ana daukar kwayar cutar ta tabbatacciyar rundunar Accipter hawks.[4] == Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ta kurciya == Kurciya da suka kamu da ''S. calchasi'' suna nuna cutar biphasic tare da polyuria, zawo da rashin kulawa. A cikin lokutan kamuwa da cuta, an lura da alamun jijiyoyin tsakiya masu tsanani kamar su torticollis da opisthotonus da ke da alaƙa da mummunan rauni na kwakwalwa. An lura da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tsokoki na kwarangwal a matakin kamuwa da cuta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Olias |first=Philipp |last2=Meyer |first2=Anne |last3=Klopfleisch |first3=Robert |last4=Lierz |first4=Michael |last5=Kaspers |first5=Bernd |last6=Gruber |first6=Achim D. |date=2013-02-11 |title=Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1297-9716-44-10 |issn=1297-9716 |pmc=3598538 |pmid=23398807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa Encephalitis yana da alaƙa da matakin schizont na ci gaban kwayar cutar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == A Amurka == A cikin 2011, an lura da kurciya na gida a Minnesota, Amurka tare da cutar jijiyoyi. Tissue cysts na kwayar cutar protozoan sun kasance a cikin tsokoki na kwarangwal. Kurciya suna da mummunan granulomatous meningoencephalitis. An lura da yanayin cysts ya zama mai laushi, har zuwa 1 mm tsawo kuma har zuwa 0.03 mm a diamita. Cysts suna da bango mai santsi ba tare da tsinkaye ba. An kammala cewa girman da yanayin bango da aka lura a cikin kurciya a Minnesota sun dace da ''Sarcocystis calchasi.'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wünschmann |first=A. |last2=Armien |first2=A. G. |last3=Reed |first3=L. |last4=Gruber |first4=A. D. |last5=Olias |first5=P. |date=2011-12-01 |title=Sarcocystis calchasi-Associated Neurologic Disease in a Domestic Pigeon in North America |journal=Transboundary and Emerging Diseases |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=526–530 |doi=10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01254.x |issn=1865-1682 |pmid=21848932 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Rubutun == * Aleksandra Zuraw: Shin akwai Shaida na Sarcocystis Calchasi da ke cikin Meningoencephalitis na asalin da ba a sani ba a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa? A Retrospective Study, Mensch und Buch, Berlin 2016, (Thesis/Dissertation Freie Universität Berlin 2015, [http://d-nb.info/1095571567/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis]).{{ISBN|978-3-86387-684-5}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hba6fuv8b7ziiyp3u8aze6gnvx8zxdp Manchira Dam 0 158265 859608 2026-06-17T20:05:30Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Dam din Manchira''' dam ne a gundumar Serengeti, yankin Mara na Tanzaniya. Manufar aikin ita ce samar da isasshen ruwa mai tsafta ga mazauna garin Mugumu da kauyukan Kebosongo da Rwamchanga da Morotonga da Bwitengi da Kisangura da kuma Matare da ke makwabtaka da su. == Tarihi == An fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Manchira a shekarar 1980. An yi kiyasin farko da aikin zai kai TZS 32m/-. Ya zuwa yanzu gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kashe TZS 2.4bn/-. Ministan Ruwa, Stephen... 859608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Manchira''' dam ne a gundumar Serengeti, yankin Mara na Tanzaniya. Manufar aikin ita ce samar da isasshen ruwa mai tsafta ga mazauna garin Mugumu da kauyukan Kebosongo da Rwamchanga da Morotonga da Bwitengi da Kisangura da kuma Matare da ke makwabtaka da su. == Tarihi == An fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Manchira a shekarar 1980. An yi kiyasin farko da aikin zai kai TZS 32m/-. Ya zuwa yanzu gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kashe TZS 2.4bn/-. Ministan Ruwa, Stephen Wassira, ya bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta yi iya kokarinta don samun TZS 2.2bn/- don kammala aikin dam a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2010, shugaban Tanzaniya, Jakaya Kikwete ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwa a hukumance. Aikin ya dauki shekaru 30 ana kammala shi kuma ya kashe al'ummar kasa sama da biliyan TZS10.<ref>The Guardian.</ref> == Manazarta == bbh11rqzcy9bfm6wt0qyx7iz52h6qnh Cuterebriasis 0 158266 859609 2026-06-17T20:06:24Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1194111333|Cuterebriasis]]" 859609 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Cuterebriasis''' cuta ce mai cutarwa da ke shafar doki, Lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, pikas), felines, da canines. Wakilin etiologic shine ci gaban larval na botflies a cikin ''Cuterebra'' ko ''[[Trypoderma]]'', wanda ke faruwa tilas a cikin rodents da lagomorphs, bi da bi. Felines da canines [[Zomo|buns]] aiki ne a matsayin masu ba da agaji na haɗari, amma bincike ya nuna kawai ta hanyar ''Trypoderma'' spp. Shigarwa cikin jiki ta hanyar tsutsotsi na farko yana faruwa ta hanyar mucous membranes na ramuka na halitta ko karnuka masu budewa kamar yadda ya saba da shiga kai tsaye. == Alamun asibiti == A cikin buns, hare, da lagomorphs, alamun asibiti yawanci ba sa bayyana. Subcutaneous cysts, warbles, na iya gabatar da lokacin da aka ajiye larval daga jiki a lokacin da ya girma. Hanyoyi uku waɗanda cuterebriasis na iya gabatar da su a cikin canines da felines: <ref name=":0" /> * Myasis ya haɗa da tsarin cyst na subcutaneous saboda girma na uku, wanda ke faruwa kimanin kwanaki 30 bayan shiga cikin jiki. Sau da yawa ana samun cysts a fuska, wuyansa, da akwati, amma wurin ya bambanta da ƙaurawar larval a cikin mai masaukin. Ana iya lura da fitarwa mai tsanani daga waɗannan cysts, waɗanda yawanci 3-5 mm a diamita kuma sun haɗa da tsakiya na tsakiya wanda tsutsotsi ke numfashi. Wannan rami kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar fita ga tsutsotsi, wanda ke faruwa tsakanin makonni 3 zuwa 8 bayan shigarwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=James |first=Fiona M. K. |last2=Poma |first2=Roberto |year=2010 |title=Neurological Manifestations of Feline Cuterebriasis |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=213–15 |pmc=2808293 |pmid=20436872}}, p. 213.</ref> * Cerebrospinal cuterebriasis yana haifar da ƙaurawar larval zuwa kwakwalwa. Ana ganin wannan a cikin cats, kuma shine dalilin da aka gabatar don ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ischemic da kuma mai ba da shawara game da cutar idiopathic vestibular.<ref name=":1" /> Alamomin wannan nau'in gabatarwa sun haɗa da lethargy, conizures, makanta, ƙira ko tafiya mara kyau, kewayawa, da kuma amsa mara kyau ko babu amsawa.<ref name=":1" /> Lokacin da yake shafar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, an san cats da nuna hare-haren tashin hankali wanda zai iya farawa makonni kafin bayyanar wasu alamun asibiti. * Cututtukan numfashi suna faruwa ne lokacin da ƙaurawar larval ke faruwa ta hanyar trachea, pharynx, diaphragm, ko huhu. Cuterebriasis an kara lura da shi a matsayin dalilin dyspnea a cikin felines. == Binciken ganewa == Binciken ganewar asali na ƙarshe na iya faruwa ne kawai tare da ganewar asali game da tsutsotsi. Wannan ya haɗa da hoton radiologic (mafi kyau MRI, wanda zai iya bayyana waƙoƙin ƙaura na larval kuma a wasu lokuta larvae da kansu), da kuma binciken tiyata a lokacin da za'a iya cire larvae kuma a bincika su don ganowa. Bayyana ainihin nau'in sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba, kamar yadda instars na ''Cuterebra'' da ''Trychoderma'' spp daban-daban. suna nuna kamanceceniya mai mahimmanci, amma ganewa a matsayin ''Cuterebra'' botfly ya isa don ganewar asali a matsayin cuterebriasis. Yawanci, ana samun larval-instar na uku kuma ana iya gane shi ta hanyar duhu, kauri, jikin da aka yi da yawa. == Magani == Za'a iya buɗe cysts na karkashin fata ta hanyar tiyata don cire bots marasa girma. Idan ya girma, ana iya buɗe cysts kuma ana iya cire ''Cuterebra'' ta amfani da forceps na sauro. Rufe ramin a cikin jelly na man fetur na iya taimakawa wajen cirewa. Idan an gano tsutsotsi a cikin kyallen takarda na jiki, maimakon a karkashin fata, cirewar tiyata ita ce kawai hanyar magani. Ana iya gudanar da Ivermectin tare da corticosteroids don dakatar da ƙaurawar larval a cikin cats da ke gabatar da cuterebriasis na numfashi, amma wannan ba a amince da shi ba don amfani a cikin cates.<ref name=":2" /> Ba a bayar da rahoton maganin cuterebriasis na ƙwaƙwalwa ba. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rea2j44j1zsrdb4mbbe79gcn7vl7m63 Ancylostoma pluridentatum 0 158267 859610 2026-06-17T20:07:17Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1181780654|Ancylostoma pluridentatum]]" 859610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|genus=Ancylostoma|species=pluridentatum|authority=(Alessandrini, 1905)}} '''''Ancylostoma pluridentatum''''' wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta ne wanda ke kamuwa da nau'ikan cats na daji. Ana samun wannan ƙwaro a cikin wurare masu zafi da sassan Yammacin Yamma. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Helminthiases}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q4753266}}{{Authority control}} c573gisk0hs9qqk45fody5o543oqmr8 Dam ɗin Mtera 0 158268 859611 2026-06-17T20:16:36Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Baraas Mtera''' ko baraas ndiyam e nder leydi Tansani. Baraas oo woni ko hakkunde Iringa e Dodoma e keerol hakkunde diiwaan Iringa e diiwaan Dodoma. Waktuuji yahdu gila Dodoma ko hedde waktuuji ɗiɗi e laawol asfalt. == Yiyngo == Baraas Mtera ko baraas mawɗo e nder leydi Tansani. Nde fotde 660 kiloomeeteer kaaree (250 miil kaaree) e mbaadi mum timmundi. Njuuteeki maayo ngoo ko 56 kiloomeeteer (35 miil), e 15 kiloomeeteer (9,3 miil) njaajeendi, ngo ñamlata ko... 859611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Mtera''' ko baraas ndiyam e nder leydi Tansani. Baraas oo woni ko hakkunde Iringa e Dodoma e keerol hakkunde diiwaan Iringa e diiwaan Dodoma. Waktuuji yahdu gila Dodoma ko hedde waktuuji ɗiɗi e laawol asfalt. == Yiyngo == Baraas Mtera ko baraas mawɗo e nder leydi Tansani. Nde fotde 660 kiloomeeteer kaaree (250 miil kaaree) e mbaadi mum timmundi. Njuuteeki maayo ngoo ko 56 kiloomeeteer (35 miil), e 15 kiloomeeteer (9,3 miil) njaajeendi, ngo ñamlata ko maayo mawngo Ruaha e maayo Kisigo. Nde mahiraa ko tuggi 1975 haa 1979 ngam yuɓɓinde tolno ndiyam to dowri to Ruaha liggoraaɗo Kidatu Hydro-electric Dam. Ina jogii doole 80 megawatt (110 000 hp). == Ekoloji == Leydi ndii ina hiisee wonde ina jeyaa e nokkuuji ɓurɗi moƴƴude e Tansani ngam ƴeewde colli, sibu ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 100 leɗɗe maayɗe e nder mayri, ina waɗi kadi nokkuuji keewɗi ɗi njuumri.<ref>"BirdLife Data Zone"</ref> Yanti heen ndiyam ɗam ina heewi liɗɗi. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1990 fotde 5000 ton liɗɗi nanngaama e nder maayo ngoo.<ref><nowiki>http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v4110e/V4110E06.htm</nowiki></ref> == Tuugnorgal == 1omkkzfe6pzr984z1awqgp56uvmqc9a 859642 859611 2026-06-17T21:06:31Z Nnamadee 31123 859642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Mtera''' madatsar ruwa ce mai amfani da wutar lantarki a Tanzaniya. Dam din yana tsakiyar hanyar Iringa da Dodoma a kan iyakar yankin Iringa da yankin Dodoma. Lokacin tafiya daga Dodoma kusan awa biyu ne akan hanyar kwalta.<ref>"Mtera Dam". TANESCO. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</ref> == Dubawa == Dam ɗin Matera babban dam ɗin ruwa ne a ƙasar Tanzaniya. Yana auna girman murabba'in kilomita 660 (250 sq mi) a cikakken iya aiki. Tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 56 (mita 35), da faɗinsa kilomita 15 (mil 9.3), kuma babban kogin Ruaha da kogin Kisigo ne ke ciyar da tafkin. An gina shi daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1979 domin daidaita matakin ruwa a magudanar ruwa a madatsar ruwa ta Ruaha da aka girka ta Kidatu Hydro-electric Dam. Yana da karfin 80 megawatts (110,000 hp). == Ilimin halittu == Ana ganin tafkin a matsayin daya daga cikin wurare mafi kyau a Tanzaniya don kallon tsuntsaye, tun da akwai matattun bishiyoyi kusan miliyan daya a cikinsa kuma yana da wurare masu yawa.<ref><nowiki>http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6992&m=0</nowiki></ref> Bugu da ƙari, ruwan yana da wadata a cikin kifi. A farkon shekarun 1990 kimanin tan 5000 na kifi an kama su a cikin tafkin.<ref><nowiki>http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v4110e/V4110E06.htm</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == 5gynxj0pyxd14shbyzxhyxu3y707vr8 Sciaenochromis fryeri 0 158269 859612 2026-06-17T20:17:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646365|Sciaenochromis fryeri]]" 859612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Sciaenochromis fryeri''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake samunsa a gefen duwatsun bakin teku a zurfin {{Convert|10|to|40|m|ft}} . Wannan kifi ne mai launin shuɗi mai haske wanda ake sayarwa a cikin kasuwancin kifaye a matsayin "hap mai launin shuɗi mai lantarki", sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga shuɗi mai haske kuma ''Sciaenochromis ahli'' ba shi da yawa. <ref name="TASA2020">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=Electric Blue Hap (''Sciaenochromis ahli'') Care Sheet |url=https://www.tropicalaquarium.co.za/threads/electric-blue-hap-sciaenochromis-ahli-care-sheet.35033/ |website=TropicalAquariumSA}}</ref> Wannan kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.5|cm|in}} SL . Sunan da aka ambata a matsayin Geoffrey Fryer (wanda aka haife shi a 1927) wanda shi ne Jami'in Binciken Kamun Kifi, Ƙungiyar Binciken Kamun Kifi ta Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9azxfmu2hti6c76sqhgv2m2hjlxre7f 859613 859612 2026-06-17T20:18:34Z Engineer014 44591 859613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sciaenochromis fryeri''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake samunsa a gefen duwatsun bakin teku a zurfin {{Convert|10|to|40|m|ft}} . Wannan kifi ne mai launin shuɗi mai haske wanda ake sayarwa a cikin kasuwancin kifaye a matsayin "hap mai launin shuɗi mai lantarki", sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga shuɗi mai haske kuma ''Sciaenochromis ahli'' ba shi da yawa. <ref name="TASA2020">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=Electric Blue Hap (''Sciaenochromis ahli'') Care Sheet |url=https://www.tropicalaquarium.co.za/threads/electric-blue-hap-sciaenochromis-ahli-care-sheet.35033/ |website=TropicalAquariumSA}}</ref> Wannan kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.5|cm|in}} SL . Sunan da aka ambata a matsayin Geoffrey Fryer (wanda aka haife shi a 1927) wanda shi ne Jami'in Binciken Kamun Kifi, Ƙungiyar Binciken Kamun Kifi ta Haɗin gwiwa ta Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9p3nsyk3gxqj8s3hn8vlqt4c0i21tlx Trematocranus brevirostris 0 158270 859614 2026-06-17T20:20:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646508|Trematocranus brevirostris]]" 859614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Trematocranus brevirostris''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samunsa a gefen gabashin Tafkin a Malawi, Mozambique da Tanzania. Yana da yawa a zurfin {{Convert|19-40|m|ft}}, an gano yana cin ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi. Algae da kuma tarkace. == Manazarta == 0u6k1etdc188l55442otr3m7nby33oc 859615 859614 2026-06-17T20:20:45Z Engineer014 44591 859615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Trematocranus brevirostris''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samunsa a gefen gabashin Tafkin a Malawi, Mozambique da Tanzania. Yana da yawa a zurfin {{Convert|19-40|m|ft}}, an gano yana cin ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi. Algae da kuma tarkace. == Manazarta == ndyr7tu3txdx29du9tuxdcleqa1zla8 Kyakkyawan wutsiya hap 0 158271 859616 2026-06-17T20:22:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355309069|Slender tail hap]]" 859616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siraran wutsiyar hap''' (gajere don " haplochromine ") ( '''''Buccochromis lepturus''''' ), nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin ƙabilar Haplochromini, wani ɓangare na dangin Pseudocrenilabrinae na dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Gabashin Afirka. Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu tsafta. == Manazarta == 58kvbg31uh7w8qidtvowj4jqt4utk63 859617 859616 2026-06-17T20:22:33Z Engineer014 44591 859617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Siraran wutsiyar hap''' (gajere don " haplochromine ") ( '''''Buccochromis lepturus''''' ), nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin ƙabilar Haplochromini, wani ɓangare na dangin Pseudocrenilabrinae na dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Gabashin Afirka. Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu tsafta. == Manazarta == geqsr96kitg3v4j4szeahv3sdiufayp Tropheops microstoma 0 158272 859618 2026-06-17T20:23:55Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646545|Tropheops microstoma]]" 859618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tropheops microstoma''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita wuraren da ke da kariya tare da ruwan sanyi. Wannan nau'in kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|9.8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == rhpw9vtktp12w9kk9xtcmw6iozd08u4 859619 859618 2026-06-17T20:24:40Z Engineer014 44591 859619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tropheops microstoma''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita wuraren da ke da kariya tare da ruwan sanyi. Wannan nau'in kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|9.8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == k0gqf98sttt38hfqs7s53im0pj2nuju Tropheops novemfasciatus 0 158273 859620 2026-06-17T20:26:20Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646551|Tropheops novemfasciatus]]" 859620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tropheops novemfasciatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita wuraren da ke da duwatsu da ciyayi, yawanci a cikin {{Convert|4|m|ft}} na saman. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|9|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == 6f57kaozw8j2v4h1ugoqk2jv4toxdn9 859621 859620 2026-06-17T20:27:51Z Engineer014 44591 859621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tropheops novemfasciatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita wuraren da ke da duwatsu da ciyayi, yawanci a cikin {{Convert|4|m|ft}} na saman. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|9|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == 7pig8gu1cx4leink3g2c8l64cyrkr2p Tramitichromis lituris 0 158274 859622 2026-06-17T20:29:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646485|Tramitichromis lituris]]" 859622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tramitichromis lituris''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yashi mai zurfi. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|16.8|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == g3ncbwxkrw4y6xngruicelq5oxdtlny 859623 859622 2026-06-17T20:29:57Z Engineer014 44591 859623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tramitichromis lituris''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yashi mai zurfi. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|16.8|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == g8dyuhgywhj4v76v0kscychvzb95kuo Taeniolethrinops furcicauda 0 158275 859625 2026-06-17T20:38:42Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646452|Taeniolethrinops furcicauda]]" 859625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Taeniolethrinops furcicauda''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] inda yake girma a zurfin {{Convert|5|to|40|m|ft}} a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|21|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == atw0lfhcgx68r89yvepy3uh88ngkrtq 859626 859625 2026-06-17T20:40:00Z Engineer014 44591 859626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Taeniolethrinops furcicauda''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] inda yake girma a zurfin {{Convert|5|to|40|m|ft}} a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|21|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == k9sj4tbheaefq6yhnnmes43m0phbs4l Dichlorophen 0 158276 859629 2026-06-17T20:49:43Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329513235|Dichlorophen]]" 859629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=446639999|IUPAC_name=4-Chloro-2-[(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]phenol|image=Dichlorophen.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|image2=Dichlorophen molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|width2=200|alt2=Ball-and-stick mode of the dichlorophen molecule <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|dichlorophen}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=97-23-4|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_suffix=DX02|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|PubChem=3037|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=2929|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=T1J0JOU64O|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=C14292|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=33845 <!-- | RTECS = SM0175000 | EINECS = 202-567-1 --> <!--Chemical data-->|C=13|H=10|Cl=2|O=2|smiles=C1=CC(=C(C=C1Cl)CC2=C(C=CC(=C2)Cl)O)O|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C13H10Cl2O2/c14-10-1-3-12(16)8(6-10)5-9-7-11(15)2-4-13(9)17/h1-4,6-7,16-17H,5H2|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MDNWOSOZYLHTCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N|density=1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>|melting_point=177.5|solubility=0.003 g/100 mL<ref name="hand2">{{cite book | vauthors = Lide DR | year = 1998 | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 87 | location = Boca Raton, Florida | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 | pages = 8–118 }}</ref> <!-- | SolubleOther = 53 g/100 mL in [[ethanol]], 80 g/100 mL in [[acetone]]<ref name="hand">{{cite book | vauthors = Lide DR | year = 1998 | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 87 | location = Boca Raton, Florida | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 | pages = 3–174 }}</ref> | LD50 = 1000 mg/kg (mouse, oral)<ref name="gard"/> -->}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Dichlorophen</nowiki&gt;">Dichlorophen</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Dichlorophen.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Dichlorophen_molecule_ball.png|alt=Ball-and-stick mode of the dichlorophen molecule|class=bg-transparent|200x200px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/dichlorophen.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P02DX02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P02DX02 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">4-Chloro-2-[ (5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]phenol</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=97-23-4 97-23-4]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3037 3037]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2929.html 2929]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/T1J0JOU64O T1J0JOU64O]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C14292 C14292]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL33845 ChEMBL33845]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6021824 DTXSID6021824][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377552#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.002.335 100.002.335][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377552#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>13</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>10</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">269.12</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC1Cl%29CC2%3DC%28C%3DCC%28%3DC2%29Cl%29O%29O Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Yawan jama'a | class="infobox-data" |1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> g/cm2&nbsp;<sup>3</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na narkewa | class="infobox-data" |177.5 °C (351.5 °F) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Rashin narkewa a cikin ruwa | class="infobox-data" |0.003 g/100 mL mg/mL (20 °C) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1=CC (=C (C=C1Cl) CC2=C (C =CC (=C2) Cl) O) </div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C13H10Cl2O2/c14-10-1-3-12 (16) 8 (6-10) 5-9-7-11 (15) 2-4-13 (9) 17/h1-4,6-7,16-17H,5H2 N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: MD<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=446639999&page2=Dichlorophen (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Dichlorophen''' wakili ne na maganin rigakafi, fungicide, germicide, da kuma wakili na antimicrobial. Ana amfani da shi a hade tare da Toluene don cire kwayar cuta kamar ascarids, hookworms, da tapeworms daga [[Kare|karnuka]] da [[Kyanwa|Cats]]. A cikin 2025, an ruwaito cewa dichlorophen yana aiki ne a matsayin mai hana mitotic mai ɗaure tubulin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baksheeva VE, La Rocca R, Allegro D, Derviaux C, Pasquier E, Roche P, Morelli X, Devred F, Golovin AV, Tsvetkov PO |date=2025 |title=NanoDSF Screening for Anti-tubulin Agents Uncovers New Structure–Activity Insights |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01008}}</ref> == Tsaro da tsari == LD50 (baki, linzamin kwamfuta) shine 3300 MG / kg. == Manazarta == {{Anthelmintics}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dom9f59seykkg4kxjdqtu7vrh62ugl4 Diclazuril 0 158277 859631 2026-06-17T20:50:47Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346933801|Diclazuril]]" 859631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=408790816|IUPAC_name=2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-[2,6-dichloro-4-(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-2-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile|image=diclazuril.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Coxiril, Vecoxan|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|diclazuril}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=101831-37-2|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BC03|PubChem=456389|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|changed|FDA}}|UNII=K110K1B1VE|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D03794|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=284733|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=401855 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=17|H=9|Cl=3|N=4|O=2|smiles=C1=CC(=CC=C1C(C#N)C2=C(C=C(C=C2Cl)N3C(=O)NC(=O)C=N3)Cl)Cl|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C17H9Cl3N4O2/c18-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)12(7-21)16-13(19)5-11(6-14(16)20)24-17(26)23-15(25)8-22-24/h1-6,8,12H,(H,23,25,26)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=ZSZFUDFOPOMEET-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Diclazuril</nowiki&gt;">Diclazuril</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Diclazuril.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Coxiril, Vecoxan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/diclazuril.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BC03 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BC03 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">2- (4-Chlorophenyl) -2-[2,6-dichloro-4- (3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-2-yl) phenyl]acetonitrile</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=101831-37-2 101831-37-2]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/456389 456389]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.401855.html 401855]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/K110K1B1VE K110K1B1VE]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D03794 D03794]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL284733 ChEMBL284733]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4046787 DTXSID4046787][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5273856#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.168.055 100.168.055][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5273856#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>17</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>9</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">407.64</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC1C%28C%23N%29C2%3DC%28C%3DC%28C%3DC2Cl%29N3C%28%3DO%29NC%28%3DO%29C%3DN3%29Cl%29Cl Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1=CC (=CC=C1C (C#N) C2=C (C=C2Cl) N3C (=O) NC (=O) C=N3) Cl) </div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C17H9Cl3N4O2/c18-10-3-1-9 (2-4-10) 12 (7-21) 16-13 (19) 5-11 (6-14 (16) 20) 24-17 (26) 23-15 (25) 8-22-24/h1-6,8,12H, (H,23,25,26) N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:ZSZFUDFOPOMEET-UHFFFAOYSA-<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=408790816&page2=Diclazuril (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Diclazuril''' (sunan kasuwanci '''Vecoxan''') coccidiostat ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Diaferia M, Veronesi F, Morganti G, Nisoli L, Fioretti DP |date=August 2013 |title=Efficacy of toltrazuril 5 % suspension (Baycox®, Bayer) and diclazuril (Vecoxan®, Janssen-Cilag) in the control of Eimeria spp. in lambs |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=112 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=163–8 |doi=10.1007/s00436-013-3440-1 |pmid=23756962 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2025 an kuma bayar da rahoton diclazuril don hulɗa tare da tubulin kuma ya hana polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baksheeva VE, La Rocca R, Allegro D, Derviaux C, Pasquier E, Roche P, Morelli X, Devred F, Golovin AV, Tsvetkov PO |date=2025 |title=NanoDSF Screening for Anti-tubulin Agents Uncovers New Structure–Activity Insights |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01008}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Clazuril * Ponazuril * Toltrazuril == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} neg885nr1xcbqg3cr7lpzvc372femyp Eprinomectin 0 158278 859632 2026-06-17T20:52:12Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330275996|Eprinomectin]]" 859632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|drug_name=Eprinomectin B1a|INN=|type=|image=Eprinomectin B1a skeletal.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=250|alt=|caption=<!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=Eprinex|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|DailyMedID=Eprinomectin|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A/B1/B2/B3/C/D/X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|routes_of_administration=[[Topical medication|Topical]]|class=|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P54|ATC_suffix=AA04|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III -->|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=OTC|legal_US_comment=<ref name="Eprinex FDA label">{{cite web | title=Eprinex Pour-On For Beef And Dairy Cattle- eprinomectin solution | website=DailyMed | date=28 February 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7cf8669c-c000-4645-962e-891946c0e54b | access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_status=<!-- Free text --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=29%<ref name="EMA"/>|protein_bound=>99%<ref name="EMA"/>|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=24 hours<ref name="EMA"/>|elimination_half-life=8–36 days<ref name="EMA"/>|duration_of_action=7–10 days<ref name="EMA"/>|excretion=Feces (17–19.8%), urine (0.35%), milk (0.32–0.54%)<ref name="EMA">{{cite news |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/mrl-report/eprinomectin-summary-report-1-committee-veterinary-medicinal-products_en.pdf |title = Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products: Eprinomectin |work=The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products |date=June 1996 |access-date=2020-05-24 }}</ref> <!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number=133305-88-1|PubChem=6444397|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=16736607|UNII=00OY54D31C|KEGG=D04037|synonyms=MK-397, 4"-epi-acetylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin B1a<br /> (4"R)-4"-(acetylamino)-5-O-demethyl-4"-deoxyavermectin A1a <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|IUPAC_name=N-[(2S,3R,4S,6S)-6-[(2S,3S,4S,6R)-6-[(1'R,2R,3S,4'S,6S,8'R,10'E,12'S,13'S,14'E,16'E,20'R,21'R,24'S)-2-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-21',24'-dihydroxy-3,11',13',22'-tetramethyl-2'-oxospiro[2,3-dihydropyran-6,6'-3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene]-12'-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]acetamide|C=50|H=75|N=1|O=14|smiles=CC[C@H](C)[C@@H]1[C@H](C=C[C@@]2(O1)C[C@@H]3C[C@H](O2)C/C=C(/[C@H]([C@H](/C=C/C=C/4\CO[C@H]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([C@H]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[C@H]6C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O6)C)O[C@H]7C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O7)C)NC(=O)C)OC)OC)\C)C|StdInChI=1S/C50H75NO14/c1-12-26(2)45-29(5)18-19-49(65-45)24-36-21-35(64-49)17-16-28(4)44(27(3)14-13-15-34-25-58-47-43(53)30(6)20-37(48(54)61-36)50(34,47)55)62-41-23-39(57-11)46(32(8)60-41)63-40-22-38(56-10)42(31(7)59-40)51-33(9)52/h13-16,18-20,26-27,29,31-32,35-47,53,55H,12,17,21-25H2,1-11H3,(H,51,52)/b14-13+,28-16+,34-15+/t26-,27-,29-,31-,32-,35+,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42+,43+,44-,45+,46-,47+,49+,50+/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=ZKWQQXZUCOBISE-CRTGXIDZSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Eprinomectin B1a</nowiki&gt;">Eprinomectin B1a</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Eprinomectin_B1a_skeletal.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Eprinex |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |MK-397, 4"-epi-acetylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin B1a (4"R) -4"- (acetylamine) -5-O-demethyl-4"-de oxyavermectin A1a<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Bayanan lasisi]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Eprinomectin Eprinomectin]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Abubuwan da ke faruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambobin ATCvet | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP54AA04 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP54AA04 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;OTC </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |29%<ref name="EMA" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Haɗin furotin | class="infobox-data" |>99%<ref name="EMA" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Farawar aiki | class="infobox-data" |Sa'o'i 24 <ref name="EMA" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Kashe <nowiki><span class="nowrap">rabin rayuwa</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Kwanaki 8-36 <ref name="EMA" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsawon aiki | class="infobox-data" |Kwanaki 7-10 <ref name="EMA" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |Fasa (17-19.8%), fitsari (0.35%), madara (0.32-0.54%) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">N-[ (2S,3R,4S,6S) -6-[ (2S,4S,6R) -6-,[1'R,3S,4'S,6S,8'R,10'E,12'S,13'S,14'E,16'E,20'R,21'R,24'S) -2-[ (2S) -butan-2-yl]-21',24'-dihydroxy-3,11',13',22-tetramethyl-2'-meth'-methyran-6,64]-30,44,30,-tetracycloxy-40,30,30,0thylloxyxyxy-40,-29,30,34,30,30.</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=133305-88-1 133305-88-1]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6444397 6444397]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.16736607.html 16736607]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/00OY54D31C 00OY54D31C]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04037 D04037]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8037542 DTXSID8037542][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39050082#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>50</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>75</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>14</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">914.143</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D1%5BC%40H%5D%28C%3DC%5BC%40%40%5D2%28O1%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D3C%5BC%40H%5D%28O2%29C%2FC%3DC%28%2F%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%2FC%3DC%2FC%3DC%2F4%5CCO%5BC%40H%5D5%5BC%40%40%5D4%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%3DC%28%5BC%40H%5D5O%29C%29C%28%3DO%29O3%29O%29C%29O%5BC%40H%5D6C%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O6%29C%29O%5BC%40H%5D7C%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O7%29C%29NC%28%3DO%29C%29OC%29OC%29%5CC%29C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CC[C@H] (C) [C@H][1[C@ H] (C=C[C@@H]2 (O1) C[C@h] (O2) C/C=C (/C@H) ([C@D] (/C= C/C/4\CO[C@"H]5[C@G@H] C@O) (C@H[C] C@H) C (C]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C50H75NO14/c1-12-26 (2) 45-29 (5) 18-19-49 (65-45) 24-36-21-35 (64-49) 17-16-28 (4) 44 (27 (3) 14-13-15-34-25-58-47-43 (53) 30 (6) 20-37 (48 (54) 61-36) 50 (34,47) 55) 62-41-23-39 (57-11) 46 (32 (8) 60-41) 63-402-380) 42 (31 (7) 59-439-13) 53-430++++,21,21,35H312-321+312-31+,,31+312-4312-342,31+32,312-312-34+++312+++42,312+312:34++32,31+++1+++H312+42,31H312-44++4++1+,</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: ZKWQXZUCOBISE-CRTGXIDZSA-N</div> </div> |} {{Infobox drug|drug_name=Eprinomectin B1b|INN=|type=|image=Eprinomectin B1b skeletal.svg|width=239|alt=|caption=<!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|licence_EU=|licence_US=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A/B1/B2/B3/C/D/X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_US=<!-- A/B/C/D/X/N -->|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III -->|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC/Rx-only/Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_status=<!-- Free text --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|duration_of_action=|excretion=<!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number=133305-89-2|class=|ATCvet=y|ATC_prefix=P54|ATC_suffix=AA04|PubChem=20055319|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=16736608|UNII=31OML2QZ0Q|KEGG=D04037|synonyms=4"-epi-acetylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin B1b <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|IUPAC_name=N-[(2S,3R,4S,6S)-6-[(2S,3S,4S,6R)-6-[(1'R,2R,3S,4'S,6S,8'R,10'E,12'S,13'S,14'E,16'E,20'R,21'R,24'S)-21',24'-dihydroxy-3,11',13',22'-tetramethyl-2'-oxo-2-propan-2-ylspiro[2,3-dihydropyran-6,6'-3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene]-12'-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]acetamide|C=49|H=73|N=1|O=14|smiles=C[C@H]1/C=C/C=C/2\CO[C@H]3[C@@]2([C@@H](C=C([C@H]3O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]4C[C@@H](C/C=C(/[C@H]1O[C@H]5C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)O[C@H]6C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O6)C)NC(=O)C)OC)OC)\C)O[C@]7(C4)C=C[C@@H]([C@H](O7)C(C)C)C)O|StdInChI=1S/C49H73NO14/c1-25(2)43-28(5)17-18-48(64-43)23-35-20-34(63-48)16-15-27(4)44(26(3)13-12-14-33-24-57-46-42(52)29(6)19-36(47(53)60-35)49(33,46)54)61-40-22-38(56-11)45(31(8)59-40)62-39-21-37(55-10)41(30(7)58-39)50-32(9)51/h12-15,17-19,25-26,28,30-31,34-46,52,54H,16,20-24H2,1-11H3,(H,50,51)/b13-12+,27-15+,33-14+/t26-,28-,30-,31-,34+,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41+,42+,43+,44-,45-,46+,48+,49+/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=WPNHOHPRXXCPRA-FZTOWWROSA-N}}'''Eprinomectin''' wani avermectin ne da aka yi amfani da shi azaman maganin dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shoop WL, Egerton JR, Eary CH, Haines HW, Michael BF, Mrozik H, Eskola P, Fisher MH, Slayton L, Ostlind DA, Skelly BJ, Fulton RK, Barth D, Costa S, Gregory LM, Campbell WC, Seward RL, Turner MJ |date=November 1996 |title=Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for use as a topical endectocide for cattle |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1237–42 |doi=10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00123-3 |pmid=9024867}}</ref> Haɗe ne na sinadarai guda biyu, eprinomectin B1a da B1b . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNII - 75KP30FD8O |url=https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/75KP30FD8O |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 1vjj7bf6pfffcopap7jfkaoju4zzoxa Dimetridazole 0 158279 859633 2026-06-17T20:53:23Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330813784|Dimetridazole]]" 859633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=437182923|IUPAC_name=1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-1''H''-imidazole|image=Dimetridazole structure.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=160 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|dimetridazole}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=551-92-8|CAS_supplemental=|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=AA07|ATC_supplemental=|PubChem=3090|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=2980|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=K59P7XNB8X|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D07855|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=38938 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=5|H=7|N=3|O=2|smiles=Cc1ncc([N](=O)=O)n1C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C5H7N3O2/c1-4-6-3-5(7(4)2)8(9)10/h3H,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=IBXPYPUJPLLOIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Dimetridazole</nowiki&gt;">Dimetridazole</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Dimetridazole_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|160x160px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/dimetridazole.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51AA07 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51AA07 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">1,2-dimet''H''-5-nitro-1H-imidazole</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=551-92-8 551-92-8]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3090 3090]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2980.html 2980]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/K59P7XNB8X K59P7XNB8X]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D07855 D07855]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL38938 ChEMBL38938]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5020497 DTXSID5020497][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5277356#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.008.184 100.008.184][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5277356#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>5</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>7</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">141.130</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Cc1ncc%28%5BN%5D%28%3DO%29%3DO%29n1C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Cc1ncc ([N] (=O) =O) n1C</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C5H7N3O2/c1-4-6-3-5 (7 (4) 2) 8 (9) 10/h3H,1-2H3 <sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: IBXP<sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=437182923&page2=Dimetridazole (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Dimetridazole''' magani ne wanda ke yaki da cututtukan protozoan. Magungunan nitroimidazole ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dalton |first=P. |year=1996 |title=Use of dimetridazole in gamebirds |journal=The Veterinary Record |volume=139 |issue=16 |pages=399 |pmid=8913016}}</ref> An saba ƙara shi zuwa abincin kaji. Wannan ya haifar da samun sa a cikin ƙwai. Saboda zargin cewa yana haifar da cutar kansa an iyakance amfani da shi bisa doka amma har yanzu ana samun sa a cikin ƙwai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Posyniak A, Semeniuk S, Zmudzki J, Niedzielska J, Biernacki B |year=1996 |title=Residues of dimetridazole in eggs after treatment of laying hens |journal=Veterinary Research Communications |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=167–74 |doi=10.1007/bf00385638 |pmid=8711897 |s2cid=38729121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cannavan A, Kennedy DG |year=1997 |title=Determination of dimetridazole in poultry tissues and eggs using liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry |journal=The Analyst |volume=122 |issue=9 |pages=963–6 |bibcode=1997Ana...122..963C |doi=10.1039/a703193i |pmid=9374025}}</ref> Yanzu an haramta shi azaman kayan abinci na dabbobi a yankuna da yawa, misali a [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Kanada]]. da kuma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A Amurka, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta haramta shi don amfani da extralabel == Dubi kuma == * Metronidazole * Nimorazole == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} qnixr1pi6biz1qhbex0695auabwflmn Jerin magungunan da aka yi amfani da su don magance schistosomiasis 0 158280 859634 2026-06-17T20:54:23Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233976811|List of drugs used to treat schistosomiasis]]" 859634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shistosomicide''' magani ne da ake amfani da shi don yaki da [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] . == Jerin == Misalan da aka jera a cikin MeSH sun haɗa da: * amoscanate * Artether * [[artemether]] * chloroxylenol * hycanthone * lucanthone * metrifonate * niridazole * Oltipraz * oxamniquine * praziquantel<ref name="pmid519476">{{Cite journal |last=McMahon JE, Kolstrup N |date=December 1979 |title=Praziquantel: a new schistosomicide against Schistosoma haematobium |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=6202 |pages=1396–8 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.6202.1396 |pmc=1597073 |pmid=519476}}</ref> * stibophen == Dubi kuma == * Allurar rigakafin Schistosomiasis == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Abdul-Ghani |first=R |last2=Loutfy |first2=N |last3=Sahn |first3=A |last4=Hassan |first4=A |date=Apr 2009 |title=Current chemotherapy arsenal for schistosomiasis mansoni: alternatives and challenges |journal=Parasitol Res |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=955–65 |doi=10.1007/s00436-009-1371-7 |pmid=19255786}} {{Anthelmintics}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] poh8q51l146k86glag56xg1j1ostyfc Ethopabate 0 158281 859635 2026-06-17T20:55:19Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1172274570|Ethopabate]]" 859635 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Ethopabate''' coccidiostat ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin kaji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arabkhazaeli |first=F. |last2=Modrisanei |first2=M. |last3=Nabian |first3=S. |last4=Mansoori |first4=B. |last5=Madani |first5=A. |year=2013 |title=Evaluating the resistance of ''Eimeria'' spp. Field isolates to anticoccidial drugs using three different indices |journal=Iranian Journal of Parasitology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=234–241 |pmc=3724148 |pmid=23914236}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ta55xngvgkrffx2esaj6qy4ge9qoyx3 Flubendazole 0 158282 859637 2026-06-17T20:56:25Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347527996|Flubendazole]]" 859637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=407194173|IUPAC_name=Methyl ''N''-[6-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1''H''-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate|image=Flubendazole.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=225 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|flubendazole}}|DailyMedID=Flubendazole|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=31430-15-6|ATC_prefix=P02|ATC_suffix=CA05|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P52|AC12}}|PubChem=35802|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|changed|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB08974|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|changed|FDA}}|UNII=R8M46911LR|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D04200|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEBI=77095|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=145946|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=32932 <!--Chemical data-->|C=16|H=12|F=1|N=3|O=3|melting_point=243<ref name="Vasilev_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vasilev NA, Voronin AP, Surov AO, Perlovich GL | title = Influence of Co-amorphization on the Physical Stability and Dissolution Performance of an Anthelmintic Drug Flubendazole | journal = Molecular Pharmaceutics | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 1657–1669 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36732935 | doi = 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00873 | s2cid = 256546280 }}</ref>|solubility=10.0 ± 0.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> μg/mL (pH 1.6); 0.29 ± 0.06 × 10<sup>−6</sup> μg/mL (pH 6.5) <ref name="Vasilev_2023"/>|smiles=COC(=O)Nc1[nH]c2ccc(cc2n1)C(=O)c3ccc(cc3)F|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C16H12FN3O3/c1-23-16(22)20-15-18-12-7-4-10(8-13(12)19-15)14(21)9-2-5-11(17)6-3-9/h2-8H,1H3,(H2,18,19,20,22)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=CPEUVMUXAHMANV-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Flubendazole</nowiki&gt;">Flubendazole</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Flubendazole.svg|class=skin-invert-image|225x225px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/flubendazole.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Bayanan lasisi]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Flubendazole Flubendazole]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P02CA05 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P02CA05 WHO]</span>) QP52AC12 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP52AC12 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">Met''H'' ''N''-[6- (4-fluorobenzoyl) -1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=31430-15-6 31430-15-6]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/35802 35802]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08974 DB08974]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.32932.html 32932]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/R8M46911LR R8M46911LR]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04200 D04200]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:77095 CHEBI: 77095]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL145946 ChEMBL145946]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8023058 DTXSID8023058][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241992#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.046.007 100.046.007][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241992#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>16</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>12</sub><span title="Fluorine">F</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>3</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">313.288</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=COC%28%3DO%29Nc1%5BnH%5Dc2ccc%28cc2n1%29C%28%3DO%29c3ccc%28cc3%29F Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na narkewa | class="infobox-data" |243 °C (469 °F) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Rashin narkewa a cikin ruwa | class="infobox-data" |10.0 ± 0.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> μg/mL (pH 1.6); 0.29 ± 0.06 × 10− 6 μg/ML (ph 6.5) <ref name="Vasilev_2023" /> mg/mL (20 °C) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">COC (=O) Nc1[nH]c2ccc (cc2n1) C (=O) c3ccc (occ3) F</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C16H12FN3O3/c1-23-16 (22) 20-15-18-12-7-4-10 (8-13 (12) 19-15) 14 (21) 9-2-5-11 (17) 6-3-9/h2-8H,1H3, (H2,18,19,20,22) N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: CPEUVMUXAHMA<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=407194173&page2=Flubendazole (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Flubendazole''' maganin rigakafi ne, wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin mutane da kuma dalilai na likitan dabbobi. Yana da kusanci sosai da sunadarai zuwa mebendazole, bambancin kawai shine ƙarin kwayar fluorine.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heyer F, Tourte-Schaeffer C, Ancelle T, Faurant C, Lapierre J |date=1 February 1982 |title=Le flubendazole : un progrès dans le traitement des helminthiases intestinales. A propos de 471 observations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0399077X82800474 |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |language=fr |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=57–61 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(82)80047-4 |issn=0399-077X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kamar mebendazole, flubendazole yana hana tubulin polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baksheeva VE, La Rocca R, Allegro D, Derviaux C, Pasquier E, Roche P, Morelli X, Devred F, Golovin AV, Tsvetkov PO |date=2025 |title=NanoDSF Screening for Anti-tubulin Agents Uncovers New Structure–Activity Insights |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01008}}</ref> == Amfani da Mutum == Yana samuwa don amfani da mutum don magance cututtukan tsutsotsi. A wasu ƙasashe kamar Faransa, ba shi da tsada kuma yana samuwa OTC (ba tare da takardar magani ba) <ref>{{Cite web |title=FLUVERMAL |url=https://www.vidal.fr/medicaments/gammes/fluvermal-3835.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=VIDAL |language=fr}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin sunan alama Fluvermal a matsayin madadin mebendazole wanda a halin yanzu ba a sayar da shi a can ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VERMOX |url=https://www.vidal.fr/medicaments/gammes/vermox-28317.html |website=VIDAL |language=fr}}</ref> == Amfani da dabbobi == A karkashin amfani da dabbobi, sunan sa shine '''Flutelmium''' wanda shine paste wanda Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. ke amfani da shi don kariya daga kwayar cuta ta ciki da tsutsotsi a cikin karnuka da cats. Sauran sunayen alama sune '''Flubenol''', '''Biovermin''', da '''Flumoxal''' . Tun daga shekara ta 2000, an kara shimfiɗa ƙwanƙwasawa da aka yi da Flubendazole a kan shimfidar wuri a duk faɗin wuraren harbi na Burtaniya da yawa ta masu kula da wasan a ƙoƙarin rage tasirin lambobin tsuntsaye daga tsutsotsi masu ƙarfi. Ana buƙatar shaidar babban nauyin tsutsotsi kafin likitan dabbobi ya iya rarraba kuma ya sayar da samfurin, wanda aka sani da 'girin magani'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best practice use of medicated grit |url=http://www.gwct.org.uk/advisory/guides/medicated-grit-best-practice/ |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust}}</ref> Koyaya, an sami karuwar damuwa game da gurɓataccen da ke shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa da ke gudana daga moorlands, da kuma amfani da shi a cikin yanayin noma da kasancewarsa a cikin turare. Masu bincike suna fara tattara shaidar bincike don sanar da ci gaban manufofi game da kasancewar wannan da sauran magungunan dabbobi a cikin yanayi mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis, occurrence and effects of flubendazole in moorland river catchments |url=http://www.nercdtp.leeds.ac.uk/projects/index.php?id=527 |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=www.nercdtp.leeds.ac.uk |publisher=Leeds York NERC Doctoral Training Partnership (DTP)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kreuzig R, Blümlein K, Höltge S |date=November 2007 |title=Fate of the Benzimidazole Antiparasitics Flubendazole and Fenbendazole in Manure and Manured Soils |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227792944 |journal=CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=488–494 |bibcode=2007CSAW...35..488K |doi=10.1002/clen.200720023 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sgsnjauaje71r9joj9wiohwpu8hfqnv Halofuginone 0 158283 859639 2026-06-17T20:57:38Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339785905|Halofuginone]]" 859639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=444144628|image=Halofuginone.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=180|image2=Halofuginone molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|width2=240|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the halofuginone molecule <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Halocur|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|halofuginone}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BX01|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title = Halocur EPAR | date = 29 October 1999 | website = European Medicines Agency (EMA) | url = https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/halocur | access-date = 26 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Halocur PI | date = 9 November 1999 | website = Union Register of medicinal products | url = https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/v013.htm | access-date = 26 December 2024 }}</ref>|legal_status=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|index_label=|index2_label=|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=55837-20-2|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1199540|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=L31MM1385E|PubChem=400772|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=355164|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C16H17BrClN3O3/c17-11-6-13-10(5-12(11)18)16(24)21(8-20-13)7-9(22)4-14-15(23)2-1-3-19-14/h5-6,8,14-15,19,23H,1-4,7H2/t14-,15+/m0/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=LVASCWIMLIKXLA-LSDHHAIUSA-N <!--Chemical data-->|IUPAC_name=7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2''S'',3''R'')-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl]-4-quinazolinone|C=16|H=17|Br=1|Cl=1|N=3|O=3|smiles=O=C(CN3C=NC2=CC(Br)=C(Cl)C=C2C3=O)C[C@@H]1NCCC[C@H]1O|drug_name=|alt=|caption=|type=|MedlinePlus=|licence_EU=|licence_US=}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Halofuginone</nowiki&gt;">Halofuginone</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Halofuginone.png|class=skin-invert-image|180x180px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Halofuginone_molecule_ball.png|alt=Ball-and-stick model of the halofuginone molecule|class=bg-transparent|240x240px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Halocur |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/halofuginone.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BX01 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BX01 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;European Union</nowiki&gt;">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-kawai&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">7-B''R''-6-chloro-3-[3-[ (2''S'',3R) -3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl]-4-quinazolinone</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=55837-20-2 55837-20-2]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/400772 400772]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.355164.html 355164]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/L31MM1385E L31MM1385E]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1199540 ChEMBL1199540]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0048260 DTXSID0048260][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4132745#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>16</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>17</sub><span title="Bromine">Br</span><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>3</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">414.68</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28CN3C%3DNC2%3DCC%28Br%29%3DC%28Cl%29C%3DC2C3%3DO%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D1NCCC%5BC%40H%5D1O Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C (CN3C=NC2=CC (Br) =C (Cl) C=C2C3=O) C[C@@H]1NCCC[C@H]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C16H17BrClN3O3/c17-11-6-13-10 (5-12 (11) 18) 16 (24) 21 (8-20-13) 7-9 (22) 4-14-15 (23) 2-1-3-19-14/h5-6,8,14-15,19,23H,1-4,7H2/t14-,15+/m0/s1 N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:LVASCWIMLIKXLA-LSDHHAIUSA-<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444144628&page2=Halofuginone (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Halofuginone''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Halocur''', coccidiostat ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin maganin dabbobi. Yana da wani [[Halogens|halogenated]] na roba wanda aka samo daga febrifugine, wani halitta quinazolinone alkaloid wanda za'a iya samu a cikin kasar Sin ciyawa Dichroa febrifuga (Chang Shan). <ref name="drugdictionary">{{Cite web |title=Halofuginone hydrobromide |url=http://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary/?CdrID=38485 |website=NCI Drug Dictionary |publisher=National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> Collgard Biopharmaceuticals yana haɓaka halofuginone don maganin scleroderma kuma ya sami sunan magani marayu daga Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2000 |title=Halofuginone Receives FDA Orphan Drug Status For Scleroderma |url=http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/18dff6.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304235043/http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/18dff6.htm |archive-date=4 March 2012 |website=WebCite}}</ref> EPRS1 yana aiki, a cikin ƙwayoyin ɗan adam, a matsayin abin da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin mammarenaviruses, gami da LCMV, JUNV, da [[Lassa fever|LASV]], da kuma hana shi ta amfani da mahaɗin halofuginon, mai hana yankin prolyl, gaba ɗaya yana kawar da kamuwa ta hanyar katse taron kwayar cuta da budding.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witwit H, Ibanez P, Zhou R, Jackson N, Escobedo R, Cubitt B, Khafaji R, Sattler RY, Martinez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC |date=2026-02-04 |title=Prolyl tRNA Synthetase Is Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication |journal=Viruses |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=202 |doi=10.3390/v18020202 |issn=1999-4915 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halofuginone yana hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin T mataimakin 17, ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cututtukan autoimmune, amma ba ya shafar wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin C waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin rigakafi na yau da kullun.<ref name="Sundrud_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sundrud MS, Koralov SB, Feuerer M, Calado DP, Kozhaya AE, Rhule-Smith A, Lefebvre RE, Unutmaz D, Mazitschek R, Waldner H, Whitman M, Keller T, Rao A |date=June 2009 |title=Halofuginone inhibits TH17 cell differentiation by activating the amino acid starvation response |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5932 |pages=1334–1338 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1334S |doi=10.1126/science.1172638 |pmc=2803727 |pmid=19498172}}</ref> Halofuginone saboda haka yana da damar magance cututtukan rigakafi.<ref name="Sundrud_2009" /> Halofuginone kuma mai hana bayyanar kwayar halitta ce ta collagen kuma a sakamakon haka yana iya hana ci gaban kwayar cutar kansa.<ref name="Keller_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keller TL, Zocco D, Sundrud MS, Hendrick M, Edenius M, Yum J, Kim YJ, Lee HK, Cortese JF, Wirth DF, Dignam JD, Rao A, Yeo CY, Mazitschek R, Whitman M |date=February 2012 |title=Halofuginone and other febrifugine derivatives inhibit prolyl-tRNA synthetase |journal=Nature Chemical Biology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=311–317 |doi=10.1038/nchembio.790 |pmc=3281520 |pmid=22327401}}</ref> Halofuginone yana nuna tasirinsa ta hanyar aiki a matsayin babban mai hana zumunci na enzyme glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase. Hana cajin prolyl tRNA yana haifar da tarawa na prolyl pRNAs marasa caji, wanda ke aiki a matsayin sigina don fara Amsawar yunwa ta amino acid, wanda hakan ke haifar da tasirin rigakafin kumburi da kuma tasirin anti-fibrotic.<ref name="Keller_2012" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5v95arcrmn0w8qpjp05gqkdohnrve0g Hycanthone 0 158284 859640 2026-06-17T20:58:43Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329257521|Hycanthone]]" 859640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=407389823|IUPAC_name=1-(2-Diethylaminoethylamino)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-9-thioxanthenone|image=Hycanthone.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=3105-97-3|ATC_prefix=none|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=3634|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|changed|FDA}}|UNII=2BXX5EVN2A|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEBI=52768|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D00541|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=22077|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=3508|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C20H24N2O2S/c1-3-22(4-2)12-11-21-16-10-9-14(13-23)20-18(16)19(24)15-7-5-6-8-17(15)25-20/h5-10,21,23H,3-4,11-13H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MFZWMTSUNYWVBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=20|H=24|N=2|O=2|S=1|smiles=CCN(CC)CCNC1=C2C(=C(C=C1)CO)SC3=CC=CC=C3C2=O}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Hycanthone</nowiki&gt;">Hycanthone</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Hycanthone.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">1- (2-Diethylaminoethylamine) -4- (hydroxymethyl) -9-thioxanthenone</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3105-97-3 3105-97-3]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3634 3634]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3508.html 3508]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/2BXX5EVN2A 2BXX5EVN2A]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00541 D00541]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:52768 CHEBI:52768]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL22077 ChEMBL22077]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9023128 DTXSID9023128][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5953407#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.019.512 100.019.512][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5953407#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>20</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>24</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">356.48</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCN%28CC%29CCNC1%3DC2C%28%3DC%28C%3DC1%29CO%29SC3%3DCC%3DCC%3DC3C2%3DO Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CCN (CC) CCNC1=C2C (=C (C=C1) CO) SC3=CC=C3C2=O</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">I<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>=1S/C20H24N2O2S/c1-3-22 (4-2) 12-11-21-16-10-9-14 (13-23) 20-18 (16) 19 (24) 15-7-5-6-8-17 (15) 25-20/h5-10,21,23H,3-4,11-13H2,1-2H3 N</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:MFZWMTSU<sup>&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span></sup>-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;<sup>[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=407389823&page2=Hycanthone (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Hycanthone''' shine maganin Shistosomicide da FDA ta amince da shi a 1975. Yana da wani metabolite na lucanthone. Hycanthone yana tsoma baki tare da aikin jijiyoyin kwayar cuta, wanda ke haifar da shanyayye da mutuwa. Wannan wakili kuma yana shiga cikin DNA kuma yana hana kira na RNA a cik''in vitro'' kuma yana nuna yiwuwar aikin antineoplastic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=hycanthone |url=http://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=39477 |website=NCI Cancer Dictionary}}</ref> == Ayyukan Anti-schistosomal == An nuna Hycanthone a matsayin mai hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE) daga ''Schistosoma mansoni'', amma ba shi da damar kamuwa da AChE daga asalin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wannan na iya fitowa daga bambance-bambance a cikin tsari na cibiyar aiki tsakanin schistosome da enzymes na AChE na dabbobi masu shayarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hillman GR, Senft AW |date=September 1975 |title=Anticholinergic properties of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=827–34 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.827 |pmid=1190369}}</ref> An nuna Hycanthone don shiga cikin DNA kuma ya hana kira na RNA a cik''in vitro''. Shaidu masu yawa sun nuna cewa hycathone yana da aikin antineoplastic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rashin guba == Hycanthone wani Hepatotoxin ne mai dogara da sashi, wanda ke haifar da rauni na hepatocellular. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stine JG, Lewis JH |year=2013 |title=Hepatotoxicity of Antibiotics: A Review and Update for the Clinician |journal=Clinics in Liver Disease |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=609-642 |doi=10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.008 |pmid=24099021}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti == * Mataki na II Nazarin Chemotherapy tare da Hycanthone don Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma . <ref name="pmid6861166">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schutt AJ, Dalton RJ, Kovach JS, Moertel CG, O'Connell MJ |date=June 1983 |title=Phase II study of hycanthone in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma |journal=Cancer Treatment Reports |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=593–4 |pmid=6861166}}</ref> * Mataki na II Chemotherapy tare da Hycanthone Mesylate da Flagyl don Advanced Malignant Lymphomas (Cakke) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phase II Chemotherapy with Hycanthone Mesylate and Flagyl for Advanced Malignant Lymphomas |url=http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=77360&version=HealthProfessional&protocolsearchid=10235377 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213213104/http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=77360&version=HealthProfessional&protocolsearchid=10235377 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |website=U.S. National Cancer Institute}}</ref> == Abubuwan jiki == {| class="wikitable" |'''Yanayin jiki''' |Mai ƙarfi |- |'''Rarrabawar warwarewa''' |Mai narkewa a cikin ethanol, methanol, DMSO, da ruwa |- |'''Matsakaicin sha''' |233, 258, 329, 438 nm&nbsp; |- |'''Matsayi na narkewa''' |173-176 °C&nbsp; |- |'''logP''' |3.74 |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mcp38hbekw5ur3bw738z88hvdiwswfu Isometamidium chloride 0 158285 859641 2026-06-17T20:59:53Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329515466|Isometamidium chloride]]" 859641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|IUPAC_name=3-[N'-[(3-amino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-8-phenanthridin-5-iumyl)imino]hydrazino]benzamidine chloride|image=Isometamidium chloride.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=34301-55-8|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=DX04|PubChem=92295|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=83326|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=7NH28I651F <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=28|H=26|Cl=1|N=7|smiles=[Cl-].[N@H]=C(N)c1cc(ccc1)N/N=N/c4ccc3c2ccc(N)cc2[n+](c(c3c4)c5ccccc5)CC|StdInChI=1S/C28H25N7.ClH/c1-2-35-26-16-20(29)11-13-24(26)23-14-12-22(17-25(23)27(35)18-7-4-3-5-8-18)33-34-32-21-10-6-9-19(15-21)28(30)31;/h3-17,29H,2H2,1H3,(H4,30,31,32,33);1H|StdInChIKey=QNZJTSGALAVCLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Isometamidium chloride</nowiki&gt;">Isometamidium chloride</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Isometamidium_chloride.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51DX04 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51DX04 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">3-[N'-[ (3-amino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-8-phenanthridin-5-iumyl) imino]hydrazino]benzamidine chloride</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=34301-55-8 34301-55-8]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92295 92295]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.83326.html 83326]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/7NH28I651F 7NH28I651F]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID10955855 DTXSID10955855][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3155582#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.047.191 100.047.191][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3155582#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>28</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>26</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>7</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">496.02</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BCl-%5D.%5BN%40H%5D%3DC%28N%29c1cc%28ccc1%29N%2FN%3DN%2Fc4ccc3c2ccc%28N%29cc2%5Bn%2B%5D%28c%28c3c4%29c5ccccc5%29CC Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[Cl-]. [N@H]=C (N) c1cc (ccc1) N/N=N/c4ccc3c2ccc (N) cc2[n+] (c (c3c4) c5ccc5) CC</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C28H25N7. ClH/c1-2-35-26-16-20 (29) 11-13-24 (26) 23-14-12-22 (17-25 (23) 27 (35) 18-7-4-3-5-8-18) 33-34-32-21-10-6-9-19 (15-21) 28 (30) 31;/h3-17,29H,2H2,1H3, (H4,30,31,32,33);1H</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: QNZJTSGALAVCLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |} '''Isometamidium chloride''' wakili ne na triazene trypanocidal wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin maganin dabbobi.<ref name="Whitelaw">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitelaw DD, Bell IR, Holmes PH, Moloo SK, Hirumi H, Urquhart GM, Murray M |date=June 1986 |title=Isometamidium chloride prophylaxis against Trypanosoma congolense challenge and the development of immune responses in Boran cattle |journal=The Veterinary Record |volume=118 |issue=26 |pages=722–6 |doi=10.1136/vr.118.26.722 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmid=3739193 |s2cid=39168151}}</ref><ref name="Peregrine">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Peregrine AS, Ogunyemi O, Whitelaw DD, Holmes PH, Moloo SK, Hirumi H, Urquhart GM, Murray M |date=April 1988 |title=Factors influencing the duration of isometamidium chloride (Samorin) prophylaxis against experimental challenge with metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1016/0304-4017(88)90018-0 |pmid=3388736}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi guda ɗaya ethidium bromide kamar subunit da ke da alaƙa da wani ɓangaren kwayar diminazene. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tsayayya == [[Kogin Gibe]] a kudu maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ya nuna juriya ta duniya tsakanin Yuli 1989 da Fabrairu 1993. Wannan mai yiwuwa yana nuna asarar aiki na dindindin a wannan yanki akan abin da aka gwada, T. congolense ya ware daga shanu na Boran. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 473axrd5ft9kijfqzsmema5gstfl4hb Kogin Berg redfin 0 158286 859644 2026-06-17T21:07:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354932370|Berg River redfin]]" 859644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Redfin na Kogin Berg''' ( '''''Pseudobarbus burgi''''' ) ko '''Berg redfin''' nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa na Afirka a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Redfin na Burchell ( ''P. burchelli'' ), nau'in nau'in halittarsa ''Pseudobarbus'', dangi ne na kusa. Redfin na Kogin Berg tetraploid ne. Yana da yawa a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda yake faruwa a babban [[kogin Berg]] da kuma rafukansa na [[Boesmans River (Western Cape)|Boesmans]], [[Goedverwacht River|Goedverwacht]], [[Hugo River|Hugo]], [[Kogin Krom|Krom]], [[Leeu River (Berg)|Leeu]] da [[Kogin Wemmers|Wemmers]] . Irin waɗannan kifayen a cikin Verlorenvlei sun zama na wani nau'in halitta daban, wanda ba a bayyana shi ba tun daga shekarar 2007. A da, an sami yawan kowace nau'in a cikin [[kogin Eerste]] . Yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da ƙarancin tauri . Wannan nau'in ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|wanda ke cikin haɗari]] ta hanyar IUCN saboda ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan; aƙalla a cikin Kogin Boesmans adadinsa har yanzu yana raguwa. Baya ga yawan amfani da ruwan koguna, manyan barazanar sune kifin bakan gizo ( ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' ) da bass na smallmouth ( ''Micropterus dolomieu'' ). Musamman ma na ƙarshen yana cinye dukkan tarin kifin Berg River Redfins duk lokacin da ya sami damar daidaita wani yanki na kogi. Manyan wuraren kogunan sun yi sanyi sosai don kifin ya bunƙasa; a nan, kifin shine babbar matsalar. Ba a tantance tasirin kifin Afirka ( ''Clarias gariepinus'' ), wani nau'in da ba na asali ba, har yanzu, domin bai daɗe ba. Ba a gabatar da wani shirin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyayewa]] ga ''P. burgi'' ba tukuna. == Manazarta == nhtyj0j8pdi4oxe4drucpbhmj209uyp 859645 859644 2026-06-17T21:08:04Z Engineer014 44591 859645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Redfin na Kogin Berg''' ( '''''Pseudobarbus burgi''''' ) ko '''Berg redfin''' nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa na Afirka a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Redfin na Burchell ( ''P. burchelli'' ), nau'in nau'in halittarsa ''Pseudobarbus'', dangi ne na kusa. Redfin na Kogin Berg tetraploid ne. Yana da yawa a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda yake faruwa a babban [[kogin Berg]] da kuma rafukansa na [[Boesmans River (Western Cape)|Boesmans]], [[Goedverwacht River|Goedverwacht]], [[Hugo River|Hugo]], [[Kogin Krom|Krom]], [[Leeu River (Berg)|Leeu]] da [[Kogin Wemmers|Wemmers]] . Irin waɗannan kifayen a cikin Verlorenvlei sun zama na wani nau'in halitta daban, wanda ba a bayyana shi ba tun daga shekarar 2007. A da, an sami yawan kowace nau'in a cikin [[kogin Eerste]] . Yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da ƙarancin tauri . Wannan nau'in ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|wanda ke cikin haɗari]] ta hanyar IUCN saboda ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan; aƙalla a cikin Kogin Boesmans adadinsa har yanzu yana raguwa. Baya ga yawan amfani da ruwan koguna, manyan barazanar sune kifin bakan gizo ( ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' ) da bass na smallmouth ( ''Micropterus dolomieu'' ). Musamman ma na ƙarshen yana cinye dukkan tarin kifin Berg River Redfins duk lokacin da ya sami damar daidaita wani yanki na kogi. Manyan wuraren kogunan sun yi sanyi sosai don kifin ya bunƙasa; a nan, kifin shine babbar matsalar. Ba a tantance tasirin kifin Afirka ( ''Clarias gariepinus'' ), wani nau'in da ba na asali ba, har yanzu, domin bai daɗe ba. Ba a gabatar da wani shirin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyayewa]] ga ''P. burgi'' ba tukuna. == Manazarta == iyooa57tiwmbr9k8x75vz63mu9a9pwp Pseudobarbus 0 158287 859646 2026-06-17T21:11:20Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354833467|Pseudobarbus]]" 859646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Pseudobarbus''''' nau'in kifi ne mai siffar ray a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Nau'in nau'in shine Burchell's redfin ( ''P. burchelli'' ). [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Girka ''('' "ƙarya") da kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''barbus'' ("gemu", dangane da barbels na barbs ). Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi wasu (kuma yana iya ƙunsar duka) na '''redfins na Afirka ta Kudu''' . Da farko an gabatar da shi azaman ƙaramin nau'in, amma tun daga lokacin an gano cewa ya cancanci a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken nau'in. Wannan nau'in halittar an takaita shi ne ga [[kudancin Afirka]] ; dukkan nau'ikanta an sanya su a baya a ''Barbus'', nau'in barbels na yau da kullun da danginsu. An fara siffanta wani nau'in taxon a matsayin ''P. Leonhardi'' &#x2013; duk da haka, wannan kifin [[Turai]] ne wanda aka yi kuskuren gabatar da shi a matsayin sabon nau'in halittar. Tun daga lokacin ya zama ba komai bane illa barbel ''B. peloponnesius'' . == Nau'i da tsarin == An sanya ''Pseudobarbus'' a cikin " ƙasa " Barbinae ta hanyar waɗanda suka amince da wannan rukunin, amma idan ba a haɗa shi cikin Cyprininae kai tsaye ba , yana iya zama &#x2013; kamar sauran ƙananan barbs na Afirka &#x2013; cikin ƙaramin iyali da har yanzu ba a san sunansa ba. == Manazarta == af06d1rvvhz155c8ano3aceic69bat2 859647 859646 2026-06-17T21:11:41Z Engineer014 44591 859647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Pseudobarbus''''' nau'in kifi ne mai siffar ray a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Nau'in nau'in shine Burchell's redfin ( ''P. burchelli'' ). [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Girka ''('' "ƙarya") da kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''barbus'' ("gemu", dangane da barbels na barbs ). Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi wasu (kuma yana iya ƙunsar duka) na '''redfins na Afirka ta Kudu''' . Da farko an gabatar da shi azaman ƙaramin nau'in, amma tun daga lokacin an gano cewa ya cancanci a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken nau'in. Wannan nau'in halittar an takaita shi ne ga [[kudancin Afirka]] ; dukkan nau'ikanta an sanya su a baya a ''Barbus'', nau'in barbels na yau da kullun da danginsu. An fara siffanta wani nau'in taxon a matsayin ''P. Leonhardi'' &#x2013; duk da haka, wannan kifin [[Turai]] ne wanda aka yi kuskuren gabatar da shi a matsayin sabon nau'in halittar. Tun daga lokacin ya zama ba komai bane illa barbel ''B. peloponnesius'' . == Nau'i da tsarin == An sanya ''Pseudobarbus'' a cikin " ƙasa " Barbinae ta hanyar waɗanda suka amince da wannan rukunin, amma idan ba a haɗa shi cikin Cyprininae kai tsaye ba , yana iya zama &#x2013; kamar sauran ƙananan barbs na Afirka &#x2013; cikin ƙaramin iyali da har yanzu ba a san sunansa ba. == Manazarta == m2ointw5o8zg728y82emmkce8k6b4t2 Incomati dutse catlet 0 158288 859648 2026-06-17T21:12:31Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314956863|Incomati rock catlet]]" 859648 wikitext text/x-wiki Kifin '''Incomati rock catlet''' ko '''Incomati suckermouth''' ( '''''Chiloglanis bifurcus''''' ) nau'in kifin kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne da aka samo asali daga [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Eswatini]] inda ake samunsa ne kawai a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Komati|Kogin]] [[Kogin Crocodile (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]] - Incomati. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa {{Convert|6.8|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == 1uu5p2keitqus3f9w9s198begkk0u1k 859649 859648 2026-06-17T21:13:13Z Engineer014 44591 859649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kifin '''Incomati rock catlet''' ko '''Incomati suckermouth''' ( '''''Chiloglanis bifurcus''''' ) nau'in kifin kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne da aka samo asali daga [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Eswatini]] inda ake samunsa ne kawai a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Komati|Kogin]] [[Kogin Crocodile (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]] - Incomati. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa {{Convert|6.8|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == pxx118rvpu72zz31hjdnmsurry3koby Sawfin 0 158289 859654 2026-06-17T21:21:51Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354932288|Sawfin]]" 859654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nau'in sawfin''' ( '''''Cheilobarbus serra''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Clanwilliam sawfin''', nau'in kifi ne mai siffar ray a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . A da an sanya shi tare da redfins na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ''Pseudobarbus'' . Tetraploid ne. Danginsa mafi kusa shine Cape whitefish ( ''C. capensis'' ). Wannan babban cyprinid zai iya girma zuwa sama da {{Convert|40|cm|in}} tsayi kuma yana da nauyi fiye da {{Cvt|3|kg|lboz}} . == Rarrabawa da muhalli == Yana da yawa a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, inda a da yake yaɗuwa a Kogin Olifants da magudanan ruwa . Yankinsa ya ragu a mafi yawan ƙarni na 20, kuma yanzu da alama ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin Kogin Olifants na sama da kuma Kogin [[Biedou River|Biedou]], [[Kogin Doring|Doring]], [[Driehoeks River|Driehoeks]], [[Jan Dissels River|Jan Dissels]], [[Oorlogskloof River|Oorlogskloof]], [[Ratels River|Ratels]] da [[Tra Tra River|Tra Tra]] . Tana da matuƙar [[Euryoecious|amfani]], tana zaune a wurare daban-daban na ƙananan koguna da manyan koguna. Duk da cewa ƙananan kifaye sun zama ruwan dare a wuraren waha a tuddai, manya za su ƙaura zuwa inda koguna ke shiga bakin teku kuma ruwan ya yi zurfi. Fifin sawfin yana da ko'ina, amma galibi yana cin kwari na ruwa da tsutsotsinsu . Lokacin kiwo yana farawa daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa lokacin rani (Oktoba zuwa Disamba), lokacin da manyan mutane ke tasowa don ƙaura zuwa hamada zuwa ƙananan raƙuman ruwa masu ɗauke da ma'adinan dutse, inda suke hayayyafa . Wannan nau'in yana daɗewa kuma yana girma a hankali, tare da [[wiktionary:yearling|'yan shekara-shekara]] kimanin shekaru {{Cvt|10|cm|in}} tsayi. Rabin girma ne kawai idan ya kai kimanin shekaru 4, kuma zai iya kaiwa sama da shekaru 10. == Matsayi da kiyayewa == Ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in a matsayin wanda ke kusa da barazanar IUCN, domin ya ragu sosai tsakanin shekarun 1930 da 1970. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙaramar ƙwayar bass ( ''Micropterus dolomieu'' ), wanda zai iya kashe dukkan ƙananan yara ta hanyar cin ƙananan yara. Ana iya ɗaukar Clanwilliam yellowfish ( ''Labeobarbus seeberi'' ) a matsayin mai fafatawa da abinci, amma wannan a bayyane yake ba shi da mahimmanci. Sauran barazanar sune [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓatar ruwa]] da amfani da shi fiye da kima, galibi saboda [[noma]] . Duk da haka, duk da haka, kayan sa suna da lafiya duk inda ƙaramin ƙwayar bass ɗin ba ya nan, amma wannan har yanzu yana iyakance yawansa sosai. An kuma lissafa shi a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa ta hanyar [[Nature Conservation Ordinance|Dokar Kare Muhalli]] ta lardin Western Cape . A yanzu haka, ba za a iya kashe shi ko kama shi ba. Ana samun adadi mai yawa na al'umma a yankin jejin Cederberg, [[Matjies River Nature Reserve|Ma'ajiyar Yanayi ta Kogin Matjies]] da Ma'ajiyar Yanayi ta Oorlogskloof . A shekara ta 2004, CapeNature da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu ne suka kafa [[Greater Cederberg Biodiversity Corridor|Babbar Hanyar Halitta ta Cederberg]] don kiyayewa da haɓaka muhalli mai inganci. Wannan aikin yana da nufin dawo da yanayin halittu na kogin don ci gaba mai ɗorewa . An haifi sawfin a cikin bauta a Tashar Kare Muhalli ta Clanwilliam Yellowfish, amma nasarar kiwo da aka kama bai isa ba kuma ana buƙatar ingantattun dabaru. == Manazarta == 9w9dcf81toyen3r72lpawrrhydn8f8c 859655 859654 2026-06-17T21:22:34Z Engineer014 44591 859655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nau'in sawfin''' ( '''''Cheilobarbus serra''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Clanwilliam sawfin''', nau'in kifi ne mai siffar ray a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . A da an sanya shi tare da redfins na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ''Pseudobarbus'' . Tetraploid ne. Danginsa mafi kusa shine Cape whitefish ( ''C. capensis'' ). Wannan babban cyprinid zai iya girma zuwa sama da {{Convert|40|cm|in}} tsayi kuma yana da nauyi fiye da {{Cvt|3|kg|lboz}} . == Rarrabawa da muhalli == Yana da yawa a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, inda a da yake yaɗuwa a Kogin Olifants da magudanan ruwa . Yankinsa ya ragu a mafi yawan ƙarni na 20, kuma yanzu da alama ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin Kogin Olifants na sama da kuma Kogin [[Biedou River|Biedou]], [[Kogin Doring|Doring]], [[Driehoeks River|Driehoeks]], [[Jan Dissels River|Jan Dissels]], [[Oorlogskloof River|Oorlogskloof]], [[Ratels River|Ratels]] da [[Tra Tra River|Tra Tra]] . Tana da matuƙar [[Euryoecious|amfani]], tana zaune a wurare daban-daban na ƙananan koguna da manyan koguna. Duk da cewa ƙananan kifaye sun zama ruwan dare a wuraren waha a tuddai, manya za su ƙaura zuwa inda koguna ke shiga bakin teku kuma ruwan ya yi zurfi. Fifin sawfin yana da ko'ina, amma galibi yana cin kwari na ruwa da tsutsotsinsu . Lokacin kiwo yana farawa daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa lokacin rani (Oktoba zuwa Disamba), lokacin da manyan mutane ke tasowa don ƙaura zuwa hamada zuwa ƙananan raƙuman ruwa masu ɗauke da ma'adinan dutse, inda suke hayayyafa . Wannan nau'in yana daɗewa kuma yana girma a hankali, tare da [[wiktionary:yearling|'yan shekara-shekara]] kimanin shekaru {{Cvt|10|cm|in}} tsayi. Rabin girma ne kawai idan ya kai kimanin shekaru 4, kuma zai iya kaiwa sama da shekaru 10. == Matsayi da kiyayewa == Ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in a matsayin wanda ke kusa da barazanar IUCN, domin ya ragu sosai tsakanin shekarun 1930 da 1970. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙaramar ƙwayar bass ( ''Micropterus dolomieu'' ), wanda zai iya kashe dukkan ƙananan yara ta hanyar cin ƙananan yara. Ana iya ɗaukar Clanwilliam yellowfish ( ''Labeobarbus seeberi'' ) a matsayin mai fafatawa da abinci, amma wannan a bayyane yake ba shi da mahimmanci. Sauran barazanar sune [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓatar ruwa]] da amfani da shi fiye da kima, galibi saboda [[noma]] . Duk da haka, duk da haka, kayan sa suna da lafiya duk inda ƙaramin ƙwayar bass ɗin ba ya nan, amma wannan har yanzu yana iyakance yawansa sosai. An kuma lissafa shi a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa ta hanyar [[Nature Conservation Ordinance|Dokar Kare Muhalli]] ta lardin Western Cape . A yanzu haka, ba za a iya kashe shi ko kama shi ba. Ana samun adadi mai yawa na al'umma a yankin jejin Cederberg, [[Matjies River Nature Reserve|Ma'ajiyar Yanayi ta Kogin Matjies]] da Ma'ajiyar Yanayi ta Oorlogskloof . A shekara ta 2004, CapeNature da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu ne suka kafa [[Greater Cederberg Biodiversity Corridor|Babbar Hanyar Halitta ta Cederberg]] don kiyayewa da haɓaka muhalli mai inganci. Wannan aikin yana da nufin dawo da yanayin halittu na kogin don ci gaba mai ɗorewa . An haifi sawfin a cikin bauta a Tashar Kare Muhalli ta Clanwilliam Yellowfish, amma nasarar kiwo da aka kama bai isa ba kuma ana buƙatar ingantattun dabaru. == Manazarta == a3kt7wocrg9lgkuj4u3zit4acxzflgq Tattaunawar user:Jorge A. Domínguez Agüero 3 158290 859656 2026-06-17T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859656 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jorge A. Domínguez Agüero! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jorge A. Domínguez Agüero|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9gdr74xxswn84jboxcktl1duez0x2jb Tattaunawar user:Grufo 3 158291 859657 2026-06-17T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859657 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Grufo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Grufo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) es2ad5fzkeoku3ikku4fi8nurn86fp4 Tattaunawar user:Kun Kipcsak 3 158292 859658 2026-06-17T21:23:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859658 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kun Kipcsak! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kun Kipcsak|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hpk1a1mbwcbmnydz26hufnfsj854urz Tattaunawar user:Correction080 3 158293 859659 2026-06-17T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859659 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Correction080! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Correction080|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 2lt3k65toxr8dhc0fs33vac2v9d5uxg Tattaunawar user:Ewireijgf 3 158294 859660 2026-06-17T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859660 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ewireijgf! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ewireijgf|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 8dxe1ze5dugreib10jcavx57seg1trf Tattaunawar user:Berkiyar 3 158295 859661 2026-06-17T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859661 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Berkiyar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Berkiyar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) jbzmwhbe0mg198zt70q8pu62ivdo58x Tattaunawar user:Aminu san 3 158296 859662 2026-06-17T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859662 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aminu san! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aminu san|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 1wy48m2ivy2z2ml88qv070se437s4th Tattaunawar user:LCont5 3 158297 859663 2026-06-17T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859663 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LCont5! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LCont5|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mnudzguvr6dc9m5h6br23b8mgqpr6x0 Tattaunawar user:Vankal 3 158298 859664 2026-06-17T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859664 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vankal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vankal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) qpev5bduj8krtjklling55xiex6qg1l Tattaunawar user:Veratheressyq 3 158299 859665 2026-06-17T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859665 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Veratheressyq! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Veratheressyq|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) o59ux0s03yykj6huwr6z947yfw24wto Tattaunawar user:Medineli92 3 158300 859666 2026-06-17T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859666 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Medineli92! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Medineli92|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) j8dvjrmoybn1yuk60bzkol3y7orysbc Tattaunawar user:Ան2020 3 158301 859667 2026-06-17T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859667 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ան2020! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ան2020|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) bjwlou3td70lqw2ej86gw28t0o5fdow Tattaunawar user:Անիէլա 3 158302 859668 2026-06-17T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859668 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Անիէլա! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Անիէլա|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) j67tkfzhhqpn80mp639n3dp0ptci9f5 Tattaunawar user:TiredKitty 3 158303 859669 2026-06-17T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859669 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TiredKitty! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TiredKitty|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ie3aw7kwxd2o2y3917hlrd3fqlzgtpo Tattaunawar user:Ben10Rodeo 3 158304 859670 2026-06-17T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859670 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ben10Rodeo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ben10Rodeo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 6u1eyklis0lqqvs6xrud9nabxuflv10 Tattaunawar user:Lethrinus 3 158305 859671 2026-06-17T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859671 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lethrinus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lethrinus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 397vppuzj4um44d1k81n9nin49qstlh Tattaunawar user:98selitb 3 158306 859672 2026-06-17T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859672 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 98selitb! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/98selitb|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) or5h5zhbeg7jgoua9pb5gzuszgyajbo Tattaunawar user:Kingmk007 3 158307 859673 2026-06-17T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859673 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kingmk007! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kingmk007|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mrz4tgzp5e0xigc47wyz9plur2r37vd Tattaunawar user:Wolf Official 3 158308 859674 2026-06-17T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859674 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wolf Official! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wolf Official|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) btoz3c4bv172gl6x6k4gd1am3x56t2l Tattaunawar user:Mmnashrullah 3 158309 859675 2026-06-17T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859675 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mmnashrullah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mmnashrullah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 6ts3q4rfcm2bqvtvtuy2n3go0ypn496 Tattaunawar user:AndreaDC89 3 158310 859676 2026-06-17T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859676 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AndreaDC89! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AndreaDC89|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) rjz177qka8cy2vbrdexjtecpplb5eo1 Binciken kiwon lafiya 0 158311 859678 2026-06-17T21:39:41Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359494762|Medical diagnosis]]" 859678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Xraymachine.JPG|thumb|Radiography muhimmin kayan aiki ne wajen gano wasu cututtuka.]] '''Ganewar lafiya''' (wanda aka takaita a matsayin '''Dx''', '''D <sub>x</sub>''', ko '''D <sub>s</sub>''' ) tsari ne na tantance wace cuta ko yanayi ce ke bayyana alamun mutum da alamunsa . Sau da yawa ana kiranta da '''ganewar asali''' tare da yanayin lafiya a ɓoye. Bayanan da ake buƙata don ganewar asali yawanci ana tattara su ne daga [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihi]] da gwajin jiki na mutumin da ke neman kulawar lafiya. Sau da yawa, ana yin '''wasu hanyoyin bincike''' ɗaya ko fiye, kamar [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen lafiya]], yayin aikin. Wani lokaci ana ɗaukar ganewar bayan mutuwa a matsayin wani nau'in ganewar lafiya. Ganewar cuta sau da yawa yana da ƙalubale saboda alamu da alamu da yawa ba su da takamaiman takamaiman magani . Misali, jajayen fata ( erythema ), da kanta, alama ce ta cututtuka da yawa kuma don haka ba ya gaya wa ƙwararren likita abin da ke faruwa. Don haka dole ne a yi ganewar asali daban-daban, wanda za a iya kwatantawa da kwatantawa da wasu bayanai. Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita bayanai daban-daban sannan a gane da bambance-bambancen alamu. Wani lokaci ana sauƙaƙa tsarin ta hanyar wata alama ko alama (ko ƙungiyar da dama) wadda ba ta da magani . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ganewar asali babban ɓangare ne na tsarin ziyarar likita . Daga mahangar ƙididdiga, tsarin ganewar asali ya ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen rarrabuwa . Nazarin sakamakon marasa lafiya bayan gano cutar shine fannin ilimin cututtukan da suka shafi rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cuomo |first=Raphael E. |date=March 2026 |title=Defining Survival Epidemiology: Postdiagnosis Population Science for People Living with Disease |url=https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(25)00455-X/fulltext |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=191 |issue=112122 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.112122 |pmid=41461361 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amfani da lafiya == Ganewar asali, a ma'anar hanyar ganewar asali, ana iya ɗaukarta a matsayin yunƙurin rarraba yanayin mutum zuwa nau'ikan daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da damar yanke shawara game da magani da hasashen cutar. Daga baya, ana bayyana ra'ayin ganewar asali sau da yawa dangane da cuta ko wata cuta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jimillar kimantawa na wani yanayi galibi ana kiransa aikin gano cutar. <ref name="MW">{{Cite web |title=Definition of workup |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/workup |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya yin aikin ganewar asali ta hanyar [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] daban-daban kamar likita, [[Gyaran jiki|likitan motsa jiki]], likitan haƙori, likitan ƙafa, likitan ido, ma'aikacin jinya, masanin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ko mataimakin likita . Wannan labarin yana amfani da ''likitan ganewar asali'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rukunan mutane. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsarin ganewar asali (da kuma ra'ayin da aka cimma ta haka) ba lallai bane ya ƙunshi fayyace asalin cututtuka ko yanayin da ake sha'awa, wato, abin da ''ya haifar da'' cutar ko yanayin. Irin wannan bayani zai iya zama da amfani wajen inganta magani, ƙara fayyace hasashen cutar ko hana sake afkuwar cutar ko yanayin a nan gaba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Aikin farko shine gano wata alama ta likita don yin aikin ganewar asali. Alamomi sun haɗa da: * Gano duk wani karkacewa daga abin da aka sani a matsayin al'ada, kamar yadda za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar, misali, [[Anatomy|tsarin jikin mutum]] (tsarin jikin mutum), ilimin halittar jiki (yadda jiki ke aiki), ilimin halittar jiki (abin da zai iya faruwa ba daidai ba tare da tsarin jiki da ilimin halittar jiki), [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]] dan adam (tunani da hali) da kuma yanayin halittar mutum (game da hanyoyin da za a kiyaye tsarin jiki cikin daidaito). Sanin abin da yake al'ada da kuma auna yanayin da majiyyaci ke ciki a yanzu bisa ga waɗannan ƙa'idodi na iya taimakawa wajen tantance takamaiman ficewar majiyyaci daga yanayin jiki da kuma matakin tashi, wanda hakan zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙididdige alamar don ƙarin aikin bincike. * Korafe-korafen da wani majiyyaci ya bayyana. * Gaskiyar cewa majiyyaci ya nemi likitan bincike na iya zama alama ce ta yin aikin ganewar asali. Misali, a ziyarar likita, likitan zai iya fara yin aikin ganewar asali ta hanyar lura da tafiyar majiyyaci daga ɗakin jira zuwa ofishin likita ko da kafin ya fara gabatar da koke-koke. Ko da a lokacin da ake gudanar da aikin ganewar asali, ana iya samun wata hanyar ganewar asali daban ga wata cuta ko yanayi mai alaƙa da ita. Wannan na iya faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da ba a saba gani ba na wata alama da ba ta da alaƙa da ma'aunin da ake sha'awa, kamar yadda zai iya faruwa a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zurfi kamar nazarin rediyo kamar hoton maganadisu ko allunan gwajin jini waɗanda suka haɗa da gwaje-gwajen jini waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci ga ganewar asali. == Tsarin aiki == Abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin tsarin ganewar asali a mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake da su sun haɗa da: * Haɗa bayanan da aka riga aka bayar tare da ƙarin tattara bayanai, wanda zai iya haɗawa da tambayoyin [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin lafiyar mutum]] (mai yiwuwa daga wasu mutanen da ke kusa da majiyyaci), gwajin jiki da [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na ganewar asali]] .<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gwajin ganewar asali wani nau'in [[Gwajin likita|gwajin lafiya]] ne da ake yi don taimakawa wajen gano ko gano cutar. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen ganewar asali don samar da bayanai kan mutanen da ke da cutar da aka tabbatar. * Ana iya neman shawarwari da wasu masu samar da ayyuka da ƙwararru a fannin. Akwai hanyoyi ko dabaru da dama da za a iya amfani da su a tsarin ganewar asali, ciki har da yin ganewar asali daban-daban ko bin tsarin likitanci . <ref name="Langlois">{{Cite book|edition=Warren L.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLanglois2002">Langlois, John P. (2002). "Making a Diagnosis". In Mengel, Mark B.; Holleman, Warren L.; Fields, Scott A. (eds.). ''Fundamentals of Clinical Practice'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-306-46692-9|<bdi>0-306-46692-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> {{Rp|198}}A zahiri, hanyar ganewar asali na iya ƙunsar ɓangarorin hanyoyi da yawa. <ref name="Langlois" /> {{Rp|204}} === Ganewar bambance-bambance === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Hanyar ganewar bambance-bambancen ta dogara ne akan gano cututtuka ko yanayi da yawa da za su iya haifar da alamun, sannan kuma a bi tsarin kawarwa ko aƙalla sanya alamun su zama masu yuwuwa ta hanyar ƙarin [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen likita]] da sauran hanyoyin sarrafawa, da nufin isa ga inda cutar ko yanayin da za a iya samu ya kasance mai yiwuwa. Sakamakon kuma na iya zama jerin yanayi masu yiwuwa, waɗanda aka tsara bisa ga yuwuwar ko tsananin su. Irin wannan jerin galibi ana samar da shi ta hanyar tsarin ganewar asali na kwamfuta. <ref name="dualddx">{{Cite journal |last=Wadhwa, R. R. |last2=Park, D. Y. |last3=Natowicz, M. R. |year=2018 |title=The accuracy of computer-based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=176 |issue=12 |pages=2704–09 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.40651 |pmid=30475443 |s2cid=53758271}}</ref> Ra'ayin ganewar asali ta wannan hanyar za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin ganewar asali na keɓewa . Ko da bai haifar da wata cuta ko yanayi guda ɗaya da za a iya fuskanta ba, aƙalla yana iya kawar da duk wata cuta da za ta iya barazana ga rayuwa nan ba da jimawa ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sai dai idan mai bada sabis ya tabbatar da yanayin da ake ciki, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwajen likita, kamar hotunan likita, ko kuma a tsara su don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata ganewar asali, amma kuma don yin rikodin yanayin majiyyaci da kuma ci gaba da sabunta tarihin lafiyar majiyyaci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Idan aka samu abubuwan da ba a zata ba a lokacin wannan tsari, za a iya kawar da hasashen farko kuma mai bada sabis dole ne ya yi la'akari da wasu hasashe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ganewar tsari === A cikin hanyar gane tsari, mai bada sabis yana amfani da gogewa don gane tsarin halayen asibiti. <ref name="Langlois">{{Cite book|edition=Warren L.}}</ref> {{Rp|198}}Ya dogara ne akan wasu alamu ko alamu da ke da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka ko yanayi, ba lallai bane ya ƙunshi jinkirin aiwatar da fahimta da tsari wanda ke tattare da ganewar asali daban-daban. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> Irin waɗannan bayanai suna da mahimmanci wajen yanke shawara, amma kuma babban tushen kuskuren likita, musamman tare da gabatarwa marasa tsari. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis" /> Wannan na iya zama babbar hanyar da ake amfani da ita a lokutan da cututtuka suka "bayyana", ko kuma ƙwarewar mai bada magani na iya ba su damar gane yanayin da sauri. A ka'ida, wani nau'in alamu ko alamu na iya danganta kai tsaye da wani magani, koda ba tare da yanke shawara mai mahimmanci game da ainihin cutar ba, amma irin wannan sulhu yana da babban haɗarin rasa ganewar asali wanda a zahiri yana da magani daban don haka yana iya iyakance ga lokuta inda ba za a iya yin ganewar asali ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ka'idojin ganewar asali === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kalmar ''ƙa'idodin ganewar asali'' tana nuna takamaiman haɗuwar alamu da alamu, da sakamakon gwaji da likitan ke amfani da shi don ƙoƙarin tantance ainihin ganewar asali. Wasu misalan sharuɗɗan ganewar asali, waɗanda aka sani da ma'anar shari'ar asibiti, sune: * Ka'idojin Amsterdam don ciwon daji na hanji wanda ba na polyposis ba * Sharuɗɗan McDonald don magance [[sclerosis da yawa]] * [[Lupus|Ka'idojin ACR don lupus erythematosus na tsari]] * Babban ma'auni ga makogwaro mai rauni === Tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na asibiti === Tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na asibiti shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ne masu hulɗa waɗanda aka tsara don taimaka wa ƙwararrun lafiya wajen yanke shawara. Likitan yana hulɗa da software ɗin ta amfani da ilimin likitan da software ɗin don yin ingantaccen bincike na bayanan marasa lafiya fiye da yadda mutum ko software za su iya yi da kansu. Yawanci tsarin yana ba da shawarwari ga likitan ya duba kuma likitan ya zaɓi bayanai masu amfani kuma ya cire shawarwari marasa kyau. Wasu shirye-shirye suna ƙoƙarin yin hakan ta hanyar maye gurbin likitan, kamar karanta fitowar na'urar duba zuciya. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin atomatik galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "na'ura" ta FDA kuma suna buƙatar amincewar doka. Akasin haka, tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na asibiti waɗanda "ke tallafawa" amma ba sa maye gurbin likitan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "Ƙwarewar Hazaka" idan ya cika sharuɗɗan FDA wanda (1) ya bayyana bayanan da ke ciki, (2) ya bayyana manufar da ke ciki, kuma (3) ya bar likitan ya zama mai kula da shi don tsara da yanke shawara. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Sauran hanyoyin hanyoyin bincike === Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen gudanar da aikin ganewar asali sun haɗa da: [[Fayil:Assessment_and_treatment_algorithm_for_overweight_and_obesity.png|thumb|350x350px|Misali na tsarin likitanci don kimantawa da magance kiba da [[kiba]]]] * Amfani da algorithms na likita * "Hanyar da ta cika", inda ake yin kowace tambaya mai yiwuwa kuma ana tattara duk bayanan da za a iya samu. <ref name="Langlois">{{Cite book|edition=Warren L.}}</ref> {{Rp|198}} == Illolin da ba su da kyau == Matsalolin ganewar asali su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da biyan kuɗi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a fannin likitanci, wanda ya kai kashi 35% na jimillar kuɗin da aka biya a cikin wani bincike da aka yi na shekaru 25 na bayanai da kuma da'awa 350,000. === Yawan Ganewa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ganewar cutar fiye da kima (overdiagnosis) ita ce gano cutar "cuta" wadda ba za ta taɓa haifar da alamu ko mutuwa ba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Matsala ce saboda tana mayar da mutane marasa lafiya ba tare da wata matsala ba kuma saboda tana iya haifar da ɓatar da kuɗi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coon |first=Eric |last2=Moyer |first2=Virginia |author-link2=Virginia Moyer |last3=Schroeder |first3=Alan |last4=Quinonez |first4=Ricardo |year=2014 |title=Overdiagnosis: How Our Compulsion for Diagnosis May Be Harming Children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=134 |issue=5 |pages=1013–23 |doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1778 |pmid=25287462 |s2cid=10441386 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ( amfani da shi fiye da kima ), da kuma gwaji (misali daga radiation na ionizing) da kuma maganin da zai iya haifar da lahani. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> A matakin mutum ɗaya, kusan ba zai yiwu a tantance ko wata cuta da aka gano za ta haifar da lahani (magani mai hujja) ko kuma an yi fiye da kima. Ana tantance yawan kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar nazarin yawan jama'a kuma yana aiki ga yanayi da kuma amfani da gwajin ganewar asali, inda yawan kamuwa da cuta zai iya haifar da adadi mai yawa da ake buƙata don magani . Binciken mammography misali ne mai kyau na wannan. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> === Kurakurai === {{Medical records}}Yawancin mutane za su fuskanci aƙalla kuskuren ganewar asali sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu, a cewar wani rahoto na 2015 da Kwalejin Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Ƙasa ta bayar. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da kurakurai a ganewar asali sune: <ref name="ExpertiseAndError">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=P. E. |last2=Duran |first2=A. S. |last3=Hassebrock |first3=F. |last4=Moller |first4=J. |last5=Prietula |first5=M. |last6=Feltovich |first6=P. J. |last7=Swanson |first7=D. B. |year=1981 |title=Expertise and Error in Diagnostic Reasoning |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=235–83 |doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0503_3 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * bayyanar cutar ba a iya gane ta sosai ba * an cire wata cuta daga la'akari * an ba da muhimmanci sosai ga wani ɓangare na ganewar asali * yanayin cuta ce da ba kasafai ake samunta ba wacce ke nuna alamun wasu cututtuka da dama * yanayin yana da wani [[wiktionary:presentation|yanayi]] na musamman === Lokacin jinkiri === {{healthcare}}Lokacin yin ganewar asali ta likita, lokacin jinkiri yana nufin jinkiri a cikin lokaci har sai an yi wani mataki na gano wata cuta ko yanayi. Nau'ikan lokutan jinkiri galibi sune: * ''Lokacin jinkiri na haɗuwa da likita'', lokacin daga farkon alamun har zuwa ziyartar [[Mai ba da kiwon lafiya|mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya]] <ref name="Chan1994">{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=K. W. |last2=Felson |first2=D. T. |last3=Yood |first3=R. A. |last4=Walker |first4=A. M. |year=1994 |title=The lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Arthritis and Rheumatism |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=814–20 |doi=10.1002/art.1780370606 |pmid=8003053}}</ref> * ''Lokacin jinkiri na haɗuwa zuwa ga ganewar asali'', lokacin daga lokacin da aka fara samun matsala ta likita zuwa lokacin da aka gano cutar <ref name="Chan1994" /> Ana kiran lokacin jinkiri mai tsawo da "diagnostic odyssey". == Nau'o'i == Nau'ikan cututtukan da aka gano sun haɗa da: ; Clinical diagnosis : A diagnosis made on the basis of medical signs and reported symptoms, rather than [[Gwajin likita|diagnostic tests]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graber |first=Mark L. |last2=Franklin |first2=Nancy |last3=Gordon |first3=Ruthanna |date=2005-07-11 |title=Diagnostic Error in Internal Medicine |url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archinte.165.13.1493 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |language=en |volume=165 |issue=13 |pages=1493–1499 |doi=10.1001/archinte.165.13.1493 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=16009864 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ; Laboratory diagnosis : A diagnosis based significantly on laboratory reports or test results, rather than the physical examination of the patient. For instance, a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases usually requires both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory test results and characteristics of the pathogen involved.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Radiology diagnosis : A diagnosis based primarily on the results from medical imaging studies. Greenstick fractures are common radiological diagnoses.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Electrography diagnosis : A diagnosis based on measurement and recording of electrophysiologic activity.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Endoscopy diagnosis : : A diagnosis based on endoscopic inspection and observation of the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Tissue diagnosis : A diagnosis based on the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular examination of tissues such as biopsies or whole organs. For example, a definitive diagnosis of [[Sankara|cancer]] is made via tissue examination by a pathologist.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Principal diagnosis : The single medical diagnosis that is most relevant to the patient's chief complaint or need for treatment. Many patients have additional diagnoses.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Admitting diagnosis : The diagnosis given as the reason why the patient was admitted to the hospital; it may differ from the actual problem or from the ''discharge diagnoses'', which are the diagnoses recorded when the patient is discharged from the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=admitting diagnosis |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/admitting+diagnosis |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> ; Differential diagnosis : A process of identifying all of the possible diagnoses that could be connected to the signs, symptoms, and lab findings, and then ruling out diagnoses until a final determination can be made. ; Diagnostic criteria : Designates the combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the clinician uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis. They are standards, normally published by international committees, and they are designed to offer the best sensitivity and specificity possible, respect the presence of a condition, with the state-of-the-art technology. ; Prenatal diagnosis : Diagnosis work done before birth ; Diagnosis of exclusion : A medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history, examination or testing. Diagnosis is therefore by elimination of all other reasonable possibilities. ; Dual diagnosis : The diagnosis of two related, but separate, medical conditions or comorbidities. The term almost always referred to a diagnosis of a serious mental illness and a substance use disorder, however, the increasing prevalence of genetic testing has revealed many cases of patients with multiple concomitant genetic disorders.<ref name="dualddx">{{Cite journal |last=Wadhwa, R. R. |last2=Park, D. Y. |last3=Natowicz, M. R. |year=2018 |title=The accuracy of computer-based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=176 |issue=12 |pages=2704–09 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.40651 |pmid=30475443 |s2cid=53758271}}</ref> ; [[Binciken kai|Self-diagnosis]] : The diagnosis or identification of a medical conditions in oneself. Self-diagnosis is very common. ; Remote diagnosis : A type of telemedicine that diagnoses a patient without being physically in the same room as the patient. ; Nursing diagnosis : Rather than focusing on biological processes, a nursing diagnosis identifies people's responses to situations in their lives, such as a readiness to change or a willingness to accept assistance. ; Computer-aided diagnosis : Providing symptoms allows the computer to identify the problem and diagnose the user to the best of its ability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berner, E. S. |last2=Webster, G. D. |last3=Shugerman, A. A. |last4=Jackson, J. R. |last5=Algina, J. |last6=Baker, A. L. |last7=Ball, E.V. |last8=Cobbs, C. G. |last9=Dennis, V. W. |display-authors=3 |year=1994 |title=Performance of four computer-based diagnostic systems |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=330 |issue=25 |pages=1792–96 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199406233302506 |pmid=8190157 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="dualddx" /> Health screening begins by identifying the part of the body where the symptoms are located; the computer cross-references a database for the corresponding disease and presents a diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WebMed Solutions |title=Connection between onset of symptoms and diagnosis |url=http://www.webmedicine.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213000314/https://www.webmedicine.ca/ |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> ; Overdiagnosis : The diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms, distress, or death during a patient's lifetime ; Wastebasket diagnosis : A vague, or even completely fake, medical or psychiatric label given to the patient or to the medical records department for essentially non-medical reasons, such as to reassure the patient by providing an official-sounding label, to make the provider look effective, or to obtain approval for treatment. This term is also used as a derogatory label for disputed, poorly described, overused, or questionably classified diagnoses, such as pouchitis and [[Dementia|senility]],{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}} or to dismiss diagnoses that amount to [[Magunguna|overmedicalization]], such as the labeling of normal responses to physical hunger as reactive hypoglycemia. ; Retrospective diagnosis : The labeling of an illness in a historical figure or specific historical event using modern knowledge, methods and disease classifications. == Tarihi == {{Authority control}}An samo misalan farko da aka rubuta na ganewar asali na likita a cikin rubuce-rubucen [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]] (2630–2611 BC) a [[tsohuwar Masar]] ( Edwin Smith Papyrus ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edwin Smith Papyrus |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179901/Edwin-Smith-papyrus |access-date=2015-02-28}}</ref> Wani littafin likitanci na Babila, ''Littafin Jagorar Bincike'' wanda Esagil-kin-apli ya rubuta ( fl. 1069–1046 BC), ya gabatar da amfani da ƙwarewa, dabaru da hankali wajen gano wata cuta ko cuta . Maganin Gargajiya na kasar Sin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Littafin Ciki na Sarkin Rawaya ko Huangdi Neijing, ya ƙayyade hanyoyi guda huɗu na ganewar asali: dubawa, auscultation-olfaction, bincike da taɓawa . An san Hippocrates yana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar ɗanɗana fitsarin marasa lafiyarsa da kuma ƙamshin guminsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2008 |title=What Would Hipocrates Do? |url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/what-would-hippocrates-do/ |access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref> == Kalma == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ganewar lafiya ko ainihin hanyar yin ganewar asali tsari ne na fahimta. Likitan yana amfani da hanyoyi da dama na bayanai kuma yana haɗa sassan wasanin gwada ilimi don yin ra'ayin ganewar asali. Ra'ayin ganewar asali na farko na iya zama kalma mai faɗi wacce ke bayyana nau'in cututtuka maimakon takamaiman cuta ko yanayi. Bayan ra'ayin ganewar asali na farko, likitan yana samun gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin da za a bi don samun ƙarin bayanai don tallafawa ko ƙin ganewar asali kuma zai yi ƙoƙarin rage shi zuwa wani takamaiman matakin. Hanyoyin ganewar asali su ne takamaiman kayan aikin da likitocin ke amfani da su don rage yiwuwar ganewar asali. Jam'in ganewar asali shine ''ganewar asali'' . Fi'ili shine ''gano cutar,'' kuma mutumin da ya gano cutar ana kiransa ''likitan bincike'' . === Asalin Ma'anar === Kalmar ''[[wiktionary:diagnosis|ganewar asali]]'' /d aɪ . ə n oʊsɪs / an samo shi ta hanyar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] daga kalmar Helenanci διάγνωσις ( ''diágnōsis'' ) daga διαγιγνώσκειν ( ''diagignṓskein'' ), ma'ana "fitarwa". <ref name="urlOnline Etymology Dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diagnosis}}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == === Yanayin zamantakewa === Ganewar cuta na iya ɗaukar nau'uka da yawa. Yana iya zama batun sanya wa cutar suna, rauni, rashin aiki ko nakasa. Yana iya zama aikin kulawa-suna ko hasashen suna. Yana iya nuna ko dai matakin rashin lafiya a kan ci gaba ko wani nau'in rashin lafiya a cikin rarrabuwa. Yana shafar abubuwan da ba na likita ba kamar iko, ɗabi'a da ƙarfafa kuɗi ga majiyyaci ko likita. Yana iya zama taƙaitaccen bayani ko tsari mai faɗi, har ma yana ɗaukar siffar labari ko kwatanci. Yana iya zama hanyar sadarwa kamar lambar kwamfuta wadda take haifar da biyan kuɗi, takardar sayan magani, sanarwa, bayanai ko shawara. Yana iya zama mai cutarwa ko kuma mai illa . Gabaɗaya ba shi da tabbas kuma na ɗan lokaci. Da zarar an cimma ra'ayin gano cutar, mai bada sabis zai iya gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa, wanda zai kunshi magani da kuma tsare-tsare na bin diddigin cutar. Daga wannan lokacin, baya ga kula da lafiyar majiyyaci, mai bada sabis zai iya ilmantar da majiyyaci game da asalin cutar, ci gabanta, hasashen cutar, sauran sakamako, da kuma yiwuwar maganin cututtukan da ke tattare da ita, tare da bayar da shawara kan yadda za a kula da lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gabatar da tsarin magani wanda zai iya haɗawa da shawarwari kan magani da kuma gwaje-gwaje don sa ido kan yanayin da ci gaban maganin, idan ya cancanta, yawanci bisa ga ka'idojin likitanci da fannin likitanci ya bayar kan maganin wannan cutar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kamata a ƙara bayanai masu dacewa a cikin bayanan lafiyar majiyyacin. Rashin amsa ga magungunan da yawanci suke aiki na iya nuna buƙatar sake duba ganewar cutar. Nancy McWilliams ta gano dalilai guda biyar da ke tantance wajibcin ganewar asali: * ganewar asali don tsara magani; * bayanan da ke cikinsa dangane da hasashen yanayi; * kare muradun marasa lafiya; * ganewar asali zai iya taimaka wa mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya tausaya wa majiyyacinsa; * zai iya rage yiwuwar wasu marasa lafiya da ke cikin fargaba su je wurin maganin. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Nancy McWilliams}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Jerin abubuwa === * Jerin rarrabuwar ganewar asali da ma'aunin kimantawa da ake amfani da su a fannin tabin hankali * Jerin cututtuka * Jerin cututtuka * Jerin alamomin lafiya * Nau'i: Cututtuka == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karatu == * Paul Taylor, "Hanya Ta Zama Mutum" (bita na Suzanne O'Sullivan, ''Zamanin Ganewar Cututtuka: Shin Lakabin Lafiya Suna Yi Mana Lalacewa Fiye da Kyau?,'' Hachette, Maris 2026, 308 pp., ), ''London Review of Books'', vol. 48, no. 4 (5 Maris 2026), shafi na 23–26. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * {{Commons category-inline|Medical diagnosis}} {{Reflist|30em}}{{Medical records}}{{healthcare}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q5kwak2d3vc1x7qv86uqhz9vz48u99q 859679 859678 2026-06-17T21:40:18Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 859679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Xraymachine.JPG|thumb|Radiography muhimmin kayan aiki ne wajen gano wasu cututtuka.]] '''Ganewar lafiya''' (wanda aka takaita a matsayin '''Dx''', '''D <sub>x</sub>''', ko '''D <sub>s</sub>''' ) tsari ne na tantance wace cuta ko yanayi ce ke bayyana alamun mutum da alamunsa . Sau da yawa ana kiranta da '''ganewar asali''' tare da yanayin lafiya a ɓoye. Bayanan da ake buƙata don ganewar asali yawanci ana tattara su ne daga [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihi]] da gwajin jiki na mutumin da ke neman kulawar lafiya. Sau da yawa, ana yin '''wasu hanyoyin bincike''' ɗaya ko fiye, kamar [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen lafiya]], yayin aikin. Wani lokaci ana ɗaukar ganewar bayan mutuwa a matsayin wani nau'in ganewar lafiya. Ganewar cuta sau da yawa yana da ƙalubale saboda alamu da alamu da yawa ba su da takamaiman takamaiman magani . Misali, jajayen fata ( erythema ), da kanta, alama ce ta cututtuka da yawa kuma don haka ba ya gaya wa ƙwararren likita abin da ke faruwa. Don haka dole ne a yi ganewar asali daban-daban, wanda za a iya kwatantawa da kwatantawa da wasu bayanai. Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita bayanai daban-daban sannan a gane da bambance-bambancen alamu. Wani lokaci ana sauƙaƙa tsarin ta hanyar wata alama ko alama (ko ƙungiyar da dama) wadda ba ta da magani . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ganewar asali babban ɓangare ne na tsarin ziyarar likita . Daga mahangar ƙididdiga, tsarin ganewar asali ya ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen rarrabuwa . Nazarin sakamakon marasa lafiya bayan gano cutar shine fannin ilimin cututtukan da suka shafi rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cuomo |first=Raphael E. |date=March 2026 |title=Defining Survival Epidemiology: Postdiagnosis Population Science for People Living with Disease |url=https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(25)00455-X/fulltext |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=191 |issue=112122 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.112122 |pmid=41461361 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amfani da lafiya == Ganewar asali, a ma'anar hanyar ganewar asali, ana iya ɗaukarta a matsayin yunƙurin rarraba yanayin mutum zuwa nau'ikan daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da damar yanke shawara game da magani da hasashen cutar. Daga baya, ana bayyana ra'ayin ganewar asali sau da yawa dangane da cuta ko wata cuta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jimillar kimantawa na wani yanayi galibi ana kiransa aikin gano cutar. <ref name="MW">{{Cite web |title=Definition of workup |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/workup |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya yin aikin ganewar asali ta hanyar [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] daban-daban kamar likita, [[Gyaran jiki|likitan motsa jiki]], likitan haƙori, likitan ƙafa, likitan ido, ma'aikacin jinya, masanin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ko mataimakin likita . Wannan labarin yana amfani da ''likitan ganewar asali'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rukunan mutane. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsarin ganewar asali (da kuma ra'ayin da aka cimma ta haka) ba lallai bane ya ƙunshi fayyace asalin cututtuka ko yanayin da ake sha'awa, wato, abin da ''ya haifar da'' cutar ko yanayin. Irin wannan bayani zai iya zama da amfani wajen inganta magani, ƙara fayyace hasashen cutar ko hana sake afkuwar cutar ko yanayin a nan gaba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Aikin farko shine gano wata alama ta likita don yin aikin ganewar asali. Alamomi sun haɗa da: * Gano duk wani karkacewa daga abin da aka sani a matsayin al'ada, kamar yadda za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar, misali, [[Anatomy|tsarin jikin mutum]] (tsarin jikin mutum), ilimin halittar jiki (yadda jiki ke aiki), ilimin halittar jiki (abin da zai iya faruwa ba daidai ba tare da tsarin jiki da ilimin halittar jiki), [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]] dan adam (tunani da hali) da kuma yanayin halittar mutum (game da hanyoyin da za a kiyaye tsarin jiki cikin daidaito). Sanin abin da yake al'ada da kuma auna yanayin da majiyyaci ke ciki a yanzu bisa ga waɗannan ƙa'idodi na iya taimakawa wajen tantance takamaiman ficewar majiyyaci daga yanayin jiki da kuma matakin tashi, wanda hakan zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙididdige alamar don ƙarin aikin bincike. * Korafe-korafen da wani majiyyaci ya bayyana. * Gaskiyar cewa majiyyaci ya nemi likitan bincike na iya zama alama ce ta yin aikin ganewar asali. Misali, a ziyarar likita, likitan zai iya fara yin aikin ganewar asali ta hanyar lura da tafiyar majiyyaci daga ɗakin jira zuwa ofishin likita ko da kafin ya fara gabatar da koke-koke. Ko da a lokacin da ake gudanar da aikin ganewar asali, ana iya samun wata hanyar ganewar asali daban ga wata cuta ko yanayi mai alaƙa da ita. Wannan na iya faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da ba a saba gani ba na wata alama da ba ta da alaƙa da ma'aunin da ake sha'awa, kamar yadda zai iya faruwa a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zurfi kamar nazarin rediyo kamar hoton maganadisu ko allunan gwajin jini waɗanda suka haɗa da gwaje-gwajen jini waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci ga ganewar asali. == Tsarin aiki == Abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin tsarin ganewar asali a mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake da su sun haɗa da: * Haɗa bayanan da aka riga aka bayar tare da ƙarin tattara bayanai, wanda zai iya haɗawa da tambayoyin [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin lafiyar mutum]] (mai yiwuwa daga wasu mutanen da ke kusa da majiyyaci), gwajin jiki da [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na ganewar asali]] .<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gwajin ganewar asali wani nau'in [[Gwajin likita|gwajin lafiya]] ne da ake yi don taimakawa wajen gano ko gano cutar. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen ganewar asali don samar da bayanai kan mutanen da ke da cutar da aka tabbatar. * Ana iya neman shawarwari da wasu masu samar da ayyuka da ƙwararru a fannin. Akwai hanyoyi ko dabaru da dama da za a iya amfani da su a tsarin ganewar asali, ciki har da yin ganewar asali daban-daban ko bin tsarin likitanci . <ref name="Langlois">{{Cite book|edition=Warren L.}}</ref> {{Rp|198}}A zahiri, hanyar ganewar asali na iya ƙunsar ɓangarorin hanyoyi da yawa. <ref name="Langlois" /> {{Rp|204}} === Ganewar bambance-bambance === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Hanyar ganewar bambance-bambancen ta dogara ne akan gano cututtuka ko yanayi da yawa da za su iya haifar da alamun, sannan kuma a bi tsarin kawarwa ko aƙalla sanya alamun su zama masu yuwuwa ta hanyar ƙarin [[Gwajin likita|gwaje-gwajen likita]] da sauran hanyoyin sarrafawa, da nufin isa ga inda cutar ko yanayin da za a iya samu ya kasance mai yiwuwa. Sakamakon kuma na iya zama jerin yanayi masu yiwuwa, waɗanda aka tsara bisa ga yuwuwar ko tsananin su. Irin wannan jerin galibi ana samar da shi ta hanyar tsarin ganewar asali na kwamfuta. <ref name="dualddx">{{Cite journal |last=Wadhwa, R. R. |last2=Park, D. Y. |last3=Natowicz, M. R. |year=2018 |title=The accuracy of computer-based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=176 |issue=12 |pages=2704–09 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.40651 |pmid=30475443 |s2cid=53758271}}</ref> Ra'ayin ganewar asali ta wannan hanyar za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin ganewar asali na keɓewa . Ko da bai haifar da wata cuta ko yanayi guda ɗaya da za a iya fuskanta ba, aƙalla yana iya kawar da duk wata cuta da za ta iya barazana ga rayuwa nan ba da jimawa ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sai dai idan mai bada sabis ya tabbatar da yanayin da ake ciki, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwajen likita, kamar hotunan likita, ko kuma a tsara su don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata ganewar asali, amma kuma don yin rikodin yanayin majiyyaci da kuma ci gaba da sabunta tarihin lafiyar majiyyaci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Idan aka samu abubuwan da ba a zata ba a lokacin wannan tsari, za a iya kawar da hasashen farko kuma mai bada sabis dole ne ya yi la'akari da wasu hasashe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ganewar tsari === A cikin hanyar gane tsari, mai bada sabis yana amfani da gogewa don gane tsarin halayen asibiti. <ref name="Langlois">{{Cite book|edition=Warren L.}}</ref> {{Rp|198}}Ya dogara ne akan wasu alamu ko alamu da ke da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka ko yanayi, ba lallai bane ya ƙunshi jinkirin aiwatar da fahimta da tsari wanda ke tattare da ganewar asali daban-daban. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> Irin waɗannan bayanai suna da mahimmanci wajen yanke shawara, amma kuma babban tushen kuskuren likita, musamman tare da gabatarwa marasa tsari. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis" /> Wannan na iya zama babbar hanyar da ake amfani da ita a lokutan da cututtuka suka "bayyana", ko kuma ƙwarewar mai bada magani na iya ba su damar gane yanayin da sauri. A ka'ida, wani nau'in alamu ko alamu na iya danganta kai tsaye da wani magani, koda ba tare da yanke shawara mai mahimmanci game da ainihin cutar ba, amma irin wannan sulhu yana da babban haɗarin rasa ganewar asali wanda a zahiri yana da magani daban don haka yana iya iyakance ga lokuta inda ba za a iya yin ganewar asali ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ka'idojin ganewar asali === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kalmar ''ƙa'idodin ganewar asali'' tana nuna takamaiman haɗuwar alamu da alamu, da sakamakon gwaji da likitan ke amfani da shi don ƙoƙarin tantance ainihin ganewar asali. Wasu misalan sharuɗɗan ganewar asali, waɗanda aka sani da ma'anar shari'ar asibiti, sune: * Ka'idojin Amsterdam don ciwon daji na hanji wanda ba na polyposis ba * Sharuɗɗan McDonald don magance [[sclerosis da yawa]] * [[Lupus|Ka'idojin ACR don lupus erythematosus na tsari]] * Babban ma'auni ga makogwaro mai rauni === Tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na asibiti === Tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na asibiti shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ne masu hulɗa waɗanda aka tsara don taimaka wa ƙwararrun lafiya wajen yanke shawara. Likitan yana hulɗa da software ɗin ta amfani da ilimin likitan da software ɗin don yin ingantaccen bincike na bayanan marasa lafiya fiye da yadda mutum ko software za su iya yi da kansu. Yawanci tsarin yana ba da shawarwari ga likitan ya duba kuma likitan ya zaɓi bayanai masu amfani kuma ya cire shawarwari marasa kyau. Wasu shirye-shirye suna ƙoƙarin yin hakan ta hanyar maye gurbin likitan, kamar karanta fitowar na'urar duba zuciya. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin atomatik galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "na'ura" ta FDA kuma suna buƙatar amincewar doka. Akasin haka, tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na asibiti waɗanda "ke tallafawa" amma ba sa maye gurbin likitan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "Ƙwarewar Hazaka" idan ya cika sharuɗɗan FDA wanda (1) ya bayyana bayanan da ke ciki, (2) ya bayyana manufar da ke ciki, kuma (3) ya bar likitan ya zama mai kula da shi don tsara da yanke shawara. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Sauran hanyoyin hanyoyin bincike === Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen gudanar da aikin ganewar asali sun haɗa da: [[Fayil:Assessment_and_treatment_algorithm_for_overweight_and_obesity.png|thumb|350x350px|Misali na tsarin likitanci don kimantawa da magance kiba da [[kiba]]]] * Amfani da algorithms na likita * "Hanyar da ta cika", inda ake yin kowace tambaya mai yiwuwa kuma ana tattara duk bayanan da za a iya samu. <ref name="Langlois">{{Cite book|edition=Warren L.}}</ref> {{Rp|198}} == Illolin da ba su da kyau == Matsalolin ganewar asali su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da biyan kuɗi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a fannin likitanci, wanda ya kai kashi 35% na jimillar kuɗin da aka biya a cikin wani bincike da aka yi na shekaru 25 na bayanai da kuma da'awa 350,000. === Yawan Ganewa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ganewar cutar fiye da kima (overdiagnosis) ita ce gano cutar "cuta" wadda ba za ta taɓa haifar da alamu ko mutuwa ba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Matsala ce saboda tana mayar da mutane marasa lafiya ba tare da wata matsala ba kuma saboda tana iya haifar da ɓatar da kuɗi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coon |first=Eric |last2=Moyer |first2=Virginia |author-link2=Virginia Moyer |last3=Schroeder |first3=Alan |last4=Quinonez |first4=Ricardo |year=2014 |title=Overdiagnosis: How Our Compulsion for Diagnosis May Be Harming Children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=134 |issue=5 |pages=1013–23 |doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1778 |pmid=25287462 |s2cid=10441386 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ( amfani da shi fiye da kima ), da kuma gwaji (misali daga radiation na ionizing) da kuma maganin da zai iya haifar da lahani. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> A matakin mutum ɗaya, kusan ba zai yiwu a tantance ko wata cuta da aka gano za ta haifar da lahani (magani mai hujja) ko kuma an yi fiye da kima. Ana tantance yawan kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar nazarin yawan jama'a kuma yana aiki ga yanayi da kuma amfani da gwajin ganewar asali, inda yawan kamuwa da cuta zai iya haifar da adadi mai yawa da ake buƙata don magani . Binciken mammography misali ne mai kyau na wannan. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> === Kurakurai === {{Medical records}}Yawancin mutane za su fuskanci aƙalla kuskuren ganewar asali sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu, a cewar wani rahoto na 2015 da Kwalejin Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Ƙasa ta bayar. <ref name="ImprovingDiagnosis">{{Cite book|edition=Bryan T}}</ref> Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da kurakurai a ganewar asali sune: <ref name="ExpertiseAndError">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=P. E. |last2=Duran |first2=A. S. |last3=Hassebrock |first3=F. |last4=Moller |first4=J. |last5=Prietula |first5=M. |last6=Feltovich |first6=P. J. |last7=Swanson |first7=D. B. |year=1981 |title=Expertise and Error in Diagnostic Reasoning |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=235–83 |doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0503_3 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * bayyanar cutar ba a iya gane ta sosai ba * an cire wata cuta daga la'akari * an ba da muhimmanci sosai ga wani ɓangare na ganewar asali * yanayin cuta ce da ba kasafai ake samunta ba wacce ke nuna alamun wasu cututtuka da dama * yanayin yana da wani [[wiktionary:presentation|yanayi]] na musamman === Lokacin jinkiri === {{healthcare}}Lokacin yin ganewar asali ta likita, lokacin jinkiri yana nufin jinkiri a cikin lokaci har sai an yi wani mataki na gano wata cuta ko yanayi. Nau'ikan lokutan jinkiri galibi sune: * ''Lokacin jinkiri na haɗuwa da likita'', lokacin daga farkon alamun har zuwa ziyartar [[Mai ba da kiwon lafiya|mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya]] <ref name="Chan1994">{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=K. W. |last2=Felson |first2=D. T. |last3=Yood |first3=R. A. |last4=Walker |first4=A. M. |year=1994 |title=The lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Arthritis and Rheumatism |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=814–20 |doi=10.1002/art.1780370606 |pmid=8003053}}</ref> * ''Lokacin jinkiri na haɗuwa zuwa ga ganewar asali'', lokacin daga lokacin da aka fara samun matsala ta likita zuwa lokacin da aka gano cutar <ref name="Chan1994" /> Ana kiran lokacin jinkiri mai tsawo da "diagnostic odyssey". == Nau'o'i == Nau'ikan cututtukan da aka gano sun haɗa da: ; Clinical diagnosis : A diagnosis made on the basis of medical signs and reported symptoms, rather than [[Gwajin likita|diagnostic tests]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graber |first=Mark L. |last2=Franklin |first2=Nancy |last3=Gordon |first3=Ruthanna |date=2005-07-11 |title=Diagnostic Error in Internal Medicine |url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archinte.165.13.1493 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |language=en |volume=165 |issue=13 |pages=1493–1499 |doi=10.1001/archinte.165.13.1493 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=16009864 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ; Laboratory diagnosis : A diagnosis based significantly on laboratory reports or test results, rather than the physical examination of the patient. For instance, a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases usually requires both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory test results and characteristics of the pathogen involved.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Radiology diagnosis : A diagnosis based primarily on the results from medical imaging studies. Greenstick fractures are common radiological diagnoses.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Electrography diagnosis : A diagnosis based on measurement and recording of electrophysiologic activity.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Endoscopy diagnosis : : A diagnosis based on endoscopic inspection and observation of the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Tissue diagnosis : A diagnosis based on the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular examination of tissues such as biopsies or whole organs. For example, a definitive diagnosis of [[Sankara|cancer]] is made via tissue examination by a pathologist.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Principal diagnosis : The single medical diagnosis that is most relevant to the patient's chief complaint or need for treatment. Many patients have additional diagnoses.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ; Admitting diagnosis : The diagnosis given as the reason why the patient was admitted to the hospital; it may differ from the actual problem or from the ''discharge diagnoses'', which are the diagnoses recorded when the patient is discharged from the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=admitting diagnosis |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/admitting+diagnosis |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> ; Differential diagnosis : A process of identifying all of the possible diagnoses that could be connected to the signs, symptoms, and lab findings, and then ruling out diagnoses until a final determination can be made. ; Diagnostic criteria : Designates the combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the clinician uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis. They are standards, normally published by international committees, and they are designed to offer the best sensitivity and specificity possible, respect the presence of a condition, with the state-of-the-art technology. ; Prenatal diagnosis : Diagnosis work done before birth ; Diagnosis of exclusion : A medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history, examination or testing. Diagnosis is therefore by elimination of all other reasonable possibilities. ; Dual diagnosis : The diagnosis of two related, but separate, medical conditions or comorbidities. The term almost always referred to a diagnosis of a serious mental illness and a substance use disorder, however, the increasing prevalence of genetic testing has revealed many cases of patients with multiple concomitant genetic disorders.<ref name="dualddx">{{Cite journal |last=Wadhwa, R. R. |last2=Park, D. Y. |last3=Natowicz, M. R. |year=2018 |title=The accuracy of computer-based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=176 |issue=12 |pages=2704–09 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.40651 |pmid=30475443 |s2cid=53758271}}</ref> ; [[Binciken kai|Self-diagnosis]] : The diagnosis or identification of a medical conditions in oneself. Self-diagnosis is very common. ; Remote diagnosis : A type of telemedicine that diagnoses a patient without being physically in the same room as the patient. ; Nursing diagnosis : Rather than focusing on biological processes, a nursing diagnosis identifies people's responses to situations in their lives, such as a readiness to change or a willingness to accept assistance. ; Computer-aided diagnosis : Providing symptoms allows the computer to identify the problem and diagnose the user to the best of its ability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berner, E. S. |last2=Webster, G. D. |last3=Shugerman, A. A. |last4=Jackson, J. R. |last5=Algina, J. |last6=Baker, A. L. |last7=Ball, E.V. |last8=Cobbs, C. G. |last9=Dennis, V. W. |display-authors=3 |year=1994 |title=Performance of four computer-based diagnostic systems |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=330 |issue=25 |pages=1792–96 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199406233302506 |pmid=8190157 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="dualddx" /> Health screening begins by identifying the part of the body where the symptoms are located; the computer cross-references a database for the corresponding disease and presents a diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WebMed Solutions |title=Connection between onset of symptoms and diagnosis |url=http://www.webmedicine.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213000314/https://www.webmedicine.ca/ |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> ; Overdiagnosis : The diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms, distress, or death during a patient's lifetime ; Wastebasket diagnosis : A vague, or even completely fake, medical or psychiatric label given to the patient or to the medical records department for essentially non-medical reasons, such as to reassure the patient by providing an official-sounding label, to make the provider look effective, or to obtain approval for treatment. This term is also used as a derogatory label for disputed, poorly described, overused, or questionably classified diagnoses, such as pouchitis and [[Dementia|senility]],{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}} or to dismiss diagnoses that amount to [[Magunguna|overmedicalization]], such as the labeling of normal responses to physical hunger as reactive hypoglycemia. ; Retrospective diagnosis : The labeling of an illness in a historical figure or specific historical event using modern knowledge, methods and disease classifications. == Tarihi == {{Authority control}}An samo misalan farko da aka rubuta na ganewar asali na likita a cikin rubuce-rubucen [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]] (2630–2611 BC) a [[tsohuwar Masar]] ( Edwin Smith Papyrus ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edwin Smith Papyrus |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179901/Edwin-Smith-papyrus |access-date=2015-02-28}}</ref> Wani littafin likitanci na Babila, ''Littafin Jagorar Bincike'' wanda Esagil-kin-apli ya rubuta ( fl. 1069–1046 BC), ya gabatar da amfani da ƙwarewa, dabaru da hankali wajen gano wata cuta ko cuta . Maganin Gargajiya na kasar Sin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Littafin Ciki na Sarkin Rawaya ko Huangdi Neijing, ya ƙayyade hanyoyi guda huɗu na ganewar asali: dubawa, auscultation-olfaction, bincike da taɓawa . An san Hippocrates yana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar ɗanɗana fitsarin marasa lafiyarsa da kuma ƙamshin guminsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2008 |title=What Would Hipocrates Do? |url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/what-would-hippocrates-do/ |access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref> == Kalma == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ganewar lafiya ko ainihin hanyar yin ganewar asali tsari ne na fahimta. Likitan yana amfani da hanyoyi da dama na bayanai kuma yana haɗa sassan wasanin gwada ilimi don yin ra'ayin ganewar asali. Ra'ayin ganewar asali na farko na iya zama kalma mai faɗi wacce ke bayyana nau'in cututtuka maimakon takamaiman cuta ko yanayi. Bayan ra'ayin ganewar asali na farko, likitan yana samun gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin da za a bi don samun ƙarin bayanai don tallafawa ko ƙin ganewar asali kuma zai yi ƙoƙarin rage shi zuwa wani takamaiman matakin. Hanyoyin ganewar asali su ne takamaiman kayan aikin da likitocin ke amfani da su don rage yiwuwar ganewar asali. Jam'in ganewar asali shine ''ganewar asali'' . Fi'ili shine ''gano cutar,'' kuma mutumin da ya gano cutar ana kiransa ''likitan bincike'' . === Asalin Ma'anar === Kalmar ''[[wiktionary:diagnosis|ganewar asali]]'' /d aɪ . ə n oʊsɪs / an samo shi ta hanyar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] daga kalmar Helenanci διάγνωσις ( ''diágnōsis'' ) daga διαγιγνώσκειν ( ''diagignṓskein'' ), ma'ana "fitarwa". <ref name="urlOnline Etymology Dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diagnosis}}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == === Yanayin zamantakewa === Ganewar cuta na iya ɗaukar nau'uka da yawa. Yana iya zama batun sanya wa cutar suna, rauni, rashin aiki ko nakasa. Yana iya zama aikin kulawa-suna ko hasashen suna. Yana iya nuna ko dai matakin rashin lafiya a kan ci gaba ko wani nau'in rashin lafiya a cikin rarrabuwa. Yana shafar abubuwan da ba na likita ba kamar iko, ɗabi'a da ƙarfafa kuɗi ga majiyyaci ko likita. Yana iya zama taƙaitaccen bayani ko tsari mai faɗi, har ma yana ɗaukar siffar labari ko kwatanci. Yana iya zama hanyar sadarwa kamar lambar kwamfuta wadda take haifar da biyan kuɗi, takardar sayan magani, sanarwa, bayanai ko shawara. Yana iya zama mai cutarwa ko kuma mai illa . Gabaɗaya ba shi da tabbas kuma na ɗan lokaci. Da zarar an cimma ra'ayin gano cutar, mai bada sabis zai iya gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa, wanda zai kunshi magani da kuma tsare-tsare na bin diddigin cutar. Daga wannan lokacin, baya ga kula da lafiyar majiyyaci, mai bada sabis zai iya ilmantar da majiyyaci game da asalin cutar, ci gabanta, hasashen cutar, sauran sakamako, da kuma yiwuwar maganin cututtukan da ke tattare da ita, tare da bayar da shawara kan yadda za a kula da lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gabatar da tsarin magani wanda zai iya haɗawa da shawarwari kan magani da kuma gwaje-gwaje don sa ido kan yanayin da ci gaban maganin, idan ya cancanta, yawanci bisa ga ka'idojin likitanci da fannin likitanci ya bayar kan maganin wannan cutar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kamata a ƙara bayanai masu dacewa a cikin bayanan lafiyar majiyyacin. Rashin amsa ga magungunan da yawanci suke aiki na iya nuna buƙatar sake duba ganewar cutar. Nancy McWilliams ta gano dalilai guda biyar da ke tantance wajibcin ganewar asali: * ganewar asali don tsara magani; * bayanan da ke cikinsa dangane da hasashen yanayi; * kare muradun marasa lafiya; * ganewar asali zai iya taimaka wa mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya tausaya wa majiyyacinsa; * zai iya rage yiwuwar wasu marasa lafiya da ke cikin fargaba su je wurin maganin. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Nancy McWilliams}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Jerin abubuwa === * Jerin rarrabuwar ganewar asali da ma'aunin kimantawa da ake amfani da su a fannin tabin hankali * Jerin cututtuka * Jerin cututtuka * Jerin alamomin lafiya * Nau'i: Cututtuka == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karatu == * Paul Taylor, "Hanya Ta Zama Mutum" (bita na Suzanne O'Sullivan, ''Zamanin Ganewar Cututtuka: Shin Lakabin Lafiya Suna Yi Mana Lalacewa Fiye da Kyau?,'' Hachette, Maris 2026, 308 pp., ), ''London Review of Books'', vol. 48, no. 4 (5 Maris 2026), shafi na 23–26. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * {{Commons category-inline|Medical diagnosis}} {{Reflist|30em}}{{Medical records}}{{healthcare}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hzrh05gobjpqy3ap4ei7xhmpu4edtja Atanda Yusuf 0 158312 859680 2026-06-17T21:43:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288818165|Atanda Yusuf]]" 859680 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyaftin din Sojan Ruwa (mai ritaya) '''Musbau Atanda Yusuf''' an nada shi mai gudanarwa na [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]], [[Najeriya]] a lokacin mulkin rikon kwarya na Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], ya mika wa zababben gwamnan farar hula a farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]] a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> (((((((((((During his tenure he constructed the complex housing the [[:en:Ekiti_State_House_of_Assembly|Ekiti State House of Assembly]], inaugurated on 1 June 1999, by his elected civilian successor A lokacin mulkinsa ya gina gine-ginen da ke da [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ekiti|Gidan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ekiti]], wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1999, ta hanyar zababben magajinsa na farar hula [[Otunba Niyi Adebayo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toba Suleiman |date=9 January 2010 |title=With PDP Came Instability in Ekiti Assembly |url=http://www.thisdayonline.net/?p=6718 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031434/http://www.thisdayonline.net/?p=6718 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 May 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa Sikiru Tae Lawal wajen samar da zaman lafiya a [[Ikere|Ikere-Ekiti]], wanda rikici na al'umma ya lalata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2007 |title=Biography: Sikiru Tae Lawal |url=http://ekitinigeria.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=59 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=Ekiti State Government}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020}}</ref> An buƙaci Yusuf ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 1999, kamar yadda duk tsoffin masu gudanar da soja suka kasance. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2skqmkctmixic82v3kmi1wp1m35am3e 859681 859680 2026-06-17T21:44:56Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kyaftin din Sojan Ruwa (mai ritaya) '''Musbau Atanda Yusuf''' an nada shi mai gudanarwa na [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]], [[Najeriya]] a lokacin mulkin rikon kwarya na Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], ya mika wa zababben gwamnan farar hula a farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]] a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa ya gina gine-ginen da ke da [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ekiti|Gidan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ekiti]], wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1999, ta hanyar zababben magajinsa na farar hula [[Otunba Niyi Adebayo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toba Suleiman |date=9 January 2010 |title=With PDP Came Instability in Ekiti Assembly |url=http://www.thisdayonline.net/?p=6718 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031434/http://www.thisdayonline.net/?p=6718 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 May 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa Sikiru Tae Lawal wajen samar da zaman lafiya a [[Ikere|Ikere-Ekiti]], wanda rikici na al'umma ya lalata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2007 |title=Biography: Sikiru Tae Lawal |url=http://ekitinigeria.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=59 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=Ekiti State Government}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mkahhcdeut4e0mjq5ljxcbwfc7vgzc4 Shark mai duhu 0 158313 859682 2026-06-17T21:50:12Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358106417|Dusky shark]]" 859682 wikitext text/x-wiki Kifin '''shark mai duhu''' ( '''''Carcharhinus obscurus''''' ) nau'in kifin shark ne na requiem, a cikin dangin Carcharhinidae, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ruwan teku na wurare masu zafi da dumi a duk duniya. Kifin shark mai duhu ana iya samunsa daga bakin teku zuwa gaɓar teku da kuma ruwan pelagic da ke kusa da shi, kuma an rubuta shi daga zurfin 400 .&nbsp;m (1,300)&nbsp;ft). Al'umma [[Gudun kifi|suna ƙaura]] zuwa ga sandunan ruwa a lokacin rani da kuma zuwa ga equator a lokacin hunturu, suna tafiya ɗaruruwan kilomita zuwa dubban kilomita. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin wannan nau'in, kifin shark mai duhu ya kai fiye da {{Cvt|4|m|ft}} a tsayi kuma {{Cvt|350|kg|lb}} a nauyi. Yana da siriri kuma mai laushi kuma ana iya gane shi ta hanyar gajeren hancinsa mai zagaye, dogon fin ɗin da ke kama da sickle, tsayi tsakanin fin ɗin dorsal na farko da na biyu, da fin ɗin da ba su da alamun rauni. Manyan kifayen teku suna da abinci mai faɗi da bambance-bambance, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin kifayen ƙashi, sharks da haskoki, da cephalopods, amma kuma a wasu lokutan crustaceans, taurarin teku, bryozoans, kunkuru na teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, mushe, da [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] . Wannan nau'in yana da rai tare da zagayowar haihuwa na shekaru uku; mata suna ɗaukar 'ya'ya 'yan shekara &#x2013; bayan lokacin ɗaukar ciki na watanni &#x2013;, bayan haka akwai shekara ɗaya na hutawa kafin su sake ɗaukar ciki. Wannan shark, wanda aka ɗaure shi da Spiny dogfish sakamakon haka, shine dabbar da ke da tsawon lokacin ɗaukar ciki. Mata suna iya adana [[maniyyi]] na dogon lokaci, saboda haɗuwarsu da abokan aure masu dacewa na iya zama kaɗan kuma suna da nisa saboda salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya da ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Sharks na teku suna ɗaya daga cikin sharks mafi girma da kuma waɗanda suka girma a hankali, ba sa kai ga girma har sai da shekaru 20. Saboda jinkirin haihuwarsa, kifin shark mai duhu yana da matukar rauni ga raguwar yawan jama'a da ɗan adam ke haifarwa. Kamun kifi na kasuwanci yana da matuƙar daraja ga wannan nau'in saboda fin-fin ɗinsa, waɗanda ake amfani da su a miyar fin-fin ɗin kifin shark, da kuma nama, fata, da man hanta . Masunta na nishaɗi kuma suna girmama shi. Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta kimanta wannan nau'in a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Mai Fuskantar Haɗari]] a duk duniya kuma Mai Fuskantar Haɗari a gabashin Amurka, inda yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa kashi 15 &#x2013; 20% na matakan shekarun 1970. Ana ɗaukar kifin shark mai duhu a matsayin mai yuwuwar haɗari ga mutane saboda girmansa, amma akwai ƙananan hare-hare da ake dangantawa da shi. == Tsarin Haraji == Masanin kimiyyar halitta na Faransa Charles Alexandre Lesueur ya buga bayanin kimiyya na farko game da kifin shark mai duhu a cikin fitowar ''mujallar Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ta'' 1818. Ya sanya shi a cikin halittar ''Squalus'' kuma ya ba shi takamaiman sunan ''obscurus'' ( [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "duhu" ko "dim"), yana nufin launinsa. Marubutan da suka biyo baya sun gane wannan nau'in a matsayin na dangin ''Carcharhinus'' . Lesueur bai sanya wani nau'in samfurin ba, kodayake yana aiki ne daga kifin shark da aka kama a cikin ruwan Arewacin Amurka. Majiyoyi da yawa na farko sun ba da sunan kimiyya na kifin shark mai duhu a matsayin ''Carcharias'' (daga baya ''Carcharhinus'' ) ''lamiella'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani labari na 1882 na David Starr Jordan da Charles Henry Gilbert . Kodayake Jordan da Gilbert sun ambaci wani jerin muƙamuƙi da ya fito daga kifin shark mai duhu, an gano nau'in samfurin da suka sanya a matsayin [[Copper shark|kifin jan ƙarfe]] ( ''C. brachyurus'' ). Saboda haka, ''C.&nbsp;''Ba a ɗaukar ''lamiella'' a matsayin ma'anar ''C ba.&nbsp;obscurus'' amma maimakon ''C.&nbsp;brachyurus'' . Sauran sunaye da aka fi sani da wannan nau'in sun haɗa da bay shark, black whaler, brown common gray shark, brown dusky shark, brown shark, common whaler, dusky ground shark, dusky whaler, river whaler, shovel nose, da siririn whaler shark. == Manazarta == slli2vzz9v7ram38lm7szuuybxx7b3d 859683 859682 2026-06-17T21:50:45Z Engineer014 44591 859683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kifin '''shark mai duhu''' ( '''''Carcharhinus obscurus''''' ) nau'in kifin shark ne na requiem, a cikin dangin Carcharhinidae, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ruwan teku na wurare masu zafi da dumi a duk duniya. Kifin shark mai duhu ana iya samunsa daga bakin teku zuwa gaɓar teku da kuma ruwan pelagic da ke kusa da shi, kuma an rubuta shi daga zurfin 400 .&nbsp;m (1,300)&nbsp;ft). Al'umma [[Gudun kifi|suna ƙaura]] zuwa ga sandunan ruwa a lokacin rani da kuma zuwa ga equator a lokacin hunturu, suna tafiya ɗaruruwan kilomita zuwa dubban kilomita. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin wannan nau'in, kifin shark mai duhu ya kai fiye da {{Cvt|4|m|ft}} a tsayi kuma {{Cvt|350|kg|lb}} a nauyi. Yana da siriri kuma mai laushi kuma ana iya gane shi ta hanyar gajeren hancinsa mai zagaye, dogon fin ɗin da ke kama da sickle, tsayi tsakanin fin ɗin dorsal na farko da na biyu, da fin ɗin da ba su da alamun rauni. Manyan kifayen teku suna da abinci mai faɗi da bambance-bambance, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin kifayen ƙashi, sharks da haskoki, da cephalopods, amma kuma a wasu lokutan crustaceans, taurarin teku, bryozoans, kunkuru na teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, mushe, da [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] . Wannan nau'in yana da rai tare da zagayowar haihuwa na shekaru uku; mata suna ɗaukar 'ya'ya 'yan shekara &#x2013; bayan lokacin ɗaukar ciki na watanni &#x2013;, bayan haka akwai shekara ɗaya na hutawa kafin su sake ɗaukar ciki. Wannan shark, wanda aka ɗaure shi da Spiny dogfish sakamakon haka, shine dabbar da ke da tsawon lokacin ɗaukar ciki. Mata suna iya adana [[maniyyi]] na dogon lokaci, saboda haɗuwarsu da abokan aure masu dacewa na iya zama kaɗan kuma suna da nisa saboda salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya da ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Sharks na teku suna ɗaya daga cikin sharks mafi girma da kuma waɗanda suka girma a hankali, ba sa kai ga girma har sai da shekaru 20. Saboda jinkirin haihuwarsa, kifin shark mai duhu yana da matukar rauni ga raguwar yawan jama'a da ɗan adam ke haifarwa. Kamun kifi na kasuwanci yana da matuƙar daraja ga wannan nau'in saboda fin-fin ɗinsa, waɗanda ake amfani da su a miyar fin-fin ɗin kifin shark, da kuma nama, fata, da man hanta . Masunta na nishaɗi kuma suna girmama shi. Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta kimanta wannan nau'in a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Mai Fuskantar Haɗari]] a duk duniya kuma Mai Fuskantar Haɗari a gabashin Amurka, inda yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa kashi 15 &#x2013; 20% na matakan shekarun 1970. Ana ɗaukar kifin shark mai duhu a matsayin mai yuwuwar haɗari ga mutane saboda girmansa, amma akwai ƙananan hare-hare da ake dangantawa da shi. == Tsarin Haraji == Masanin kimiyyar halitta na Faransa Charles Alexandre Lesueur ya buga bayanin kimiyya na farko game da kifin shark mai duhu a cikin fitowar ''mujallar Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ta'' 1818. Ya sanya shi a cikin halittar ''Squalus'' kuma ya ba shi takamaiman sunan ''obscurus'' ( [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "duhu" ko "dim"), yana nufin launinsa. Marubutan da suka biyo baya sun gane wannan nau'in a matsayin na dangin ''Carcharhinus'' . Lesueur bai sanya wani nau'in samfurin ba, kodayake yana aiki ne daga kifin shark da aka kama a cikin ruwan Arewacin Amurka. Majiyoyi da yawa na farko sun ba da sunan kimiyya na kifin shark mai duhu a matsayin ''Carcharias'' (daga baya ''Carcharhinus'' ) ''lamiella'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani labari na 1882 na David Starr Jordan da Charles Henry Gilbert . Kodayake Jordan da Gilbert sun ambaci wani jerin muƙamuƙi da ya fito daga kifin shark mai duhu, an gano nau'in samfurin da suka sanya a matsayin [[Copper shark|kifin jan ƙarfe]] ( ''C. brachyurus'' ). Saboda haka, ''C.&nbsp;''Ba a ɗaukar ''lamiella'' a matsayin ma'anar ''C ba.&nbsp;obscurus'' amma maimakon ''C.&nbsp;brachyurus'' . Sauran sunaye da aka fi sani da wannan nau'in sun haɗa da bay shark, black whaler, brown common gray shark, brown dusky shark, brown shark, common whaler, dusky ground shark, dusky whaler, river whaler, shovel nose, da siririn whaler shark. == Manazarta == h5wezm8x68agcjpaqm68diw8glreplv Flapnose houndshark 0 158314 859684 2026-06-17T21:52:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355301350|Flapnose houndshark]]" 859684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifin shark na Flapnose''' ( '''''Scylliogaleus quecketti''''' ) kifin shark ne na dangin Triakidae, kuma shi kaɗai ne memba na dangin '''''Scylliogaleus''''' . Ana samunsa a cikin ruwan da ke kusa da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yankin kudu maso]] [[Afirka ta Kudu|yammacin Afirka]], a [[Tekun Indiya|yammacin Tekun Indiya]] tsakanin latitudes 27 da 33°S . An kiyasta cewa wannan kifin shark yana da tsawon ƙafa 2 zuwa 3. Suna da launin toka tare da farin gefen ƙasa, kuma suna da hanci mai kaifi tare da manyan faffadan hanci. Suna da ƙananan haƙora kamar duwatsu kuma fin na baya na farko da na biyu girmansu iri ɗaya ne. Suna cin abinci galibi akan crustaceans kamar kaguwa, jatan lande, lobsters da wasu molluscs kamar squid. Kifin shark na Flapnose suna da rai kuma suna da ƙarancin haihuwa, suna da 'yan kwikwiyo biyu zuwa huɗu kawai a cikin zuriya. Bayan sun yi ciki na tsawon watanni tara zuwa goma, mata suna haihuwar 'yan kwikwiyo waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai kusan santimita 34. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Flapnose Houndshark |url=https://www.sharkwater.com/shark-database/sharks/flapnose-houndshark/ |access-date=February 27, 2021 |website=Sharkwater Extinction}}</ref> Sabbin tsuntsayen shark masu launin flapnose suna da gefuna masu launin fari a kan fin ɗinsu na baya, dubura, da kuma caudal. An sami samfura 30 kacal da aka yi rikodin. Masana ilmin halittu ba su gan shi ba tun 1902, an kama ɗaya a shekarar 2020 a shirin ''Extinct or Alive'' . An yi masa alama da na'urar gano abubuwa ta pop-up sannan aka sake shi == Manazarta == sc3r2hycr97liw9hlfiwywlh57ng1f5 859685 859684 2026-06-17T21:52:23Z Engineer014 44591 859685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin shark na Flapnose''' ( '''''Scylliogaleus quecketti''''' ) kifin shark ne na dangin Triakidae, kuma shi kaɗai ne memba na dangin '''''Scylliogaleus''''' . Ana samunsa a cikin ruwan da ke kusa da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yankin kudu maso]] [[Afirka ta Kudu|yammacin Afirka]], a [[Tekun Indiya|yammacin Tekun Indiya]] tsakanin latitudes 27 da 33°S . An kiyasta cewa wannan kifin shark yana da tsawon ƙafa 2 zuwa 3. Suna da launin toka tare da farin gefen ƙasa, kuma suna da hanci mai kaifi tare da manyan faffadan hanci. Suna da ƙananan haƙora kamar duwatsu kuma fin na baya na farko da na biyu girmansu iri ɗaya ne. Suna cin abinci galibi akan crustaceans kamar kaguwa, jatan lande, lobsters da wasu molluscs kamar squid. Kifin shark na Flapnose suna da rai kuma suna da ƙarancin haihuwa, suna da 'yan kwikwiyo biyu zuwa huɗu kawai a cikin zuriya. Bayan sun yi ciki na tsawon watanni tara zuwa goma, mata suna haihuwar 'yan kwikwiyo waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai kusan santimita 34. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Flapnose Houndshark |url=https://www.sharkwater.com/shark-database/sharks/flapnose-houndshark/ |access-date=February 27, 2021 |website=Sharkwater Extinction}}</ref> Sabbin tsuntsayen shark masu launin flapnose suna da gefuna masu launin fari a kan fin ɗinsu na baya, dubura, da kuma caudal. An sami samfura 30 kacal da aka yi rikodin. Masana ilmin halittu ba su gan shi ba tun 1902, an kama ɗaya a shekarar 2020 a shirin ''Extinct or Alive'' . An yi masa alama da na'urar gano abubuwa ta pop-up sannan aka sake shi == Manazarta == 2wbyngwyvxqou2nj9sjgdiuv1vxfg2s Redtail barb 0 158315 859686 2026-06-17T21:52:58Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315366368|Redtail barb]]" 859686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barb ɗin redtail''' ( '''''Enteromius gurneyi''''' ) nau'in kifin cyprinid ne da ke zaune a KwaZulu Natal a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana samunsa a tsayin {{Convert|300|–|1000|m}}, musamman a cikin kwararar ruwa masu tsabta a kan duwatsun yashi. <ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |year=2017 |editor2-last=D. Pauly |title=''Enteromius gurneyi'' (Günther, 1868) Retdtail barb |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Enteromius-gurneyi.html |access-date=2017-09-02 |publisher=[[Fishbase]]}}</ref> == Girman == Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon {{Convert|10.0|cm|in}} . == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa kifin suna ne don girmama John Henry Gurney (1819–1890), wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai aikin banki kuma masanin kiwon tsuntsaye, wanda ta hanyar taimakonsa Günther ya sami samfura da yawa daga Port Natal [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504083757/https://etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == o70gb9mml2qluku38jtfyxnqay0z29p 859687 859686 2026-06-17T21:53:21Z Engineer014 44591 859687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barb ɗin redtail''' ( '''''Enteromius gurneyi''''' ) nau'in kifin cyprinid ne da ke zaune a KwaZulu Natal a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana samunsa a tsayin {{Convert|300|–|1000|m}}, musamman a cikin kwararar ruwa masu tsabta a kan duwatsun yashi. <ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |year=2017 |editor2-last=D. Pauly |title=''Enteromius gurneyi'' (Günther, 1868) Retdtail barb |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Enteromius-gurneyi.html |access-date=2017-09-02 |publisher=[[Fishbase]]}}</ref> == Girman == Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon {{Convert|10.0|cm|in}} . == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa kifin suna ne don girmama John Henry Gurney (1819–1890), wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai aikin banki kuma masanin kiwon tsuntsaye, wanda ta hanyar taimakonsa Günther ya sami samfura da yawa daga Port Natal [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504083757/https://etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 35ojzpbbhyoydd323q9koa1tkb9f984 Cuta 0 158316 859688 2026-06-17T21:54:12Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355048667|Disease]]" 859688 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Fayil:Michael_Ancher,_Den_syge_pige,_1882,_KMS4002,_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg|thumb|"Yarinyar da Ba ta da Lafiya", na Michael Ancher, 1882, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Denmark]] '''Cuta''' wata cuta ce ta musamman da ba ta dace ba wadda ke shafar tsarin ko aikin dukkan wani abu ko wani ɓangare na wani abu kuma ba wai nan take take faruwa ba saboda wani rauni na waje. Sau da yawa cututtuka ana san su da '''yanayin lafiya''' wanda ke da alaƙa da takamaiman alamu da alamu . Cutar na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan waje kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma ta hanyar rashin aikin ciki. Misali, rashin aikin [[Tsarin rigakafi|garkuwar jiki]] na ciki na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan raunin garkuwar jiki daban-daban, rashin lafiyar jiki, [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar jiki]], da kuma cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki . A cikin [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], ana amfani da ''cuta'' sosai don nufin kowace irin cuta da ke haifar ko kuma za ta iya haifar da ciwo, rashin aiki, damuwa, matsalolin zamantakewa, ko [[mutuwa]] ga wanda abin ya shafa, ko kuma irin waɗannan matsaloli ga waɗanda suka yi mu'amala da mutumin. A wannan ma'anar, wani lokacin yana haɗa da raunuka, [[nakasa]], cututtuka, cututtuka, cututtuka, alamomin da ba a saba gani ba, halaye marasa kyau, da bambance-bambancen tsari da aiki marasa tsari, yayin da a wasu yanayi da kuma don wasu dalilai ana iya ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin rukuni daban-daban. Cututtuka na iya shafar mutane ba kawai a zahiri ba har ma a hankali, kamar yadda kamuwa da cuta da rayuwa da ita na iya canza ra'ayin mutumin da abin ya shafa game da rayuwa. Mutuwa sakamakon cuta ana kiranta mutuwa ta hanyar dalilai na halitta . Akwai manyan nau'ikan cututtuka guda huɗu: cututtuka masu yaduwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|cututtukan ƙarancin abinci]], [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cututtukan gado]], da cututtukan jiki. Haka kuma ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar cututtukan [[Yaduwar kwayar cuta|da ke yaɗuwa]] da [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa]] . Cututtuka mafi muni a cikin mutane sune [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya na ischemic]] (ciwon jini), sai kuma [[bugun jini]] da [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]] (cutar huhu). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |access-date=23 January 2026 |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba, cututtukan da ke haifar da mafi yawan cututtuka gabaɗaya sune cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] . ''Ilimin cututtuka'', nazarin cututtuka, ya haɗa da <nowiki><i id="mwUw">tushen cututtuka</i></nowiki>, ko nazarin dalili, misali, mutum zai iya duba [[Kanjamau|ciwo na ƙarancin garkuwar jiki]] (AIDS) ko kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da su: ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarancin garkuwar jiki (HIVs). == Kalmomi == === Ra'ayoyi === A lokuta da yawa, ana amfani da kalmomi kamar ''cuta'', ''rashin lafiya'', ''rashin lafiya'', ''rashin lafiya'' da ''rashin lafiya'' a madadin haka; duk da haka, akwai yanayi inda ake ganin takamaiman kalmomi sun fi dacewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Illness – Glossary |url=http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih5/mental/other/glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528085547/http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih5/Mental/other/glossary.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=18 April 2010 |website=The Science of Mental Illness |publisher=US [[National Institute of Mental Health]]}}</ref> ; Disease : The term ''disease'' broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body. For this reason, diseases are associated with the dysfunction of the body's normal homeostatic processes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regents Prep: Living Environment: Homeostasis: Introduction |url=http://regentsprep.org/regents/biology/units/homeostasis/index.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044155/http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/homeostasis/index.cfm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center}}</ref> Commonly, the term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|bacteria]], fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection or colonization that does not and will not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning, such as the presence of the normal bacteria and yeasts in the gut, or of a passenger virus, is not considered a disease. By contrast, an infection that is asymptomatic during its [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|incubation period]], but expected to produce symptoms later, is usually considered a disease. [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|Non-infectious diseases]] are all other diseases, including most forms of [[Sankara|cancer]], [[Cutar zuciya|heart disease]], and [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disease]]. ; Acquired disease : An acquired disease is one that began at some point during one's lifetime, as opposed to disease that was already present at birth, which is congenital disease. ''Acquired'' sounds like it could mean "caught via contagion", but it simply means acquired sometime after birth. It also sounds like it could imply secondary disease, but acquired disease can be primary disease. ; Acute disease : An acute disease is one of a short-term nature ([[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|acute]]); the term sometimes also connotes a fulminant nature ; Chronic condition or chronic disease : A [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|chronic disease]] is one that persists over time, often for at least six months, but may also include illnesses that are expected to last for the entirety of one's natural life. ; Congenital disorder or congenital disease : A congenital disorder is one that is present at birth. It is often a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disease or disorder]] and can be [[Ga do|inherited]]. It can also be the result of a [[Cutar da aka samu a tsaye|vertically transmitted infection]] from the mother, such as [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]]. ; Genetic disease : A [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disorder]] or disease is caused by one or more genetic mutations. It is often inherited, but some mutations are random and [[wiktionary:de novo|de novo]]. ; Hereditary or inherited disease : A hereditary disease is a type of genetic disease caused by genetic mutations that are [[Ga do|hereditary]] (and can run in families) ; Iatrogenic disease : An iatrogenic disease or condition is one that is caused by medical intervention, whether as a side effect of a treatment or as an inadvertent outcome. ; Idiopathic disease : An idiopathic disease has an unknown cause or source. As medical science has advanced, many diseases with entirely unknown causes have had some aspects of their sources explained and therefore shed their idiopathic status. For example, when germs were discovered, it became known that they were a cause of infection, but particular germs and diseases had not been linked. In another example, it is known that autoimmunity is the cause of some forms of diabetes mellitus type 1, even though the particular molecular pathways by which it works are not yet understood. It is also common to know certain factors are associated with certain diseases; however, association does not necessarily imply causality. For example, a third factor might be causing both the disease, and the associated phenomenon. ; Incurable disease : A disease that cannot be cured. Incurable diseases are not necessarily terminal diseases, and sometimes a disease's symptoms can be treated sufficiently for the disease to have little or no impact on quality of life. ; Primary disease : A primary disease is a disease that is due to a root cause of illness, as opposed to secondary disease, which is a sequela, or complication that is caused by the primary disease. For example, a [[Mura|common cold]] is a primary disease, where rhinitis is a possible secondary disease, or sequela. A doctor must determine what primary disease, a cold or bacterial infection, is causing a patient's secondary rhinitis when deciding whether or not to prescribe antibiotics. ; Secondary disease : A secondary disease is a disease that is a sequela or complication of a prior, causal disease, which is referred to as the primary disease or simply the underlying cause (root cause). For example, a bacterial infection can be primary, wherein a healthy person is exposed to bacteria and becomes infected, or it can be secondary to a primary cause, that predisposes the body to infection. For example, a primary viral infection that weakens the [[Tsarin rigakafi|immune system]] could lead to a secondary bacterial infection. Similarly, a primary [[Ƙonewa|burn]] that creates an open wound could provide an entry point for bacteria, and lead to a secondary bacterial infection. ; Terminal disease : A terminal disease is one that is expected to have the inevitable result of death. Previously, AIDS was a terminal disease; it is now incurable, but can be managed indefinitely using medications. ; Illness : The terms ''illness'' and ''sickness'' are both generally used as synonyms for ''disease''; however, the term ''illness'' is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient's personal, subjective experience of their disease.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=illness |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/illness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060816/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/illness |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Dorland's Medical Dictionary]] for Health Consumers |publisher=Elsevier |via=Medical Dictionary - The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="pmid3567788">{{Cite journal |last=Emson HE |date=April 1987 |title=Health, disease and illness: matters for definition |journal=[[CMAJ]] |volume=136 |issue=8 |pages=811–13 |pmc=1492114 |pmid=3567788}}</ref><ref name="pmid3567791">{{Cite journal |last=McWhinney IR |date=April 1987 |title=Health and disease: problems of definition |journal=CMAJ |volume=136 |issue=8 |page=815 |pmc=1492121 |pmid=3567791}}</ref> In this model, it is possible for a person to have a disease without being ill (to have an objectively definable, but asymptomatic, medical condition, such as a [[Cutar da ke cikin asibiti|subclinical infection]], or to have a clinically apparent physical impairment but not feel sick or distressed by it), and to be ''ill'' without being ''diseased'' (such as when an objectively healthy person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition, or [[Magunguna|medicalizes]] a non-disease situation in their life – for example, a person who feels unwell as a result of embarrassment, and who interprets those feelings as sickness rather than normal emotions). Symptoms of illness are often not directly the result of infection, but a collection of evolved responses – sickness behavior by the body – that helps clear infection and promote recovery. Such aspects of illness can include lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and inability to concentrate.<ref name="Hart">{{Cite journal |last=Hart BL |year=1988 |title=Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals |journal=[[Neurosci Biobehav Rev]] |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=123–37 |doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6 |issn=0149-7634 |pmid=3050629 |s2cid=17797005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson R |year=2002 |title=The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries |journal=[[Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology]] |volume=87 |issue=3–4 |pages=443–50 |doi=10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00069-7 |pmid=12072271}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kelley KW, Bluthe RM, Dantzer R, Zhou JH, Shen WH, Johnson RW, Broussard SR |year=2003 |title=Cytokine-induced sickness behavior |journal=[[Brain Behav Immun]] |volume=17 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S112–18 |doi=10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6 |pmid=12615196 |s2cid=25400611}}</ref> ; {{Visible anchor|Disorder}} : A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance that may or may not show specific signs and symptoms. Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disorders]], emotional and behavioral disorders, and [[Rashin aiki|functional disorders]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disorder |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/disorder |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.cancer.gov |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]] |language=en}}</ref> The term ''disorder'' is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms ''disease'' or ''illness'', and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sefton |first=Phil |date=21 November 2011 |title=Condition, Disease, Disorder |url=https://amastyleinsider.com/2011/11/21/condition-disease-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820125543/https://amastyleinsider.com/2011/11/21/condition-disease-disorder/ |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=AMA Style Insider |publisher=American Medical Association}}</ref> In mental health, the term ''mental disorder'' is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|biological, social, and psychological factors]] in psychiatric conditions; however, the term ''disorder'' is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as [[Rashin jituwa na metabolism|metabolic disorders]]. ; Medical condition or health condition : A ''medical condition'' or ''health condition'' is a broad concept that includes all diseases, lesions, disorders, or nonpathologic condition that normally receives medical treatment, such as [[Juna biyu|pregnancy]] or [[Jego|childbirth]]. While the term ''medical condition'' generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease ''except'' for mental illnesses. The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (''DSM''), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term ''general medical condition'' to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some [[Inshorar lafiya|health insurance]] policies also define a ''medical condition'' as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expat Insurance Glossary by The Insurance Page |url=http://www.theinsurancepage.co.uk/expat-insurance-glossary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027142342/http://www.theinsurancepage.co.uk/expat-insurance-glossary.html |archive-date=27 October 2008 |access-date=20 November 2008}}</ref> : As it is more value-neutral than terms like ''disease'', the term ''medical condition'' is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious. However, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement. : The term ''medical condition'' is also a synonym for ''medical state'', in which case it describes an individual patient's current state from a medical standpoint. This usage appears in statements that describe a patient as being ''in critical condition'', for example. ; {{Visible anchor|Morbidity}} : '''Morbidity''' (from Latin morbidus 'sick, unhealthy') is a diseased state, [[Nakasa|disability]], or poor health due to any cause.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=morbidity |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/morbidity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060403/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/morbidity |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers |publisher=Elsevier |via=medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com}}</ref> The term may refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient. Among severely ill patients, the level of morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems. Comorbidity, or co-existing disease, is the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions, such as [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] and substance abuse. : In epidemiology and actuarial science, the term ''morbidity'' (also ''morbidity rate'' or ''morbidity frequency'') can refer to either the incidence rate, the prevalence of a disease or medical condition, or the percentage of people who experience a given condition within a given timeframe (e.g., 20% of people will get [[influenza]] in a year). This measure of sickness is contrasted with the mortality rate of a condition, which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval. Morbidity rates are used in actuarial professions, such as health insurance, life insurance, and long-term care insurance, to determine the premiums charged to customers. Morbidity rates help insurers predict the likelihood that an insured will contract or develop any number of specified diseases. ; Pathosis or pathology : ''Pathosis'' (plural ''pathoses'') is synonymous with ''disease''. The word ''pathology'' also has this sense, in which it is commonly used by physicians in the medical literature, although [[wiktionary:pathology#Usage_notes|some editors prefer to reserve ''pathology'' to its other senses]]. Sometimes a slight connotative shade causes preference for ''pathology'' or ''pathosis'' implying "some [as yet poorly analyzed] pathophysiologic process" rather than ''disease'' implying "a specific disease entity as defined by diagnostic criteria being already met". This is hard to quantify denotatively, but it explains why cognitive synonymy is not invariable. ; Syndrome : A ''syndrome'' is the association of several signs and symptoms, or other characteristics that often occur together, regardless of whether the cause is known. Some syndromes such as Down syndrome are known to have only one cause (an extra chromosome at birth). Others such as Parkinsonian syndrome are known to have multiple possible causes. [[Ciwon zuciya mai tsanani|Acute coronary syndrome]], for example, is not a single disease itself but is rather the manifestation of any of several diseases including [[Ciwon zuciya|myocardial infarction]] secondary to [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|coronary artery disease]]. In yet other syndromes, however, the cause is unknown. A familiar syndrome name often remains in use even after an underlying cause has been found or when there are a number of different possible primary causes. Examples of the first-mentioned type are that [[Ciwon Turner|Turner syndrome]] and DiGeorge syndrome are still often called by the "syndrome" name despite that they can also be viewed as disease entities and not solely as sets of signs and symptoms. ; Predisease : '''Predisease''' is a subclinical or prodromal vanguard of a disease. Prediabetes and prehypertension are common examples. The nosology or epistemology of predisease is contentious, though, because there is seldom a bright line differentiating a legitimate concern for subclinical or premonitory status and the conflict of interest–driven [[Magunguna|over-medicalization]] (e.g., by pharmaceutical manufacturers) or de-medicalization (e.g., by medical and disability insurers). Identifying legitimate predisease can result in useful preventive measures, such as motivating the person to get a healthy amount of physical exercise, but labeling a healthy person with an unfounded notion of predisease can result in overtreatment, such as taking drugs that only help people with severe disease or paying for treatments with a poor benefit–cost ratio. : One review proposed three criteria for predisease: :* a high risk for progression to disease making one "far more likely to develop" it than others are- for example, a pre-cancer will almost certainly turn into cancer over time :* actionability for risk reduction – for example, removal of the precancerous tissue prevents it from turning into a potentially deadly cancer :* benefit that outweighs the harm of any interventions taken – removing the precancerous tissue prevents cancer, and thus prevents a potential death from cancer.<ref name="pmid_21624963">{{Cite journal |last=Viera |first=Anthony J. |year=2011 |title=Predisease: when does it make sense? |journal=[[Epidemiologic Reviews]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=122–34 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxr002 |pmid=21624963 |s2cid=12090327 |quote=When the goal of preventing adverse health outcomes is kept in mind, this review poses the idea that "predisease" as a category on which to act makes sense only if the following 3 conditions are met. First, the people designated as having predisease must be far more likely to develop the disease than those not so designated. Second, there must be a feasible intervention that, when targeted to people with predisease, effectively reduces the likelihood of developing the disease. Third, the benefits of intervening on predisease must outweigh the harms in the population. |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Nau'i ta tsarin jiki === ; Hankali : Ciwon kwakwalwa wata babbar alama ce ta cututtuka da za su iya haɗawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali na motsin rai ko [[Emotion|na motsin rai]], rashin daidaituwar ɗabi'a, rashin aiki da hankali ko rauni. Takamaiman cututtuka da aka sani da cututtukan kwakwalwa sun haɗa da [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]] na gabaɗaya, da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], da kaɗan. Ciwon kwakwalwa na iya zama na halitta (misali, yanayin jiki, sinadarai, ko kwayoyin halitta) ko kuma na tunani (misali, rauni ko rikici). Yana iya lalata ikon mutumin da abin ya shafa na yin aiki ko karatu kuma yana iya cutar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane. ; Halitta : Cutar halitta cuta ce da ke faruwa sakamakon canjin jiki ko na jiki ga wani nama ko gabar jiki. Kalmar wani lokacin ba ta ɗauke da cututtuka ba. Ana amfani da ita galibi idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin kwakwalwa. Ya haɗa da matsalolin motsin rai da na hali idan sun faru ne saboda canje-canje ga tsarin jiki ko aikin jiki (kamar bayan [[bugun jini]] ko raunin kwakwalwa - cutar kwakwalwa ta halitta kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita ga irin waɗannan shari'o'in) amma ba idan sun faru ne saboda matsalolin [[Magana da Jiki|zamantakewa]] ba. === Matakai === A cikin wata cuta mai yaɗuwa, [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|lokacin kamuwa da cuta]] shine lokacin da ke tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da bayyanar alamun. [[Lokaci mai ɓoye (epidemiology)|Lokacin rashin lafiya]] shine lokacin da ke tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da ikon cutar na yaɗuwa ga wani mutum, wanda zai iya gaba, ya biyo baya, ko kuma ya kasance tare da bayyanar alamun. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna nuna lokacin barci, wanda ake kira latency na ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda kwayar cutar ke ɓoyewa a cikin jiki a cikin yanayin rashin aiki. Misali, ƙwayar cutar varicella zoster tana haifar da [[Ƙaranbau|cutar pox]] a cikin [[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|matakin gaggawa]] ; bayan murmurewa daga cutar pox, ƙwayar cutar na iya zama a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiya na tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma daga baya ta haifar da [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] (shingles). ; Cutar mai tsanani : [[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|Cutar mai tsanani cuta]] ce mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar [[mura]] . ; Cututtuka na yau da kullun : [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|Cutar da ke dawwama]] ita ce wadda ke ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, yawanci aƙalla watanni shida. A wannan lokacin, tana iya kasancewa a koyaushe, ko kuma tana iya komawa baya lokaci -lokaci. Cutar da ke dawwama na iya zama mai karko (ba ta ƙara muni ba) ko kuma tana iya ci gaba (tana ƙara muni akan lokaci). Wasu cututtuka na yau da kullun ana iya warkar da su har abada. Yawancin cututtuka na yau da kullun ana iya magance su da amfani, koda kuwa ba za a iya warkar da su har abada ba. ; Cutar asibiti : Wanda ke da sakamako na asibiti; a wata ma'anar, matakin cutar da ke haifar da alamun wannan cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=clinical disease |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/clinical+disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623204049/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/clinical+disease |archive-date=23 June 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |via=medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |quote=a stage in the history of a pathological condition that begins with anatomical or physiological changes that are sufficient to produce recognizable signs and symptoms of a disease |edition=9th}}</ref> [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] shine matakin cutar asibiti na [[Kanjamau|kamuwa da cutar HIV]] . ; Warkewa : Waraka ita ce ƙarshen wata cuta ta rashin lafiya ko magani da ke iya kawo ƙarshenta, yayin da waraka ke nufin ɓacewar alamun, wataƙila na ɗan lokaci. Waraka gaba ɗaya ita ce mafi kyawun sakamako ga cututtuka marasa magani. ; Fuskantar da kai : Ƙarar bayyanar cututtuka na iya nufin ko dai sake dawowar alamun ko kuma fara alamun da suka fi tsanani. <ref name="Shiel 2019">{{Cite web |last=Shiel |first=William C. Jr. |date=20 June 2019 |title=Definition of Flare |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=156154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123145648/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=156154 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=MedicineNet}}</ref> ; Cutar da ke ci gaba : [[Cutar da ke ci gaba]] cuta ce da yanayinta na asali shine ta'azzara cutar har sai ta mutu, tawaya mai tsanani, ko gazawar gabobi. Cututtuka masu ci gaba a hankali suma [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka ne na yau da kullun]] ; da yawa kuma [[Cutar da ke raguwa|cututtuka ne masu lalacewa]] . Akasin cutar da ke ci gaba ita ce ''cuta mai karko'' ko ''cuta mai tsayawa'' : yanayin lafiya da ke wanzuwa, amma ba ya yin kyau ko muni. ; : Cutar da ke hana magani cuta ce da ke hana magani, musamman idan mutum ya kamu da cutar da ba ta buƙatar magani fiye da yadda aka saba. ; Cutar da ba ta da magani : Ana kuma kiransa da ''cutar shiru'', ''matakin shiru'', ko ''cutar da ba ta nuna alamunta ba'' . Wannan mataki ne na wasu cututtuka kafin a fara lura da alamun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=definition of subclinical |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subclinical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928050707/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subclinical |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |via=[[The Free Dictionary]]}}</ref> ; Matakin Tasha : Idan mutum zai mutu nan ba da jimawa ba daga wata cuta, ko da kuwa wannan cutar ce ke haifar da mutuwa, to matakin da ke tsakanin farkon cutar da kuma lokacin da mutum ke mutuwa shi ne matakin ƙarshe. ; Farfadowa : Murmurewa na iya nufin gyara hanyoyin jiki (nama, gabobi da sauransu) da kuma dawo da aiki lafiya bayan an warkar da hanyoyin da ke haifar da lalacewa. === Tsawon === [[Fayil:Poison_ivy_rash.JPG|alt=skin rash on the leg|thumb|233x233px|Wannan kurji yana shafar wani ɓangare na jiki ne kawai, don haka cuta ce ta gida.]] ; Cutar da aka gano a yankin : [[Cutar da aka samu a wani wuri|Cutar da ke shafar wani yanki na jiki]] ita ce wadda ke shafar wani ɓangare na jiki kawai, kamar ƙafar ɗan wasa ko kamuwa da cutar ido . ; Cutar da aka yaɗa : Wata cuta da ta yaɗu ta bazu zuwa wasu sassa; tare da ciwon daji, wannan yawanci ana kiransa [[Metastasis|cutar metastatic]] . ; Cututtukan tsarin jiki : [[Cutar tsarin|Cutar da ke shafar jiki]] cuta ce da ke shafar dukkan jiki, kamar [[Influenza|mura]] ko [[hawan jini]] . == Rarrabawa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta hanyar dalili, hanyar da cutar ke haifarwa, ko kuma ta hanyar alamunta . A madadin haka, ana iya rarraba cututtuka bisa ga tsarin gabobin da abin ya shafa, kodayake wannan sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa tunda cututtuka da yawa suna shafar fiye da gabobi ɗaya. Babban matsala a fannin nosology shine cewa sau da yawa ba za a iya fayyace cututtuka a sarari ba, musamman idan ba a san musabbabi ko pathogenesis ba. Don haka kalmomin ganewar asali galibi suna nuna wata alama ko tarin alamu ( ciwon ). Rarraba cututtukan ɗan adam ta gargajiya ta samo asali ne daga alaƙar lura tsakanin nazarin cututtuka da cututtukan asibiti. A yau ana fifita a rarraba su bisa ga dalilinsu idan an san su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loscalzo |first=Joseph |last2=Kohane |first2=Isaac |last3=Barabasi |first3=Albert-Laszlo |date=2007 |title=Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: A complex systems approach to human pathobiology |journal=Molecular Systems Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=124 |page=124 |doi=10.1038/msb4100163 |issn=1744-4292 |pmc=1948102 |pmid=17625512}}</ref> Rarraba cututtuka da aka fi sani kuma ake amfani da su shine ICD na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] . Wannan ana sabunta shi lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu, bugu na ƙarshe shine ICD-11 . == Dalilai == Ana iya haifar da cututtuka ta kowace irin hanya, kuma ana iya kamuwa da su ko kuma a haife su da ita . Ƙananan halittu, kwayoyin halitta, muhalli ko haɗuwa da waɗannan na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human disease – Pathogenesis, Etiology, Resistance, and Immunity {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/human-disease/The-causes-of-disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526022441/https://www.britannica.com/science/human-disease/The-causes-of-disease |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wasu cututtuka kamar [[Influenza|mura ne]] kawai ke yaɗuwa kuma ana kyautata zaton suna yaɗuwa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da waɗannan cututtuka ana kiransu da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma sun haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da fungi. Ana iya yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, misali ta hanyar taɓa hannu da baki da kayan da ke yaɗuwa a saman fata, ta hanyar cizon [[Mai yaduwar cuta|kwari ko wasu masu ɗauke]] da cutar, da kuma daga ruwa ko abinci da ya gurɓata (sau da yawa ta hanyar gurɓatar [[Kashi|najasa]] ), da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knappett |first=Peter S.K. |last2=Escamilla |first2=Veronica |last3=Layton |first3=Alice |last4=McKay |first4=Larry D. |last5=Emch |first5=Michael |last6=Williams |first6=Daniel E. |last7=Huq |first7=R. |last8=Alam |first8=J. |last9=Farhana |first9=Labony |last10=Mailloux |first10=Brian J. |last11=Ferguson |first11=Andy |last12=Sayler |first12=Gary S. |last13=Ahmed |first13=Kazi M. |last14=van Geen |first14=Alexander |date=2011-08-01 |title=Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=409 |issue=17 |pages=3174–3182 |bibcode=2011ScTEn.409.3174K |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.043 |pmc=3150537 |pmid=21632095}}</ref> Haka kuma, akwai [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i]] . A wasu lokuta, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa cikin sauri daga mutum zuwa mutum suna taka rawa, yayin da wasu cututtuka za a iya hana su ko rage su ta hanyar [[abinci mai gina jiki]] ko wasu canje-canjen salon rayuwa. Wasu cututtuka, kamar yawancin (amma ba duka ba ) nau'ikan [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da cututtukan kwakwalwa, [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|cututtuka ne marasa yaduwa]] . Yawancin cututtuka marasa yaduwa suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta na wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya (duba [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|matsalar kwayoyin halitta]] ) kuma don haka ana iya yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara. [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a]] su ne yanayin zamantakewa da mutane ke rayuwa a ciki waɗanda ke ƙayyade lafiyarsu. Cututtuka gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da [[Cututtukan muhalli|muhalli]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social determinants of health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101201612/https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta [[Kanada]] da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun amince da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a don yin tasiri sosai ga walwalar jama'a da ta mutum. Majalisar Masu ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kuma ta amince da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a a cikin talauci . [[Canjin yanayi da cututtukan cututtuka|Sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara ta'azzara]] yaduwar wasu cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da kuma nauyinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van de Vuurst |first=Paige |last2=Escobar |first2=Luis E. |date=2023-05-16 |title=Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=51 |doi=10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2 |issn=2049-9957 |pmc=10186327 |pmid=37194092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ba a fahimci musabbabin cuta sosai ba, al'ummomi suna yin tatsuniya game da cutar ko kuma su yi amfani da ita a matsayin misali ko alama ta duk abin da al'adar ta ɗauka a matsayin mummuna. Misali, har sai da aka gano musabbabin ƙwayoyin cuta na [[tarin fuka]] a shekarar 1882, ƙwararru sun danganta cutar da [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|gado]], salon rayuwa mai natsuwa, yanayi mai baƙin ciki, da yawan jima'i, abinci mai yawa, ko barasa, waɗanda duk waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa ne a lokacin. Idan wata cuta ta samo asali ne daga wata cuta mai saurin yaɗuwa (misali, idan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar zazzabin cizon sauro]] ta samo asali ne daga ''Plasmodium'' ), bai kamata a rikita cutar (mummunan cutar) da cutar kanta ba. Misali, cutar West Nile (mai saurin yaɗuwa) tana haifar da zazzabin West Nile (cutar). Ba daidai ba ne a yi amfani da ma'anoni na asali a cikin ilimin cututtuka a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcantonio |first=Matteo |last2=Pascoe |first2=Emily |last3=Baldacchino |first3=Frederic |date=January 2017 |title=Sometimes Scientists Get the Flu. Wrong...! |url=http://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/abstract/S1471-4922(16)30188-X |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=7–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.005 |pmid=27856180 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Nau'ikan dalilai === [[Fayil:Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg|alt=A child rides a bicycle. An adult and a child walk a dog along a path in a green park..|thumb|Motsa jiki akai-akai, kamar hawa keke ko tafiya, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan rayuwa.]] ; Jirgin sama : [[Cutar dake yadu wa ta iska|Cutar iska]] ita ce kowace cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa kuma ana yada ta ta iska. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disease information |url=https://www.who.int/travel-advice/disease-information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713194411/https://www.who.int/travel-advice/disease-information |archive-date=2020-07-13 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> ; Abincin da aka ci : Ciwon da ake samu daga abinci ko gubar abinci duk wata cuta ce da ta samo asali daga cin abincin da aka gurbata da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, guba, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions ko ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=Paul S. |last2=Slutsker |first2=Laurence |last3=Dietz |first3=Vance |last4=McCaig |first4=Linda F. |last5=Bresee |first5=Joseph S. |last6=Shapiro |first6=Craig |last7=Griffin |first7=Patricia M. |last8=Tauxe |first8=Robert V. |date=October 1999 |title=Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |publisher=CDC |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=607–625 |doi=10.3201/eid0505.990502 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=2627714 |pmid=10511517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ; Mai yaɗuwa : Cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, waɗanda aka fi sani da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ko cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, sun ƙunshi cututtuka da aka gano a asibiti (watau, alamun lafiya ko alamun cutar) waɗanda suka samo asali daga kamuwa da cuta, kasancewar da kuma girman magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa a cikin wani abu da ke cikin jiki. An haɗa a cikin wannan rukuni da ''[[Cutar da ke yaduwa|cututtuka masu yaɗuwa]]'' - kamuwa da cuta, kamar [[Influenza|mura]] ko [[mura]], wanda galibi ke yaɗuwa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani - da kuma ''cututtuka masu yaɗuwa'' - cuta da za ta iya yaɗuwa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani, amma ba lallai ba ne ta yaɗuwa ta hanyar hulɗa ta yau da kullun. ; salon rayuwa : [[Cutar salon rayuwa]] ita ce kowace cuta da ke ƙaruwa yayin da ƙasashe ke ƙara samun ci gaba a masana'antu kuma mutane suna rayuwa tsawon rai, musamman idan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da zaɓin ɗabi'a kamar salon rayuwa mai natsuwa ko cin abinci mai yawan abinci mara lafiya kamar carbohydrates mai kyau, fats masu trans, ko abubuwan sha masu maye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Maskari |first=Fatma |title=Lifestyle Diseases: An Economic Burden on the Health Services |url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/lifestyle-diseases-economic-burden-health-services |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=UN Chronicle |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> ; Ba ya yaɗuwa : [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|Cutar da ba ta yaɗuwa]] cuta ce ta lafiya ko cuta wadda ba ta yaɗuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Non-communicable diseases |url=https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/health-and-care/community-health/non-communicable-diseases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516050902/https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/health-and-care/community-health/non-communicable-diseases |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |website=IFRC}}</ref> Cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa ba ba za a iya yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani ba. [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]] da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] misalai ne na cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa a cikin mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Non communicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> == Rigakafi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana iya hana cututtuka da matsaloli da yawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]], [[Abinci mai gina jiki|abinci]] mai kyau, [[motsa jiki]] mai kyau, [[alluran rigakafi]] da sauran matakan [[kula da kai]] da [[lafiyar jama'a]], kamar amfani da abin rufe fuska na zane . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=COVID-19: examining the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions |url=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/impact-non-pharmaceutical-interventions-on-covid-19-transmission/covid-19-examining-the-effectiveness-of-non-pharmaceutical-interventions-executive-summary.pdf |publisher=The Royal Society}}</ref> == Jiyya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Magunguna ko jiyya na likita ƙoƙari ne na warkarwa ko inganta wata cuta ko wasu matsalolin lafiya. A fannin likitanci, magani yana da alaƙa da kalmar ''magani'' . A tsakanin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kalmar na iya nufin musamman ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ko "maganin magana". Magungunan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da [[Magani|magunguna]], tiyata, na'urorin likitanci, da [[kula da kai]] . Ana iya bayar da jiyya ta hanyar [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] mai tsari, ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ta hanyar mara lafiya ko 'yan uwa. [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|Kula da lafiya ta rigakafi]] hanya ce ta guje wa rauni, rashin lafiya, ko cuta tun farko. Ana amfani da magani ko magani bayan an fara matsalar lafiya. Maganin yana ƙoƙarin inganta ko kawar da matsala, amma magunguna ba sa haifar da waraka ta dindindin, musamman a cikin [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka na yau da kullun]] . Magani wani ɓangare ne na jiyya waɗanda ke magance cututtuka gaba ɗaya ko kuma kawo ƙarshen matsalolin lafiya har abada. Cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ba za a iya warkar da su gaba ɗaya har yanzu ana iya magance su. Maganin ciwo (wanda kuma ake kira maganin ciwo) shine wannan reshe na magani wanda ke amfani da hanyar da ta dace don rage radadi da inganta rayuwar waɗanda ke fama da radadi. Dole ne a samar da maganin [[Maganin gaggawa|gaggawa na likita]] cikin gaggawa, sau da yawa ta hanyar sashen gaggawa ko kuma, a cikin mawuyacin hali, ta hanyar cibiyar kulawa ta gaggawa . == Ilimin Cututtuka == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ilimin cututtuka (Epidemiology) nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka ko kuma ke ƙarfafa su. Wasu cututtuka sun fi yawa a wasu yankuna na duniya, tsakanin mutanen da ke da wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta ko tattalin arziki, ko kuma a lokutan daban-daban na shekara. Ana ɗaukar ilimin cututtuka a matsayin muhimmin hanyar binciken lafiyar jama'a kuma ana girmama shi sosai a cikin maganin da ke dogara da shaida don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari ga cututtuka. A cikin nazarin cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa, aikin masana cututtuka ya kama daga binciken [[Annoba|barkewar cuta]] zuwa ƙira na nazari, tattara bayanai, da bincike, gami da haɓaka samfuran ƙididdiga don gwada hasashe da kuma rubuta sakamakon da za a gabatar wa mujallu da aka yi nazari a kansu. Masana cututtuka kuma suna nazarin hulɗar cututtuka a cikin al'umma, yanayin da aka sani da [[syndemic]] . Masana cututtuka suna dogara da wasu fannoni na kimiyya da dama kamar [[Biology|ilimin halitta]] (don fahimtar hanyoyin cututtuka mafi kyau), ilimin halittu (bayanan da ake da su a yanzu), Kimiyyar Bayanai ta Yanki (don adana bayanai da taswirar yanayin cututtuka) da fannoni [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|na kimiyyar zamantakewa]] (don fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari na kusanci da nesa). Ilimin cututtuka na iya taimakawa wajen gano dalilai da kuma jagorantar ƙoƙarin rigakafi. A nazarin cututtuka, ilimin cututtuka na fuskantar ƙalubalen bayyana su. Musamman ga cututtukan da ba a fahimce su sosai ba, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na iya amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Ba tare da ma'anar da aka amince da ita ba, masu bincike daban-daban na iya bayar da rahoton adadi daban-daban na lokuta da halaye na cutar. Wasu bayanan rashin lafiya ana tattara su ne da bayanai da hukumomin lafiya na jihohi da yankuna suka bayar, a matakin ƙasa <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Hospital Morbidity Database |url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/national-hospital-morbidity-database/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813000437/http://aihw.gov.au/national-hospital-morbidity-database/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=aihw.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Health and Welfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB) |url=http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3203&Item_Id=1724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630153315/http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3203&Item_Id=1724 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> ko mafi girma (kamar Bayanan Cututtukan Asibitin Turai (HMDB)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Hospital Morbidity Database |url=http://data.euro.who.int/hmdb/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902224516/http://data.euro.who.int/hmdb/ |archive-date=2 September 2013 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> wanda zai iya ƙunsar bayanan sallamar marasa lafiya daga asibiti ta hanyar cikakken ganewar asali, shekaru da jinsi. Kasashen Turai ne suka gabatar da bayanan HMDB na Turai ga Ofishin Yankin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na Turai. === Nauyin cuta === [[Nauyin cuta|Nauyin cututtuka]] shine tasirin matsalar lafiya a wani yanki da aka auna ta hanyar kuɗin kuɗi, mace-mace, rashin lafiya, ko wasu alamomi. Akwai matakai da dama da ake amfani da su don auna nauyin da cututtuka ke ɗora wa mutane. Shekarun da ake iya rasa rai (YPLL) ƙiyasin adadin shekarun da aka rage rayuwar mutum saboda wata cuta ne. Misali, idan mutum ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 daga wata cuta, kuma wataƙila ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 80 ba tare da wannan cutar ba, to wannan cutar ta haifar da asarar shekaru 15 na yiwuwar rayuwa. Ma'aunin YPLL ba ya lissafin yadda mutum yake da nakasa kafin ya mutu, don haka ma'aunin yana kula da mutumin da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani da kuma mutumin da ya mutu a daidai wannan shekarun bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin lafiya. A shekara ta 2004, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙiyasta cewa an rasa shekaru miliyan 932 na yuwuwar rayuwa sakamakon mutuwa da wuri. <ref name="WHODALY">{{Cite web |title=Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}} Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls DALY spreadsheet] and [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls YLL spreadsheet].</ref> Ma'aunin shekarar rayuwa mai inganci (QALY) da kuma shekarar rayuwa mai daidaitawa da nakasa (DALY) iri ɗaya ne amma ana la'akari da ko mutumin yana da lafiya bayan an gano cutar. Baya ga adadin shekarun da suka ɓace sakamakon mutuwar da ba ta kai ga lokacin da aka gano ba, waɗannan ma'aunin suna ƙara wani ɓangare na shekarun da suka ɓace sakamakon rashin lafiya. Ba kamar YPLL ba, waɗannan ma'aunin suna nuna nauyin da aka ɗora wa mutanen da ke rashin lafiya sosai, amma waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Cutar da ke da yawan rashin lafiya, amma ƙarancin mace-mace, tana da yawan DALY da ƙarancin YPLL. A cikin 2004, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙididdige cewa 1.5&nbsp;An rasa shekaru biliyan da suka shafi nakasa sakamakon cututtuka da raunuka. <ref name="WHODALY">{{Cite web |title=Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004"]. ''who.int''. World Health Organization. Archived from [https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html the original] on 24 December 2010.</cite> Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls DALY spreadsheet] and [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls YLL spreadsheet].</ref> A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] da [[bugun jini]] suna haifar da asarar rayuka mafi yawa, amma yanayin tabin hankali kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] yana haifar da mafi yawan shekarun da ake rasawa saboda rashin lafiya. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Rukunin cututtuka ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na duk YPLLs da aka rasa, a duk duniya <ref name="WHODALY">{{Cite web |title=Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004"]. ''who.int''. World Health Organization. Archived from [https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html the original] on 24 December 2010.</cite> Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls DALY spreadsheet] and [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls YLL spreadsheet].</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan DALYs da aka rasa, a duk duniya <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan YPLLs da aka rasa, Turai <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan DALYs da suka sha kashi, Turai <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na duk YPLLs da suka rasa, Amurka da Kanada <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan DALYs sun sha kashi, Amurka da Kanada <ref name="WHODALY" /> |- | Cututtuka masu yaduwa da kuma na kwaro, musamman cututtukan ƙananan hanyoyin numfashi, [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]], [[Kanjamau|AIDS]], [[tarin fuka]], da kuma [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|malaria]] | Kashi 37% | kashi 26% | 9% | 6% | 5% | 3% |- | Yanayin tabin hankali, misali [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] | 2% | 13% | 3% | 19% | 5% | kashi 28% |- | Raunuka, musamman haɗuran mota | 14% | 12% | 18% | 13% | 18% | 10% |- | [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya da]] jijiyoyin jini, galibi [[ciwon zuciya]] da [[bugun jini]] | 14% | 10% | Kashi 35% | kashi 23% | kashi 26% | 14% |- | Haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa da sauran mutuwar [[Ci gaban haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] | 11% | 8% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 2% |- | [[Sankara|Ciwon daji]] | 8% | 5% | 19% | 11% | kashi 25% | 13% |} == Al'umma da al'adu == [[Fayil:Charles_Mellin_(attributed)_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|[[Kiba]] alama ce ta matsayi a cikin al'adun [[Renaissance]] : "Janar na Tuscan Alessandro del Borro ", wanda aka danganta shi da Andrea Sacchi, 1645. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerten-Jackson |first=Carol |title=The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro |url=http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/cgfa/m/m-12.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502012818/http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/cgfa/m/m-12.htm |archive-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cuta gabaɗaya.]] Yadda al'umma ke mayar da martani ga cututtuka shine batun ilimin zamantakewa na likitanci . Ana iya ɗaukar wata cuta a matsayin cuta a wasu al'adu ko zamani amma ba a wasu ba. Misali, [[kiba]] tana da alaƙa da wadata da wadata, kuma wannan fahimta ta ci gaba a yankunan Afirka da yawa, musamman tun farkon cutar [[Cachexia|HIV/AIDS]] . <ref name="HaslamJames">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haslam DW, James WP |year=2005 |title=Obesity |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9492 |pages=1197–209 |bibcode=2005Lanc..366.1197H |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1 |pmid=16198769 |s2cid=208791491}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] a matsayin alama ta baiwar ruhaniya a tsakanin mutanen Hmong . Rashin lafiya yana ba da damar halatta wasu fa'idodi a zamantakewa, kamar fa'idodin rashin lafiya, guje wa aiki, da kuma kula da wasu. Mutumin da ba shi da lafiya yana ɗaukar wani matsayi na zamantakewa da ake kira rawar rashin lafiya . Mutumin da ya mayar da martani ga wata cuta mai ban tsoro, kamar ciwon daji, ta hanyar da al'ada ta yarda da ita, ana iya girmama shi a bainar jama'a da kuma a ɓoye tare da matsayi mafi girma a zamantakewa . A madadin waɗannan fa'idodin, mara lafiya yana da alhakin neman magani da aiki don ya sake samun lafiya. A matsayin kwatantawa, yi la'akari da [[Juna biyu|ciki]], wanda ba a fassara shi a matsayin cuta ko rashin lafiya ba, koda kuwa uwa da jariri za su iya amfana daga kulawar likita. Yawancin addinai suna keɓewa daga ayyukan addini ga mutanen da ke rashin lafiya. Misali, wanda rayuwarsa za ta shiga cikin haɗari ta hanyar [[Azumi|azumin]] [[Yom Kippur]] ko a watan Ramadan an keɓe shi daga wajibai, ko ma an hana shi shiga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Nikita |last2=Gusdorf |first2=Jason |date=2023-07-13 |title=Guidance for Physicians on the Yom Kippur Fast |url=https://gmr.scholasticahq.com/article/83342-guidance-for-physicians-on-the-yom-kippur-fast |journal=Georgetown Medical Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.52504/001c.83342 |issn=2689-095X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rashed |first=A. H. |date=1992-02-29 |title=The fast of Ramadan. |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=304 |issue=6826 |pages=521–522 |doi=10.1136/bmj.304.6826.521 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1881417 |pmid=1559053}}</ref> Mutanen da ke rashin lafiya kuma an keɓe su daga ayyukan zamantakewa. Misali, rashin lafiya shine kawai dalilin da ya dace da zamantakewa ga Ba'amurke ya ƙi gayyatar zuwa [[White House|Fadar White House]] . Gane wani yanayi a matsayin cuta, maimakon kawai bambancin tsarin ɗan adam ko aikinsa, na iya samun babban tasiri a zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Fahimtar cututtuka masu rikitarwa kamar [[Raunin da ake maimaitawa|raunin damuwa mai maimaitawa]] (RSI) da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD) ya yi tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau kan nauyin kuɗi da sauran nauyin gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, da cibiyoyi ga daidaikun mutane, da kuma daidaikun mutane. Ma'anar zamantakewa ta kallon tsufa a matsayin cuta na iya zama mai zurfi, kodayake wannan rarrabuwar ba ta yaɗu ba tukuna. [[Kuturta|Kutare]] mutane ne da aka yi watsi da su a tarihi saboda suna da cutar da ke yaɗuwa, kuma kalmar "kuturu" har yanzu tana tayar da ƙyama a zamantakewa . Tsoron cuta har yanzu yana iya zama abin da ya yaɗu a zamantakewa, kodayake ba duk cututtuka ke haifar da ƙyama a zamantakewa ba. Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin tattalin arziki suna shafar lafiya. Cututtukan talauci cututtuka ne da ke da alaƙa da [[talauci]] da ƙarancin matsayi a zamantakewa; cututtukan wadata cututtuka ne da ke da alaƙa da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Waɗanne cututtuka ne ke da alaƙa da waɗanda yanayi ya bambanta dangane da lokaci, wuri, da fasaha. Wasu cututtuka, kamar [[ciwon suga]], na iya alaƙa da talauci (rashin kyawun abinci) da wadata (tsawon rai da rashin zaman lafiya), ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kalmar [[Cutar salon rayuwa|''cututtukan rayuwa'']] tana bayyana cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsawon rai kuma waɗanda suka fi yawa a tsakanin tsofaffi. Misali, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin membobi ke rayuwa har sai sun kai shekaru 80 fiye da a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin membobi ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru 50. === Harshen cuta === Labarin rashin lafiya hanya ce ta tsara yanayin likita zuwa wani labari mai ma'ana wanda ke nuna irin yanayin da mutumin da ba shi da lafiya ya fuskanta. Mutane suna amfani da misalai don fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru da cuta. Misalai suna motsa cuta daga wani abu mai ma'ana wanda ke akwai zuwa kwarewar motsin rai. Mafi mashahuriyar kwatanci ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin soja: Cutar abokin gaba ne wanda dole ne a ji tsoro, yaƙi, yaƙi da kuma rushewa. Mai haƙuri ko mai ba da kiwon lafiya jarumi ne, maimakon wanda aka azabtar ko mai kallo. Wakilan cututtukan da ke yaduwa sune masu mamayewa; cututtukun da ba su yaduwa sun zama tashin hankali na ciki ko yakin basasa. Saboda barazanar tana da gaggawa, watakila batun rayuwa da mutuwa, ba zato ba tsammani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, har ma da zalunci, matakan aikin ɗabi'a ne na al'umma da mai haƙuri yayin da suke da ƙarfin zuciya don yin gwagwarmaya da hallaka. "Yaƙin kan ciwon daji" misali ne na wannan amfani da harshe. Wannan harshe yana ba da ƙarfi ga wasu marasa lafiya, amma yana barin wasu suna jin kamar sun gaza. Wani nau'in misalan ya bayyana gogewar rashin lafiya a matsayin tafiya: Mutumin yana tafiya zuwa ko daga wurin da yake da rashin lafiya, kuma yana canza kansa, yana gano sabbin bayanai, ko kuma yana ƙara ƙwarewarsa a hanya. Yana iya tafiya "a kan hanyar murmurewa" ko yin canje-canje don "samun hanya madaidaiciya" ko kuma ya zaɓi "hanyoyi". Wasu a bayyane suke da jigon shige da fice: an kori majiyyaci daga yankin lafiya na gida zuwa ƙasar marasa lafiya, canjin asali da dangantaka a cikin wannan tsari. Wannan harshe ya fi yawa a tsakanin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya fiye da harshen zalunci na jiki. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu misalai suna da alaƙa da cututtuka. [[Bauta]] misali ne da aka saba amfani da shi ga [[Addiction|jaraba]] : Mashayi yana bautar da giya, kuma mai shan taba yana kama da nicotine. Wasu masu fama da cutar kansa suna ɗaukar asarar gashinsu daga [[chemotherapy]] a matsayin metonymy ko kwatanci ga duk asarar da cutar ta haifar. Ana amfani da wasu cututtuka a matsayin misalan matsalolin zamantakewa: "Ciwon daji" wani bayani ne da aka saba amfani da shi ga duk wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yana lalata al'umma, kamar talauci, rashin adalci, ko wariyar launin fata. An ga cutar AIDS a matsayin hukuncin Allah ga lalacewar ɗabi'a, kuma ta hanyar tsarkake kanta daga "gurɓataccen" "mai mamaye" ne kawai al'umma za ta iya sake samun lafiya. Kwanan nan, lokacin da cutar AIDS ta yi kama da ba ta da barazana, an yi amfani da wannan nau'in harshen motsin rai ga mura da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2.]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanne M, Hawken SJ |date=December 2007 |title=Metaphors for illness in contemporary media |journal=Med Humanit |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |doi=10.1136/jmh.2006.000253 |pmid=23674429 |s2cid=207000141}}</ref> Marubuta a ƙarni na 19 sun saba amfani da cutar tarin fuka a matsayin alama da kuma misali ga wuce gona da iri . An nuna mutanen da ke dauke da cutar a cikin adabi a matsayin waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin rayuwa ta yau da kullun don zama abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin ruhaniya ko fasaha. A ƙarni na 20, bayan an fahimci dalilinta sosai, wannan cutar ta zama alamar talauci, rashin tsari, da sauran matsalolin zamantakewa. == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548m0 "Mutum da Cuta"], tattaunawa ta BBC Radio 4 da Anne Hardy, David Bradley da Chris Dye ( ''A Lokacinmu'', 15 Disamba 2002) * [http://ctdbase.org/ CTD] Bayanan Kwatancen Toxicogenomics wata hanya ce ta kimiyya da ke haɗa sinadarai, kwayoyin halitta, da cututtukan ɗan adam. * [https://siteman.wustl.edu/prevention/ydr/ Kimanta haɗarin lafiya ta yanar gizo kyauta] ta Haɗarin Cututtukan ku a Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis * [https://www.cdc.gov/health-topics.html#a Batutuwan Lafiya A–Z], takardun bayanai game da cututtuka da yawa da aka saba gani a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka * [https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.html Batutuwan Lafiya], bayanin MedlinePlus game da yawancin cututtuka, tare da samun damar zuwa labaran bincike na yanzu. * Cikakken bayanai [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/ na NLM] daga Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa na Amurka * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/ Cikakken] bayani game da kwayoyin halittar da ke haifar da cututtuka a Gidan Jarin Mendelian na Kan layi a cikin Mutum * [https://www.merckmanuals.com/home ''Littafin Merck''] wanda ke ɗauke da cikakken bayani game da yawancin cututtuka {{Medical terms to describe disease conditions}}{{Pathology}}{{Disease groups}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 418ox3qxsuxfxo9w66ik5p3cu5obw0v 859689 859688 2026-06-17T21:55:08Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 859689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Fayil:Michael_Ancher,_Den_syge_pige,_1882,_KMS4002,_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg|thumb|"Yarinyar da Ba ta da Lafiya", na Michael Ancher, 1882, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Denmark]] '''Cuta''' wata cuta ce ta musamman da ba ta dace ba wadda ke shafar tsarin ko aikin dukkan wani abu ko wani ɓangare na wani abu kuma ba wai nan take take faruwa ba saboda wani rauni na waje. Sau da yawa cututtuka ana san su da '''yanayin lafiya''' wanda ke da alaƙa da takamaiman alamu da alamu . Cutar na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan waje kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma ta hanyar rashin aikin ciki. Misali, rashin aikin [[Tsarin rigakafi|garkuwar jiki]] na ciki na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan raunin garkuwar jiki daban-daban, rashin lafiyar jiki, [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar jiki]], da kuma cututtukan da ke shafar garkuwar jiki . A cikin [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], ana amfani da ''cuta'' sosai don nufin kowace irin cuta da ke haifar ko kuma za ta iya haifar da ciwo, rashin aiki, damuwa, matsalolin zamantakewa, ko [[mutuwa]] ga wanda abin ya shafa, ko kuma irin waɗannan matsaloli ga waɗanda suka yi mu'amala da mutumin. A wannan ma'anar, wani lokacin yana haɗa da raunuka, [[nakasa]], cututtuka, cututtuka, cututtuka, alamomin da ba a saba gani ba, halaye marasa kyau, da bambance-bambancen tsari da aiki marasa tsari, yayin da a wasu yanayi da kuma don wasu dalilai ana iya ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin rukuni daban-daban. Cututtuka na iya shafar mutane ba kawai a zahiri ba har ma a hankali, kamar yadda kamuwa da cuta da rayuwa da ita na iya canza ra'ayin mutumin da abin ya shafa game da rayuwa. Mutuwa sakamakon cuta ana kiranta mutuwa ta hanyar dalilai na halitta . Akwai manyan nau'ikan cututtuka guda huɗu: cututtuka masu yaduwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|cututtukan ƙarancin abinci]], [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cututtukan gado]], da cututtukan jiki. Haka kuma ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar cututtukan [[Yaduwar kwayar cuta|da ke yaɗuwa]] da [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa]] . Cututtuka mafi muni a cikin mutane sune [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya na ischemic]] (ciwon jini), sai kuma [[bugun jini]] da [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]] (cutar huhu). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |access-date=23 January 2026 |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba, cututtukan da ke haifar da mafi yawan cututtuka gabaɗaya sune cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] . ''Ilimin cututtuka'', nazarin cututtuka, ya haɗa da <nowiki><i id="mwUw">tushen cututtuka</i></nowiki>, ko nazarin dalili, misali, mutum zai iya duba [[Kanjamau|ciwo na ƙarancin garkuwar jiki]] (AIDS) ko kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da su: ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarancin garkuwar jiki (HIVs). == Kalmomi == === Ra'ayoyi === A lokuta da yawa, ana amfani da kalmomi kamar ''cuta'', ''rashin lafiya'', ''rashin lafiya'', ''rashin lafiya'' da ''rashin lafiya'' a madadin haka; duk da haka, akwai yanayi inda ake ganin takamaiman kalmomi sun fi dacewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Illness – Glossary |url=http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih5/mental/other/glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528085547/http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih5/Mental/other/glossary.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=18 April 2010 |website=The Science of Mental Illness |publisher=US [[National Institute of Mental Health]]}}</ref> ; Disease : The term ''disease'' broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body. For this reason, diseases are associated with the dysfunction of the body's normal homeostatic processes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regents Prep: Living Environment: Homeostasis: Introduction |url=http://regentsprep.org/regents/biology/units/homeostasis/index.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044155/http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/homeostasis/index.cfm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center}}</ref> Commonly, the term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|bacteria]], fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection or colonization that does not and will not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning, such as the presence of the normal bacteria and yeasts in the gut, or of a passenger virus, is not considered a disease. By contrast, an infection that is asymptomatic during its [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|incubation period]], but expected to produce symptoms later, is usually considered a disease. [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|Non-infectious diseases]] are all other diseases, including most forms of [[Sankara|cancer]], [[Cutar zuciya|heart disease]], and [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disease]]. ; Acquired disease : An acquired disease is one that began at some point during one's lifetime, as opposed to disease that was already present at birth, which is congenital disease. ''Acquired'' sounds like it could mean "caught via contagion", but it simply means acquired sometime after birth. It also sounds like it could imply secondary disease, but acquired disease can be primary disease. ; Acute disease : An acute disease is one of a short-term nature ([[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|acute]]); the term sometimes also connotes a fulminant nature ; Chronic condition or chronic disease : A [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|chronic disease]] is one that persists over time, often for at least six months, but may also include illnesses that are expected to last for the entirety of one's natural life. ; Congenital disorder or congenital disease : A congenital disorder is one that is present at birth. It is often a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disease or disorder]] and can be [[Ga do|inherited]]. It can also be the result of a [[Cutar da aka samu a tsaye|vertically transmitted infection]] from the mother, such as [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]]. ; Genetic disease : A [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disorder]] or disease is caused by one or more genetic mutations. It is often inherited, but some mutations are random and [[wiktionary:de novo|de novo]]. ; Hereditary or inherited disease : A hereditary disease is a type of genetic disease caused by genetic mutations that are [[Ga do|hereditary]] (and can run in families) ; Iatrogenic disease : An iatrogenic disease or condition is one that is caused by medical intervention, whether as a side effect of a treatment or as an inadvertent outcome. ; Idiopathic disease : An idiopathic disease has an unknown cause or source. As medical science has advanced, many diseases with entirely unknown causes have had some aspects of their sources explained and therefore shed their idiopathic status. For example, when germs were discovered, it became known that they were a cause of infection, but particular germs and diseases had not been linked. In another example, it is known that autoimmunity is the cause of some forms of diabetes mellitus type 1, even though the particular molecular pathways by which it works are not yet understood. It is also common to know certain factors are associated with certain diseases; however, association does not necessarily imply causality. For example, a third factor might be causing both the disease, and the associated phenomenon. ; Incurable disease : A disease that cannot be cured. Incurable diseases are not necessarily terminal diseases, and sometimes a disease's symptoms can be treated sufficiently for the disease to have little or no impact on quality of life. ; Primary disease : A primary disease is a disease that is due to a root cause of illness, as opposed to secondary disease, which is a sequela, or complication that is caused by the primary disease. For example, a [[Mura|common cold]] is a primary disease, where rhinitis is a possible secondary disease, or sequela. A doctor must determine what primary disease, a cold or bacterial infection, is causing a patient's secondary rhinitis when deciding whether or not to prescribe antibiotics. ; Secondary disease : A secondary disease is a disease that is a sequela or complication of a prior, causal disease, which is referred to as the primary disease or simply the underlying cause (root cause). For example, a bacterial infection can be primary, wherein a healthy person is exposed to bacteria and becomes infected, or it can be secondary to a primary cause, that predisposes the body to infection. For example, a primary viral infection that weakens the [[Tsarin rigakafi|immune system]] could lead to a secondary bacterial infection. Similarly, a primary [[Ƙonewa|burn]] that creates an open wound could provide an entry point for bacteria, and lead to a secondary bacterial infection. ; Terminal disease : A terminal disease is one that is expected to have the inevitable result of death. Previously, AIDS was a terminal disease; it is now incurable, but can be managed indefinitely using medications. ; Illness : The terms ''illness'' and ''sickness'' are both generally used as synonyms for ''disease''; however, the term ''illness'' is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient's personal, subjective experience of their disease.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=illness |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/illness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060816/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/illness |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Dorland's Medical Dictionary]] for Health Consumers |publisher=Elsevier |via=Medical Dictionary - The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="pmid3567788">{{Cite journal |last=Emson HE |date=April 1987 |title=Health, disease and illness: matters for definition |journal=[[CMAJ]] |volume=136 |issue=8 |pages=811–13 |pmc=1492114 |pmid=3567788}}</ref><ref name="pmid3567791">{{Cite journal |last=McWhinney IR |date=April 1987 |title=Health and disease: problems of definition |journal=CMAJ |volume=136 |issue=8 |page=815 |pmc=1492121 |pmid=3567791}}</ref> In this model, it is possible for a person to have a disease without being ill (to have an objectively definable, but asymptomatic, medical condition, such as a [[Cutar da ke cikin asibiti|subclinical infection]], or to have a clinically apparent physical impairment but not feel sick or distressed by it), and to be ''ill'' without being ''diseased'' (such as when an objectively healthy person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition, or [[Magunguna|medicalizes]] a non-disease situation in their life – for example, a person who feels unwell as a result of embarrassment, and who interprets those feelings as sickness rather than normal emotions). Symptoms of illness are often not directly the result of infection, but a collection of evolved responses – sickness behavior by the body – that helps clear infection and promote recovery. Such aspects of illness can include lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and inability to concentrate.<ref name="Hart">{{Cite journal |last=Hart BL |year=1988 |title=Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals |journal=[[Neurosci Biobehav Rev]] |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=123–37 |doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6 |issn=0149-7634 |pmid=3050629 |s2cid=17797005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson R |year=2002 |title=The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries |journal=[[Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology]] |volume=87 |issue=3–4 |pages=443–50 |doi=10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00069-7 |pmid=12072271}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kelley KW, Bluthe RM, Dantzer R, Zhou JH, Shen WH, Johnson RW, Broussard SR |year=2003 |title=Cytokine-induced sickness behavior |journal=[[Brain Behav Immun]] |volume=17 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S112–18 |doi=10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6 |pmid=12615196 |s2cid=25400611}}</ref> ; {{Visible anchor|Disorder}} : A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance that may or may not show specific signs and symptoms. Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|genetic disorders]], emotional and behavioral disorders, and [[Rashin aiki|functional disorders]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disorder |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/disorder |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.cancer.gov |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]] |language=en}}</ref> The term ''disorder'' is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms ''disease'' or ''illness'', and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sefton |first=Phil |date=21 November 2011 |title=Condition, Disease, Disorder |url=https://amastyleinsider.com/2011/11/21/condition-disease-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820125543/https://amastyleinsider.com/2011/11/21/condition-disease-disorder/ |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=AMA Style Insider |publisher=American Medical Association}}</ref> In mental health, the term ''mental disorder'' is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|biological, social, and psychological factors]] in psychiatric conditions; however, the term ''disorder'' is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as [[Rashin jituwa na metabolism|metabolic disorders]]. ; Medical condition or health condition : A ''medical condition'' or ''health condition'' is a broad concept that includes all diseases, lesions, disorders, or nonpathologic condition that normally receives medical treatment, such as [[Juna biyu|pregnancy]] or [[Jego|childbirth]]. While the term ''medical condition'' generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease ''except'' for mental illnesses. The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (''DSM''), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term ''general medical condition'' to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some [[Inshorar lafiya|health insurance]] policies also define a ''medical condition'' as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expat Insurance Glossary by The Insurance Page |url=http://www.theinsurancepage.co.uk/expat-insurance-glossary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027142342/http://www.theinsurancepage.co.uk/expat-insurance-glossary.html |archive-date=27 October 2008 |access-date=20 November 2008}}</ref> : As it is more value-neutral than terms like ''disease'', the term ''medical condition'' is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious. However, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement. : The term ''medical condition'' is also a synonym for ''medical state'', in which case it describes an individual patient's current state from a medical standpoint. This usage appears in statements that describe a patient as being ''in critical condition'', for example. ; {{Visible anchor|Morbidity}} : '''Morbidity''' (from Latin morbidus 'sick, unhealthy') is a diseased state, [[Nakasa|disability]], or poor health due to any cause.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=morbidity |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/morbidity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060403/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/morbidity |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers |publisher=Elsevier |via=medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com}}</ref> The term may refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient. Among severely ill patients, the level of morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems. Comorbidity, or co-existing disease, is the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions, such as [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] and substance abuse. : In epidemiology and actuarial science, the term ''morbidity'' (also ''morbidity rate'' or ''morbidity frequency'') can refer to either the incidence rate, the prevalence of a disease or medical condition, or the percentage of people who experience a given condition within a given timeframe (e.g., 20% of people will get [[influenza]] in a year). This measure of sickness is contrasted with the mortality rate of a condition, which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval. Morbidity rates are used in actuarial professions, such as health insurance, life insurance, and long-term care insurance, to determine the premiums charged to customers. Morbidity rates help insurers predict the likelihood that an insured will contract or develop any number of specified diseases. ; Pathosis or pathology : ''Pathosis'' (plural ''pathoses'') is synonymous with ''disease''. The word ''pathology'' also has this sense, in which it is commonly used by physicians in the medical literature, although [[wiktionary:pathology#Usage_notes|some editors prefer to reserve ''pathology'' to its other senses]]. Sometimes a slight connotative shade causes preference for ''pathology'' or ''pathosis'' implying "some [as yet poorly analyzed] pathophysiologic process" rather than ''disease'' implying "a specific disease entity as defined by diagnostic criteria being already met". This is hard to quantify denotatively, but it explains why cognitive synonymy is not invariable. ; Syndrome : A ''syndrome'' is the association of several signs and symptoms, or other characteristics that often occur together, regardless of whether the cause is known. Some syndromes such as Down syndrome are known to have only one cause (an extra chromosome at birth). Others such as Parkinsonian syndrome are known to have multiple possible causes. [[Ciwon zuciya mai tsanani|Acute coronary syndrome]], for example, is not a single disease itself but is rather the manifestation of any of several diseases including [[Ciwon zuciya|myocardial infarction]] secondary to [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|coronary artery disease]]. In yet other syndromes, however, the cause is unknown. A familiar syndrome name often remains in use even after an underlying cause has been found or when there are a number of different possible primary causes. Examples of the first-mentioned type are that [[Ciwon Turner|Turner syndrome]] and DiGeorge syndrome are still often called by the "syndrome" name despite that they can also be viewed as disease entities and not solely as sets of signs and symptoms. ; Predisease : '''Predisease''' is a subclinical or prodromal vanguard of a disease. Prediabetes and prehypertension are common examples. The nosology or epistemology of predisease is contentious, though, because there is seldom a bright line differentiating a legitimate concern for subclinical or premonitory status and the conflict of interest–driven [[Magunguna|over-medicalization]] (e.g., by pharmaceutical manufacturers) or de-medicalization (e.g., by medical and disability insurers). Identifying legitimate predisease can result in useful preventive measures, such as motivating the person to get a healthy amount of physical exercise, but labeling a healthy person with an unfounded notion of predisease can result in overtreatment, such as taking drugs that only help people with severe disease or paying for treatments with a poor benefit–cost ratio. : One review proposed three criteria for predisease: :* a high risk for progression to disease making one "far more likely to develop" it than others are- for example, a pre-cancer will almost certainly turn into cancer over time :* actionability for risk reduction – for example, removal of the precancerous tissue prevents it from turning into a potentially deadly cancer :* benefit that outweighs the harm of any interventions taken – removing the precancerous tissue prevents cancer, and thus prevents a potential death from cancer.<ref name="pmid_21624963">{{Cite journal |last=Viera |first=Anthony J. |year=2011 |title=Predisease: when does it make sense? |journal=[[Epidemiologic Reviews]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=122–34 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxr002 |pmid=21624963 |s2cid=12090327 |quote=When the goal of preventing adverse health outcomes is kept in mind, this review poses the idea that "predisease" as a category on which to act makes sense only if the following 3 conditions are met. First, the people designated as having predisease must be far more likely to develop the disease than those not so designated. Second, there must be a feasible intervention that, when targeted to people with predisease, effectively reduces the likelihood of developing the disease. Third, the benefits of intervening on predisease must outweigh the harms in the population. |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Nau'i ta tsarin jiki === ; Hankali : Ciwon kwakwalwa wata babbar alama ce ta cututtuka da za su iya haɗawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali na motsin rai ko [[Emotion|na motsin rai]], rashin daidaituwar ɗabi'a, rashin aiki da hankali ko rauni. Takamaiman cututtuka da aka sani da cututtukan kwakwalwa sun haɗa da [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]] na gabaɗaya, da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], da kaɗan. Ciwon kwakwalwa na iya zama na halitta (misali, yanayin jiki, sinadarai, ko kwayoyin halitta) ko kuma na tunani (misali, rauni ko rikici). Yana iya lalata ikon mutumin da abin ya shafa na yin aiki ko karatu kuma yana iya cutar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane. ; Halitta : Cutar halitta cuta ce da ke faruwa sakamakon canjin jiki ko na jiki ga wani nama ko gabar jiki. Kalmar wani lokacin ba ta ɗauke da cututtuka ba. Ana amfani da ita galibi idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin kwakwalwa. Ya haɗa da matsalolin motsin rai da na hali idan sun faru ne saboda canje-canje ga tsarin jiki ko aikin jiki (kamar bayan [[bugun jini]] ko raunin kwakwalwa - cutar kwakwalwa ta halitta kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita ga irin waɗannan shari'o'in) amma ba idan sun faru ne saboda matsalolin [[Magana da Jiki|zamantakewa]] ba. === Matakai === A cikin wata cuta mai yaɗuwa, [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|lokacin kamuwa da cuta]] shine lokacin da ke tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da bayyanar alamun. [[Lokaci mai ɓoye (epidemiology)|Lokacin rashin lafiya]] shine lokacin da ke tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da ikon cutar na yaɗuwa ga wani mutum, wanda zai iya gaba, ya biyo baya, ko kuma ya kasance tare da bayyanar alamun. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna nuna lokacin barci, wanda ake kira latency na ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda kwayar cutar ke ɓoyewa a cikin jiki a cikin yanayin rashin aiki. Misali, ƙwayar cutar varicella zoster tana haifar da [[Ƙaranbau|cutar pox]] a cikin [[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|matakin gaggawa]] ; bayan murmurewa daga cutar pox, ƙwayar cutar na iya zama a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiya na tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma daga baya ta haifar da [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] (shingles). ; Cutar mai tsanani : [[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|Cutar mai tsanani cuta]] ce mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar [[mura]] . ; Cututtuka na yau da kullun : [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|Cutar da ke dawwama]] ita ce wadda ke ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, yawanci aƙalla watanni shida. A wannan lokacin, tana iya kasancewa a koyaushe, ko kuma tana iya komawa baya lokaci -lokaci. Cutar da ke dawwama na iya zama mai karko (ba ta ƙara muni ba) ko kuma tana iya ci gaba (tana ƙara muni akan lokaci). Wasu cututtuka na yau da kullun ana iya warkar da su har abada. Yawancin cututtuka na yau da kullun ana iya magance su da amfani, koda kuwa ba za a iya warkar da su har abada ba. ; Cutar asibiti : Wanda ke da sakamako na asibiti; a wata ma'anar, matakin cutar da ke haifar da alamun wannan cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=clinical disease |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/clinical+disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623204049/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/clinical+disease |archive-date=23 June 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |via=medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |quote=a stage in the history of a pathological condition that begins with anatomical or physiological changes that are sufficient to produce recognizable signs and symptoms of a disease |edition=9th}}</ref> [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] shine matakin cutar asibiti na [[Kanjamau|kamuwa da cutar HIV]] . ; Warkewa : Waraka ita ce ƙarshen wata cuta ta rashin lafiya ko magani da ke iya kawo ƙarshenta, yayin da waraka ke nufin ɓacewar alamun, wataƙila na ɗan lokaci. Waraka gaba ɗaya ita ce mafi kyawun sakamako ga cututtuka marasa magani. ; Fuskantar da kai : Ƙarar bayyanar cututtuka na iya nufin ko dai sake dawowar alamun ko kuma fara alamun da suka fi tsanani. <ref name="Shiel 2019">{{Cite web |last=Shiel |first=William C. Jr. |date=20 June 2019 |title=Definition of Flare |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=156154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123145648/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=156154 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=MedicineNet}}</ref> ; Cutar da ke ci gaba : [[Cutar da ke ci gaba]] cuta ce da yanayinta na asali shine ta'azzara cutar har sai ta mutu, tawaya mai tsanani, ko gazawar gabobi. Cututtuka masu ci gaba a hankali suma [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka ne na yau da kullun]] ; da yawa kuma [[Cutar da ke raguwa|cututtuka ne masu lalacewa]] . Akasin cutar da ke ci gaba ita ce ''cuta mai karko'' ko ''cuta mai tsayawa'' : yanayin lafiya da ke wanzuwa, amma ba ya yin kyau ko muni. ; : Cutar da ke hana magani cuta ce da ke hana magani, musamman idan mutum ya kamu da cutar da ba ta buƙatar magani fiye da yadda aka saba. ; Cutar da ba ta da magani : Ana kuma kiransa da ''cutar shiru'', ''matakin shiru'', ko ''cutar da ba ta nuna alamunta ba'' . Wannan mataki ne na wasu cututtuka kafin a fara lura da alamun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=definition of subclinical |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subclinical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928050707/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subclinical |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |via=[[The Free Dictionary]]}}</ref> ; Matakin Tasha : Idan mutum zai mutu nan ba da jimawa ba daga wata cuta, ko da kuwa wannan cutar ce ke haifar da mutuwa, to matakin da ke tsakanin farkon cutar da kuma lokacin da mutum ke mutuwa shi ne matakin ƙarshe. ; Farfadowa : Murmurewa na iya nufin gyara hanyoyin jiki (nama, gabobi da sauransu) da kuma dawo da aiki lafiya bayan an warkar da hanyoyin da ke haifar da lalacewa. === Tsawon === [[Fayil:Poison_ivy_rash.JPG|alt=skin rash on the leg|thumb|233x233px|Wannan kurji yana shafar wani ɓangare na jiki ne kawai, don haka cuta ce ta gida.]] ; Cutar da aka gano a yankin : [[Cutar da aka samu a wani wuri|Cutar da ke shafar wani yanki na jiki]] ita ce wadda ke shafar wani ɓangare na jiki kawai, kamar ƙafar ɗan wasa ko kamuwa da cutar ido . ; Cutar da aka yaɗa : Wata cuta da ta yaɗu ta bazu zuwa wasu sassa; tare da ciwon daji, wannan yawanci ana kiransa [[Metastasis|cutar metastatic]] . ; Cututtukan tsarin jiki : [[Cutar tsarin|Cutar da ke shafar jiki]] cuta ce da ke shafar dukkan jiki, kamar [[Influenza|mura]] ko [[hawan jini]] . == Rarrabawa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana iya rarraba cututtuka ta hanyar dalili, hanyar da cutar ke haifarwa, ko kuma ta hanyar alamunta . A madadin haka, ana iya rarraba cututtuka bisa ga tsarin gabobin da abin ya shafa, kodayake wannan sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa tunda cututtuka da yawa suna shafar fiye da gabobi ɗaya. Babban matsala a fannin nosology shine cewa sau da yawa ba za a iya fayyace cututtuka a sarari ba, musamman idan ba a san musabbabi ko pathogenesis ba. Don haka kalmomin ganewar asali galibi suna nuna wata alama ko tarin alamu ( ciwon ). Rarraba cututtukan ɗan adam ta gargajiya ta samo asali ne daga alaƙar lura tsakanin nazarin cututtuka da cututtukan asibiti. A yau ana fifita a rarraba su bisa ga dalilinsu idan an san su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loscalzo |first=Joseph |last2=Kohane |first2=Isaac |last3=Barabasi |first3=Albert-Laszlo |date=2007 |title=Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: A complex systems approach to human pathobiology |journal=Molecular Systems Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=124 |page=124 |doi=10.1038/msb4100163 |issn=1744-4292 |pmc=1948102 |pmid=17625512}}</ref> Rarraba cututtuka da aka fi sani kuma ake amfani da su shine ICD na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] . Wannan ana sabunta shi lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu, bugu na ƙarshe shine ICD-11 . == Dalilai == Ana iya haifar da cututtuka ta kowace irin hanya, kuma ana iya kamuwa da su ko kuma a haife su da ita . Ƙananan halittu, kwayoyin halitta, muhalli ko haɗuwa da waɗannan na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human disease – Pathogenesis, Etiology, Resistance, and Immunity {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/human-disease/The-causes-of-disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526022441/https://www.britannica.com/science/human-disease/The-causes-of-disease |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wasu cututtuka kamar [[Influenza|mura ne]] kawai ke yaɗuwa kuma ana kyautata zaton suna yaɗuwa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da waɗannan cututtuka ana kiransu da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma sun haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da fungi. Ana iya yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, misali ta hanyar taɓa hannu da baki da kayan da ke yaɗuwa a saman fata, ta hanyar cizon [[Mai yaduwar cuta|kwari ko wasu masu ɗauke]] da cutar, da kuma daga ruwa ko abinci da ya gurɓata (sau da yawa ta hanyar gurɓatar [[Kashi|najasa]] ), da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knappett |first=Peter S.K. |last2=Escamilla |first2=Veronica |last3=Layton |first3=Alice |last4=McKay |first4=Larry D. |last5=Emch |first5=Michael |last6=Williams |first6=Daniel E. |last7=Huq |first7=R. |last8=Alam |first8=J. |last9=Farhana |first9=Labony |last10=Mailloux |first10=Brian J. |last11=Ferguson |first11=Andy |last12=Sayler |first12=Gary S. |last13=Ahmed |first13=Kazi M. |last14=van Geen |first14=Alexander |date=2011-08-01 |title=Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=409 |issue=17 |pages=3174–3182 |bibcode=2011ScTEn.409.3174K |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.043 |pmc=3150537 |pmid=21632095}}</ref> Haka kuma, akwai [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i]] . A wasu lokuta, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa cikin sauri daga mutum zuwa mutum suna taka rawa, yayin da wasu cututtuka za a iya hana su ko rage su ta hanyar [[abinci mai gina jiki]] ko wasu canje-canjen salon rayuwa. Wasu cututtuka, kamar yawancin (amma ba duka ba ) nau'ikan [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]], da cututtukan kwakwalwa, [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|cututtuka ne marasa yaduwa]] . Yawancin cututtuka marasa yaduwa suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta na wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya (duba [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|matsalar kwayoyin halitta]] ) kuma don haka ana iya yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara. [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a]] su ne yanayin zamantakewa da mutane ke rayuwa a ciki waɗanda ke ƙayyade lafiyarsu. Cututtuka gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da [[Cututtukan muhalli|muhalli]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social determinants of health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101201612/https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta [[Kanada]] da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun amince da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a don yin tasiri sosai ga walwalar jama'a da ta mutum. Majalisar Masu ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kuma ta amince da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar jama'a a cikin talauci . [[Canjin yanayi da cututtukan cututtuka|Sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara ta'azzara]] yaduwar wasu cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da kuma nauyinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van de Vuurst |first=Paige |last2=Escobar |first2=Luis E. |date=2023-05-16 |title=Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=51 |doi=10.1186/s40249-023-01102-2 |issn=2049-9957 |pmc=10186327 |pmid=37194092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ba a fahimci musabbabin cuta sosai ba, al'ummomi suna yin tatsuniya game da cutar ko kuma su yi amfani da ita a matsayin misali ko alama ta duk abin da al'adar ta ɗauka a matsayin mummuna. Misali, har sai da aka gano musabbabin ƙwayoyin cuta na [[tarin fuka]] a shekarar 1882, ƙwararru sun danganta cutar da [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|gado]], salon rayuwa mai natsuwa, yanayi mai baƙin ciki, da yawan jima'i, abinci mai yawa, ko barasa, waɗanda duk waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa ne a lokacin. Idan wata cuta ta samo asali ne daga wata cuta mai saurin yaɗuwa (misali, idan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar zazzabin cizon sauro]] ta samo asali ne daga ''Plasmodium'' ), bai kamata a rikita cutar (mummunan cutar) da cutar kanta ba. Misali, cutar West Nile (mai saurin yaɗuwa) tana haifar da zazzabin West Nile (cutar). Ba daidai ba ne a yi amfani da ma'anoni na asali a cikin ilimin cututtuka a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcantonio |first=Matteo |last2=Pascoe |first2=Emily |last3=Baldacchino |first3=Frederic |date=January 2017 |title=Sometimes Scientists Get the Flu. Wrong...! |url=http://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/abstract/S1471-4922(16)30188-X |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=7–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.005 |pmid=27856180 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Nau'ikan dalilai === [[Fayil:Walking_the_dog_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1040698.jpg|alt=A child rides a bicycle. An adult and a child walk a dog along a path in a green park..|thumb|Motsa jiki akai-akai, kamar hawa keke ko tafiya, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan rayuwa.]] ; Jirgin sama : [[Cutar dake yadu wa ta iska|Cutar iska]] ita ce kowace cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa kuma ana yada ta ta iska. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disease information |url=https://www.who.int/travel-advice/disease-information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713194411/https://www.who.int/travel-advice/disease-information |archive-date=2020-07-13 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> ; Abincin da aka ci : Ciwon da ake samu daga abinci ko gubar abinci duk wata cuta ce da ta samo asali daga cin abincin da aka gurbata da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, guba, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions ko ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=Paul S. |last2=Slutsker |first2=Laurence |last3=Dietz |first3=Vance |last4=McCaig |first4=Linda F. |last5=Bresee |first5=Joseph S. |last6=Shapiro |first6=Craig |last7=Griffin |first7=Patricia M. |last8=Tauxe |first8=Robert V. |date=October 1999 |title=Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |publisher=CDC |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=607–625 |doi=10.3201/eid0505.990502 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=2627714 |pmid=10511517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ; Mai yaɗuwa : Cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, waɗanda aka fi sani da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ko cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, sun ƙunshi cututtuka da aka gano a asibiti (watau, alamun lafiya ko alamun cutar) waɗanda suka samo asali daga kamuwa da cuta, kasancewar da kuma girman magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa a cikin wani abu da ke cikin jiki. An haɗa a cikin wannan rukuni da ''[[Cutar da ke yaduwa|cututtuka masu yaɗuwa]]'' - kamuwa da cuta, kamar [[Influenza|mura]] ko [[mura]], wanda galibi ke yaɗuwa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani - da kuma ''cututtuka masu yaɗuwa'' - cuta da za ta iya yaɗuwa daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani, amma ba lallai ba ne ta yaɗuwa ta hanyar hulɗa ta yau da kullun. ; salon rayuwa : [[Cutar salon rayuwa]] ita ce kowace cuta da ke ƙaruwa yayin da ƙasashe ke ƙara samun ci gaba a masana'antu kuma mutane suna rayuwa tsawon rai, musamman idan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da zaɓin ɗabi'a kamar salon rayuwa mai natsuwa ko cin abinci mai yawan abinci mara lafiya kamar carbohydrates mai kyau, fats masu trans, ko abubuwan sha masu maye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Maskari |first=Fatma |title=Lifestyle Diseases: An Economic Burden on the Health Services |url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/lifestyle-diseases-economic-burden-health-services |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=UN Chronicle |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> ; Ba ya yaɗuwa : [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|Cutar da ba ta yaɗuwa]] cuta ce ta lafiya ko cuta wadda ba ta yaɗuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Non-communicable diseases |url=https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/health-and-care/community-health/non-communicable-diseases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516050902/https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/health-and-care/community-health/non-communicable-diseases |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |website=IFRC}}</ref> Cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa ba ba za a iya yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani ba. [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]] da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] misalai ne na cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa a cikin mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Non communicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> == Rigakafi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana iya hana cututtuka da matsaloli da yawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]], [[Abinci mai gina jiki|abinci]] mai kyau, [[motsa jiki]] mai kyau, [[alluran rigakafi]] da sauran matakan [[kula da kai]] da [[lafiyar jama'a]], kamar amfani da abin rufe fuska na zane . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=COVID-19: examining the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions |url=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/impact-non-pharmaceutical-interventions-on-covid-19-transmission/covid-19-examining-the-effectiveness-of-non-pharmaceutical-interventions-executive-summary.pdf |publisher=The Royal Society}}</ref> == Jiyya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Magunguna ko jiyya na likita ƙoƙari ne na warkarwa ko inganta wata cuta ko wasu matsalolin lafiya. A fannin likitanci, magani yana da alaƙa da kalmar ''magani'' . A tsakanin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kalmar na iya nufin musamman ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ko "maganin magana". Magungunan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da [[Magani|magunguna]], tiyata, na'urorin likitanci, da [[kula da kai]] . Ana iya bayar da jiyya ta hanyar [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] mai tsari, ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ta hanyar mara lafiya ko 'yan uwa. [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|Kula da lafiya ta rigakafi]] hanya ce ta guje wa rauni, rashin lafiya, ko cuta tun farko. Ana amfani da magani ko magani bayan an fara matsalar lafiya. Maganin yana ƙoƙarin inganta ko kawar da matsala, amma magunguna ba sa haifar da waraka ta dindindin, musamman a cikin [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka na yau da kullun]] . Magani wani ɓangare ne na jiyya waɗanda ke magance cututtuka gaba ɗaya ko kuma kawo ƙarshen matsalolin lafiya har abada. Cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ba za a iya warkar da su gaba ɗaya har yanzu ana iya magance su. Maganin ciwo (wanda kuma ake kira maganin ciwo) shine wannan reshe na magani wanda ke amfani da hanyar da ta dace don rage radadi da inganta rayuwar waɗanda ke fama da radadi. Dole ne a samar da maganin [[Maganin gaggawa|gaggawa na likita]] cikin gaggawa, sau da yawa ta hanyar sashen gaggawa ko kuma, a cikin mawuyacin hali, ta hanyar cibiyar kulawa ta gaggawa . == Ilimin Cututtuka == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ilimin cututtuka (Epidemiology) nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka ko kuma ke ƙarfafa su. Wasu cututtuka sun fi yawa a wasu yankuna na duniya, tsakanin mutanen da ke da wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta ko tattalin arziki, ko kuma a lokutan daban-daban na shekara. Ana ɗaukar ilimin cututtuka a matsayin muhimmin hanyar binciken lafiyar jama'a kuma ana girmama shi sosai a cikin maganin da ke dogara da shaida don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari ga cututtuka. A cikin nazarin cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa, aikin masana cututtuka ya kama daga binciken [[Annoba|barkewar cuta]] zuwa ƙira na nazari, tattara bayanai, da bincike, gami da haɓaka samfuran ƙididdiga don gwada hasashe da kuma rubuta sakamakon da za a gabatar wa mujallu da aka yi nazari a kansu. Masana cututtuka kuma suna nazarin hulɗar cututtuka a cikin al'umma, yanayin da aka sani da [[syndemic]] . Masana cututtuka suna dogara da wasu fannoni na kimiyya da dama kamar [[Biology|ilimin halitta]] (don fahimtar hanyoyin cututtuka mafi kyau), ilimin halittu (bayanan da ake da su a yanzu), Kimiyyar Bayanai ta Yanki (don adana bayanai da taswirar yanayin cututtuka) da fannoni [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|na kimiyyar zamantakewa]] (don fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari na kusanci da nesa). Ilimin cututtuka na iya taimakawa wajen gano dalilai da kuma jagorantar ƙoƙarin rigakafi. A nazarin cututtuka, ilimin cututtuka na fuskantar ƙalubalen bayyana su. Musamman ga cututtukan da ba a fahimce su sosai ba, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na iya amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Ba tare da ma'anar da aka amince da ita ba, masu bincike daban-daban na iya bayar da rahoton adadi daban-daban na lokuta da halaye na cutar. Wasu bayanan rashin lafiya ana tattara su ne da bayanai da hukumomin lafiya na jihohi da yankuna suka bayar, a matakin ƙasa <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Hospital Morbidity Database |url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/national-hospital-morbidity-database/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813000437/http://aihw.gov.au/national-hospital-morbidity-database/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=aihw.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Health and Welfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB) |url=http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3203&Item_Id=1724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630153315/http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3203&Item_Id=1724 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> ko mafi girma (kamar Bayanan Cututtukan Asibitin Turai (HMDB)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Hospital Morbidity Database |url=http://data.euro.who.int/hmdb/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902224516/http://data.euro.who.int/hmdb/ |archive-date=2 September 2013 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> wanda zai iya ƙunsar bayanan sallamar marasa lafiya daga asibiti ta hanyar cikakken ganewar asali, shekaru da jinsi. Kasashen Turai ne suka gabatar da bayanan HMDB na Turai ga Ofishin Yankin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na Turai. === Nauyin cuta === [[Nauyin cuta|Nauyin cututtuka]] shine tasirin matsalar lafiya a wani yanki da aka auna ta hanyar kuɗin kuɗi, mace-mace, rashin lafiya, ko wasu alamomi. Akwai matakai da dama da ake amfani da su don auna nauyin da cututtuka ke ɗora wa mutane. Shekarun da ake iya rasa rai (YPLL) ƙiyasin adadin shekarun da aka rage rayuwar mutum saboda wata cuta ne. Misali, idan mutum ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 daga wata cuta, kuma wataƙila ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 80 ba tare da wannan cutar ba, to wannan cutar ta haifar da asarar shekaru 15 na yiwuwar rayuwa. Ma'aunin YPLL ba ya lissafin yadda mutum yake da nakasa kafin ya mutu, don haka ma'aunin yana kula da mutumin da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani da kuma mutumin da ya mutu a daidai wannan shekarun bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin lafiya. A shekara ta 2004, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙiyasta cewa an rasa shekaru miliyan 932 na yuwuwar rayuwa sakamakon mutuwa da wuri. <ref name="WHODALY">{{Cite web |title=Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}} Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls DALY spreadsheet] and [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls YLL spreadsheet].</ref> Ma'aunin shekarar rayuwa mai inganci (QALY) da kuma shekarar rayuwa mai daidaitawa da nakasa (DALY) iri ɗaya ne amma ana la'akari da ko mutumin yana da lafiya bayan an gano cutar. Baya ga adadin shekarun da suka ɓace sakamakon mutuwar da ba ta kai ga lokacin da aka gano ba, waɗannan ma'aunin suna ƙara wani ɓangare na shekarun da suka ɓace sakamakon rashin lafiya. Ba kamar YPLL ba, waɗannan ma'aunin suna nuna nauyin da aka ɗora wa mutanen da ke rashin lafiya sosai, amma waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Cutar da ke da yawan rashin lafiya, amma ƙarancin mace-mace, tana da yawan DALY da ƙarancin YPLL. A cikin 2004, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙididdige cewa 1.5&nbsp;An rasa shekaru biliyan da suka shafi nakasa sakamakon cututtuka da raunuka. <ref name="WHODALY">{{Cite web |title=Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004"]. ''who.int''. World Health Organization. Archived from [https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html the original] on 24 December 2010.</cite> Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls DALY spreadsheet] and [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls YLL spreadsheet].</ref> A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] da [[bugun jini]] suna haifar da asarar rayuka mafi yawa, amma yanayin tabin hankali kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] yana haifar da mafi yawan shekarun da ake rasawa saboda rashin lafiya. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Rukunin cututtuka ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na duk YPLLs da aka rasa, a duk duniya <ref name="WHODALY">{{Cite web |title=Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004"]. ''who.int''. World Health Organization. Archived from [https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html the original] on 24 December 2010.</cite> Standard DALYs (3% discounting, age weights). Also [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/DALY14_2004.xls DALY spreadsheet] and [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/YLL14_2004.xls YLL spreadsheet].</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan DALYs da aka rasa, a duk duniya <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan YPLLs da aka rasa, Turai <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan DALYs da suka sha kashi, Turai <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na duk YPLLs da suka rasa, Amurka da Kanada <ref name="WHODALY" /> ! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Kashi na dukkan DALYs sun sha kashi, Amurka da Kanada <ref name="WHODALY" /> |- | Cututtuka masu yaduwa da kuma na kwaro, musamman cututtukan ƙananan hanyoyin numfashi, [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]], [[Kanjamau|AIDS]], [[tarin fuka]], da kuma [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|malaria]] | Kashi 37% | kashi 26% | 9% | 6% | 5% | 3% |- | Yanayin tabin hankali, misali [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] | 2% | 13% | 3% | 19% | 5% | kashi 28% |- | Raunuka, musamman haɗuran mota | 14% | 12% | 18% | 13% | 18% | 10% |- | [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya da]] jijiyoyin jini, galibi [[ciwon zuciya]] da [[bugun jini]] | 14% | 10% | Kashi 35% | kashi 23% | kashi 26% | 14% |- | Haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa da sauran mutuwar [[Ci gaban haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] | 11% | 8% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 2% |- | [[Sankara|Ciwon daji]] | 8% | 5% | 19% | 11% | kashi 25% | 13% |} == Al'umma da al'adu == [[Fayil:Charles_Mellin_(attributed)_-_Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|[[Kiba]] alama ce ta matsayi a cikin al'adun [[Renaissance]] : "Janar na Tuscan Alessandro del Borro ", wanda aka danganta shi da Andrea Sacchi, 1645. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerten-Jackson |first=Carol |title=The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro |url=http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/cgfa/m/m-12.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502012818/http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/cgfa/m/m-12.htm |archive-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cuta gabaɗaya.]] Yadda al'umma ke mayar da martani ga cututtuka shine batun ilimin zamantakewa na likitanci . Ana iya ɗaukar wata cuta a matsayin cuta a wasu al'adu ko zamani amma ba a wasu ba. Misali, [[kiba]] tana da alaƙa da wadata da wadata, kuma wannan fahimta ta ci gaba a yankunan Afirka da yawa, musamman tun farkon cutar [[Cachexia|HIV/AIDS]] . <ref name="HaslamJames">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haslam DW, James WP |year=2005 |title=Obesity |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9492 |pages=1197–209 |bibcode=2005Lanc..366.1197H |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1 |pmid=16198769 |s2cid=208791491}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] a matsayin alama ta baiwar ruhaniya a tsakanin mutanen Hmong . Rashin lafiya yana ba da damar halatta wasu fa'idodi a zamantakewa, kamar fa'idodin rashin lafiya, guje wa aiki, da kuma kula da wasu. Mutumin da ba shi da lafiya yana ɗaukar wani matsayi na zamantakewa da ake kira rawar rashin lafiya . Mutumin da ya mayar da martani ga wata cuta mai ban tsoro, kamar ciwon daji, ta hanyar da al'ada ta yarda da ita, ana iya girmama shi a bainar jama'a da kuma a ɓoye tare da matsayi mafi girma a zamantakewa . A madadin waɗannan fa'idodin, mara lafiya yana da alhakin neman magani da aiki don ya sake samun lafiya. A matsayin kwatantawa, yi la'akari da [[Juna biyu|ciki]], wanda ba a fassara shi a matsayin cuta ko rashin lafiya ba, koda kuwa uwa da jariri za su iya amfana daga kulawar likita. Yawancin addinai suna keɓewa daga ayyukan addini ga mutanen da ke rashin lafiya. Misali, wanda rayuwarsa za ta shiga cikin haɗari ta hanyar [[Azumi|azumin]] [[Yom Kippur]] ko a watan Ramadan an keɓe shi daga wajibai, ko ma an hana shi shiga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Nikita |last2=Gusdorf |first2=Jason |date=2023-07-13 |title=Guidance for Physicians on the Yom Kippur Fast |url=https://gmr.scholasticahq.com/article/83342-guidance-for-physicians-on-the-yom-kippur-fast |journal=Georgetown Medical Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.52504/001c.83342 |issn=2689-095X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rashed |first=A. H. |date=1992-02-29 |title=The fast of Ramadan. |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=304 |issue=6826 |pages=521–522 |doi=10.1136/bmj.304.6826.521 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1881417 |pmid=1559053}}</ref> Mutanen da ke rashin lafiya kuma an keɓe su daga ayyukan zamantakewa. Misali, rashin lafiya shine kawai dalilin da ya dace da zamantakewa ga Ba'amurke ya ƙi gayyatar zuwa [[White House|Fadar White House]] . Gane wani yanayi a matsayin cuta, maimakon kawai bambancin tsarin ɗan adam ko aikinsa, na iya samun babban tasiri a zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Fahimtar cututtuka masu rikitarwa kamar [[Raunin da ake maimaitawa|raunin damuwa mai maimaitawa]] (RSI) da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD) ya yi tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau kan nauyin kuɗi da sauran nauyin gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, da cibiyoyi ga daidaikun mutane, da kuma daidaikun mutane. Ma'anar zamantakewa ta kallon tsufa a matsayin cuta na iya zama mai zurfi, kodayake wannan rarrabuwar ba ta yaɗu ba tukuna. [[Kuturta|Kutare]] mutane ne da aka yi watsi da su a tarihi saboda suna da cutar da ke yaɗuwa, kuma kalmar "kuturu" har yanzu tana tayar da ƙyama a zamantakewa . Tsoron cuta har yanzu yana iya zama abin da ya yaɗu a zamantakewa, kodayake ba duk cututtuka ke haifar da ƙyama a zamantakewa ba. Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin tattalin arziki suna shafar lafiya. Cututtukan talauci cututtuka ne da ke da alaƙa da [[talauci]] da ƙarancin matsayi a zamantakewa; cututtukan wadata cututtuka ne da ke da alaƙa da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Waɗanne cututtuka ne ke da alaƙa da waɗanda yanayi ya bambanta dangane da lokaci, wuri, da fasaha. Wasu cututtuka, kamar [[ciwon suga]], na iya alaƙa da talauci (rashin kyawun abinci) da wadata (tsawon rai da rashin zaman lafiya), ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kalmar [[Cutar salon rayuwa|''cututtukan rayuwa'']] tana bayyana cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsawon rai kuma waɗanda suka fi yawa a tsakanin tsofaffi. Misali, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin membobi ke rayuwa har sai sun kai shekaru 80 fiye da a cikin al'ummomin da yawancin membobi ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru 50. === Harshen cuta === Labarin rashin lafiya hanya ce ta tsara yanayin likita zuwa wani labari mai ma'ana wanda ke nuna irin yanayin da mutumin da ba shi da lafiya ya fuskanta. Mutane suna amfani da misalai don fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru da cuta. Misalai suna motsa cuta daga wani abu mai ma'ana wanda ke akwai zuwa kwarewar motsin rai. Mafi mashahuriyar kwatanci ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin soja: Cutar abokin gaba ne wanda dole ne a ji tsoro, yaƙi, yaƙi da kuma rushewa. Mai haƙuri ko mai ba da kiwon lafiya jarumi ne, maimakon wanda aka azabtar ko mai kallo. Wakilan cututtukan da ke yaduwa sune masu mamayewa; cututtukun da ba su yaduwa sun zama tashin hankali na ciki ko yakin basasa. Saboda barazanar tana da gaggawa, watakila batun rayuwa da mutuwa, ba zato ba tsammani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, har ma da zalunci, matakan aikin ɗabi'a ne na al'umma da mai haƙuri yayin da suke da ƙarfin zuciya don yin gwagwarmaya da hallaka. "Yaƙin kan ciwon daji" misali ne na wannan amfani da harshe. Wannan harshe yana ba da ƙarfi ga wasu marasa lafiya, amma yana barin wasu suna jin kamar sun gaza. Wani nau'in misalan ya bayyana gogewar rashin lafiya a matsayin tafiya: Mutumin yana tafiya zuwa ko daga wurin da yake da rashin lafiya, kuma yana canza kansa, yana gano sabbin bayanai, ko kuma yana ƙara ƙwarewarsa a hanya. Yana iya tafiya "a kan hanyar murmurewa" ko yin canje-canje don "samun hanya madaidaiciya" ko kuma ya zaɓi "hanyoyi". Wasu a bayyane suke da jigon shige da fice: an kori majiyyaci daga yankin lafiya na gida zuwa ƙasar marasa lafiya, canjin asali da dangantaka a cikin wannan tsari. Wannan harshe ya fi yawa a tsakanin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya fiye da harshen zalunci na jiki. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu misalai suna da alaƙa da cututtuka. [[Bauta]] misali ne da aka saba amfani da shi ga [[Addiction|jaraba]] : Mashayi yana bautar da giya, kuma mai shan taba yana kama da nicotine. Wasu masu fama da cutar kansa suna ɗaukar asarar gashinsu daga [[chemotherapy]] a matsayin metonymy ko kwatanci ga duk asarar da cutar ta haifar. Ana amfani da wasu cututtuka a matsayin misalan matsalolin zamantakewa: "Ciwon daji" wani bayani ne da aka saba amfani da shi ga duk wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yana lalata al'umma, kamar talauci, rashin adalci, ko wariyar launin fata. An ga cutar AIDS a matsayin hukuncin Allah ga lalacewar ɗabi'a, kuma ta hanyar tsarkake kanta daga "gurɓataccen" "mai mamaye" ne kawai al'umma za ta iya sake samun lafiya. Kwanan nan, lokacin da cutar AIDS ta yi kama da ba ta da barazana, an yi amfani da wannan nau'in harshen motsin rai ga mura da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2.]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanne M, Hawken SJ |date=December 2007 |title=Metaphors for illness in contemporary media |journal=Med Humanit |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |doi=10.1136/jmh.2006.000253 |pmid=23674429 |s2cid=207000141}}</ref> Marubuta a ƙarni na 19 sun saba amfani da cutar tarin fuka a matsayin alama da kuma misali ga wuce gona da iri . An nuna mutanen da ke dauke da cutar a cikin adabi a matsayin waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin rayuwa ta yau da kullun don zama abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin ruhaniya ko fasaha. A ƙarni na 20, bayan an fahimci dalilinta sosai, wannan cutar ta zama alamar talauci, rashin tsari, da sauran matsalolin zamantakewa. == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548m0 "Mutum da Cuta"], tattaunawa ta BBC Radio 4 da Anne Hardy, David Bradley da Chris Dye ( ''A Lokacinmu'', 15 Disamba 2002) * [http://ctdbase.org/ CTD] Bayanan Kwatancen Toxicogenomics wata hanya ce ta kimiyya da ke haɗa sinadarai, kwayoyin halitta, da cututtukan ɗan adam. * [https://siteman.wustl.edu/prevention/ydr/ Kimanta haɗarin lafiya ta yanar gizo kyauta] ta Haɗarin Cututtukan ku a Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis * [https://www.cdc.gov/health-topics.html#a Batutuwan Lafiya A–Z], takardun bayanai game da cututtuka da yawa da aka saba gani a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka * [https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.html Batutuwan Lafiya], bayanin MedlinePlus game da yawancin cututtuka, tare da samun damar zuwa labaran bincike na yanzu. * Cikakken bayanai [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/ na NLM] daga Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa na Amurka * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/ Cikakken] bayani game da kwayoyin halittar da ke haifar da cututtuka a Gidan Jarin Mendelian na Kan layi a cikin Mutum * [https://www.merckmanuals.com/home ''Littafin Merck''] wanda ke ɗauke da cikakken bayani game da yawancin cututtuka {{Medical terms to describe disease conditions}}{{Pathology}}{{Disease groups}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3gcpspr657m6voy9i51ltmn6xvvmeut Atiwurcha Sylvanus 0 158317 859690 2026-06-17T21:56:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343653868|Atiwurcha Sylvanus]]" 859690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atiwurcha Sylvanus''' (Albert Sylvanus Atiwurcha) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. kuma ya wakilci Gombi / Hong a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nassnig.org}}</ref> (((((((((((((tiwurcha Sylvanus was born in June 1968. He is a native of [[:en:Ikwuano|Ikwuano]] in [[:en:Abia_State|Abia State]], Nigeria. He obtained a degree in Pharmarcy from [[:en:Ahmadu_Bello_University|A.B.U. Zaria]]. He is a Pharmacist and == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Atiwurcha Sylvanus a watan Yunin 1968. Shi ɗan asalin [[Ikwuano]] ne a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya . Ya sami digiri a fannin Farma daga A.B.U. Zaria . Shi likitan magani ne kuma ɗan siyasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nassnig.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm "House of Representatives Member | Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus"]. ''nassnig.org''. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm the original] on 2007-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Albert Sylvanus a Majalisar Wakilai a shekara ta 2003, yana wakiltar Gombi / Hong Tarayyar Tarayya a karkashin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Abuja High court remands Adamawa Ex-HoR Member, one other in prison over alleged N800m fraud |url=https://dailynewstimesco.wordpress.com/2025/03/18/abuja-high-court-remands-adamawa-ex-hor-member-one-other-in-prison-over-alleged-n800m-fraud/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Daily NewsTime Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FirstNews |date=2023-02-23 |title=Saturday polls: North sealed for Atiku, says ex-lawmaker - First News Nigeria |url=https://firstnewsonline.ng/saturday-polls-north-sealed-for-atiku-says-ex-lawmaker/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=First News NG |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thenewshawk |date=2025-03-18 |title=Alleged Fraud: Abuja High court remands Adamawa Ex-HoR, one other |url=https://www.thenewshawk.ng/alleged-fraud-abuja-high-court-remands-adamawa-ex-hor-one-other/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mz2ezjwxop5sjf7k0n3aq0dakdu67wi 859691 859690 2026-06-17T22:00:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atiwurcha Sylvanus''' (Albert Sylvanus Atiwurcha) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. kuma ya wakilci Gombi / Hong a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nassnig.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Atiwurcha Sylvanus a watan Yunin 1968. Shi ɗan asalin [[Ikwuano]] ne a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya . Ya sami digiri a fannin Farma daga A.B.U. Zaria . Shi likitan magani ne kuma ɗan siyasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nassnig.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm "House of Representatives Member | Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus"]. ''nassnig.org''. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm the original] on 2007-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Albert Sylvanus a Majalisar Wakilai a shekara ta 2003, yana wakiltar Gombi / Hong Tarayyar Tarayya a karkashin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Abuja High court remands Adamawa Ex-HoR Member, one other in prison over alleged N800m fraud |url=https://dailynewstimesco.wordpress.com/2025/03/18/abuja-high-court-remands-adamawa-ex-hor-member-one-other-in-prison-over-alleged-n800m-fraud/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Daily NewsTime Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FirstNews |date=2023-02-23 |title=Saturday polls: North sealed for Atiku, says ex-lawmaker - First News Nigeria |url=https://firstnewsonline.ng/saturday-polls-north-sealed-for-atiku-says-ex-lawmaker/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=First News NG |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thenewshawk |date=2025-03-18 |title=Alleged Fraud: Abuja High court remands Adamawa Ex-HoR, one other |url=https://www.thenewshawk.ng/alleged-fraud-abuja-high-court-remands-adamawa-ex-hor-one-other/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s4b9wpp5j9ms17u9do4kkao4hauohs9 GOK Ajayi 0 158318 859693 2026-06-17T22:03:39Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345556207|GOK Ajayi]]" 859693 wikitext text/x-wiki   Cif '''Godwin Olusegun Kolawole Ajayi''', [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|SAN]] (29 ga Mayu 1931 - 31 ga Maris 2014) wanda aka fi sani da sunansa '''GOK Ajayi''', sanannen lauyan Najeriya ne.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=6 April 2014 |title=Gok Ajayi, 1931-2014: A Progressive Lawyer |url=http://leadership.ng/opinions/editorial/363472/gok-ajayi-1931-2014-progressive-lawyer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080913/http://leadership.ng/opinions/editorial/363472/gok-ajayi-1931-2014-progressive-lawyer |archive-date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}} - {{Cite news |author= |date=31 March 2014 |title=Legal giant GOK Ajayi dies at 82 |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/legal-giant-gok-ajayi-dies-82/ |accessdate=26 April 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref>,(((((((Ajayi was born on 29 May 1931, at Ijebu Ode, a city in Ogun State southwestern Nigeria.[1] He had his elementary education at Ijebu Ode Nursery School and St Saviours' School in Lagos state before he attended CMS Grammar School where he obtained the Cambridge School Certificate == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ajayi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1931, a Ijebu Ode, wani birni a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="46" href="./Ogun_State" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ogun State">Jihar Ogun kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Samuel Awoyinfa |date=31 May 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi goes home amidst eulogies, tributes |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/gok-ajayi-goes-home-amidst-eulogies-tributes/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601011007/http://www.punchng.com/news/gok-ajayi-goes-home-amidst-eulogies-tributes/ |archivedate=1 June 2014 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref>Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar Ijebu Ode Nursery School da St Saviours' School a jihar Legas kafin ya halarci makarantar CMS Grammar School inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Cambridge a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=31 March 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi: Falana, Osipitan, others mourn |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/gok-ajayi-falana-osipitan-others-mourn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422080403/http://newtelegraphonline.com/gok-ajayi-falana-osipitan-others-mourn/ |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=New Telegraph}}</ref> Ya tafi Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanre Adewole |last2=Bola Badmus |last3=Ayomide Owonibi |last4=Matthew Asabor |date=31 March 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi dies at 83 |url=http://tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525193405/http://tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=Nigerian Tribune}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == An kira Ajayi zuwa kotun Ingila a 1955 da kuma kotun Najeriya a 1957. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] a shekarar 1978, tare da Cif [[Kehinde Sofola]], [[Remi Fani-Kayode]] da [[Obafemi Awolowo]], shugaban kasa na tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria .<ref>{{Cite news |author=Davidson Iriekpen and Tobi Soniyi |date=31 March 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi Passes On at 83 |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/gok-ajayi-passes-on-at-83/174977/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030656/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/gok-ajayi-passes-on-at-83/174977/ |archivedate=17 November 2015 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ya kasance lauyan jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria da kuma lauyan Awolowo a cikin shari'ar Awolowo v. Shagari a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1979, inda Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya kalubalanci sanarwar [[Shehu Shagari]] kamar wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 11 ga Agusta, 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Excerpt from Eso's dissenting judgment in Awolowo v Shagari case |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/excerpt-from-esos-dissenting-judgment-in-awolowo-v-shagari-case-3/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303131958/http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/excerpt-from-esos-dissenting-judgment-in-awolowo-v-shagari-case-3/ |archivedate=3 March 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Marigayi Mai Shari'a Kayode Eso, ya jagoranci shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adedeji Adams, Ajibola Abayomi, Sola Shittu, Gbenga Faturoti, Oladele Ogunsola |date=17 November 2012 |title=Justice Kayode Eso dies at 87 |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/justice-kayode-eso-dies-at-87/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313034923/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/justice-kayode-eso-dies-at-87/ |archive-date=13 March 2013 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=Daily Independent}}</ref> Ya kasance lauyan [[Moshood Abiola]] a cikin batun soke zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni, 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Abdulwahab Abdulah & Bartholomew Madukwe |title=GOK Ajayi dies @ 82 as eminent Nigerians mourn |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/gok-ajayi-dies-82-eminent-nigerians-mourn/ |accessdate=26 April 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ajayi ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, a cikin sashin kulawa mai tsanani na asibitin Reddington a Jihar Legas.<ref>[https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/05/22/celebrated-columnist-tunde-fagbenle-loses-son/ "Celebrated Columnist, Tunde Fagbenle loses son"], ''PM News'', 22 May 2018 - [http://www.wnba.com/player/temi-fagbenle/ "Celebrated Columnist, Tunde Fagbenle loses son"], WNBA</ref> 'Yan uwansa sun hada da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo O. T. Fagbenle, mai shirya fim din Luti Fagbenle da mai shirya bidiyon kiɗa Oladapo Fagbenle . Wata 'yar uwar ita ce dan wasan kwando Temi Fagbenle . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] kglyv37zct2uy7lz3vlycxhb1m4kmnx 859694 859693 2026-06-17T22:07:47Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = G.O.K Ajayi | image = GOK_Ajayi_in_Robes.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Godwin Olusegun Kolawole Ajayi | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|05|29|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ogun State, Nigeria]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|03|31|1931|05|29|df=y}} | death_place = Reddington Hospital Lagos | othername = | alma_mater = London School of Economics | occupation = Lawyer, Advocate | parents = | relatives = | yearsactive = | notable works = | awards = | website = }} Cif '''Godwin Olusegun Kolawole Ajayi''', [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|SAN]] (29 ga Mayu 1931 - 31 ga Maris 2014) wanda aka fi sani da sunansa '''GOK Ajayi''', sanannen lauyan Najeriya ne.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=6 April 2014 |title=Gok Ajayi, 1931-2014: A Progressive Lawyer |url=http://leadership.ng/opinions/editorial/363472/gok-ajayi-1931-2014-progressive-lawyer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080913/http://leadership.ng/opinions/editorial/363472/gok-ajayi-1931-2014-progressive-lawyer |archive-date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}} - {{Cite news |author= |date=31 March 2014 |title=Legal giant GOK Ajayi dies at 82 |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/legal-giant-gok-ajayi-dies-82/ |accessdate=26 April 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ajayi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1931, a Ijebu Ode, wani birni a [[Law|doka]]-linkid="46" href="./Ogun_State" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ogun State">Jihar Ogun kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Samuel Awoyinfa |date=31 May 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi goes home amidst eulogies, tributes |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/gok-ajayi-goes-home-amidst-eulogies-tributes/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601011007/http://www.punchng.com/news/gok-ajayi-goes-home-amidst-eulogies-tributes/ |archivedate=1 June 2014 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref>Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar Ijebu Ode Nursery School da St Saviours' School a jihar Legas kafin ya halarci makarantar CMS Grammar School inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Cambridge a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=31 March 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi: Falana, Osipitan, others mourn |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/gok-ajayi-falana-osipitan-others-mourn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422080403/http://newtelegraphonline.com/gok-ajayi-falana-osipitan-others-mourn/ |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=New Telegraph}}</ref> Ya tafi Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanre Adewole |last2=Bola Badmus |last3=Ayomide Owonibi |last4=Matthew Asabor |date=31 March 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi dies at 83 |url=http://tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525193405/http://tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83/2434-gok-ajayi-dies-at-83 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=Nigerian Tribune}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == An kira Ajayi zuwa kotun Ingila a 1955 da kuma kotun Najeriya a 1957. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] a shekarar 1978, tare da Cif [[Kehinde Sofola]], [[Remi Fani-Kayode]] da [[Obafemi Awolowo]], shugaban kasa na tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria .<ref>{{Cite news |author=Davidson Iriekpen and Tobi Soniyi |date=31 March 2014 |title=GOK Ajayi Passes On at 83 |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/gok-ajayi-passes-on-at-83/174977/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030656/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/gok-ajayi-passes-on-at-83/174977/ |archivedate=17 November 2015 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ya kasance lauyan jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria da kuma lauyan Awolowo a cikin shari'ar Awolowo v. Shagari a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1979, inda Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya kalubalanci sanarwar [[Shehu Shagari]] kamar wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 11 ga Agusta, 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Excerpt from Eso's dissenting judgment in Awolowo v Shagari case |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/excerpt-from-esos-dissenting-judgment-in-awolowo-v-shagari-case-3/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303131958/http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/excerpt-from-esos-dissenting-judgment-in-awolowo-v-shagari-case-3/ |archivedate=3 March 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Marigayi Mai Shari'a Kayode Eso, ya jagoranci shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adedeji Adams, Ajibola Abayomi, Sola Shittu, Gbenga Faturoti, Oladele Ogunsola |date=17 November 2012 |title=Justice Kayode Eso dies at 87 |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/justice-kayode-eso-dies-at-87/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313034923/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/justice-kayode-eso-dies-at-87/ |archive-date=13 March 2013 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=Daily Independent}}</ref> Ya kasance lauyan [[Moshood Abiola]] a cikin batun soke zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni, 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Abdulwahab Abdulah & Bartholomew Madukwe |title=GOK Ajayi dies @ 82 as eminent Nigerians mourn |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/gok-ajayi-dies-82-eminent-nigerians-mourn/ |accessdate=26 April 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ajayi ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, a cikin sashin kulawa mai tsanani na asibitin Reddington a Jihar Legas.<ref>[https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/05/22/celebrated-columnist-tunde-fagbenle-loses-son/ "Celebrated Columnist, Tunde Fagbenle loses son"], ''PM News'', 22 May 2018 - [http://www.wnba.com/player/temi-fagbenle/ "Celebrated Columnist, Tunde Fagbenle loses son"], WNBA</ref> 'Yan uwansa sun hada da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo O. T. Fagbenle, mai shirya fim din Luti Fagbenle da mai shirya bidiyon kiɗa Oladapo Fagbenle . Wata 'yar uwar ita ce dan wasan kwando Temi Fagbenle . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] d1aktvr0mx4fe9dl42jna3h3091z4fg Augustine Nnamani 0 158319 859695 2026-06-17T22:09:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295059205|Augustine Nnamani]]" 859695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustine Nnamani''' tsohon alƙali ne na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, an nada shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1979, kuma ya kasance a kotun na tsawon shekaru 11. Kafin nadin, ya kasance Babban Lauyan Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya.<ref>Olumide Babalola. (2013). The Attorney General: Chronicles and Perspectives. GIT Ltd (publishers of Law Pavilion Electronic Law Reports)</ref>justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, he was appointed on August 15, 1979, and was on the court for 11 years. Prior to the appointment, == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 0sj9ylp69qhqo2sho3odx57d0npf6xk 859696 859695 2026-06-17T22:10:24Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295059205|Augustine Nnamani]]" 859696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustine Nnamani''' tsohon alƙali ne na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, an nada shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1979, kuma ya kasance a kotun na tsawon shekaru 11. Kafin nadin, ya kasance Babban Lauyan Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya.<ref>Olumide Babalola. (2013). The Attorney General: Chronicles and Perspectives. GIT Ltd (publishers of Law Pavilion Electronic Law Reports)</ref>ustice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, he was appointed on August 15, 1979, and was on the court for 11 years. Prior to the appointment, == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 775a17m3qklcjep2mlkhq39oh9r0nwv 859697 859696 2026-06-17T22:12:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Augustine Nnamani''' tsohon alƙali ne na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, an nada shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1979, kuma ya kasance a kotun na tsawon shekaru 11. Kafin nadin, ya kasance Babban Lauyan Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya.<ref>Olumide Babalola. (2013). The Attorney General: Chronicles and Perspectives. GIT Ltd (publishers of Law Pavilion Electronic Law Reports)</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] lfi5s45w4pad8pnt4v794706udnwj1o Augustine Umoh 0 158320 859698 2026-06-17T22:19:43Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355543738|Augustine Umoh]]" 859698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustine Vincent Umoh''' farfesa ne na Najeriya, likitan mata, likitan haihuwa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya nada shi, 2020 kuma Gwamna Umo Eno ne ya sake nada shi a watan Yulin 2023.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |date=2020-08-01 |title=Gov Emmanuel to swear-in 8 new EXCO members Monday |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/gov-emmanuel-to-swear-in-8-new-exco-members-monday/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |title=Commissioner for Health – AKSPHCDA – Akwa Ibom State Primary Healthcare Development Agency |url=https://aksphcda.akwaibomstate.gov.ng/hon-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2024-10-11 |title=12,000 people enrolled in Akwa Ibom health insurance scheme: Commissioner |url=https://gazettengr.com/12000-people-enrolled-in-akwa-ibom-health-insurance-scheme-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US |location=Abuja, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref>Yanzu shi ne mai ba da shawara ga asibitin kwararru na jihar da babban asibitin a Ikono.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Nwafor |date=2025-03-04 |title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FRANK |first=Aniefiok |date=March 4, 2025 |title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom |url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/ |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref> (((((((((((((((((((Nigerian professor, gynaecologist, Obstetrician and politician who served as the Commissioner for Health in [[:en:Akwa_Ibom_State|Akwa Ibom State]]. He was appointed by [[:en:Udom_Gabriel_Emmanuel|Governor Udom Emmanuel]] August, 2020 and was reappointed by == Farko da ilimi == An haifi Umoh ne a Okopedi Ibianang, Karamar Hukumar [[Ikono]] a Jihar Akwa Ibom . Ya auri Rosemary Augustine Umoh kuma an albarkace su da yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Commissioner for Health – AKSPHCDA – Akwa Ibom State Primary Healthcare Development Agency |url=https://aksphcda.akwaibomstate.gov.ng/hon-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Augustine ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar firamare, Uyo Obio, Jihar Akwa Ibom . Ya yi karatun sakandare daga 1978 zuwa 1983 a [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ikot Ekpene|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya]] Ikot Ekpene . Ya sami digiri na MBBS a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya, [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990, kuma ya kammala aikinsa na shekara guda a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Lagos da kuma Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa (NYSC) a Babban Asibitin, Anka a [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]] ta Najeriya. Ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiya na haihuwa daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tropical ta Liverpool (LSTM), Ingila a shekara ta 2001, kuma an ba shi Fellowship na Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka a Faculty of Obstetrics and Gynaecology a shekara ta 2002. Har ila yau, Fellow ne na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Duniya kuma yana da takardar shaidar a Binciken Tattalin Arziki a Lafiya ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Washington . <ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == A cikin 2020, an nada Augustine a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . Gwamna Udom Emmanuel ne ya nada shi, tare da sake nada shi a watan Yulin 2023 daga Gwamna Umo Eno<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |date=2020-08-01 |title=Gov Emmanuel to swear-in 8 new EXCO members Monday |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/gov-emmanuel-to-swear-in-8-new-exco-members-monday/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-11-04 |title=Gov Eno Assures on Continuous Spread of Projects Across all LGAs - Akwa Ibom State Government |url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/gov-eno-assures-on-continuous-spread-of-projects-across-all-lgas/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/gov-eno-assures-on-continuous-spread-of-projects-across-all-lgas/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Asibitin Kwararru na Jiha da Babban Asibitin a Ikono.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Nwafor |date=2025-03-04 |title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k1pb4qyidv0rghae15z4uui4kg3y3rz 859699 859698 2026-06-17T22:20:58Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustine Vincent Umoh''' farfesa ne na Najeriya, likitan mata, likitan haihuwa kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya nada shi, 2020 kuma Gwamna Umo Eno ne ya sake nada shi a watan Yulin 2023.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |date=2020-08-01 |title=Gov Emmanuel to swear-in 8 new EXCO members Monday |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/gov-emmanuel-to-swear-in-8-new-exco-members-monday/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |title=Commissioner for Health – AKSPHCDA – Akwa Ibom State Primary Healthcare Development Agency |url=https://aksphcda.akwaibomstate.gov.ng/hon-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2024-10-11 |title=12,000 people enrolled in Akwa Ibom health insurance scheme: Commissioner |url=https://gazettengr.com/12000-people-enrolled-in-akwa-ibom-health-insurance-scheme-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US |location=Abuja, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref>Yanzu shi ne mai ba da shawara ga asibitin kwararru na jihar da babban asibitin a Ikono.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Nwafor |date=2025-03-04 |title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FRANK |first=Aniefiok |date=March 4, 2025 |title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom |url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/ |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Umoh ne a Okopedi Ibianang, Karamar Hukumar [[Ikono]] a Jihar Akwa Ibom . Ya auri Rosemary Augustine Umoh kuma an albarkace su da yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Commissioner for Health – AKSPHCDA – Akwa Ibom State Primary Healthcare Development Agency |url=https://aksphcda.akwaibomstate.gov.ng/hon-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Augustine ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar firamare, Uyo Obio, Jihar Akwa Ibom . Ya yi karatun sakandare daga 1978 zuwa 1983 a [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ikot Ekpene|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya]] Ikot Ekpene . Ya sami digiri na MBBS a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya, [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990, kuma ya kammala aikinsa na shekara guda a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Lagos da kuma Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa (NYSC) a Babban Asibitin, Anka a [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]] ta Najeriya. Ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiya na haihuwa daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tropical ta Liverpool (LSTM), Ingila a shekara ta 2001, kuma an ba shi Fellowship na Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka a Faculty of Obstetrics and Gynaecology a shekara ta 2002. Har ila yau, Fellow ne na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Duniya kuma yana da takardar shaidar a Binciken Tattalin Arziki a Lafiya ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Washington . <ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == A cikin 2020, an nada Augustine a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . Gwamna Udom Emmanuel ne ya nada shi, tare da sake nada shi a watan Yulin 2023 daga Gwamna Umo Eno<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |date=2020-08-01 |title=Gov Emmanuel to swear-in 8 new EXCO members Monday |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/gov-emmanuel-to-swear-in-8-new-exco-members-monday/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-11-04 |title=Gov Eno Assures on Continuous Spread of Projects Across all LGAs - Akwa Ibom State Government |url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/gov-eno-assures-on-continuous-spread-of-projects-across-all-lgas/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/gov-eno-assures-on-continuous-spread-of-projects-across-all-lgas/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Asibitin Kwararru na Jiha da Babban Asibitin a Ikono.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Nwafor |date=2025-03-04 |title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8rdap9e1vbs1i4oucn7pwahaibwgkjk Austin Okezie Meregini 0 158321 859700 2026-06-17T22:28:48Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255926|Austin Okezie Meregini]]" 859700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Austin Okezie Meregini''' Shine (wanda aka fi sani da Ugolee) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan majalisa wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Gabas . <ref name="ABHA">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=Abia State Law Makers - House of Assembly |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/government/house-of-assembly |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Abia State Government}}</ref> kuma shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]]. (((((((((((((((Meregini was elected to represent Umuahia East State Constituency in the Abia State House of Assembly in == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Meregini don wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia a shekarar 2023.<ref name="b3872">{{Cite news |last=Okoronkwo |first=Nnenna |date=2023-04-12 |title=Abia Assembly members-elect promise vibrant 8th assembly |url=https://von.gov.ng/abia-assembly-members-elect-promise-vibrant-8th-assembly/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=[[Voice of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Bayan zabensa, an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia na 8 a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Emma Emeruwa.<ref name="g979">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Complete List Of Abia State House of Assembly Members |url=https://nigerianleaders.com/abia-state-house-assembly-members/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nigerian Leaders}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Labour, Meregini ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya yi murabus daga APC a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, yana mai nuna damuwa game da rikicin jam'iyya na ciki da rashin jituwa da yadda kwamitin aiki na kasa ke gudanar da zaben fidda gwani.<ref>{{cite news |last=Emeruwa |first=Chijindu |date=2022-05-26 |title=Abia APC primaries: State Assembly aspirant, Austin Okezie resigns membership |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/26/abia-apc-primaries-state-assembly-aspirant-austin-okezie-resigns-membership/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref name="g6042">{{Cite news |last=JAMES |first=Chukwudi Ojukwu |date=2022-05-26 |title=ABIA: Days After Dumping APC, State Assembly Aspirant Joins Labour Party |url=https://thewhistler.ng/abia-days-after-dumping-apc-state-assembly-aspirant-joins-labour-party/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Meregini ta yi aure. Matarsa ta shiga cikin wasu ayyukan mazabarsa da bayyanar jama'a.<ref name="NANews2">{{cite news |last=Ikeokwu |first=Chibunna |date=2024-11-14 |title=Abia Deputy Speaker Meregini built house for indigent widow, partner ASOPADEC in completing Umuezeagwu community borehole |work=National Ambassador News}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9gr8t7davrdzlsuwphtac5m0xs1so9t 859701 859700 2026-06-17T22:29:24Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Austin Okezie Meregini''' Shine (wanda aka fi sani da Ugolee) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan majalisa wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Gabas . <ref name="ABHA">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=Abia State Law Makers - House of Assembly |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/government/house-of-assembly |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Abia State Government}}</ref> kuma shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]]. == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Meregini don wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia a shekarar 2023.<ref name="b3872">{{Cite news |last=Okoronkwo |first=Nnenna |date=2023-04-12 |title=Abia Assembly members-elect promise vibrant 8th assembly |url=https://von.gov.ng/abia-assembly-members-elect-promise-vibrant-8th-assembly/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=[[Voice of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Bayan zabensa, an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia na 8 a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Emma Emeruwa.<ref name="g979">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Complete List Of Abia State House of Assembly Members |url=https://nigerianleaders.com/abia-state-house-assembly-members/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nigerian Leaders}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Labour, Meregini ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya yi murabus daga APC a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, yana mai nuna damuwa game da rikicin jam'iyya na ciki da rashin jituwa da yadda kwamitin aiki na kasa ke gudanar da zaben fidda gwani.<ref>{{cite news |last=Emeruwa |first=Chijindu |date=2022-05-26 |title=Abia APC primaries: State Assembly aspirant, Austin Okezie resigns membership |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/26/abia-apc-primaries-state-assembly-aspirant-austin-okezie-resigns-membership/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref name="g6042">{{Cite news |last=JAMES |first=Chukwudi Ojukwu |date=2022-05-26 |title=ABIA: Days After Dumping APC, State Assembly Aspirant Joins Labour Party |url=https://thewhistler.ng/abia-days-after-dumping-apc-state-assembly-aspirant-joins-labour-party/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Meregini ta yi aure. Matarsa ta shiga cikin wasu ayyukan mazabarsa da bayyanar jama'a.<ref name="NANews2">{{cite news |last=Ikeokwu |first=Chibunna |date=2024-11-14 |title=Abia Deputy Speaker Meregini built house for indigent widow, partner ASOPADEC in completing Umuezeagwu community borehole |work=National Ambassador News}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lb34qlt1gm5h3qbkjc7z3o2jinbx0cl 859702 859701 2026-06-17T22:30:06Z Saad Nuhu 43323 859702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Austin Okezie Meregini''' Shine (wanda aka fi sani da Ugolee) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan majalisa wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Gabas . <ref name="ABHA">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=Abia State Law Makers - House of Assembly |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/government/house-of-assembly |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Abia State Government}}</ref> kuma shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]]. == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Meregini don wakiltar mazabar Jihar Umuahia ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia a shekarar 2023.<ref name="b3872">{{Cite news |last=Okoronkwo |first=Nnenna |date=2023-04-12 |title=Abia Assembly members-elect promise vibrant 8th assembly |url=https://von.gov.ng/abia-assembly-members-elect-promise-vibrant-8th-assembly/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=[[Voice of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Bayan zabensa, an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia na 8 a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Emma Emeruwa.<ref name="g979">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Complete List Of Abia State House of Assembly Members |url=https://nigerianleaders.com/abia-state-house-assembly-members/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nigerian Leaders}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Labour, Meregini ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya yi murabus daga APC a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, yana mai nuna damuwa game da rikicin jam'iyya na ciki da rashin jituwa da yadda kwamitin aiki na kasa ke gudanar da zaben fidda gwani.<ref>{{cite news |last=Emeruwa |first=Chijindu |date=2022-05-26 |title=Abia APC primaries: State Assembly aspirant, Austin Okezie resigns membership |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/26/abia-apc-primaries-state-assembly-aspirant-austin-okezie-resigns-membership/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref name="g6042">{{Cite news |last=JAMES |first=Chukwudi Ojukwu |date=2022-05-26 |title=ABIA: Days After Dumping APC, State Assembly Aspirant Joins Labour Party |url=https://thewhistler.ng/abia-days-after-dumping-apc-state-assembly-aspirant-joins-labour-party/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Meregini ta yi aure. Matarsa ta shiga cikin wasu ayyukan mazabarsa da bayyanar jama'a.<ref name="NANews2">{{cite news |last=Ikeokwu |first=Chibunna |date=2024-11-14 |title=Abia Deputy Speaker Meregini built house for indigent widow, partner ASOPADEC in completing Umuezeagwu community borehole |work=National Ambassador News}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 39hesx003stqyfqzyh4wh9nkmv9bv8r George Oguntade 0 158322 859705 2026-06-17T22:43:46Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346753162|George Oguntade]]" 859705 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''George Adesola Oguntade''' (CFR, CON) (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1940), <ref name="Vanguard">{{cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Yemisi |date=18 April 2010 |title=Justice Oguntade Celebrates at 70 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/justice-oguntade-celebrates-at-70/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> lauya ne na Najeriya da ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] daga ranar 19 ga Mayu, shekara ta 2004 zuwa 10 ga Mayu, 2010 kuma ya kasance Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya a Ingila.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2013 |title=Justice Oguntade Decries Low Standard Of Court Judgments |url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/11/29/justice-oguntade-decries-low-standard-of-court-judgments/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref><ref name="Vanguard2">{{cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Yemisi |date=18 April 2010 |title=Justice Oguntade Celebrates at 70 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/justice-oguntade-celebrates-at-70/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi George Oguntade a Epe, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya kammala karatunsa na asali. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Holborn a 1964 bayan ya yi karatun Shari'a kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya a 1965 kuma daga ƙarshe an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966.<ref name="nglaw2">{{cite news |title=JUSTICE GEORGE OGUNTADE, CFR, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT (RTD) |url=http://www.nglawdigestevents.com/speakers/justice-george-oguntada-cfr-retire-justice-of-the-supreme-court/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=Law Digest Events}}</ref>(((((((((<(George Oguntade was born in Epe, Lagos State where he completed his basic formal education. He graduated from Holborn College of Law in 1964 after studying Law before he proceeded to the Nigerian Law School in 1965 and was eventually called to the Nigerian Bar on January 15, == Ayyuka == Oguntade ya fara aikinsa na shari'a a matsayin magatakarda na kotu a Babban Kotun Shari'a, Ibadan kuma a watan Satumbar 1980 an nada shi Alkalin Babban Kotun Legas bayan ya shiga cikin ayyukan shari'a masu zaman kansu a Kotun Legasu na tsawon shekaru 14.[5 Tsakanin Satumba 1987 da Mayu 2004, George ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Alkalin Kotun Daukaka Kara da yawa a Najeriya har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Alkalin Koli na Kotun Najeriya a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2004.<ref name="nglaw3">{{cite news |title=JUSTICE GEORGE OGUNTADE, CFR, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT (RTD) |url=http://www.nglawdigestevents.com/speakers/justice-george-oguntada-cfr-retire-justice-of-the-supreme-court/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=Law Digest Events}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ojeifo |first=Sufuyan |date=3 March 2004 |title=Obasanjo forwards four nominees for RMAFC, Supreme Court justice to Senate |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/043.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328012202/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/043.html |archive-date=28 March 2013 |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=National News |publisher=Biafra Nigeria World}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ologbondiyan |first=Kola |date=3 March 2004 |title=Nigeria: S'Court: Obasanjo Presents Oguntade, Akinto to Senate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200403030141.html |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=[[Thisday|ThisDay Newspaper]] |publisher=allAfrica}}</ref> Bayan ya kai shekaru 70 da suka yi ritaya, George Oguntade ya yi ritaya daga Kotun Koli a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2010<ref>{{cite news |last=Abayomi |first=John |date=16 September 2015 |title=Ambode appoints governing councils for tertiary institutions |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/ambode-appoints-governing-councils-for-tertiary-institutions/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ukudolo |first=Emmanuel |date=17 September 2015 |title=Ambode Appoints Governing Council For LASU, Others |url=http://theunion.com.ng/news/ambode-appoints-governing-council-for-lasu-others/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415091127/http://theunion.com.ng/news/ambode-appoints-governing-council-for-lasu-others/ |archive-date=15 April 2016 |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=The Union}}</ref>a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2015, [[Akinwunmi Ambode]] ya nada George a matsayin Shugaba Majalisar Gudanarwa ta [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]]. George Oguntade ya ɗauki aikin Babban Kwamishinan Tarayyar Najeriya a Ƙasar Ingila a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2017. == Kyaututtuka da yabo == * [[Order of the Niger|Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] - 2010 * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Nigeria|Kwamandan Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] - 2010 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] q5vngh4coma57p860unixjb7nf8dbej 859709 859705 2026-06-17T22:48:37Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = George Oguntade | honorific_suffix = | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = George Adesola Oguntade | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|3|10}} | birth_place = [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[Holborn College|Holborn College of Law]] *[[Nigerian Law School]]}} | occupation = [[Jurist]], [[Diplomat]] | years_active = 1966 &ndash; 2010 | known_for = | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works" --> | spouse = Modupe Oguntade (2nd wife, no children together) <ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.ng/between-modupe-oguntade-and-sade-okoya/|title=Between Modupe Oguntade and Sade Okoya|work=[[Daily Times of Nigeria]]|last=Oni|first=Iyanu|date=3 April 2015|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref> | children =Abosede Snr, Abimbola, George Folu (SAN), Deola, Daniel, Yetunde, Abosede Jnr, Jide | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''George Adesola Oguntade''' (CFR, CON) (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1940), <ref name="Vanguard">{{cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Yemisi |date=18 April 2010 |title=Justice Oguntade Celebrates at 70 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/justice-oguntade-celebrates-at-70/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> lauya ne na Najeriya da ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] daga ranar 19 ga Mayu, shekara ta 2004 zuwa 10 ga Mayu, 2010 kuma ya kasance Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya a Ingila.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2013 |title=Justice Oguntade Decries Low Standard Of Court Judgments |url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/11/29/justice-oguntade-decries-low-standard-of-court-judgments/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref><ref name="Vanguard2">{{cite news |last=Suleiman |first=Yemisi |date=18 April 2010 |title=Justice Oguntade Celebrates at 70 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/justice-oguntade-celebrates-at-70/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi George Oguntade a Epe, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya kammala karatunsa na asali. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Holborn a 1964 bayan ya yi karatun Shari'a kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya a 1965 kuma daga ƙarshe an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966.<ref name="nglaw2">{{cite news |title=JUSTICE GEORGE OGUNTADE, CFR, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT (RTD) |url=http://www.nglawdigestevents.com/speakers/justice-george-oguntada-cfr-retire-justice-of-the-supreme-court/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=Law Digest Events}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Oguntade ya fara aikinsa na shari'a a matsayin magatakarda na kotu a Babban Kotun Shari'a, Ibadan kuma a watan Satumbar 1980 an nada shi Alkalin Babban Kotun Legas bayan ya shiga cikin ayyukan shari'a masu zaman kansu a Kotun Legasu na tsawon shekaru 14.[5 Tsakanin Satumba 1987 da Mayu 2004, George ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Alkalin Kotun Daukaka Kara da yawa a Najeriya har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Alkalin Koli na Kotun Najeriya a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2004.<ref name="nglaw3">{{cite news |title=JUSTICE GEORGE OGUNTADE, CFR, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT (RTD) |url=http://www.nglawdigestevents.com/speakers/justice-george-oguntada-cfr-retire-justice-of-the-supreme-court/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=Law Digest Events}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ojeifo |first=Sufuyan |date=3 March 2004 |title=Obasanjo forwards four nominees for RMAFC, Supreme Court justice to Senate |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/043.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328012202/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/043.html |archive-date=28 March 2013 |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=National News |publisher=Biafra Nigeria World}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ologbondiyan |first=Kola |date=3 March 2004 |title=Nigeria: S'Court: Obasanjo Presents Oguntade, Akinto to Senate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200403030141.html |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=[[Thisday|ThisDay Newspaper]] |publisher=allAfrica}}</ref> Bayan ya kai shekaru 70 da suka yi ritaya, George Oguntade ya yi ritaya daga Kotun Koli a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2010<ref>{{cite news |last=Abayomi |first=John |date=16 September 2015 |title=Ambode appoints governing councils for tertiary institutions |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/ambode-appoints-governing-councils-for-tertiary-institutions/ |accessdate=6 April 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ukudolo |first=Emmanuel |date=17 September 2015 |title=Ambode Appoints Governing Council For LASU, Others |url=http://theunion.com.ng/news/ambode-appoints-governing-council-for-lasu-others/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415091127/http://theunion.com.ng/news/ambode-appoints-governing-council-for-lasu-others/ |archive-date=15 April 2016 |accessdate=6 April 2016 |work=The Union}}</ref>a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2015, [[Akinwunmi Ambode]] ya nada George a matsayin Shugaba Majalisar Gudanarwa ta [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]]. George Oguntade ya ɗauki aikin Babban Kwamishinan Tarayyar Najeriya a Ƙasar Ingila a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2017. == Kyaututtuka da yabo == * [[Order of the Niger|Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] - 2010 * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Nigeria|Kwamandan Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] - 2010 == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] q2ozg08otlhd3sqa1crr0l8z4v2a7y2 Bob Anderson (baseball) 0 158323 859711 2026-06-17T22:49:22Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337324586|Bob Anderson (baseball)]]" 859711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Carl Anderson''' (29 ga Satumba, 1935 - 12 ga Maris, 2015) ya kasance ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] na ƙwallon baseball na Amurka kuma mai kunnawa na dama wanda ya bayyana a [[Games pitched|wasanni]] 24{{Convert|6|ft|4|in}} a Major League Baseball (MLB) tsakanin 1957 da 1963 ga [[Chicago Cubs]] da [[Detroit Tigers]] . An haife shi a [[East Chicago, Indiana|Gabashin Chicago, Indiana]], ya kammala karatu daga Hammond High School kuma ya halarci [[Michigan State University|Jami'ar Jihar Michigan]] da [[Western Michigan University|Jami'ar Yammacin Michigan]]. Ya tsaya 6 feet 4 tsawo kuma yana da nauyin 210 fam (95 yayin aikinsa. == Bayani game da aikinsa == Anderson ya sanya hannu tare da Chicago a shekara ta 1954 kuma ya kai ga Open-Classification Pacific Coast League a 1956 a matsayin memba na babbar [[Kungiyar noma|Ƙungiyar gona]] ta Cubs, Los Angeles Angels . Ya yi kyakkyawan yanayi a matsayin mai ba da agaji, yana aiki a wasanni 70 kuma ya lashe goma sha biyu, ga zakaran PCL Angels. A shekara mai zuwa, Cubs sun tuno da shi a tsakiyar shekara kuma ya shafe wasu sassan 1957 da 1958 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar bullpen na Cubs da kuma Farawa. A shekara ta 1959, ya sanya ma'aikatan Cubs har abada kuma ya zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci, ya buga rikodin 21-24 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa a cikin ayyuka 66, tare da wasanni 12 cikakke da kuma MLB kawai, nasarar 3-0 shida a kan Milwaukee Braves a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1959. A shekara ta 1961, ya koma matsayin bullpen, kuma ya sami karin ayyuka 19 kawai a kan sauran aikinsa na MLB. An sayar da shi zuwa Detroit bayan kakar 1962. Ya sake haɗuwa da Bob Scheffing, manajansa tare da PCL Angels da 1957-1959 Cubs, Anderson ya shiga wasanni 32 na 1963_Detroit_Tigers_season" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="1963 Detroit Tigers season">1963 Tigers kuma ya buga kakar wasa ta nasara kawai a cikin aikinsa, yayin da ya kama uku daga cikin yanke shawara huɗu. An yi amfani da shi tare da Rocky Colavito da $ 50,000 daga Tigers zuwa Kansas City Athletics ga Jerry Lumpe, Dave Wickersham da Ed Rakow a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1963. Bai shiga cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasa na 1964 ba kuma ya kwashe shekara a cikin ƙananan ƙwallon ƙafa kafin ya bar wasan. A lokacin aikinsa na MLB, ya lashe wasanni 36, ya rasa 46, kuma ya tara matsakaicin matsakaicin nasarar da ya samu na 4.26. An ba shi lambar yabo tare da wasanni 15 cikakke. A cikin 840 <small> </small> innings pitched, ya ba da izinin 858 hits da 319 bases a kan balls tare da 502 strikeouts. == Ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1959 == Anderson ya shiga cikin daya daga cikin wasannin da ba a saba gani ba kuma mafi ban mamaki a kowane lokaci a cikin tarihinsa mai tsawo, wanda ya faru a lokacin wasan da aka buga a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1959, a Filin Wrigley tsakanin Cubs da St. Louis Cardinals. Anderson yana jefawa kuma Stan Musial yana kan farantin tare da ƙididdigar 3-1. Fitarwar Anderson ta gaba ta yi kuskure, ta guje wa mai kama Sammy Taylor kuma ta mirgine har zuwa baya. Mai ba da izini na gida Vic Delmore ya kira kwallon hudu, duk da haka Anderson da Taylor sun yi jayayya da Musial ya yi kuskure a kwallon kuma saboda kwallon har yanzu yana wasa, kuma saboda Delmore yana cikin gardama tare da mai kamawa da mai jefa kwallo, Musial ya dauki shi a kansa don gwadawa don tushe na biyu. Ganin cewa Musial yana karya na biyu, dan wasan Cubs na uku Alvin Dark ya gudu zuwa baya don dawo da kwallon, duk da haka wannan kwallon ya shiga hannun mai ba da labari Pat Pieper, amma Dark ya ƙare ya dawo da shi. Duk da haka, ba tare da tunani ba, Delmore ya fitar da sabon kwallon kuma ya ba Taylor. Anderson a ƙarshe ya lura cewa Musial yana ƙoƙarin zama na biyu, ya ɗauki sabon kwallon, kuma ya jefa shi ga dan wasan na biyu Tony Taylor inda Anderson ya tashi sama da kan Tony Taylor zuwa tsakiyar filin. Dark, a lokaci guda da Anderson ya jefa sabon kwallon, ya jefa kwallon na asali ga ɗan gajeren lokaci Ernie Banks. Musial, duk da haka, bai ga yadda Dark ya jefa ba kuma kawai ya lura da kwallon Anderson ya tashi a kan shugaban dan wasan na biyu sannan ya yi ƙoƙari ya je tushe na uku, duk da kasta, a kan hanyarsa a can, Banks ya sanya masa alama, kuma bayan jinkiri an cire shi. Abin mamaki, a cikin lissafin karshe, wannan wasan da ya fi ban mamaki kuma ya bambanta bai yi bambanci ba a sakamakon, nasara 4-1 ga Cardinals masu ziyara. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 4o989zivmknn6zm29z0bvkj95keid5x 859719 859711 2026-06-17T23:35:01Z Sadiq maikano 45961 859719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Carl Anderson''' (29 ga Satumba, 1935 - 12 ga Maris, 2015) ya kasance ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] na ƙwallon baseball na Amurka kuma mai kunnawa na dama wanda ya bayyana a [[Games pitched|wasanni]] 24{{Convert|6|ft|4|in}} a Major League Baseball (MLB) tsakanin 1957 da 1963 ga [[Chicago Cubs]] da [[Detroit Tigers]] . An haife shi a [[East Chicago, Indiana|Gabashin Chicago, Indiana]], ya kammala karatu daga Hammond High School kuma ya halarci [[Michigan State University|Jami'ar Jihar Michigan]] da [[Western Michigan University|Jami'ar Yammacin Michigan]]. Ya tsaya 6 feet 4 tsawo kuma yana da nauyin 210 fam (95 yayin aikinsa. == Bayani game da aikinsa == Anderson ya sanya hannu tare da Chicago a shekara ta 1954 kuma ya kai ga Open-Classification Pacific Coast League a 1956 a matsayin memba na babbar [[Kungiyar noma|Ƙungiyar gona]] ta Cubs, Los Angeles Angels . Ya yi kyakkyawan yanayi a matsayin mai ba da agaji, yana aiki a wasanni 70 kuma ya lashe goma sha biyu, ga zakaran PCL Angels. A shekara mai zuwa, Cubs sun tuno da shi a tsakiyar shekara kuma ya shafe wasu sassan 1957 da 1958 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar bullpen na Cubs da kuma Farawa. A shekara ta 1959, ya sanya ma'aikatan Cubs har abada kuma ya zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci, ya buga rikodin 21-24 a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa a cikin ayyuka 66, tare da wasanni 12 cikakke da kuma MLB kawai, nasarar 3-0 shida a kan Milwaukee Braves a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1959. A shekara ta 1961, ya koma matsayin bullpen, kuma ya sami karin ayyuka 19 kawai a kan sauran aikinsa na MLB. An sayar da shi zuwa Detroit bayan kakar 1962. Ya sake haɗuwa da Bob Scheffing, manajansa tare da PCL Angels da 1957-1959 Cubs, Anderson ya shiga wasanni 32 na 1963_Detroit_Tigers_season" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="1963 Detroit Tigers season">1963 Tigers kuma ya buga kakar wasa ta nasara kawai a cikin aikinsa, yayin da ya kama uku daga cikin yanke shawara huɗu. An yi amfani da shi tare da Rocky Colavito da $ 50,000 daga Tigers zuwa Kansas City Athletics ga Jerry Lumpe, Dave Wickersham da Ed Rakow a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1963. Bai shiga cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasa na 1964 ba kuma ya kwashe shekara a cikin ƙananan ƙwallon ƙafa kafin ya bar wasan. A lokacin aikinsa na MLB, ya lashe wasanni 36, ya rasa 46, kuma ya tara matsakaicin matsakaicin nasarar da ya samu na 4.26. An ba shi lambar yabo tare da wasanni 15 cikakke. A cikin 840 <small> </small> innings pitched, ya ba da izinin 858 hits da 319 bases a kan balls tare da 502 strikeouts. == Ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1959 == Anderson ya shiga cikin daya daga cikin wasannin da ba a saba gani ba kuma mafi ban mamaki a kowane lokaci a cikin tarihinsa mai tsawo, wanda ya faru a lokacin wasan da aka buga a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1959, a Filin Wrigley tsakanin Cubs da St. Louis Cardinals. Anderson yana jefawa kuma Stan Musial yana kan farantin tare da ƙididdigar 3-1. Fitarwar Anderson ta gaba ta yi kuskure, ta guje wa mai kama Sammy Taylor kuma ta mirgine har zuwa baya. Mai ba da izini na gida Vic Delmore ya kira kwallon hudu, duk da haka Anderson da Taylor sun yi jayayya da Musial ya yi kuskure a kwallon kuma saboda kwallon har yanzu yana wasa, kuma saboda Delmore yana cikin gardama tare da mai kamawa da mai jefa kwallo, Musial ya dauki shi a kansa don gwadawa don tushe na biyu. Ganin cewa Musial yana karya na biyu, dan wasan Cubs na uku Alvin Dark ya gudu zuwa baya don dawo da kwallon, duk da haka wannan kwallon ya shiga hannun mai ba da labari Pat Pieper, amma Dark ya ƙare ya dawo da shi. Duk da haka, ba tare da tunani ba, Delmore ya fitar da sabon kwallon kuma ya ba Taylor. Anderson a ƙarshe ya lura cewa Musial yana ƙoƙarin zama na biyu, ya ɗauki sabon kwallon, kuma ya jefa shi ga dan wasan na biyu Tony Taylor inda Anderson ya tashi sama da kan Tony Taylor zuwa tsakiyar filin. Dark, a lokaci guda da Anderson ya jefa sabon kwallon, ya jefa kwallon na asali ga ɗan gajeren lokaci Ernie Banks. Musial, duk da haka, bai ga yadda Dark ya jefa ba kuma kawai ya lura da kwallon Anderson ya tashi a kan shugaban dan wasan na biyu sannan ya yi ƙoƙari ya je tushe na uku, duk da kasta, a kan hanyarsa a can, Banks ya sanya masa alama, kuma bayan jinkiri an cire shi. Abin mamaki, a cikin lissafin karshe, wannan wasan da ya fi ban mamaki kuma ya bambanta bai yi bambanci ba a sakamakon, nasara 4-1 ga Cardinals masu ziyara. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 1k7q7iz8qjawfruhk2gxit5nu1xczlz Ibrahim A. Omoson 0 158324 859712 2026-06-17T22:53:03Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1179717037|Ibrahim A. Omoson]]" 859712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibrahim A. Omoson''' ya kasance Babban Alkalin Gambiya daga 1992 har zuwa 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hl1fVU2MPUC&pg=PA44|title=The Constitutional Law of the Gambia: 1965 - 2010|last=Jammeh|first=Ousman A. S.|date=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467007405|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WahZAAAAQBAJ&dq=Omoson&pg=PT598|title=Journey for Justice|last=Jallow|first=Hassan B.|date=2012-10-19|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477223468|language=en}}</ref>Omar H. Aghali ne ya gaje shi a shekarar 1995.(((Ibrahim A. Omoson was the Chief Justice of Gambia from 1992 until 1995.[1][2] He was succeeded by Omar H. Aghali in 1995. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dhfhv8tvjp3i9m1d3wonglw7gqkbgea 859713 859712 2026-06-17T22:55:02Z Ummu Ilham 45024 859713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibrahim A. Omoson''' ya kasance Babban Alkalin Gambiya daga 1992 har zuwa 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hl1fVU2MPUC&pg=PA44|title=The Constitutional Law of the Gambia: 1965 - 2010|last=Jammeh|first=Ousman A. S.|date=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467007405|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WahZAAAAQBAJ&dq=Omoson&pg=PT598|title=Journey for Justice|last=Jallow|first=Hassan B.|date=2012-10-19|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477223468|language=en}}</ref>Omar H. Aghali ne ya gaje shi a shekarar 1995. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l1xcwnm0siq06xs9gk2kxg35axabas7 Sauran Rabin (fim na 2016) 0 158325 859745 2026-06-18T06:19:57Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339097769|The Other Half (2016 film)]]" 859745 wikitext text/x-wiki The Other Half fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Kanada na 2016, wanda Joey Klein ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen, Henry Czerny, da Suzanne Clement. Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 12 ga Maris 2016. <ref name="SXSW">{{Cite web |title=The Other Half |url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_FS19474 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=SXSW Schedule |publisher=[[South by Southwest]]}}</ref> == Premise == A bipolar woman and grief-stricken man struggle to live a simple life. == Cast == * Tatiana Maslany as Emily * Tom Cullen as Nickie * Henry Czerny as Jacob * Suzanne Clément as Marie * Mark Rendall as Sammy * Diana Bentley as Kristin * Deragh Campbell as Anna * Nancy Palk as Katherine * Kaleb Alexander as Johnny * Zachary Hillard-Forde as Tommy * Emmanuel Kabongo as Officer James == Production == In July 2015, it was revealed that Joey Klein would write and direct the film, with Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen, Suzanne Clément, Deragh Campbell, and Mark Rendall starring in the film.<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=21 April 2015 |title=Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen to Star in Indie 'The Other Half' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tatiana-maslany-tom-cullen-star-790448 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}</ref> == Release == The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on 12 March 2016.<ref name="SXSW">{{Cite web |title=The Other Half |url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_FS19474 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=SXSW Schedule |publisher=[[South by Southwest]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_FS19474 "The Other Half"]. ''SXSW Schedule''. [[South by Southwest]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2 February 2016 |title=SXSW Unveils Lineup With James Caan, Ethan Hawke, Keegan-Michael Key Movies |url=https://www.variety.com/2016/film/news/sxsw-movie-lineup-james-caan-ethan-hawke-keegan-michael-key-1201694252/ |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]}}</ref> Mongrel Media distributed the film in Canada, releasing it on 2 December 2016.<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=21 April 2015 |title=Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen to Star in Indie 'The Other Half' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tatiana-maslany-tom-cullen-star-790448 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVlessing2015">Vlessing, Etan (21 April 2015). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tatiana-maslany-tom-cullen-star-790448 "Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen to Star in Indie 'The Other Half'"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''. [[Prometheus Global Media]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Reception == The film received mostly positive critical reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 78% of 18 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.9/10.[4] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 60 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.[5] The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said that the film is "a granular depiction of trauma, illness and protectiveness disguised as a love story and guided by a pair of intense portrayals", and that, "as it plays out, it’s only a hard road for these swept-up, damaged lovers, whom Klein and his actors treat with blessedly non-exploitative honesty."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abele |first=Robert |date=9 March 2017 |title=Tatiana Maslany and Tom Cullen illuminate the shadowed intimacy of 'The Other Half' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-other-half-review-20170309-story.html |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> ''Variety'' wrote, "What might have seemed pro forma on paper overcomes its occasionally studied stylistic tics to become a troubled, anguished love story that neither exaggerates nor soft-pedals the demons on display."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=12 March 2016 |title=Film Review: 'The Other Half' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/the-other-half-review-sxsw-1201728804/ |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]}}</ref> The ''Toronto Star'' praised Klein, saying that he "creates a mood of tension, foreboding and sombre reflection through occasional moments of slo-mo and camera work that blurs reality. His literate script offers no easy resolution, only the faint hope that love can rescue two lost souls."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Peter |last2=Demara |first2=Bruce |date=1 December 2016 |title=Reel Brief: Mini reviews of Things to Come, The Other Half and Lovesick, plus The Secret Life of Pets and Jason Bourne on DVD |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2016/12/01/reel-brief-mini-reviews-of-things-to-come-the-other-half-and-lovesick-plus-the-secret-life-of-pets-and-jason-bourne-on-dvd.html |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Toronto Star|The Star]] |publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers}}</ref> == Manazarta == pq63iu590ie7mzgki8458sufvysodoq 859746 859745 2026-06-18T06:20:56Z D son203 45710 859746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Other Half fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Kanada na 2016, wanda Joey Klein ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen, Henry Czerny, da Suzanne Clement. Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 12 ga Maris 2016. <ref name="SXSW">{{Cite web |title=The Other Half |url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_FS19474 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=SXSW Schedule |publisher=[[South by Southwest]]}}</ref> == Premise == A bipolar woman and grief-stricken man struggle to live a simple life. == Cast == * Tatiana Maslany as Emily * Tom Cullen as Nickie * Henry Czerny as Jacob * Suzanne Clément as Marie * Mark Rendall as Sammy * Diana Bentley as Kristin * Deragh Campbell as Anna * Nancy Palk as Katherine * Kaleb Alexander as Johnny * Zachary Hillard-Forde as Tommy * Emmanuel Kabongo as Officer James == Production == In July 2015, it was revealed that Joey Klein would write and direct the film, with Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen, Suzanne Clément, Deragh Campbell, and Mark Rendall starring in the film.<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=21 April 2015 |title=Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen to Star in Indie 'The Other Half' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tatiana-maslany-tom-cullen-star-790448 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}</ref> == Release == The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on 12 March 2016.<ref name="SXSW">{{Cite web |title=The Other Half |url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_FS19474 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=SXSW Schedule |publisher=[[South by Southwest]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_FS19474 "The Other Half"]. ''SXSW Schedule''. [[South by Southwest]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2 February 2016 |title=SXSW Unveils Lineup With James Caan, Ethan Hawke, Keegan-Michael Key Movies |url=https://www.variety.com/2016/film/news/sxsw-movie-lineup-james-caan-ethan-hawke-keegan-michael-key-1201694252/ |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]}}</ref> Mongrel Media distributed the film in Canada, releasing it on 2 December 2016.<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=21 April 2015 |title=Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen to Star in Indie 'The Other Half' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tatiana-maslany-tom-cullen-star-790448 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVlessing2015">Vlessing, Etan (21 April 2015). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tatiana-maslany-tom-cullen-star-790448 "Tatiana Maslany, Tom Cullen to Star in Indie 'The Other Half'"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''. [[Prometheus Global Media]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Reception == The film received mostly positive critical reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 78% of 18 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.9/10.[4] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 60 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.[5] The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said that the film is "a granular depiction of trauma, illness and protectiveness disguised as a love story and guided by a pair of intense portrayals", and that, "as it plays out, it’s only a hard road for these swept-up, damaged lovers, whom Klein and his actors treat with blessedly non-exploitative honesty."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abele |first=Robert |date=9 March 2017 |title=Tatiana Maslany and Tom Cullen illuminate the shadowed intimacy of 'The Other Half' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-other-half-review-20170309-story.html |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> ''Variety'' wrote, "What might have seemed pro forma on paper overcomes its occasionally studied stylistic tics to become a troubled, anguished love story that neither exaggerates nor soft-pedals the demons on display."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=12 March 2016 |title=Film Review: 'The Other Half' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/the-other-half-review-sxsw-1201728804/ |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]}}</ref> The ''Toronto Star'' praised Klein, saying that he "creates a mood of tension, foreboding and sombre reflection through occasional moments of slo-mo and camera work that blurs reality. His literate script offers no easy resolution, only the faint hope that love can rescue two lost souls."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Peter |last2=Demara |first2=Bruce |date=1 December 2016 |title=Reel Brief: Mini reviews of Things to Come, The Other Half and Lovesick, plus The Secret Life of Pets and Jason Bourne on DVD |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2016/12/01/reel-brief-mini-reviews-of-things-to-come-the-other-half-and-lovesick-plus-the-secret-life-of-pets-and-jason-bourne-on-dvd.html |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Toronto Star|The Star]] |publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers}}</ref> == Manazarta == dzrm1r32nnbfcvblke0et73nlq0mn2h Carol Senf 0 158326 859747 2026-06-18T06:22:33Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271082976|Carol Senf]]" 859747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carol A. Senf''' is professor and associate chair in the School of Literature, Media, and Communication at the Georgia Institute of Technology. With four books, two critical editions, one edited essay collection, and various critical essays, she is a recognized expert on the biography and works of Irish author Bram Stoker. She received the Lord Ruthven Award in 1999. == Education == Senf was educated at Miami University (B.S. English/Education; M.A. English) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (PhD, 1979). Her PhD thesis, written under the direction of John Dings, was entitled ''Daughters of Lilith: An Analysis of the Vampire in Nineteenth-Century English Literature''. == Career == Bayan shekara guda a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Furman (1980-1981), Senf ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia a 1981, inda koyarwarta da kuma karatun ta mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen Victorian da al'adu, Gothic, nazarin jinsi, Nazarin mata, da nazarin Holocaust. A shekara ta 1999 ta sami lambar yabo ta Ubangiji Ruthven don mafi kyawun ba fiction ba don Dracula: Tsakanin Hadisi da Modernism . A cikin 2012 ta gabatar da babban jawabin, "Bram Stoker: Ireland and Beyond", a taron Bram Stoker Centenary Conference 2012: Bram Stoke: Life and Writing, wanda aka gudanar a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin. == Selected works == * ''Bram Stoker''. University of Wales Press, 2012. * ''Bram Stoker’s The Mystery of the Sea: An Annotated Edition'', Valancourt Books, 2007. * ''Bram Stoker’s Lady Athlyne: An Annotated Edition'', Desert Island Books Ltd., 2007. * “Teaching the Gothic and the Scientific Context”, in: ''Approaches to Teaching Gothic Fiction: The British and American Traditions'', eds. Diane Long Hoeveler and Tamar Heller. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2003, 83–89. * ''Science and Social Science in Bram Stoker’s Fiction''. Greenwood, 2002. * ''Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism''. Twayne, 1998. * ''Bram Stoker. A Reader's Companion''. Twayne, 1998. * ''A Critical Response to Bram Stoker'', edited by Senf. Greenwood, 1993. * ''The Vampire in Nineteenth-Century British Fiction'', Bowling Green, OH: The Popular Press (1988). * “Dracula: Stoker’s Response to the New Woman”. ''Victorian Studies'', 26 (1982): 33–49. * “Dracula: The Unseen Face in the Mirror”. ''Journal of Narrative Technique'', 9 (1979): 160–70. * "Why We Need the Gothic in a Technological World", in ''Humanistic Perspectives in a Technological World'', ed. Richard Utz, Valerie B. Johnson, and Travis Denton (Atlanta: School of Literature, Media, and Communication, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014), pp.&nbsp;31–3. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 14fqeznedqqbct8wsjm0gy43zhy6087 859748 859747 2026-06-18T06:23:01Z D son203 45710 859748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol A. Senf''' is professor and associate chair in the School of Literature, Media, and Communication at the Georgia Institute of Technology. With four books, two critical editions, one edited essay collection, and various critical essays, she is a recognized expert on the biography and works of Irish author Bram Stoker. She received the Lord Ruthven Award in 1999. == Education == Senf was educated at Miami University (B.S. English/Education; M.A. English) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (PhD, 1979). Her PhD thesis, written under the direction of John Dings, was entitled ''Daughters of Lilith: An Analysis of the Vampire in Nineteenth-Century English Literature''. == Career == Bayan shekara guda a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Furman (1980-1981), Senf ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia a 1981, inda koyarwarta da kuma karatun ta mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen Victorian da al'adu, Gothic, nazarin jinsi, Nazarin mata, da nazarin Holocaust. A shekara ta 1999 ta sami lambar yabo ta Ubangiji Ruthven don mafi kyawun ba fiction ba don Dracula: Tsakanin Hadisi da Modernism . A cikin 2012 ta gabatar da babban jawabin, "Bram Stoker: Ireland and Beyond", a taron Bram Stoker Centenary Conference 2012: Bram Stoke: Life and Writing, wanda aka gudanar a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin. == Selected works == * ''Bram Stoker''. University of Wales Press, 2012. * ''Bram Stoker’s The Mystery of the Sea: An Annotated Edition'', Valancourt Books, 2007. * ''Bram Stoker’s Lady Athlyne: An Annotated Edition'', Desert Island Books Ltd., 2007. * “Teaching the Gothic and the Scientific Context”, in: ''Approaches to Teaching Gothic Fiction: The British and American Traditions'', eds. Diane Long Hoeveler and Tamar Heller. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2003, 83–89. * ''Science and Social Science in Bram Stoker’s Fiction''. Greenwood, 2002. * ''Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism''. Twayne, 1998. * ''Bram Stoker. A Reader's Companion''. Twayne, 1998. * ''A Critical Response to Bram Stoker'', edited by Senf. Greenwood, 1993. * ''The Vampire in Nineteenth-Century British Fiction'', Bowling Green, OH: The Popular Press (1988). * “Dracula: Stoker’s Response to the New Woman”. ''Victorian Studies'', 26 (1982): 33–49. * “Dracula: The Unseen Face in the Mirror”. ''Journal of Narrative Technique'', 9 (1979): 160–70. * "Why We Need the Gothic in a Technological World", in ''Humanistic Perspectives in a Technological World'', ed. Richard Utz, Valerie B. Johnson, and Travis Denton (Atlanta: School of Literature, Media, and Communication, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014), pp.&nbsp;31–3. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cx8y9b9db441n5axiogetqzll6qghgl Tashar Tarihi ta godiya 0 158327 859751 2026-06-18T06:25:34Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335095822|A History Channel Thanksgiving]]" 859751 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-tv-episode vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |"'''A History Channel Thanksgiving'''" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nowrap" |''[[South Park]]'' episode |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Episode <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">no.</abbr> | class="infobox-data" |Season&nbsp;15<br /><br />Episode 13 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Directed by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |[[Trey Parker]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |Trey Parker |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Production code | class="infobox-data plainlist" |1513 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Original air date | class="infobox-data plainlist" |November&nbsp;9,&nbsp;2011<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-11-09</span>)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header noprint summary" |Episode chronology |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="width: 100%; display: inline-table;" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;" |←&nbsp;'''Previous'''<br /><br />"[[1% (South Park)|1%]]" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;" |'''Next'''&nbsp;→<br /><br />"[[The Poor Kid]]" |} |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[South Park season 15|''South Park'' season 15]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" |[[List of South Park episodes|List of episodes]] |} "A History Channel Thanksgiving" shi ne karo na goma sha uku na kakar wasa ta goma sha biyar na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] South Park, da kuma karo na 222 gaba ɗaya. An fara watsa shi a Comedy Central a Amurka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2011. A cikin labarin, yaran ba zato ba tsammani sun gano ainihin asalin godiya bayan kallon wani shirin Tarihin Tarihi da ke zargin cewa baƙi sun kasance a bikin girbi na asali a 1621. Ya yi la'akari da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Ancient Aliens, fim din 2011 ''Thor'' da kwalejojin riba. The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA L in the United States. == Plot == After a lecture from 1/16th Cherokee Indian David "Running Horse" Sawitski, the boys are assigned to write a report on the history of Thanksgiving. Eric Cartman is displeased with the assignment, and suggests the group watch the History Channel for research. The show Ancient Aliens suggests the first Thanksgiving in 1621 was influenced by the presence of extraterrestrials. Despite Kyle's outrage at the program's arguments, he is outvoted as the boys believe the narrative would be more entertaining as a source for their report. After turning in their reports, agents from the History Channel demand the boys tell them where they got their information on aliens, which matches History's own information. When the boys explain they derived their knowledge from that program, the head agent sees this "coincidence" as validation of History's theories, and shows the boys' testimonials on a subsequent program, crediting Stan as a "History Expert", and Kyle as a "Professor of Thanksgiving—DeVry Institute", despite the fact that Kyle angrily asserts that he believes the idea is inconceivable. This incurs the wrath of Sawitski, who, angered at the proliferation of falsehoods about Native American history, shows up at Kyle's house and holds him, Stan and Kenny at gunpoint. Captain Standish of Plymouth, a planet in Canis Major whose inhabitants resemble colonial era American Pilgrims, falls to Earth. On Plymouth, the Pilgrim leader rallies his people, saying that their enemies, the Indians, have raided their stuffing mines, which leads to a stuffing shortage on Earth that causes Cartman to panic. Standish shows up at Kyle's house, kills Sawitski, and asks Kyle for help returning to his planet. After [[Natalie Portman]] drives them to a wooded area, Standish shows Kyle a map of five planets: [[Duniya|Earth]], Plymouth, Indi, Colthenheim and Green Lantern World, which are connected by wormholes that, on the map, resemble the hand-traced drawings of turkeys made by schoolchildren. Standish explains that his people and their enemies were indeed responsible for the first Thanksgiving, and warns Kyle that because the 300-year treaty between Plymouth and Indi has ended, the Indians will plunder the Plymouth stuffing mines. Agents from the History Channel appear, and when they tell Standish that they failed to open the wormhole to Plymouth by drawing the turkey symbol at Plymouth Rock, Standish informs them that they need Natalie Portman, who is the Keeper of the Portal. After being wined and dined by Kyle, Portman "opens her wormhole", sending Standish back to Plymouth, where he vanquishes the Indians. Back on Earth, Standish's campaign against the Indians is related in another History TV special, which also adds the new theory that the first Thanksgiving was haunted, much to Kyle's outrage. == Production and cultural references == In the creator commentary for the episode, Trey Parker and Matt Stone said that this was the first idea they came up with for the season and intended to save it for the last episode. However as they struggled to come up with other ideas and planned to make the Thanksgiving special two-parts before abandoning the idea. Captain Standish, when talking to Kyle, says "he who controls the stuffing controls the universe." This is a reference to a line from [[David Lynch]]'s 1984 movie, ''Dune'', "he who controls the spice controls the universe." == Reception == The episode received mixed to positive reviews. Ryan McGhee of ''The A.V. Club'' graded the episode a "B", stating: "Tonight's South Park spent absolutely no time dwelling on the events of last week, favoring instead an attack on The History Channel, apophenia, and [[Natalie Portman]]. When people think back on this season, this won't be an episode that will immediately spring to mind by any stretch. But as far as silly episodes written and drawn by people who have seen a lot of ''Thor'' recently, this wasn't bad."<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Ryan |date=November 9, 2011 |title=South Park: "A History Channel Thanksgiving" |url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-a-history-channel-thanksgiving-1798170398 |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> Ramsey Isler of IGN gave the episode a 7.5 out of 10, stating: "The story wasted no time getting into its parody of the so-called 'history' channel. The aim is placed squarely on ''Ancient Aliens'' specifically, and the direction is nicely done. The tone of the parody shifts as the episode turns into an odd sort of spoof/homage of the ''Thor'' movie. We've got the Native Americans as the Ice Giants and the Pilgrims as the Asgardians, and Natalie Portman tacked on for seemingly no real purpose. Overall it's still an entertaining watch, but if it had more focus it could have been something really special."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isler |first=Ramsey |date=November 10, 2011 |title=South Park: "A History Channel Thanksgiving" Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/11/10/south-park-a-history-channel-thanksgiving-review |access-date=March 12, 2022 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Johnny Firecloud of CraveOnline (now Mandatory) gave the episode a 5 out of 10, opining that it was not funny, likening the episode to "an acid trip laced with way too much strychnine". Firecloud sympathized with those who feel that the series is "an overloaded mess", and thought this episode a rationale for possible series cancellation. Erik Kain of ''Forbes'' praised the episode's jabs at for-profit colleges DeVry and the University of Phoenix. == Manazarta == 8agas964esqeju33ipu7udenexcu07o 859752 859751 2026-06-18T06:25:59Z D son203 45710 859752 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-tv-episode vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |"'''A History Channel Thanksgiving'''" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nowrap" |''[[South Park]]'' episode |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Episode <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">no.</abbr> | class="infobox-data" |Season&nbsp;15<br /><br />Episode 13 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Directed by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |[[Trey Parker]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |Trey Parker |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Production code | class="infobox-data plainlist" |1513 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Original air date | class="infobox-data plainlist" |November&nbsp;9,&nbsp;2011<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-11-09</span>)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header noprint summary" |Episode chronology |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="width: 100%; display: inline-table;" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;" |←&nbsp;'''Previous'''<br /><br />"[[1% (South Park)|1%]]" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;" |'''Next'''&nbsp;→<br /><br />"[[The Poor Kid]]" |} |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[South Park season 15|''South Park'' season 15]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" |[[List of South Park episodes|List of episodes]] |} {{Databox}} "A History Channel Thanksgiving" shi ne karo na goma sha uku na kakar wasa ta goma sha biyar na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] South Park, da kuma karo na 222 gaba ɗaya. An fara watsa shi a Comedy Central a Amurka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2011. A cikin labarin, yaran ba zato ba tsammani sun gano ainihin asalin godiya bayan kallon wani shirin Tarihin Tarihi da ke zargin cewa baƙi sun kasance a bikin girbi na asali a 1621. Ya yi la'akari da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Ancient Aliens, fim din 2011 ''Thor'' da kwalejojin riba. The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA L in the United States. == Plot == After a lecture from 1/16th Cherokee Indian David "Running Horse" Sawitski, the boys are assigned to write a report on the history of Thanksgiving. Eric Cartman is displeased with the assignment, and suggests the group watch the History Channel for research. The show Ancient Aliens suggests the first Thanksgiving in 1621 was influenced by the presence of extraterrestrials. Despite Kyle's outrage at the program's arguments, he is outvoted as the boys believe the narrative would be more entertaining as a source for their report. After turning in their reports, agents from the History Channel demand the boys tell them where they got their information on aliens, which matches History's own information. When the boys explain they derived their knowledge from that program, the head agent sees this "coincidence" as validation of History's theories, and shows the boys' testimonials on a subsequent program, crediting Stan as a "History Expert", and Kyle as a "Professor of Thanksgiving—DeVry Institute", despite the fact that Kyle angrily asserts that he believes the idea is inconceivable. This incurs the wrath of Sawitski, who, angered at the proliferation of falsehoods about Native American history, shows up at Kyle's house and holds him, Stan and Kenny at gunpoint. Captain Standish of Plymouth, a planet in Canis Major whose inhabitants resemble colonial era American Pilgrims, falls to Earth. On Plymouth, the Pilgrim leader rallies his people, saying that their enemies, the Indians, have raided their stuffing mines, which leads to a stuffing shortage on Earth that causes Cartman to panic. Standish shows up at Kyle's house, kills Sawitski, and asks Kyle for help returning to his planet. After [[Natalie Portman]] drives them to a wooded area, Standish shows Kyle a map of five planets: [[Duniya|Earth]], Plymouth, Indi, Colthenheim and Green Lantern World, which are connected by wormholes that, on the map, resemble the hand-traced drawings of turkeys made by schoolchildren. Standish explains that his people and their enemies were indeed responsible for the first Thanksgiving, and warns Kyle that because the 300-year treaty between Plymouth and Indi has ended, the Indians will plunder the Plymouth stuffing mines. Agents from the History Channel appear, and when they tell Standish that they failed to open the wormhole to Plymouth by drawing the turkey symbol at Plymouth Rock, Standish informs them that they need Natalie Portman, who is the Keeper of the Portal. After being wined and dined by Kyle, Portman "opens her wormhole", sending Standish back to Plymouth, where he vanquishes the Indians. Back on Earth, Standish's campaign against the Indians is related in another History TV special, which also adds the new theory that the first Thanksgiving was haunted, much to Kyle's outrage. == Production and cultural references == In the creator commentary for the episode, Trey Parker and Matt Stone said that this was the first idea they came up with for the season and intended to save it for the last episode. However as they struggled to come up with other ideas and planned to make the Thanksgiving special two-parts before abandoning the idea. Captain Standish, when talking to Kyle, says "he who controls the stuffing controls the universe." This is a reference to a line from [[David Lynch]]'s 1984 movie, ''Dune'', "he who controls the spice controls the universe." == Reception == The episode received mixed to positive reviews. Ryan McGhee of ''The A.V. Club'' graded the episode a "B", stating: "Tonight's South Park spent absolutely no time dwelling on the events of last week, favoring instead an attack on The History Channel, apophenia, and [[Natalie Portman]]. When people think back on this season, this won't be an episode that will immediately spring to mind by any stretch. But as far as silly episodes written and drawn by people who have seen a lot of ''Thor'' recently, this wasn't bad."<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Ryan |date=November 9, 2011 |title=South Park: "A History Channel Thanksgiving" |url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-a-history-channel-thanksgiving-1798170398 |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> Ramsey Isler of IGN gave the episode a 7.5 out of 10, stating: "The story wasted no time getting into its parody of the so-called 'history' channel. The aim is placed squarely on ''Ancient Aliens'' specifically, and the direction is nicely done. The tone of the parody shifts as the episode turns into an odd sort of spoof/homage of the ''Thor'' movie. We've got the Native Americans as the Ice Giants and the Pilgrims as the Asgardians, and Natalie Portman tacked on for seemingly no real purpose. Overall it's still an entertaining watch, but if it had more focus it could have been something really special."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isler |first=Ramsey |date=November 10, 2011 |title=South Park: "A History Channel Thanksgiving" Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/11/10/south-park-a-history-channel-thanksgiving-review |access-date=March 12, 2022 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Johnny Firecloud of CraveOnline (now Mandatory) gave the episode a 5 out of 10, opining that it was not funny, likening the episode to "an acid trip laced with way too much strychnine". Firecloud sympathized with those who feel that the series is "an overloaded mess", and thought this episode a rationale for possible series cancellation. Erik Kain of ''Forbes'' praised the episode's jabs at for-profit colleges DeVry and the University of Phoenix. == Manazarta == b23luuuw8mrn1lsgkwvdxfnhklmfwbg Masu tsaro na Montana 0 158328 859753 2026-06-18T06:32:12Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343321771|Montana Vigilantes]]" 859753 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin adalci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da [[Montana]] Vigilantes ya fara ne a 1863 a cikin abin da ke cikin wani yanki mai nisa na gabashin Idaho. Ayyukan masu tsaro sun ci gaba, kodayake a wasu lokuta, ta hanyar Yankin Montana har sai yankin ya zama jihar Montana a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1889. Tsaro ya tashi ne saboda tilasta bin doka ta yanki da kotuna ba su da iko sosai a sansanonin hakar ma'adinai masu nisa a lokacin yankin.manazarta In 1863–1864, Montana Vigilantes followed the model of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance that existed in 1850s [[California]] to bring order to lawless communities in and around the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek. There are estimates that over 100 persons were killed in "road agent" robberies in the fall of 1863. The Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch organized in December 1863, and in the first six weeks of 1864 at least 20 road agents of the infamous Plummer gang, known as the "Innocents", were captured and hanged by the organization. Formal territorial law reached Alder Gulch in late 1864 with the arrival of Territorial Judge Hezekiah L. Hosmer and vigilante activity ceased in the region. As the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek declined in 1865, prospectors and fortune seekers migrated to newly discovered areas in and around Last Chance Gulch (now Helena, Montana). As lawlessness increased, vigilante justice continued there with the formation of the Committee of Safety in 1865. During the period 1865–1870, at least 14 alleged criminals were executed by Helena's vigilantes. In 1884, ranchers in Central and Eastern Montana resorted to vigilante justice to deal with cattle rustlers and horse thieves. The best-known vigilante group in that area was "Stuart's Stranglers", organized by Granville Stuart in the Musselshell region. As formal law enforcement became more prevalent in the region, vigilantism fell into decline. Vigilantism in pre-territorial and territorial Montana has been written about, romanticized and chronicled in personal memoirs, biographies, documentary and scholarly works, film and fiction for well over a century. The first book published in Montana was Thomas J. Dimsdale's 1866 first edition of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'', which was compiled from a series of newspaper articles he wrote for the ''Montana Post'' in 1865. Historical analysis of the period ranges from disrepute to heroism, with debates over whether the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time meant the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities or if modern standards of due process should govern analysis of their actions. == Bannack and Virginia City == [[Fayil:Bannack_-_overview.jpg|alt=Image of Montana ghost town|right|thumb|200x200px|Bannack, Montana (2005)]] On July 28, 1862, gold was discovered along Grasshopper Creek, a tributary of the Beaverhead River, in a remote part of eastern Idaho Territory, leading to the establishment of the town of Bannack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Briggeman |first=Kim |date=2012-07-28 |title=1st gold strike in territory that became Montana was 150 years ago |url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/st-gold-strike-in-territory-that-became-montana-was-years/article_8789efd4-d927-11e1-a4d1-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=[[Missoulian]]}}</ref> Bannack was a gold rush boomtown that was the first territorial capital of Montana Territory for a brief period after the territory was established in 1864. Less than a year after the Grasshopper Creek find, on May 26, 1863, gold was discovered along Alder Gulch, a tributary creek northeast of the Ruby River that lies between the Tobacco Root Mountains and the Gravelly Range and {{Convert|70|mi}} east of Bannack. The Alder Gulch find became one of the largest placer mining gold fields in the western U.S. The mining settlements of Virginia City and Nevada City, Montana, which sprang up in Alder Gulch, boasted thousands of prospectors and fortune seekers by the end of 1863. These new settlements generally lacked justice systems found in populated portions of the territory, such as in the territorial capital in Lewiston, Idaho. In 1863, gold was the preferred form of currency in western frontier communities and had a value, fixed and guaranteed by the U.S. Government, of $20.67 per ounce. Almost all economic transactions in western mining communities were accomplished with gold nuggets, flakes or dust as currency and not surprisingly, the more gold one had, the more wealth one possessed. During the early years of the territory, there was no secure way to transport wealth out of the region. The only means of transporting wealth out of the Alder Gulch gold fields was via horseback or slow moving wagons and stagecoaches on a limited number of trails and primitive roads leading south and west to Salt Lake City and San Francisco or east to Minnesota. Roads and trails leading to Alder Gulch included the Bozeman and Bridger Trails connecting to the Oregon Trail from the east, the Mullan Road from points west and from Fort Benton, Montana the head of navigation on the Missouri River and the Corinne Road from Corinne, Utah and points south. Additionally, there was a single track, {{Convert|70|mi|km}} stage road that connected Alder Gulch with Bannack. Several commercial freight and two passenger stage companies, Peabody and Caldwell's and A.J. Oliver's, operated on this route. Stagecoaches had to stop at several different ranches during the trip to water and change horses, feed passengers and provide overnight lodging. One of these ranches, the Rattlesnake Ranch, was owned by Bill Bunton and Frank Parish, who were later hanged by the vigilantes as road agents and members of the Plummer gang.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[Fayil:Plummer_Gang_Robbing_Stage_(1863).JPG|alt=B&W painting of men robbing a stagecoach|thumb|1907 Painting by John W. Norton of Henry Plummer's gang holding up and robbing a stagecoach]] In a region where valuable gold was plentiful, transportation was insecure and effective law and order was lacking, travelers became easy prey for robbers. By late 1863, thefts and murders along the routes in and around Alder Gulch had become common. In their writings about the vigilantes, Thomas Dimsdale and Nathaniel P. Langford estimated that at least 102 travelers were killed by robbers in the fall of 1863. Many more travelers left the region and were never heard from again. As this became a more frequent occurrence locals began suspecting that these crimes were being carried out by a single group of outlaws, known as "road agents", under the control of Bannack sheriff Henry Plummer. The gang became known as the Innocents because of their passwords, ''I am innocent''. ==== Notorious robberies, attempted robberies and murders in 1863 ==== * On October 13, 1863, Lloyd Magruder was killed by road agent Chris Lowrie. Magruder was an Idaho merchant leaving Virginia City with $12,000 in gold dust from goods he had sold there. Several of the men he hired to accompany him back to Lewiston, Idaho were in fact criminals. Four other men in the party were also murdered in camp - Charlie Allen, Robert Chalmers, Horace Chalmers and William Phillips - by Lowrie, Doc Howard, Jem Romaine and William Page. * On October 26, 1863, the Peabody and Caldwell's stage was robbed between the Rattlesnake Ranch and Bannack by two road agents believed to be Frank Parish and George Ives. Bill Bunton, the owner of the Rattlesnake Ranch who joined the stage at the ranch was also complicit in the robbery. The road agents netted $2,800 in gold from the passengers and threatened them all with death if they talked about the robbery.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On November 13, 1863, a teenage Henry Tilden was in the employ of Wilbur Sanders and Sidney Edgerton to locate and corral some horses owned by Sanders and Edgerton. Near Horse Prairie, Tilden was confronted by three armed road agents. He was carrying very little money and was allowed to depart unmolested, but with the warning that if he talked, he would be killed. He did not heed the warning and told Sanders' wife, Hattie and Sidney Edgerton that he had recognized one of the road agents as sheriff Henry Plummer. Although Tilden's report was discounted because Plummer was respected, this incident led to increased suspicion in the region that Plummer was the leader of a gang of road agents.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[File:Henry_Plummer_(1832-1864).jpg|alt=B&W image of a man with short hair and a long goatee beard|right|thumb|Henry Plummer]] * On November 22, 1863, the A.J. Oliver stage was robbed on its way to Bannack from Virginia City by road agents George Ives, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bob Zachary. The robbery netted less than $1,000 in gold and treasury notes. One of the victims, Leroy Southmayd made the mistake of reporting the robbery and identifying the road agents to Bannack Sheriff, Henry Plummer. Members of Plummer's gang confronted Southmayd on his return trip to Virginia City, but Southmayd was cunning enough to avoid injury or death. * In November 1863, Conrad Kohrs traveled to Bannack from Deer Lodge, Montana with $5,000 in gold dust to buy cattle. A conversation with Sheriff Plummer in Bannack led Kohrs to believe he might be robbed while on the trail back to Deer Lodge. While in an overnight camp his associates located road agents George Ives and "Dutch John" Wagner surveying the camp, armed with shotguns. A day or two later, Kohrs was on horseback returning to Deer Lodge when Ives and Wagner gave chase. Kohrs' horse proved the faster and he evaded confrontation before reaching the safety of Deer Lodge.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * In early December 1863, a three wagon freight outfit organized by Milton S. Moody was going to Salt Lake City from Virginia City. Among the seven passengers was John Bozeman. The freight wagons were carrying $80,000 in gold dust and $1,500 in treasury notes. While camped on Blacktail Deer Creek, road agents "Dutch John" Wagner and Steve Marshland entered the camp, armed and ready to rob the train. Members of the camp had armed themselves well and Wagner and Marshland were able to escape, claiming they were just looking for lost horses. Two days later, Wagner and Marshland were both wounded in an unsuccessful attempt to rob the wagon train as it crossed the Continental Divide at Rock Creek.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On December 8, 1863, Anton Holter (who later became a Montana Power Company executive and had Holter Dam named for him), who was taking oxen to sell in Virginia City, survived an attempted robbery and murder. When road agents George Ives and Aleck Carter, whom Holter recognized, discovered Holter was not carrying any significant wealth, they tried to shoot him. He was able to avoid being shot and escaped into the brush.<ref name="Dillon3" /> === The failure of miners' courts === Prior to the creation of the Montana Territory on May 26, 1864,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 1864 |title=Public Act of the Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States, XCV An Act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Montana |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=114 |publisher=U.S. Congress |pages=85–93}}</ref> and the arrival of the territorial courts, the only court system available for the residents of Bannack and Virginia City were the informal miners' courts. The miners' courts were a vehicle of the organized mining districts<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morriss, Andrew P. |title=Hayek & Cowboys: Customary Law in the American West |url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060884.pdf |journal=NYU Journal of Law and Liberty |location=New York |publisher=New York University |volume=1 |page=36}}</ref> to resolve mining claims and disputes between miners in the district. When confronted with a major crime such as murder, they usually proved ineffective at resolving the crime to the satisfaction of the community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson, Terry L. |last2=Hill, P.J. |year=1978 |title=An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West |url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/3_1/3_1_2.pdf |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |access-date=2014-09-06}}</ref>   While there are not many accounts of early courts in Alder Gulch, probably due to their informality and short existence, John X. Beidler recalled a murder trial in the Virginia City miners' court in his memoirs. The trial was in the fall of 1863 and concerned the murder of J.W. Dillingham. The trial was held outside, due to the fact that every resident took part. In the end all three defendants were set free. The first, Charley Forbes, was freed after he gave an eloquent and sentimental speech about his mother. The other two, Buck Stinson and Haze Lyons, were convicted and set to be the first men executed in what would become the state of Montana. However, at what would be a very public hanging friends and sympathizers of Stinson and Lyons convinced the crowd to vote again on the execution. Two attempts at counting the vote were made according to Beidler. The first people voting 'hang' were to walk up-hill while those voting 'no hang' were to walk down-hill. This vote was rejected and the next attempt had four men form two gates and people would cast their vote by walking through the 'hang' gate or the 'no hang' gate. Beidler claims that friends of the condemned men simply walked through the 'no hang' gate repeatedly casting fraudulent votes that possibly allowed two murderers to walk free.<ref name="beidler" /> On December 19–21, 1863, a public trial was held of George Ives, the suspected murderer of Nicholas Tiebolt, a young Dutch immigrant. Hundreds of miners from around the area attended the 3-day, outdoor trial. George Ives was prosecuted by Wilbur F. Sanders and Ives was convicted and hanged on December 21, 1863. Sanders played a prominent role in Montana history and eventually became the first U.S. Senator from Montana when the territory gained statehood in 1889. While the Ives trial resulted in an execution many residents were frustrated by a cumbersome process that could easily be manipulated. This sentiment is illustrated by a quote from Thomas Dimsdale who wrote the first published account of the Montana Vigilantes, originally written in 1865 as a series of articles for the ''Montana Post'' and later compiled into a book. {{Blockquote|Another powerful incentive to wrong-doing is the absolute nullity of the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in such cases. No matter what may be the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the community 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to be the verdict, despite the efforts of the judge and prosecutor.|''Vigilantes of Montana'', Thomas Dimsdale, 1865<ref name="Dimsdale14">{{cite book |author=Dimsdale, Thomas J. |title=The Vigilantes of Montana; or, Popular justice in the Rocky mountains; being a correct and impartial narrative of the chase, trial, capture, and execution of Henry Plummer's road agent band, together with accounts of the lives and crimes of many of the robbers and desperadoes, the whole being interspersed with sketches of life in the mining camps of the 'Far west.' |publisher= A. J. Noyes |edition=Third |year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims |page=[https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims/page/14 14]}}</ref>}} === Formation of the Vigilance Committee === On December 23, 1863, two days after the Ives trial, a group of five Virginia City residents, led by Wilbur F. Sanders, and including Major Alvin W. Brockie, John Nye, Captain Nick D. Wall and Paris Pfouts organized the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch. The committee was organized similar to the earlier San Francisco Committee of Vigilance (1851–56) in California of which some of the Alder Gulch organizers were familiar with.<ref name="DillonCommittee" /> The original committee oath signed by its earliest members was: {{Blockquote|We the undersigned uniting ourselves in a party for the laudable purpos [sic] of arresting thievs [sic] & murderers & recovering stollen [sic] property do pledge ourselves upon our sacred honor each to all others & solemnly swear that we will reveal no secrets, violate no laws of right & never desert each other or our standard of justice so help us God as witness our hand and seal this 23 of December ad 1863|From original signed oath document held by Montana Historical Society<ref name=DillonCommittee/>}} Paris Pfouts was elected as the president of the committee which drafted and adopted a comprehensive set of by-laws establishing a formal structure and process. The by-laws established the position of president, an executive officer, an executive committee, a secretary, treasurer and positions of captains and lieutenants of companies. The most relevant process contained in the by-laws was: {{Blockquote|It shall be the duty of members to attach themselves to some company and whenever any criminal act shall come to their knowledge to inform his Captain or Lieutenant of the same, when the officers so informed shall call together the members of his Company, (unless the Company has chosen a committee for such purpose) when they shall proceed to investigate the case, and elicit the facts and should the said company conclude that the person charged with any offense should be punished by the committee, the Captain or Lieutenant will first take steps to arrest the Criminal and then report same with proof to the Chief who will thereupon call a meeting of the Executive Committee and the judgement of such Executive Committee shall be final. The only punishment that shall be inflicted by this Committee is death.|By-laws of Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch (1863)<ref name=DillonB>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, Utah |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-87421-919-7 |chapter=Appendix B Bylaws of the Vigilance Committee |pages=404–405}}</ref>}} === Prominent members === [[Fayil:JohnBozeman.JPG|alt=B&W image of a man with oiled hair and a wide moustache|right|thumb|John Bozeman]] Although the vigilance committee started as a small secret institution in Virginia City, knowledge of it soon spread in the territory and membership grew. As a secret organization, exact accounts of membership vary, but many members became prominent in the history of the territory and state. Among those who were members include Wilbur Sanders (1st U.S. Senator from Montana (1890)), Sidney Edgerton (first Governor of Montana Territory (1864)), Nelson Story (famous for his 1866 cattle drive from Texas to Bozeman and prominent Bozeman merchant), John Bozeman (founder of Bozeman, Montana (1864) and the Bozeman Trail), Nathaniel P. Langford (first Yellowstone National Park superintendent (1872–1877)), James Stuart (brother of Granville Stuart, who would form the Stuarts' Stranglers in 1884), Tom Cover (one of the Alder Gulch prospectors who discovered the first gold there and alleged murderer of John Bozeman (1867)) and Thomas Dimsdale (editor of Montana's first newspaper, the ''Montana Post'' and author of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'' (1866)). Due to the secret nature of the organization it is difficult to be sure when an execution was carried out by the vigilance committee or another group of motivated citizens. In the months following the Ives trial many suspected road agents were hanged. Notable among those hanged was Henry Plummer, the sheriff of Bannack, who was suspected by many of being the ringleader of the road agents. The Montana Vigilantes hanged men using the testimony of other men who faced their imminent executions as the sole evidence. Of the few accounts of the early actions of the Alder Gulch Vigilantes, Beidler and Dimsdale are the most complete, although they give little information about the secret trials conducted by the vigilantes. Estimates vary, but noted vigilante historian Frederick Allen believes that between the years 1863 and 1865 somewhere from 15 to 35 people were killed due to the actions of the Alder Gulch vigilantes.<ref name="Allen3777">{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Frederick. |date=Spring 2001 |title=Montana Vigilantes and the Origins of 3-7-77 |journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History |volume=51 |pages=2–19, Note 58, page 16 |quote=58. In ''Strain of Violence'', Richard Maxwell Brown calls the 1884 episode "the deadliest of all American vigilante movements," a superlative supported in the book's appendix three, which counts thirty-five victims (p. 101). The actual number, however, appears to be considerably smaller. In "The Central Montana Vigilante Raids in 1884," which appeared in the premier issue of ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History'', January 1951, Oscar O. Mueller argues that fifteen to eighteen men died at the hands of Stuart's posse. In a 1980 University of Oregon master's thesis, "Granville Stuart and the Montana Vigilantes of 1884," Richard K. Mueller (no relation to Oscar Mueller) puts the figure at nineteen to twenty-two. My own count shows a maximum of seventeen, while Michael Malone, Richard Roeder, and William Lang's reasonable and reliable Montana: A History of Two Centuries (Seattle, 1976) estimates on page 163 "at least fifteen" victims. Meanwhile, Brown's appendix three cites thirty victims of vigilantism in Montana from 1863 to 1865, while my examination of the Virginia City, Montana Post raises that number to at least thirty-five. In either case, the distinction of "deadliest of all American vigilante movements" properly belongs to Montana's earliest vigilantes.}}</ref> === Vigilante justice === Over a course of approximately six weeks between December 1863 and February 1864, vigilante companies located, arrested and executed suspected members of the Plummer road agent gang in Bannack, Virginia City and Hellgate, Montana. Shortly after its formation, the Vigilance Committee dispatched a posse of men to search for Aleck Carter, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bill Bunton, known associates of George Ives. The posse was led by vigilante Captain James Williams, the man who had investigated the Nicolas Tiebolt murder by George Ives. Near the Rattlesnake Ranch on the Ruby River, the posse located "Erastus Red" Yeager and George Brown, both suspected road agents. While traveling back to Virginia City, Yeager made a complete confession, naming the majority of the road agents in Plummer's gang, including Henry Plummer. After obtaining the confession, Yeager and Brown were found guilty by the posse and summarily hanged from a cottonwood tree on the Lorrain's Ranch on the Ruby River. On January 6, 1864, "Dutch John" Wagner, a road agent wounded in the Moody robbery was captured by vigilante Captain Nick Wall and Ben Peabody on the Salt Lake City trail. The vigilantes transported Wagner to Bannack where he was hanged on January 11, 1864. By this time, Yeager's confession had mobilized vigilantes against Plummer and his key associates, deputies Buck Stinson and Ned Ray. Plummer, Stinson and Ray were arrested on the morning of January 10, 1864 and summarily hanged. On January 11, 1864, "Greaser Joe" Pizanthia, a road agent on Yeager's list, was located in his cabin just outside Bannack. A gunfight ensued that took the life of one vigilante, George Copley. Pizanthia's cabin was bombarded with three shells from a mountain howitzer belonging to Sidney Edgerton. The bombardment severely wounded Pizanthia and he was shot and killed as he was removed from the wreckage of the cabin.<ref name="Dillon8" /> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b1m3dz1io9v4qkcn0osm7rox2okeb54 859754 859753 2026-06-18T06:33:50Z D son203 45710 859754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tarihin adalci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da [[Montana]] Vigilantes ya fara ne a 1863 a cikin abin da ke cikin wani yanki mai nisa na gabashin Idaho. Ayyukan masu tsaro sun ci gaba, kodayake a wasu lokuta, ta hanyar Yankin Montana har sai yankin ya zama jihar Montana a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1889. Tsaro ya tashi ne saboda tilasta bin doka ta yanki da kotuna ba su da iko sosai a sansanonin hakar ma'adinai masu nisa a lokacin yankin.manazarta In 1863–1864, Montana Vigilantes followed the model of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance that existed in 1850s [[California]] to bring order to lawless communities in and around the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek. There are estimates that over 100 persons were killed in "road agent" robberies in the fall of 1863. The Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch organized in December 1863, and in the first six weeks of 1864 at least 20 road agents of the infamous Plummer gang, known as the "Innocents", were captured and hanged by the organization. Formal territorial law reached Alder Gulch in late 1864 with the arrival of Territorial Judge Hezekiah L. Hosmer and vigilante activity ceased in the region. As the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek declined in 1865, prospectors and fortune seekers migrated to newly discovered areas in and around Last Chance Gulch (now Helena, Montana). As lawlessness increased, vigilante justice continued there with the formation of the Committee of Safety in 1865. During the period 1865–1870, at least 14 alleged criminals were executed by Helena's vigilantes. In 1884, ranchers in Central and Eastern Montana resorted to vigilante justice to deal with cattle rustlers and horse thieves. The best-known vigilante group in that area was "Stuart's Stranglers", organized by Granville Stuart in the Musselshell region. As formal law enforcement became more prevalent in the region, vigilantism fell into decline. Vigilantism in pre-territorial and territorial Montana has been written about, romanticized and chronicled in personal memoirs, biographies, documentary and scholarly works, film and fiction for well over a century. The first book published in Montana was Thomas J. Dimsdale's 1866 first edition of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'', which was compiled from a series of newspaper articles he wrote for the ''Montana Post'' in 1865. Historical analysis of the period ranges from disrepute to heroism, with debates over whether the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time meant the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities or if modern standards of due process should govern analysis of their actions. == Bannack and Virginia City == [[Fayil:Bannack_-_overview.jpg|alt=Image of Montana ghost town|right|thumb|200x200px|Bannack, Montana (2005)]] On July 28, 1862, gold was discovered along Grasshopper Creek, a tributary of the Beaverhead River, in a remote part of eastern Idaho Territory, leading to the establishment of the town of Bannack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Briggeman |first=Kim |date=2012-07-28 |title=1st gold strike in territory that became Montana was 150 years ago |url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/st-gold-strike-in-territory-that-became-montana-was-years/article_8789efd4-d927-11e1-a4d1-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=[[Missoulian]]}}</ref> Bannack was a gold rush boomtown that was the first territorial capital of Montana Territory for a brief period after the territory was established in 1864. Less than a year after the Grasshopper Creek find, on May 26, 1863, gold was discovered along Alder Gulch, a tributary creek northeast of the Ruby River that lies between the Tobacco Root Mountains and the Gravelly Range and {{Convert|70|mi}} east of Bannack. The Alder Gulch find became one of the largest placer mining gold fields in the western U.S. The mining settlements of Virginia City and Nevada City, Montana, which sprang up in Alder Gulch, boasted thousands of prospectors and fortune seekers by the end of 1863. These new settlements generally lacked justice systems found in populated portions of the territory, such as in the territorial capital in Lewiston, Idaho. In 1863, gold was the preferred form of currency in western frontier communities and had a value, fixed and guaranteed by the U.S. Government, of $20.67 per ounce. Almost all economic transactions in western mining communities were accomplished with gold nuggets, flakes or dust as currency and not surprisingly, the more gold one had, the more wealth one possessed. During the early years of the territory, there was no secure way to transport wealth out of the region. The only means of transporting wealth out of the Alder Gulch gold fields was via horseback or slow moving wagons and stagecoaches on a limited number of trails and primitive roads leading south and west to Salt Lake City and San Francisco or east to Minnesota. Roads and trails leading to Alder Gulch included the Bozeman and Bridger Trails connecting to the Oregon Trail from the east, the Mullan Road from points west and from Fort Benton, Montana the head of navigation on the Missouri River and the Corinne Road from Corinne, Utah and points south. Additionally, there was a single track, {{Convert|70|mi|km}} stage road that connected Alder Gulch with Bannack. Several commercial freight and two passenger stage companies, Peabody and Caldwell's and A.J. Oliver's, operated on this route. Stagecoaches had to stop at several different ranches during the trip to water and change horses, feed passengers and provide overnight lodging. One of these ranches, the Rattlesnake Ranch, was owned by Bill Bunton and Frank Parish, who were later hanged by the vigilantes as road agents and members of the Plummer gang.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[Fayil:Plummer_Gang_Robbing_Stage_(1863).JPG|alt=B&W painting of men robbing a stagecoach|thumb|1907 Painting by John W. Norton of Henry Plummer's gang holding up and robbing a stagecoach]] In a region where valuable gold was plentiful, transportation was insecure and effective law and order was lacking, travelers became easy prey for robbers. By late 1863, thefts and murders along the routes in and around Alder Gulch had become common. In their writings about the vigilantes, Thomas Dimsdale and Nathaniel P. Langford estimated that at least 102 travelers were killed by robbers in the fall of 1863. Many more travelers left the region and were never heard from again. As this became a more frequent occurrence locals began suspecting that these crimes were being carried out by a single group of outlaws, known as "road agents", under the control of Bannack sheriff Henry Plummer. The gang became known as the Innocents because of their passwords, ''I am innocent''. ==== Notorious robberies, attempted robberies and murders in 1863 ==== * On October 13, 1863, Lloyd Magruder was killed by road agent Chris Lowrie. Magruder was an Idaho merchant leaving Virginia City with $12,000 in gold dust from goods he had sold there. Several of the men he hired to accompany him back to Lewiston, Idaho were in fact criminals. Four other men in the party were also murdered in camp - Charlie Allen, Robert Chalmers, Horace Chalmers and William Phillips - by Lowrie, Doc Howard, Jem Romaine and William Page. * On October 26, 1863, the Peabody and Caldwell's stage was robbed between the Rattlesnake Ranch and Bannack by two road agents believed to be Frank Parish and George Ives. Bill Bunton, the owner of the Rattlesnake Ranch who joined the stage at the ranch was also complicit in the robbery. The road agents netted $2,800 in gold from the passengers and threatened them all with death if they talked about the robbery.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On November 13, 1863, a teenage Henry Tilden was in the employ of Wilbur Sanders and Sidney Edgerton to locate and corral some horses owned by Sanders and Edgerton. Near Horse Prairie, Tilden was confronted by three armed road agents. He was carrying very little money and was allowed to depart unmolested, but with the warning that if he talked, he would be killed. He did not heed the warning and told Sanders' wife, Hattie and Sidney Edgerton that he had recognized one of the road agents as sheriff Henry Plummer. Although Tilden's report was discounted because Plummer was respected, this incident led to increased suspicion in the region that Plummer was the leader of a gang of road agents.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[File:Henry_Plummer_(1832-1864).jpg|alt=B&W image of a man with short hair and a long goatee beard|right|thumb|Henry Plummer]] * On November 22, 1863, the A.J. Oliver stage was robbed on its way to Bannack from Virginia City by road agents George Ives, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bob Zachary. The robbery netted less than $1,000 in gold and treasury notes. One of the victims, Leroy Southmayd made the mistake of reporting the robbery and identifying the road agents to Bannack Sheriff, Henry Plummer. Members of Plummer's gang confronted Southmayd on his return trip to Virginia City, but Southmayd was cunning enough to avoid injury or death. * In November 1863, Conrad Kohrs traveled to Bannack from Deer Lodge, Montana with $5,000 in gold dust to buy cattle. A conversation with Sheriff Plummer in Bannack led Kohrs to believe he might be robbed while on the trail back to Deer Lodge. While in an overnight camp his associates located road agents George Ives and "Dutch John" Wagner surveying the camp, armed with shotguns. A day or two later, Kohrs was on horseback returning to Deer Lodge when Ives and Wagner gave chase. Kohrs' horse proved the faster and he evaded confrontation before reaching the safety of Deer Lodge.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * In early December 1863, a three wagon freight outfit organized by Milton S. Moody was going to Salt Lake City from Virginia City. Among the seven passengers was John Bozeman. The freight wagons were carrying $80,000 in gold dust and $1,500 in treasury notes. While camped on Blacktail Deer Creek, road agents "Dutch John" Wagner and Steve Marshland entered the camp, armed and ready to rob the train. Members of the camp had armed themselves well and Wagner and Marshland were able to escape, claiming they were just looking for lost horses. Two days later, Wagner and Marshland were both wounded in an unsuccessful attempt to rob the wagon train as it crossed the Continental Divide at Rock Creek.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On December 8, 1863, Anton Holter (who later became a Montana Power Company executive and had Holter Dam named for him), who was taking oxen to sell in Virginia City, survived an attempted robbery and murder. When road agents George Ives and Aleck Carter, whom Holter recognized, discovered Holter was not carrying any significant wealth, they tried to shoot him. He was able to avoid being shot and escaped into the brush.<ref name="Dillon3" /> === The failure of miners' courts === Prior to the creation of the Montana Territory on May 26, 1864,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 1864 |title=Public Act of the Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States, XCV An Act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Montana |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=114 |publisher=U.S. Congress |pages=85–93}}</ref> and the arrival of the territorial courts, the only court system available for the residents of Bannack and Virginia City were the informal miners' courts. The miners' courts were a vehicle of the organized mining districts<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morriss, Andrew P. |title=Hayek & Cowboys: Customary Law in the American West |url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060884.pdf |journal=NYU Journal of Law and Liberty |location=New York |publisher=New York University |volume=1 |page=36}}</ref> to resolve mining claims and disputes between miners in the district. When confronted with a major crime such as murder, they usually proved ineffective at resolving the crime to the satisfaction of the community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson, Terry L. |last2=Hill, P.J. |year=1978 |title=An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West |url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/3_1/3_1_2.pdf |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |access-date=2014-09-06}}</ref>   While there are not many accounts of early courts in Alder Gulch, probably due to their informality and short existence, John X. Beidler recalled a murder trial in the Virginia City miners' court in his memoirs. The trial was in the fall of 1863 and concerned the murder of J.W. Dillingham. The trial was held outside, due to the fact that every resident took part. In the end all three defendants were set free. The first, Charley Forbes, was freed after he gave an eloquent and sentimental speech about his mother. The other two, Buck Stinson and Haze Lyons, were convicted and set to be the first men executed in what would become the state of Montana. However, at what would be a very public hanging friends and sympathizers of Stinson and Lyons convinced the crowd to vote again on the execution. Two attempts at counting the vote were made according to Beidler. The first people voting 'hang' were to walk up-hill while those voting 'no hang' were to walk down-hill. This vote was rejected and the next attempt had four men form two gates and people would cast their vote by walking through the 'hang' gate or the 'no hang' gate. Beidler claims that friends of the condemned men simply walked through the 'no hang' gate repeatedly casting fraudulent votes that possibly allowed two murderers to walk free.<ref name="beidler" /> On December 19–21, 1863, a public trial was held of George Ives, the suspected murderer of Nicholas Tiebolt, a young Dutch immigrant. Hundreds of miners from around the area attended the 3-day, outdoor trial. George Ives was prosecuted by Wilbur F. Sanders and Ives was convicted and hanged on December 21, 1863. Sanders played a prominent role in Montana history and eventually became the first U.S. Senator from Montana when the territory gained statehood in 1889. While the Ives trial resulted in an execution many residents were frustrated by a cumbersome process that could easily be manipulated. This sentiment is illustrated by a quote from Thomas Dimsdale who wrote the first published account of the Montana Vigilantes, originally written in 1865 as a series of articles for the ''Montana Post'' and later compiled into a book. {{Blockquote|Another powerful incentive to wrong-doing is the absolute nullity of the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in such cases. No matter what may be the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the community 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to be the verdict, despite the efforts of the judge and prosecutor.|''Vigilantes of Montana'', Thomas Dimsdale, 1865<ref name="Dimsdale14">{{cite book |author=Dimsdale, Thomas J. |title=The Vigilantes of Montana; or, Popular justice in the Rocky mountains; being a correct and impartial narrative of the chase, trial, capture, and execution of Henry Plummer's road agent band, together with accounts of the lives and crimes of many of the robbers and desperadoes, the whole being interspersed with sketches of life in the mining camps of the 'Far west.' |publisher= A. J. Noyes |edition=Third |year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims |page=[https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims/page/14 14]}}</ref>}} === Formation of the Vigilance Committee === On December 23, 1863, two days after the Ives trial, a group of five Virginia City residents, led by Wilbur F. Sanders, and including Major Alvin W. Brockie, John Nye, Captain Nick D. Wall and Paris Pfouts organized the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch. The committee was organized similar to the earlier San Francisco Committee of Vigilance (1851–56) in California of which some of the Alder Gulch organizers were familiar with.<ref name="DillonCommittee" /> The original committee oath signed by its earliest members was: {{Blockquote|We the undersigned uniting ourselves in a party for the laudable purpos [sic] of arresting thievs [sic] & murderers & recovering stollen [sic] property do pledge ourselves upon our sacred honor each to all others & solemnly swear that we will reveal no secrets, violate no laws of right & never desert each other or our standard of justice so help us God as witness our hand and seal this 23 of December ad 1863|From original signed oath document held by Montana Historical Society<ref name=DillonCommittee/>}} Paris Pfouts was elected as the president of the committee which drafted and adopted a comprehensive set of by-laws establishing a formal structure and process. The by-laws established the position of president, an executive officer, an executive committee, a secretary, treasurer and positions of captains and lieutenants of companies. The most relevant process contained in the by-laws was: {{Blockquote|It shall be the duty of members to attach themselves to some company and whenever any criminal act shall come to their knowledge to inform his Captain or Lieutenant of the same, when the officers so informed shall call together the members of his Company, (unless the Company has chosen a committee for such purpose) when they shall proceed to investigate the case, and elicit the facts and should the said company conclude that the person charged with any offense should be punished by the committee, the Captain or Lieutenant will first take steps to arrest the Criminal and then report same with proof to the Chief who will thereupon call a meeting of the Executive Committee and the judgement of such Executive Committee shall be final. The only punishment that shall be inflicted by this Committee is death.|By-laws of Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch (1863)<ref name=DillonB>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, Utah |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-87421-919-7 |chapter=Appendix B Bylaws of the Vigilance Committee |pages=404–405}}</ref>}} === Prominent members === [[Fayil:JohnBozeman.JPG|alt=B&W image of a man with oiled hair and a wide moustache|right|thumb|John Bozeman]] Although the vigilance committee started as a small secret institution in Virginia City, knowledge of it soon spread in the territory and membership grew. As a secret organization, exact accounts of membership vary, but many members became prominent in the history of the territory and state. Among those who were members include Wilbur Sanders (1st U.S. Senator from Montana (1890)), Sidney Edgerton (first Governor of Montana Territory (1864)), Nelson Story (famous for his 1866 cattle drive from Texas to Bozeman and prominent Bozeman merchant), John Bozeman (founder of Bozeman, Montana (1864) and the Bozeman Trail), Nathaniel P. Langford (first Yellowstone National Park superintendent (1872–1877)), James Stuart (brother of Granville Stuart, who would form the Stuarts' Stranglers in 1884), Tom Cover (one of the Alder Gulch prospectors who discovered the first gold there and alleged murderer of John Bozeman (1867)) and Thomas Dimsdale (editor of Montana's first newspaper, the ''Montana Post'' and author of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'' (1866)). Due to the secret nature of the organization it is difficult to be sure when an execution was carried out by the vigilance committee or another group of motivated citizens. In the months following the Ives trial many suspected road agents were hanged. Notable among those hanged was Henry Plummer, the sheriff of Bannack, who was suspected by many of being the ringleader of the road agents. The Montana Vigilantes hanged men using the testimony of other men who faced their imminent executions as the sole evidence. Of the few accounts of the early actions of the Alder Gulch Vigilantes, Beidler and Dimsdale are the most complete, although they give little information about the secret trials conducted by the vigilantes. Estimates vary, but noted vigilante historian Frederick Allen believes that between the years 1863 and 1865 somewhere from 15 to 35 people were killed due to the actions of the Alder Gulch vigilantes.<ref name="Allen3777">{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Frederick. |date=Spring 2001 |title=Montana Vigilantes and the Origins of 3-7-77 |journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History |volume=51 |pages=2–19, Note 58, page 16 |quote=58. In ''Strain of Violence'', Richard Maxwell Brown calls the 1884 episode "the deadliest of all American vigilante movements," a superlative supported in the book's appendix three, which counts thirty-five victims (p. 101). The actual number, however, appears to be considerably smaller. In "The Central Montana Vigilante Raids in 1884," which appeared in the premier issue of ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History'', January 1951, Oscar O. Mueller argues that fifteen to eighteen men died at the hands of Stuart's posse. In a 1980 University of Oregon master's thesis, "Granville Stuart and the Montana Vigilantes of 1884," Richard K. Mueller (no relation to Oscar Mueller) puts the figure at nineteen to twenty-two. My own count shows a maximum of seventeen, while Michael Malone, Richard Roeder, and William Lang's reasonable and reliable Montana: A History of Two Centuries (Seattle, 1976) estimates on page 163 "at least fifteen" victims. Meanwhile, Brown's appendix three cites thirty victims of vigilantism in Montana from 1863 to 1865, while my examination of the Virginia City, Montana Post raises that number to at least thirty-five. In either case, the distinction of "deadliest of all American vigilante movements" properly belongs to Montana's earliest vigilantes.}}</ref> === Vigilante justice === Over a course of approximately six weeks between December 1863 and February 1864, vigilante companies located, arrested and executed suspected members of the Plummer road agent gang in Bannack, Virginia City and Hellgate, Montana. Shortly after its formation, the Vigilance Committee dispatched a posse of men to search for Aleck Carter, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bill Bunton, known associates of George Ives. The posse was led by vigilante Captain James Williams, the man who had investigated the Nicolas Tiebolt murder by George Ives. Near the Rattlesnake Ranch on the Ruby River, the posse located "Erastus Red" Yeager and George Brown, both suspected road agents. While traveling back to Virginia City, Yeager made a complete confession, naming the majority of the road agents in Plummer's gang, including Henry Plummer. After obtaining the confession, Yeager and Brown were found guilty by the posse and summarily hanged from a cottonwood tree on the Lorrain's Ranch on the Ruby River. On January 6, 1864, "Dutch John" Wagner, a road agent wounded in the Moody robbery was captured by vigilante Captain Nick Wall and Ben Peabody on the Salt Lake City trail. The vigilantes transported Wagner to Bannack where he was hanged on January 11, 1864. By this time, Yeager's confession had mobilized vigilantes against Plummer and his key associates, deputies Buck Stinson and Ned Ray. Plummer, Stinson and Ray were arrested on the morning of January 10, 1864 and summarily hanged. On January 11, 1864, "Greaser Joe" Pizanthia, a road agent on Yeager's list, was located in his cabin just outside Bannack. A gunfight ensued that took the life of one vigilante, George Copley. Pizanthia's cabin was bombarded with three shells from a mountain howitzer belonging to Sidney Edgerton. The bombardment severely wounded Pizanthia and he was shot and killed as he was removed from the wreckage of the cabin.<ref name="Dillon8" /> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t4ddhhyrq61axhaldv9nexm2k4xq7e4 Awulu Adaji 0 158329 859755 2026-06-18T06:45:27Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347006381|Awulu Adaji]]" 859755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Awulu Ezekiel Adaji''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta [[Otukpo]]/Ohimini a Majalisar Wakilai . An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 1963, ya fito ne daga [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]]. An fara zabarsa a cikin Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 2011, kuma an sake zabar shi ne a shekarar 2015 don wa'adi na biyu a karkashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/awulu-ezekiel-adaji |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Awulu Adaji biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16709/hon-awulu-adaji |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Manpower Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] kicbfwajp8ri6vnueqgb3taeo4kut4g 859756 859755 2026-06-18T06:46:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Awulu Ezekiel Adaji''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta [[Otukpo]]/Ohimini a Majalisar Wakilai . An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 1963, ya fito ne daga [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]]. An fara zabarsa a cikin Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 2011, kuma an sake zabar shi ne a shekarar 2015 don wa'adi na biyu a karkashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/awulu-ezekiel-adaji |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Awulu Adaji biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16709/hon-awulu-adaji |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Manpower Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] hdop5jmyqelbkb7lcpuqooa51wafgah Echinomycin 0 158330 859758 2026-06-18T06:55:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329251189|Echinomycin]]" 859758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Echinomycin''' maganin rigakafi ne na [[peptide]]. Yana da dimer na peptides guda biyu da ke haifar da tsarin cyclic. Ya ƙunshi chromophore mai ƙanshi na bicyclic wanda aka haɗa shi da dimerized cyclic peptide core da kuma gada ta thioacetal. Yana shiga cikin DNA a takamaiman shafuka guda biyu, don haka yana toshe ɗaurewar hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=D. |last2=Park |first2=E. J. |last3=Stephen |first3=A.G. |last4=Mellilo |first4=G. |date=1 October 2005 |title=Echinomycin, a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 DNA-Binding Activity |url=https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/65/19/9047/518486/Echinomycin-a-Small-Molecule-Inhibitor-of-Hypoxia |journal=Cancer Research |volume=65 |issue=19 |pages=9047–9055 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1235 |pmid=16204079 |access-date=15 June 2022 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Biosynthesis == Echinomycin peptide ne na bis-intercalator kuma an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar peptide synthetase na musamman (NRPS).[1][2] Echinomycin an ware shi daga kwayoyin cuta daban-daban kamar Streptomyces lasaglienis . Yana cikin dangin maganin rigakafi na quinoxaline. Akwai babban sha'awa a cikin wannan rukuni na mahadi saboda suna da ƙarfin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin ciwon daji, da ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[3] Biosynthesis na echinomycin ya fara ne da kwayar QC. L-tryptophan shine mai gabatarwa ga QC kuma biosynthesis dinsa ya yi daidai da matakin farko na nikkomycin biosynthasis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bayan da aka yi amfani da QC, yankin adenylation mai dauke da Ecm1 yana kunnawa kuma yana canja wurin QC zuwa FabC ta amfani da furotin mai ɗaukar acyl (ACP). Tsarin farko, Ecm6 ya yarda da QC-SFabC a matsayin na'urar farawa. Emc7 ya ƙunshi yankin thioesterase na ƙarshe wanda ke ba da damar peptide ya dimerize sannan ya saki. Wannan samfurin cyclized sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Ecm17, wani oxidoreductase, samar da haɗin disulfide. Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin wannan biosynthesis yana canza haɗin disulfide zuwa gada ta thioacetal. Wannan canjin yana faruwa a cikin Ecm18, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) -dependent methyltransferase.<ref name="Watanabe2">{{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=K |display-authors=etal |date=August 2006 |title=Total biosynthesis of antitumor nonribosomal peptides in Escherichia coli. |journal=Nature Chemical Biology |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=423–8 |doi=10.1038/nchembio803 |pmid=16799553 |s2cid=40607322}}</ref> An ba da shawarar tsarin don ci gaba ta hanyar matakai biyu. Da farko Emc18 yana canja wurin ƙungiyar methyl mai kunnawa daga SAM zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin sulfur a cikin haɗin disulfide. Na biyu deprotonation na alpha proton zuwa tertiary sulfonium cation yana inganta sake tsarawa don samar da haɗin thioacetal. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:QXC_biosynthesis.png|thumb|An gabatar da biosyntheis na chormophore a cikin echinomycin da sauran maganin rigakafi na quinomycin.]] [[Fayil:Structure_of_Echinomycin_Biosynthesis.gif|600x600px|Structure of Echinomycin biosynthesis]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5rfktsj3jvgj199ixkhpqygooo7o382 859759 859758 2026-06-18T06:56:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''/''' {{Databox}} '''Echinomycin''' maganin rigakafi ne na [[peptide]]. Yana da dimer na peptides guda biyu da ke haifar da tsarin cyclic. Ya ƙunshi chromophore mai ƙanshi na bicyclic wanda aka haɗa shi da dimerized cyclic peptide core da kuma gada ta thioacetal. Yana shiga cikin DNA a takamaiman shafuka guda biyu, don haka yana toshe ɗaurewar hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=D. |last2=Park |first2=E. J. |last3=Stephen |first3=A.G. |last4=Mellilo |first4=G. |date=1 October 2005 |title=Echinomycin, a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 DNA-Binding Activity |url=https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/65/19/9047/518486/Echinomycin-a-Small-Molecule-Inhibitor-of-Hypoxia |journal=Cancer Research |volume=65 |issue=19 |pages=9047–9055 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1235 |pmid=16204079 |access-date=15 June 2022 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Biosynthesis == Echinomycin peptide ne na bis-intercalator kuma an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar peptide synthetase na musamman (NRPS).[1][2] Echinomycin an ware shi daga kwayoyin cuta daban-daban kamar Streptomyces lasaglienis . Yana cikin dangin maganin rigakafi na quinoxaline. Akwai babban sha'awa a cikin wannan rukuni na mahadi saboda suna da ƙarfin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin ciwon daji, da ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[3] Biosynthesis na echinomycin ya fara ne da kwayar QC. L-tryptophan shine mai gabatarwa ga QC kuma biosynthesis dinsa ya yi daidai da matakin farko na nikkomycin biosynthasis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bayan da aka yi amfani da QC, yankin adenylation mai dauke da Ecm1 yana kunnawa kuma yana canja wurin QC zuwa FabC ta amfani da furotin mai ɗaukar acyl (ACP). Tsarin farko, Ecm6 ya yarda da QC-SFabC a matsayin na'urar farawa. Emc7 ya ƙunshi yankin thioesterase na ƙarshe wanda ke ba da damar peptide ya dimerize sannan ya saki. Wannan samfurin cyclized sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Ecm17, wani oxidoreductase, samar da haɗin disulfide. Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin wannan biosynthesis yana canza haɗin disulfide zuwa gada ta thioacetal. Wannan canjin yana faruwa a cikin Ecm18, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) -dependent methyltransferase.<ref name="Watanabe2">{{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=K |display-authors=etal |date=August 2006 |title=Total biosynthesis of antitumor nonribosomal peptides in Escherichia coli. |journal=Nature Chemical Biology |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=423–8 |doi=10.1038/nchembio803 |pmid=16799553 |s2cid=40607322}}</ref> An ba da shawarar tsarin don ci gaba ta hanyar matakai biyu. Da farko Emc18 yana canja wurin ƙungiyar methyl mai kunnawa daga SAM zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin sulfur a cikin haɗin disulfide. Na biyu deprotonation na alpha proton zuwa tertiary sulfonium cation yana inganta sake tsarawa don samar da haɗin thioacetal. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:QXC_biosynthesis.png|thumb|An gabatar da biosyntheis na chormophore a cikin echinomycin da sauran maganin rigakafi na quinomycin.]] [[Fayil:Structure_of_Echinomycin_Biosynthesis.gif|600x600px|Structure of Echinomycin biosynthesis]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] adcndaipo06tdmtivlp1l8ffag0p1vk Abikoviromycin 0 158331 859762 2026-06-18T07:01:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356236714|Abikoviromycin]]" 859762 wikitext text/x-wiki Abikoviromycin maganin rigakafi ne na piperidine alkaloid tare da tsarin kwayoyin C10 . Kwayoyin Streptomyces abikoensis da Streptomyces rubescens ne suka samar da shi.[1][2][3] An gano shi a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa a Japan (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Kasa) kuma an fara bayar da rahoton ne a cikin Jaridar Kiwon Lafiyar Japan a cikin 1951 a cikin takarda da masu bincike Hamao Umezawa, Tadakatu Tazaki, da Setsuko Fukuyama suka rubuta.[4] == Manazarta == 6t9gqeky2bi0v23ok8gjrhz47qyz0cv 859763 859762 2026-06-18T07:04:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859763 wikitext text/x-wiki Abikoviromycin maganin rigakafi ne na piperidine alkaloid tare da tsarin kwayoyin C10 . Kwayoyin Streptomyces abikoensis da Streptomyces rubescens ne suka samar da shi.[1][2][3] An gano shi a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa a Japan (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Kasa) kuma an fara bayar da rahoton ne a cikin Jaridar Kiwon Lafiyar Japan a cikin 1951 a cikin takarda da masu bincike Hamao Umezawa, Tadakatu Tazaki, da Setsuko Fukuyama suka rubuta.<ref>Umezawa, Hamao; Tazaki, Tadakatu; Fukuyama, Setsuko (1951). "An Antiviral Substance, Abikoviromycin, Produced by Streptomyces Species". The Japanese Medical Journal. 4 (5): 331–346. doi:10.7883/yoken1948.4.331</ref> == Manazarta == dabwku90jbois449sqjlhgq2amxtx6t Albicidin 0 158332 859764 2026-06-18T07:04:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347082140|Albicidin]]" 859764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albicidin''' kwayar cutar rigakafi ce da kwayar cutar phytotoxic wacce kwayar cuta ''Xanthomonas albilineans'' ta samar wacce ke kamuwa da sukari wanda ke haifar da fuka-fuki.<ref name="Kretz">{{Cite journal |last=Kretz |first=Julian |last2=Kerwat |first2=Dennis |last3=Schubert |first3=Vivien |last4=Grätz |first4=Stefan |last5=Pesic |first5=Alexander |last6=Semsary |first6=Siamak |last7=Cociancich |first7=Stéphane |last8=Royer |first8=Monique |last9=Süssmuth |first9=Roderich D. |author-link9=Roderich D. Süssmuth |year=2015 |title=Total Synthesis of Albicidin: A Lead Structure from ''Xanthomonas'' albilineansfor Potent Antibacterial Gyrase Inhibitors |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1969–1973 |bibcode=2015ACIE...54.1969K |doi=10.1002/anie.201409584 |pmid=25504839 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin phytotoxin, yana aiki ta hanyar hana bambancin chloroplasts.[1] Yana aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar hana DNA gyrase, kuma ta haka ne ya hana kwafin DNA na chloroplast.[2] Saboda haka yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cututtukan scald. A matsayin mai hana DNA gyrase, albicindin kuma yana da yiwuwar amfani da magani a matsayin maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hashimi |first=Saeed Mujahid |year=2019 |title=Albicidin, a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor with clinical potential |journal=The Journal of Antibiotics |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=785–792 |doi=10.1038/s41429-019-0228-2 |pmid=31451755 |s2cid=201644516 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An gano kaddarorin maganin rigakafi a farkon shekarun 1980, lokacin da aka ware kwayar kuma aka tsarkake ta daga al'adun ''Xanthomonas albilineans''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Birch |first=R. G. |last2=Patil |first2=S. S. |year=1985 |title=Preliminary Characterization of an Antibiotic Produced by Xanthomonas albilineans Which Inhibits DNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli |journal=Microbiology |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=1069–1075 |doi=10.1099/00221287-131-5-1069 |pmid=2410547 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, an gano ainihin tsarin kwayar ne kawai a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cociancich |first=Stéphane |last2=Pesic |first2=Alexander |last3=Petras |first3=Daniel |last4=Uhlmann |first4=Stefanie |last5=Kretz |first5=Julian |last6=Schubert |first6=Vivien |last7=Vieweg |first7=Laura |last8=Duplan |first8=Sandrine |last9=Marguerettaz |first9=Mélanie |last10=Noëll |first10=Julie |last11=Pieretti |first11=Isabelle |last12=Hügelland |first12=Manuela |last13=Kemper |first13=Sebastian |last14=Mainz |first14=Andi |last15=Rott |first15=Philippe |year=2015 |title=The gyrase inhibitor albicidin consists of p-aminobenzoic acids and cyanoalanine |journal=Nature Chemical Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=195–197 |doi=10.1038/nchembio.1734 |pmid=25599532}}</ref> An kirkiro wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na albicidin, kuma a halin yanzu ana mai da hankali kan ƙira da kimantawa na sinadarai na albicidina tare da ingantaccen kayan magani.<ref name="Kretz">{{Cite journal |last=Kretz |first=Julian |last2=Kerwat |first2=Dennis |last3=Schubert |first3=Vivien |last4=Grätz |first4=Stefan |last5=Pesic |first5=Alexander |last6=Semsary |first6=Siamak |last7=Cociancich |first7=Stéphane |last8=Royer |first8=Monique |last9=Süssmuth |first9=Roderich D. |author-link9=Roderich D. Süssmuth |year=2015 |title=Total Synthesis of Albicidin: A Lead Structure from ''Xanthomonas'' albilineansfor Potent Antibacterial Gyrase Inhibitors |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1969–1973 |bibcode=2015ACIE...54.1969K |doi=10.1002/anie.201409584 |pmid=25504839 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKretzKerwatSchubertGrätz2015">Kretz, Julian; Kerwat, Dennis; Schubert, Vivien; Grätz, Stefan; Pesic, Alexander; Semsary, Siamak; Cociancich, Stéphane; Royer, Monique; [[Roderich D. Süssmuth|Süssmuth, Roderich D.]] (2015). [[doi:10.1002/anie.201409584|"Total Synthesis of Albicidin: A Lead Structure from ''Xanthomonas'' albilineansfor Potent Antibacterial Gyrase Inhibitors"]]. ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. '''54''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1969–</span>1973. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACIE...54.1969K 2015ACIE...54.1969K]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/anie.201409584|10.1002/anie.201409584]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25504839 25504839].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerwat |first=Dennis |last2=Grätz |first2=Stefan |last3=Kretz |first3=Julian |last4=Seidel |first4=Maria |last5=Kunert |first5=Maria |last6=Weston |first6=John B. |last7=Süssmuth |first7=Roderich D. |year=2016 |title=Synthesis of Albicidin Derivatives: Assessing the Role of N-terminal Acylation on the Antibacterial Activity |journal=ChemMedChem |volume=11 |issue=17 |pages=1899–1903 |doi=10.1002/cmdc.201600231 |pmid=27439374 |s2cid=5009104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grätz |first=Stefan |last2=Kerwat |first2=Dennis |last3=Kretz |first3=Julian |last4=Von Eckardstein |first4=Leonard |last5=Semsary |first5=Siamak |last6=Seidel |first6=Maria |last7=Kunert |first7=Maria |last8=Weston |first8=John B. |last9=Süssmuth |first9=R. D. |year=2016 |title=Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Albicidin Derivatives with Variations of the Central Cyanoalanine Building Block |journal=ChemMedChem |volume=11 |issue=14 |pages=1499–1502 |doi=10.1002/cmdc.201600163 |pmid=27245621 |s2cid=205649206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulike-Koczula |first=Marcel |last2=Hommernick |first2=Kay |last3=Ghimire |first3=Leela B. |last4=Kosol |first4=Simone |last5=Zborovsky |first5=Lieby |last6=Seidel |first6=Maria |last7=Sattler |first7=Nicole |last8=Mainz |first8=Andi |last9=Weston |first9=John B. |last10=Ghilarov |first10=Dmitry |last11=Süssmuth |first11=Roderich D. |date=2025 |title=Synthesis of Derivatives of the Antibiotic Albicidin: The N-Terminal Fragment as Key to Control Potency and Resistance Mediated by the Binding Protein AlbA |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |volume=31 |issue=21 |bibcode=2025ChEuJ..31E0162K |doi=10.1002/chem.202500162 |pmc=11979685 |pmid=40024889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Sweet salvation -- how a sugar cane pathogen is gearing up a new era of antibiotic discovery |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/01/230123123253.htm |publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hk7fel3s558cyorg4jmwymokzwahlmc 859765 859764 2026-06-18T07:05:25Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Albicidin''' kwayar cutar rigakafi ce da kwayar cutar phytotoxic wacce kwayar cuta ''Xanthomonas albilineans'' ta samar wacce ke kamuwa da sukari wanda ke haifar da fuka-fuki.<ref name="Kretz">{{Cite journal |last=Kretz |first=Julian |last2=Kerwat |first2=Dennis |last3=Schubert |first3=Vivien |last4=Grätz |first4=Stefan |last5=Pesic |first5=Alexander |last6=Semsary |first6=Siamak |last7=Cociancich |first7=Stéphane |last8=Royer |first8=Monique |last9=Süssmuth |first9=Roderich D. |author-link9=Roderich D. Süssmuth |year=2015 |title=Total Synthesis of Albicidin: A Lead Structure from ''Xanthomonas'' albilineansfor Potent Antibacterial Gyrase Inhibitors |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1969–1973 |bibcode=2015ACIE...54.1969K |doi=10.1002/anie.201409584 |pmid=25504839 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin phytotoxin, yana aiki ta hanyar hana bambancin chloroplasts.[1] Yana aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar hana DNA gyrase, kuma ta haka ne ya hana kwafin DNA na chloroplast.[2] Saboda haka yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cututtukan scald. A matsayin mai hana DNA gyrase, albicindin kuma yana da yiwuwar amfani da magani a matsayin maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hashimi |first=Saeed Mujahid |year=2019 |title=Albicidin, a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor with clinical potential |journal=The Journal of Antibiotics |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=785–792 |doi=10.1038/s41429-019-0228-2 |pmid=31451755 |s2cid=201644516 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An gano kaddarorin maganin rigakafi a farkon shekarun 1980, lokacin da aka ware kwayar kuma aka tsarkake ta daga al'adun ''Xanthomonas albilineans''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Birch |first=R. G. |last2=Patil |first2=S. S. |year=1985 |title=Preliminary Characterization of an Antibiotic Produced by Xanthomonas albilineans Which Inhibits DNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli |journal=Microbiology |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=1069–1075 |doi=10.1099/00221287-131-5-1069 |pmid=2410547 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, an gano ainihin tsarin kwayar ne kawai a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cociancich |first=Stéphane |last2=Pesic |first2=Alexander |last3=Petras |first3=Daniel |last4=Uhlmann |first4=Stefanie |last5=Kretz |first5=Julian |last6=Schubert |first6=Vivien |last7=Vieweg |first7=Laura |last8=Duplan |first8=Sandrine |last9=Marguerettaz |first9=Mélanie |last10=Noëll |first10=Julie |last11=Pieretti |first11=Isabelle |last12=Hügelland |first12=Manuela |last13=Kemper |first13=Sebastian |last14=Mainz |first14=Andi |last15=Rott |first15=Philippe |year=2015 |title=The gyrase inhibitor albicidin consists of p-aminobenzoic acids and cyanoalanine |journal=Nature Chemical Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=195–197 |doi=10.1038/nchembio.1734 |pmid=25599532}}</ref> An kirkiro wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na albicidin, kuma a halin yanzu ana mai da hankali kan ƙira da kimantawa na sinadarai na albicidina tare da ingantaccen kayan magani.<ref name="Kretz">{{Cite journal |last=Kretz |first=Julian |last2=Kerwat |first2=Dennis |last3=Schubert |first3=Vivien |last4=Grätz |first4=Stefan |last5=Pesic |first5=Alexander |last6=Semsary |first6=Siamak |last7=Cociancich |first7=Stéphane |last8=Royer |first8=Monique |last9=Süssmuth |first9=Roderich D. |author-link9=Roderich D. Süssmuth |year=2015 |title=Total Synthesis of Albicidin: A Lead Structure from ''Xanthomonas'' albilineansfor Potent Antibacterial Gyrase Inhibitors |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1969–1973 |bibcode=2015ACIE...54.1969K |doi=10.1002/anie.201409584 |pmid=25504839 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKretzKerwatSchubertGrätz2015">Kretz, Julian; Kerwat, Dennis; Schubert, Vivien; Grätz, Stefan; Pesic, Alexander; Semsary, Siamak; Cociancich, Stéphane; Royer, Monique; [[Roderich D. Süssmuth|Süssmuth, Roderich D.]] (2015). [[doi:10.1002/anie.201409584|"Total Synthesis of Albicidin: A Lead Structure from ''Xanthomonas'' albilineansfor Potent Antibacterial Gyrase Inhibitors"]]. ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. '''54''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1969–</span>1973. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACIE...54.1969K 2015ACIE...54.1969K]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/anie.201409584|10.1002/anie.201409584]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25504839 25504839].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerwat |first=Dennis |last2=Grätz |first2=Stefan |last3=Kretz |first3=Julian |last4=Seidel |first4=Maria |last5=Kunert |first5=Maria |last6=Weston |first6=John B. |last7=Süssmuth |first7=Roderich D. |year=2016 |title=Synthesis of Albicidin Derivatives: Assessing the Role of N-terminal Acylation on the Antibacterial Activity |journal=ChemMedChem |volume=11 |issue=17 |pages=1899–1903 |doi=10.1002/cmdc.201600231 |pmid=27439374 |s2cid=5009104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grätz |first=Stefan |last2=Kerwat |first2=Dennis |last3=Kretz |first3=Julian |last4=Von Eckardstein |first4=Leonard |last5=Semsary |first5=Siamak |last6=Seidel |first6=Maria |last7=Kunert |first7=Maria |last8=Weston |first8=John B. |last9=Süssmuth |first9=R. D. |year=2016 |title=Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Albicidin Derivatives with Variations of the Central Cyanoalanine Building Block |journal=ChemMedChem |volume=11 |issue=14 |pages=1499–1502 |doi=10.1002/cmdc.201600163 |pmid=27245621 |s2cid=205649206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulike-Koczula |first=Marcel |last2=Hommernick |first2=Kay |last3=Ghimire |first3=Leela B. |last4=Kosol |first4=Simone |last5=Zborovsky |first5=Lieby |last6=Seidel |first6=Maria |last7=Sattler |first7=Nicole |last8=Mainz |first8=Andi |last9=Weston |first9=John B. |last10=Ghilarov |first10=Dmitry |last11=Süssmuth |first11=Roderich D. |date=2025 |title=Synthesis of Derivatives of the Antibiotic Albicidin: The N-Terminal Fragment as Key to Control Potency and Resistance Mediated by the Binding Protein AlbA |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |volume=31 |issue=21 |bibcode=2025ChEuJ..31E0162K |doi=10.1002/chem.202500162 |pmc=11979685 |pmid=40024889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Sweet salvation -- how a sugar cane pathogen is gearing up a new era of antibiotic discovery |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/01/230123123253.htm |publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lnnf6p4njsivtbe90i3nogg8h82wnlq Ayo Oni 0 158333 859766 2026-06-18T07:05:28Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311359556|Ayo Oni]]" 859766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayo Ade Oni''' an zabe shi a Sanata na mazabar Ekiti ta Tsakiya a [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]], [[Najeriya]] tun farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]], ya gudana a kan dandalin [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] (AD). kuma Ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999 |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt |access-date=2010-06-24 |website=Psephos}}</ref> Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yunin 1999 aka nada shi a kwamitocin Aviation, Works & Housing, Transport, State & Local Government da Women's Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Committees |url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |archive-date=2009-11-18 |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Nigeria Congress}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001 game da Sanatoci, This Day ya nuna Oni a matsayin "benchwarmer" sanata wanda ba a ganuwa a bene na Majalisar Dattijai ko a ko'ina cikin ayyukan Majalisar Dattijan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-08 |title=What Manner of Lawmakers |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/12/08/20011208cov02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129125523/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/12/08/20011208cov02.html |archive-date=2005-11-29 |access-date=2010-06-24 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> (((((((((((((((December 2001 survey of Senators, ''ThisDay'' characterized Oni as a "benchwarmer" a senator who had not been visible on the floor of the Senate or anywhere in the activities of the == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7m4tdbozsw0u7jhq61uf3v5jlglz4vg 859768 859766 2026-06-18T07:06:52Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ayo Ade Oni''' an zabe shi a Sanata na mazabar Ekiti ta Tsakiya a [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]], [[Najeriya]] tun farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]], ya gudana a kan dandalin [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] (AD). kuma Ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999 |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt |access-date=2010-06-24 |website=Psephos}}</ref> Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yunin 1999 aka nada shi a kwamitocin Aviation, Works & Housing, Transport, State & Local Government da Women's Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Committees |url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |archive-date=2009-11-18 |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Nigeria Congress}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001 game da Sanatoci, This Day ya nuna Oni a matsayin "benchwarmer" sanata wanda ba a ganuwa a bene na Majalisar Dattijai ko a ko'ina cikin ayyukan Majalisar Dattijan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-08 |title=What Manner of Lawmakers |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/12/08/20011208cov02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129125523/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/12/08/20011208cov02.html |archive-date=2005-11-29 |access-date=2010-06-24 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nrwhvplu0pk1kpnq21z834oxvrg5yp6 Albomycin 0 158334 859767 2026-06-18T07:06:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341361933|Albomycin]]" 859767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GAlbomycins''' rukuni ne na maganin rigakafi na halitta wanda ke cikin aji na sideromycins, wanda shine "masu kunshe da masu ɗaukar ƙarfe da ake kira sidereophores da ke da alaƙa da sassan maganin rigakafin". Suna da tasiri sosai a kan kwayoyin Gram-negative na iyalin ''Enterobacteriaceae'' da ƙananan kwayoyin Gram mai kyau kamar ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', da ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pramanik |first=A. |last2=Stroeher |first2=U. |last3=Krejci |first3=J. |last4=Standish |first4=A. |last5=Bohn |first5=E. |last6=Paton |first6=J. |last7=Autenrieth |first7=I. |last8=Braun |first8=V. |date=October 2007 |title=Albomycin is an effective antibiotic, as exemplified with Yersinia enterocolitica and Streptococcus pneumoniae |journal=[[International Journal of Medical Microbiology]] |volume=297 |issue=6 |pages=459–469 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.002 |pmid=17459767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pramanik |first=A. |last2=Braun |first2=V. |date=June 2006 |title=Albomycin Uptake via a Ferric Hydroxamate Transport System of Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 |journal=[[Journal of Bacteriology]] |volume=188 |issue=11 |pages=3878–3886 |doi=10.1128/jb.00205-06 |pmc=1482914 |pmid=16707680}}</ref> A cikin 2000 wani rukuni na masana kimiyya daga SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Burtaniya sun ba da rahoton cewa ɓangaren maganin rigakafi na albomycin ''in vitro'' na iya hana seryl-tRNA synthetase daga wakilan eukaryotic da prokaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stefanska |first=Anna L. |last2=Fulston |first2=Mark |last3=Houge-Frydrych |first3=Catherine S.V |last4=Jones |first4=Jo J. |last5=Warr |first5=Stephen R. |date=June 2000 |title=A Potent Seryl tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor SB-217452 Isolated from a Streptomyces species |journal=[[The Journal of Antibiotics]] |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=1346–1353 |doi=10.7164/antibiotics.53.1346 |pmid=11217799 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Albomycins sune sideromycins na halitta wanda wasu streptomycetes suka samar. Sashe na sidereophore na albomycin δ2 yayi kama da ferrichrome. Ya ƙunshi kwayoyin uku na δ-N-hydroxy-δ-N-acetyl ornithine da aka haɗa da serine, duk ta hanyar haɗin peptide. C-ƙarewa na serine yana da alaƙa da wani serine da ke haɗe da maganin rigakafi mai aiki 4"-thio (N4-carbamoyl-3-methyl) cytidine. Sashe na trihydroxamate yana aiki da aikin siderophore saboda yana iya kama Fe3 + kuma yana da mahimmanci don jigilar maganin rigakafi. Albomycin δ2 ba tare da ƙarfe ba yana da nauyin kwayar halitta na 992 Da, kuma idan aka ɗora shi da ƙarfe yana da 1045 Da.[1]   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0zvnnq1u5rkzktnp23vefj8khon22qk 859769 859767 2026-06-18T07:07:26Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''GAlbomycins''' rukuni ne na maganin rigakafi na halitta wanda ke cikin aji na sideromycins, wanda shine "masu kunshe da masu ɗaukar ƙarfe da ake kira sidereophores da ke da alaƙa da sassan maganin rigakafin". Suna da tasiri sosai a kan kwayoyin Gram-negative na iyalin ''Enterobacteriaceae'' da ƙananan kwayoyin Gram mai kyau kamar ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', da ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pramanik |first=A. |last2=Stroeher |first2=U. |last3=Krejci |first3=J. |last4=Standish |first4=A. |last5=Bohn |first5=E. |last6=Paton |first6=J. |last7=Autenrieth |first7=I. |last8=Braun |first8=V. |date=October 2007 |title=Albomycin is an effective antibiotic, as exemplified with Yersinia enterocolitica and Streptococcus pneumoniae |journal=[[International Journal of Medical Microbiology]] |volume=297 |issue=6 |pages=459–469 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.002 |pmid=17459767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pramanik |first=A. |last2=Braun |first2=V. |date=June 2006 |title=Albomycin Uptake via a Ferric Hydroxamate Transport System of Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 |journal=[[Journal of Bacteriology]] |volume=188 |issue=11 |pages=3878–3886 |doi=10.1128/jb.00205-06 |pmc=1482914 |pmid=16707680}}</ref> A cikin 2000 wani rukuni na masana kimiyya daga SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Burtaniya sun ba da rahoton cewa ɓangaren maganin rigakafi na albomycin ''in vitro'' na iya hana seryl-tRNA synthetase daga wakilan eukaryotic da prokaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stefanska |first=Anna L. |last2=Fulston |first2=Mark |last3=Houge-Frydrych |first3=Catherine S.V |last4=Jones |first4=Jo J. |last5=Warr |first5=Stephen R. |date=June 2000 |title=A Potent Seryl tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor SB-217452 Isolated from a Streptomyces species |journal=[[The Journal of Antibiotics]] |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=1346–1353 |doi=10.7164/antibiotics.53.1346 |pmid=11217799 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Albomycins sune sideromycins na halitta wanda wasu streptomycetes suka samar. Sashe na sidereophore na albomycin δ2 yayi kama da ferrichrome. Ya ƙunshi kwayoyin uku na δ-N-hydroxy-δ-N-acetyl ornithine da aka haɗa da serine, duk ta hanyar haɗin peptide. C-ƙarewa na serine yana da alaƙa da wani serine da ke haɗe da maganin rigakafi mai aiki 4"-thio (N4-carbamoyl-3-methyl) cytidine. Sashe na trihydroxamate yana aiki da aikin siderophore saboda yana iya kama Fe3 + kuma yana da mahimmanci don jigilar maganin rigakafi. Albomycin δ2 ba tare da ƙarfe ba yana da nauyin kwayar halitta na 992 Da, kuma idan aka ɗora shi da ƙarfe yana da 1045 Da.[1]   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 76399oe9s6wscenni5npxrtqmc33g7i Actinobolin 0 158335 859770 2026-06-18T07:07:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313718894|Actinobolin]]" 859770 wikitext text/x-wiki Actinobolin maganin rigakafi ne tare da tsarin kwayoyin C13. Actinobolin yana samuwa ne daga kwayar cuta Streptomyces griseoviridus var atrofaciens . [2][1] == Manazarta == j0fdk311zs8toip9gp15f6m3ciatr8e 859771 859770 2026-06-18T07:08:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Actinobolin maganin rigakafi ne tare da tsarin kwayoyin C13. Actinobolin yana samuwa ne daga kwayar cuta Streptomyces griseoviridus var atrofaciens . [2][1] == Manazarta == rma4jbz0oi91xuojeqgf8wjd5mjv1qz Allyl isothiocyanate 0 158336 859772 2026-06-18T07:09:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353787775|Allyl isothiocyanate]]" 859772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allyl isothiocyanate''' ('''AITC''') isothiocjanate ne na halitta wanda ba a cika shi ba. Man mara launi yana da alhakin dandano mai tsami na kayan lambu irin su mustard, radish, horseradish, da [[wasabi]]. Wannan pungency da tasirin lachrymatory na AITC ana yin sulhu ta hanyar tashoshin ion na TRPA1 da TRPV1. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Everaerts |first=W. |last2=Gees |first2=M. |last3=Alpizar |first3=Y. A. |last4=Farre |first4=R. |last5=Leten |first5=C. |last6=Apetrei |first6=A. |last7=Dewachter |first7=I. |last8=van Leuven |first8=F. |last9=Vennekens |first9=R. |year=2011 |title=The Capsaicin Receptor TRPV1 is a Crucial Mediator of the Noxious Effects of Mustard Oil |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=316–321 |bibcode=2011CBio...21..316E |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.031 |pmid=21315593 |s2cid=13151479 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18501939">{{Cite journal |last=Brône, B. |last2=Peeters, P. J. |last3=Marrannes, R. |last4=Mercken, M. |last5=Nuydens, R. |last6=Meert, T. |last7=Gijsen, H. J. |year=2008 |title=Tear gasses CN, CR, and CS are potent activators of the human TRPA1 receptor |journal=[[Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology]] |volume=231 |issue=2 |pages=150–156 |bibcode=2008ToxAP.231..150B |doi=10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.005 |pmid=18501939}}</ref><ref name="pmid21741838">{{Cite journal |last=Ryckmans, T. |last2=Aubdool, A. A. |last3=Bodkin, J. V. |last4=Cox, P. |last5=Brain, S. D. |last6=Dupont, T. |last7=Fairman, E. |last8=Hashizume, Y. |last9=Ishii, N. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Design and Pharmacological Evaluation of [[PF-4840154]], a Non-Electrophilic Reference Agonist of the TrpA1 Channel |journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=4857–4859 |doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.035 |pmid=21741838}}</ref> Yana da ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma ya fi narkewa cikin mafi yawan kayan narkewa. == Biosynthesis da ayyukan halittu == Ana iya samun Allyl isothiocyanate daga tsaba na baƙar fata (''Rhamphospermum nigrum'') ko launin ruwan kasa na Indiya (''Brassica juncea''). Lokacin da aka karya waɗannan tsaba na mustard, an saki enzyme Myrosinase kuma yana aiki a kan glucosinolate da aka sani da sinigrin don ba da allyl isothiocyanate.<ref name="pmid31771793">{{Cite journal |last=Blažević |first=Ivica |last2=Montaut |first2=Sabine |last3=Burčul |first3=Franko |last4=Olsen |first4=Carl Erik |last5=Burow |first5=Meike |last6=Rollin |first6=Patrick |last7=Agerbirk |first7=Niels |year=2020 |title=Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=169 |bibcode=2020PChem.169k2100B |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100 |pmid=31771793 |s2cid=208318505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana aiki da shuka a matsayin kariya daga Masu cin ganyayyaki; tunda yana da lahani ga shuka kanta, ana adana shi a cikin nau'in glucosinolate mara lahani, ya rabu da enzyme na myrosinase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yingbin |last2=Lu |first2=Daqing |last3=Xia |first3=Yan |last4=Xu |first4=Xinjing |last5=Huang |first5=Huichuan |last6=Mei |first6=Xinyue |last7=Yang |first7=Min |last8=Li |first8=Jianqiang |last9=Zhu |first9=Shusheng |last10=Liu |first10=Yixiang |last11=Zhang |first11=Zhiping |date=2023-09-30 |title=Effects of allyl isothiocyanate fumigation on medicinal plant root knot disease control, plant survival, and the soil bacterial community |journal=BMC Microbiology |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=278 |doi=10.1186/s12866-023-02992-w |issn=1471-2180 |pmc=10542678 |pmid=37775764 |quote=Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) [...] has been used in agriculture because of its fungicidal [...] bactericidal, nematocidal [able to destroy nematodes], and herbicidal [able to destroy plants] biological activities. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da dabba ta cinye shuka, an saki allyl isothiocyanate, yana kawar da dabba. An koyi godiya ta mutum game da pungency. : 105 {{Rp|105}} An nuna fili don kawar da tururuwan wuta (Solenopsis invicta). [1] Ana kuma amfani da tururi na AITC a matsayin mai ba da maganin rigakafi da mai ba da rai a cikin kayan kwalliya.[2] : 118–120 :118–120 == Fitarwa da aikace-aikace == Allyl isothiocyanate ana samar da shi ta hanyar kasuwanci ta hanyar amsawar allyl chloride da potassium thiocyanate: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ssn6a7ft0bl8uga1ltyudgbjsm17un 859775 859772 2026-06-18T07:12:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allyl isothiocyanate''' ('''AITC''') isothiocjanate ne na halitta wanda ba a cika shi ba. Man mara launi yana da alhakin dandano mai tsami na kayan lambu irin su mustard, radish, horseradish, da [[wasabi]]. Wannan pungency da tasirin lachrymatory na AITC ana yin sulhu ta hanyar tashoshin ion na TRPA1 da TRPV1. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Everaerts |first=W. |last2=Gees |first2=M. |last3=Alpizar |first3=Y. A. |last4=Farre |first4=R. |last5=Leten |first5=C. |last6=Apetrei |first6=A. |last7=Dewachter |first7=I. |last8=van Leuven |first8=F. |last9=Vennekens |first9=R. |year=2011 |title=The Capsaicin Receptor TRPV1 is a Crucial Mediator of the Noxious Effects of Mustard Oil |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=316–321 |bibcode=2011CBio...21..316E |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.031 |pmid=21315593 |s2cid=13151479 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18501939">{{Cite journal |last=Brône, B. |last2=Peeters, P. J. |last3=Marrannes, R. |last4=Mercken, M. |last5=Nuydens, R. |last6=Meert, T. |last7=Gijsen, H. J. |year=2008 |title=Tear gasses CN, CR, and CS are potent activators of the human TRPA1 receptor |journal=[[Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology]] |volume=231 |issue=2 |pages=150–156 |bibcode=2008ToxAP.231..150B |doi=10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.005 |pmid=18501939}}</ref><ref name="pmid21741838">{{Cite journal |last=Ryckmans, T. |last2=Aubdool, A. A. |last3=Bodkin, J. V. |last4=Cox, P. |last5=Brain, S. D. |last6=Dupont, T. |last7=Fairman, E. |last8=Hashizume, Y. |last9=Ishii, N. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Design and Pharmacological Evaluation of [[PF-4840154]], a Non-Electrophilic Reference Agonist of the TrpA1 Channel |journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=4857–4859 |doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.035 |pmid=21741838}}</ref> Yana da ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma ya fi narkewa cikin mafi yawan kayan narkewa. == Biosynthesis da ayyukan halittu == Ana iya samun Allyl isothiocyanate daga tsaba na baƙar fata (''Rhamphospermum nigrum'') ko launin ruwan kasa na Indiya (''Brassica juncea''). Lokacin da aka karya waɗannan tsaba na mustard, an saki enzyme Myrosinase kuma yana aiki a kan glucosinolate da aka sani da sinigrin don ba da allyl isothiocyanate.<ref name="pmid31771793">{{Cite journal |last=Blažević |first=Ivica |last2=Montaut |first2=Sabine |last3=Burčul |first3=Franko |last4=Olsen |first4=Carl Erik |last5=Burow |first5=Meike |last6=Rollin |first6=Patrick |last7=Agerbirk |first7=Niels |year=2020 |title=Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=169 |bibcode=2020PChem.169k2100B |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100 |pmid=31771793 |s2cid=208318505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana aiki da shuka a matsayin kariya daga Masu cin ganyayyaki; tunda yana da lahani ga shuka kanta, ana adana shi a cikin nau'in glucosinolate mara lahani, ya rabu da enzyme na myrosinase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yingbin |last2=Lu |first2=Daqing |last3=Xia |first3=Yan |last4=Xu |first4=Xinjing |last5=Huang |first5=Huichuan |last6=Mei |first6=Xinyue |last7=Yang |first7=Min |last8=Li |first8=Jianqiang |last9=Zhu |first9=Shusheng |last10=Liu |first10=Yixiang |last11=Zhang |first11=Zhiping |date=2023-09-30 |title=Effects of allyl isothiocyanate fumigation on medicinal plant root knot disease control, plant survival, and the soil bacterial community |journal=BMC Microbiology |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=278 |doi=10.1186/s12866-023-02992-w |issn=1471-2180 |pmc=10542678 |pmid=37775764 |quote=Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) [...] has been used in agriculture because of its fungicidal [...] bactericidal, nematocidal [able to destroy nematodes], and herbicidal [able to destroy plants] biological activities. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da dabba ta cinye shuka, an saki allyl isothiocyanate, yana kawar da dabba. An koyi godiya ta mutum game da pungency. : 105 {{Rp|105}} An nuna fili don kawar da tururuwan wuta (Solenopsis invicta). [1] Ana kuma amfani da tururi na AITC a matsayin mai ba da maganin rigakafi da mai ba da rai a cikin kayan kwalliya.[2] : 118–120 :118–120 == Fitarwa da aikace-aikace == Allyl isothiocyanate ana samar da shi ta hanyar kasuwanci ta hanyar amsawar allyl chloride da potassium thiocyanate: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 09xoxbciryyehp2cd4g0ohfi2nzpwte Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Habasha 0 158337 859773 2026-06-18T07:10:37Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙ... 859773 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> fy6mfrsjucip0qtn61s9ral480yr8yc 859774 859773 2026-06-18T07:11:23Z Sirjat 20447 /* Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su */ 859774 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> dhw0ymui20zq83kjl27q8l92dzf10qx 859776 859774 2026-06-18T07:12:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa */ 859776 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> gr74sh0yr9f5y85nl4rcph2r8v1kjn6 859777 859776 2026-06-18T07:12:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwan sha */ 859777 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> m031cea2j8ja55mrpw8pmefns648ydp 859779 859777 2026-06-18T07:13:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin ruwan sha */ 859779 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] bv8m7mo138du0u7wmw6lb56hyqv2c91 859782 859779 2026-06-18T07:14:19Z Sirjat 20447 859782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] ru287tlslb5lb2hfxkxeyr1ih3is71f 859786 859782 2026-06-18T07:19:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwa mai katsewa */ 859786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> ijeoe3rntsmnxameqzqrys894bcdilj 859787 859786 2026-06-18T07:20:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manufofi da tsari */ 859787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> ecs2wutjui3a8ms58zkd84zay5lgbt6 859788 859787 2026-06-18T07:21:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan */ 859788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya g4pmu2nfw39mvmbl83ktini9tk699xm 859789 859788 2026-06-18T07:21:15Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan */ 859789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1|publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. dfofa42oal8crrwjjc9fo5gccpa8bqu 859792 859789 2026-06-18T07:27:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kudaden ruwa */ 859792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1|publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. == Zuba jari da samar da kudade == === Zuba jari === '''Zuba jari na gaske'''. Babu wasu kiyasi na baya-bayan nan masu inganci game da matakan zuba jari na gaske a cikin wannan bangare, kuma kiyasin da ake da su sun bambanta sosai. Wani cikakken kiyasi na zuba jari da kudaden da ke gudana a bangaren ruwa na Habasha an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Bankin Duniya (WSP) na shekarar kudi na 2001-02. Ya kiyasta jimillar zuba jari a bangaren a kan dala miliyan 39 ko kasa da rabin dala ga kowane mutum, wanda hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kankantar matakan zuba jari a bangaren da aka taba gani a duniya.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun ragu a matsayin rabon jimillar kudaden da aka mayar da hankali kan talakawa daga 7.4% a shekarar 2005/06 zuwa 3.4% a shekarar 2009/10. Bugu da kari, a cewar binciken da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, "ainihin kudaden da ake kashewa na iya yin kasa da wadannan matakan. Ya nuna cewa babban rabo na albarkatun ba a amfani da su kuma suna fuskantar cikas."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing">{{cite web |last=Getnet Alemu and David Thomas |title=Financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Ethiopia: May 2009 Evidence from Benishangul-Gumuz regional state |url= http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |publisher=Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) / DFID |access-date=21 August 2011 |date=May 2009 |page=vi-vii}}</ref> '''Hasashen zuba jari'''. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa zuba jari na shekara-shekara a cikin lokacin 2006-2015 zai kai kusan dala miliyan 100 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan ninki biyu da rabi na matakinsu a shekarar 2001-2002. Wannan hasashe ya ginu ne a kan alkawuran samar da kudade da masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati suka yi.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation - A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 21</ref> Don haka ba ya yin la'akari da cikas wajen aiwatarwa saboda karancin karfi ko wasu matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ainihin bukatun zuba jari sun ninka kusan sau uku ko dala miliyan 297 kowace shekara na tsawon lokacin 2006–2015.<ref name="MDG" /> === Samar da kudade === '''Hanyoyi'''. A cewar kiyasin WSP da aka ambata, a shekarar 2001-2002 kashi 9% kacal na zuba jari na bangaren ne aka samar ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya, kashi 55% ta hanyar kasafin kudin shiyya, kashi 33% a wajen kasafin kudi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 2% ta ERSDF da kashi 1% ta wasu hanyoyin.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Wannan kiyasin bai hada da gudunmawar al'umma ta kayan aiki ba, wacce ke da yawa ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara. Babban rabo amma da ba a sani ba na kasafin kudin tarayya kuma wataƙila na kasafin kudin Woreda da aka keɓance ga ɓangaren yana samun kuɗi ne daga masu ba da tallafi. Game da hasashen zuba jari na 2006-2015, an kiyasta cewa kashi 12% (dala miliyan 12) gwamnati za ta samar da nata albarkatun, kashi 15% (dala miliyan 16) daga al'ummomi da kashi 73% (dala miliyan 75) daga masu ba da tallafi. Ba a bayyana ba idan wannan kiyasin ya haɗa da tallafin waje na kasafin kuɗi ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda nau'ikan daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, kwatantawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da kudade na tarihi da na hasashe ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="MDG" /> '''Tsare-tsare'''. A cewar wani rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, matakan samar da kudade ga ayyukan da gwamnatocin shiyya da na gida ke bayarwa suna da wahalar hasashe. Babban rabo na kudaden masu ba da tallafi ana tura su ne a wajen kasafin kudin gwamnati, kodayake ya zuwa shekarar 2009 akwai dabi'a ga masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati don "tabbatar da daidaiton hanyoyin samar da kudade". Inda ake ba da kuɗi ta hanyar kasafin kuɗi, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto suna da "tsauri da yawa". t09a2qzqsec84x75nc1qvysa41evdyy 859793 859792 2026-06-18T07:29:13Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samar da kudade */ 859793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1|publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. == Zuba jari da samar da kudade == === Zuba jari === '''Zuba jari na gaske'''. Babu wasu kiyasi na baya-bayan nan masu inganci game da matakan zuba jari na gaske a cikin wannan bangare, kuma kiyasin da ake da su sun bambanta sosai. Wani cikakken kiyasi na zuba jari da kudaden da ke gudana a bangaren ruwa na Habasha an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Bankin Duniya (WSP) na shekarar kudi na 2001-02. Ya kiyasta jimillar zuba jari a bangaren a kan dala miliyan 39 ko kasa da rabin dala ga kowane mutum, wanda hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kankantar matakan zuba jari a bangaren da aka taba gani a duniya.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun ragu a matsayin rabon jimillar kudaden da aka mayar da hankali kan talakawa daga 7.4% a shekarar 2005/06 zuwa 3.4% a shekarar 2009/10. Bugu da kari, a cewar binciken da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, "ainihin kudaden da ake kashewa na iya yin kasa da wadannan matakan. Ya nuna cewa babban rabo na albarkatun ba a amfani da su kuma suna fuskantar cikas."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing">{{cite web |last=Getnet Alemu and David Thomas |title=Financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Ethiopia: May 2009 Evidence from Benishangul-Gumuz regional state |url= http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |publisher=Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) / DFID |access-date=21 August 2011 |date=May 2009 |page=vi-vii}}</ref> '''Hasashen zuba jari'''. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa zuba jari na shekara-shekara a cikin lokacin 2006-2015 zai kai kusan dala miliyan 100 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan ninki biyu da rabi na matakinsu a shekarar 2001-2002. Wannan hasashe ya ginu ne a kan alkawuran samar da kudade da masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati suka yi.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation - A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 21</ref> Don haka ba ya yin la'akari da cikas wajen aiwatarwa saboda karancin karfi ko wasu matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ainihin bukatun zuba jari sun ninka kusan sau uku ko dala miliyan 297 kowace shekara na tsawon lokacin 2006–2015.<ref name="MDG" /> === Samar da kudade === '''Hanyoyi'''. A cewar kiyasin WSP da aka ambata, a shekarar 2001-2002 kashi 9% kacal na zuba jari na bangaren ne aka samar ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya, kashi 55% ta hanyar kasafin kudin shiyya, kashi 33% a wajen kasafin kudi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 2% ta ERSDF da kashi 1% ta wasu hanyoyin.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Wannan kiyasin bai hada da gudunmawar al'umma ta kayan aiki ba, wacce ke da yawa ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara. Babban rabo amma da ba a sani ba na kasafin kudin tarayya kuma wataƙila na kasafin kudin Woreda da aka keɓance ga ɓangaren yana samun kuɗi ne daga masu ba da tallafi. Game da hasashen zuba jari na 2006-2015, an kiyasta cewa kashi 12% (dala miliyan 12) gwamnati za ta samar da nata albarkatun, kashi 15% (dala miliyan 16) daga al'ummomi da kashi 73% (dala miliyan 75) daga masu ba da tallafi. Ba a bayyana ba idan wannan kiyasin ya haɗa da tallafin waje na kasafin kuɗi ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda nau'ikan daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, kwatantawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da kudade na tarihi da na hasashe ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="MDG" /> '''Tsare-tsare'''. A cewar wani rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, matakan samar da kudade ga ayyukan da gwamnatocin shiyya da na gida ke bayarwa suna da wahalar hasashe. Babban rabo na kudaden masu ba da tallafi ana tura su ne a wajen kasafin kudin gwamnati, kodayake ya zuwa shekarar 2009 akwai dabi'a ga masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati don "tabbatar da daidaiton hanyoyin samar da kudade". Inda ake ba da kuɗi ta hanyar kasafin kuɗi, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto suna da "tsauri da yawa". Bayyana kasafin kudi da rikon amana suna da iyaka, kodayake ana kokarin samar da tsarin budaddiyar kasafin kudi a kowane mataki na gwamnati. A cewar rahoton, gwamnati, musamman a matakan kasa, "ba ta amince da hakkin 'yan kasa na samun bayanai game da rabon kasafin kudi ba". Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya yana amfani da farashin sassa na matakin kasa don raba kudaden gwamnati ga kananan hukumomi. Tsarin farashin sassa ya kasa yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen shiyya. Babu wani kudi na gudanarwa da gyarawa ko kudaden kananan hukumomi don tallafawa al'ummomi wajen gudanarwa da gyarawa. Wannan yana kara hadarin cewa sabbin tsarin da aka gina za su lalace.<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> Ga Woredas 550 na kasar, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kudade ita ce tallafin toshewa (block grants) daga gwamnatin tsakiya wanda za su iya amfani da shi da kansu a cikin faffadan ka'idoji da Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (WRDF) ya gindaya.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> WRDF da kanta tana ba da rance kuma hukumar da ke da alhakin MWE ce ke gudanar da ita kuma ana samun kudin ne ta hanyar rabon kasafin kudi da kudaden masu ba da tallafi. == Hadin gwiwar waje == [[File:US Navy 110311-N-SN160-227 Ethiopian children play in the water of a well built by Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 7.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa kusa da sabon famfon tuka-tuka da aka girka a ƙauyen Jedane.]]Masu ba da tallafi suna ba da kudaden ayyuka da yawa a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Habasha – wasu ta hanyar Gwamnatin Tarayya wasu kuma kai tsaye ga shiyya-shiyya, garuruwa da al'ummomi. Masu ba da tallafi sun kafa rukunin aiki na fasaha (TWG) akan ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukunin masu ba da tallafi da ake kira Rukunin Tallafin Ci Gaba.<ref>Development Assistance Group Ethiopia:Thematic Area Water, an duba shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Haka kuma ana tallafawa Babban Taron Masu Ruwa da Tsaki ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa na Tarayyar Turai.<ref name="USAID" /> Duk da ingantuwar tsari, masu ba da tallafi har yanzu suna amfani da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, a cewar Bankin Duniya, kudin ma'amala yana da yawa.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> Masu ba da tallafi masu mahimmanci a fannin sune Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, CIDA, China, DFID ta Burtaniya, Tarayyar Turai (EU), FINIDA, AFD daga Faransa, Jamus (ta hanyar GTZ da KfW), JICA, Netherlands, UNDP, UNICEF da Bankin Duniya. Akwai kuma kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 500 na gida da na waje, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP"/> Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya ba da tallafin dala miliyan 64 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP">Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report, Disamba 2005 (karyayyen rami)</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011 an sanar da cewa kasar Sin za ta ba da rance na dala miliyan 100 domin samar da ruwa a Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=China to lend Ethiopia $100 mln -Xinhua|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063318/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 July 2012|date=17 November 2011}}</ref> === WaterAid === Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya WaterAid ta kasance tana aiki a Habasha tun shekarar 1983. Tana aiki kafada da kafada da kwararrun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida. A yankin Oromia, ayyukan ruwa sun kasance na tsarin magudanar ruwa mai karfin fita daga mabunƙusa (spring-fed gravity schemes), waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai, suna samar da ruwa ga dubun-dubatar mutane. A Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai tsare-tsaren sun hada da rami mai zurfi (deep boreholes) domin ruwa wani lokaci ana samunsa ne kawai kasa da mita 200.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia"/> Misali, a kauyen Orbesho mazauna gari - galibi mata - sun gina wa kansu hanyar shiga don ba da damar kawo kayan aikin hako rami, sun haka ramuka na bututu kuma suka tara duwatsu don gine-gine.<ref name="The Burden of Thirst">National Geographic: https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161902/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water-slaves/rosenberg-text/6 The Burden of Thirst, na Tina Rosenberg, Afrilu 2010, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> A Amhara da Tigray manyan fasahohin sun kasance rijiyoyin da aka haka da hannu da kuma bunkasa mabunƙusa. A Benishangul-Gumuz ana amfani da famfon igiya (rope pumps) kuma. Tun daga shekarar 1998 WaterAid tana aiki a yankunan marasa galihu na Addis Ababa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kafa wuraren samar da ruwa na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da tsarin bututun birni, da kuma fannonin wanka da bandaki.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia">WaterAid. Where we work: Ethiopia, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> 96nq8chdqnjkpd9rypdtgn93dm3tgko 859794 859793 2026-06-18T07:29:57Z Sirjat 20447 /* WaterAid */ 859794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1|publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. == Zuba jari da samar da kudade == === Zuba jari === '''Zuba jari na gaske'''. Babu wasu kiyasi na baya-bayan nan masu inganci game da matakan zuba jari na gaske a cikin wannan bangare, kuma kiyasin da ake da su sun bambanta sosai. Wani cikakken kiyasi na zuba jari da kudaden da ke gudana a bangaren ruwa na Habasha an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Bankin Duniya (WSP) na shekarar kudi na 2001-02. Ya kiyasta jimillar zuba jari a bangaren a kan dala miliyan 39 ko kasa da rabin dala ga kowane mutum, wanda hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kankantar matakan zuba jari a bangaren da aka taba gani a duniya.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun ragu a matsayin rabon jimillar kudaden da aka mayar da hankali kan talakawa daga 7.4% a shekarar 2005/06 zuwa 3.4% a shekarar 2009/10. Bugu da kari, a cewar binciken da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, "ainihin kudaden da ake kashewa na iya yin kasa da wadannan matakan. Ya nuna cewa babban rabo na albarkatun ba a amfani da su kuma suna fuskantar cikas."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing">{{cite web |last=Getnet Alemu and David Thomas |title=Financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Ethiopia: May 2009 Evidence from Benishangul-Gumuz regional state |url= http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |publisher=Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) / DFID |access-date=21 August 2011 |date=May 2009 |page=vi-vii}}</ref> '''Hasashen zuba jari'''. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa zuba jari na shekara-shekara a cikin lokacin 2006-2015 zai kai kusan dala miliyan 100 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan ninki biyu da rabi na matakinsu a shekarar 2001-2002. Wannan hasashe ya ginu ne a kan alkawuran samar da kudade da masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati suka yi.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation - A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 21</ref> Don haka ba ya yin la'akari da cikas wajen aiwatarwa saboda karancin karfi ko wasu matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ainihin bukatun zuba jari sun ninka kusan sau uku ko dala miliyan 297 kowace shekara na tsawon lokacin 2006–2015.<ref name="MDG" /> === Samar da kudade === '''Hanyoyi'''. A cewar kiyasin WSP da aka ambata, a shekarar 2001-2002 kashi 9% kacal na zuba jari na bangaren ne aka samar ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya, kashi 55% ta hanyar kasafin kudin shiyya, kashi 33% a wajen kasafin kudi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 2% ta ERSDF da kashi 1% ta wasu hanyoyin.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Wannan kiyasin bai hada da gudunmawar al'umma ta kayan aiki ba, wacce ke da yawa ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara. Babban rabo amma da ba a sani ba na kasafin kudin tarayya kuma wataƙila na kasafin kudin Woreda da aka keɓance ga ɓangaren yana samun kuɗi ne daga masu ba da tallafi. Game da hasashen zuba jari na 2006-2015, an kiyasta cewa kashi 12% (dala miliyan 12) gwamnati za ta samar da nata albarkatun, kashi 15% (dala miliyan 16) daga al'ummomi da kashi 73% (dala miliyan 75) daga masu ba da tallafi. Ba a bayyana ba idan wannan kiyasin ya haɗa da tallafin waje na kasafin kuɗi ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda nau'ikan daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, kwatantawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da kudade na tarihi da na hasashe ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="MDG" /> '''Tsare-tsare'''. A cewar wani rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, matakan samar da kudade ga ayyukan da gwamnatocin shiyya da na gida ke bayarwa suna da wahalar hasashe. Babban rabo na kudaden masu ba da tallafi ana tura su ne a wajen kasafin kudin gwamnati, kodayake ya zuwa shekarar 2009 akwai dabi'a ga masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati don "tabbatar da daidaiton hanyoyin samar da kudade". Inda ake ba da kuɗi ta hanyar kasafin kuɗi, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto suna da "tsauri da yawa". Bayyana kasafin kudi da rikon amana suna da iyaka, kodayake ana kokarin samar da tsarin budaddiyar kasafin kudi a kowane mataki na gwamnati. A cewar rahoton, gwamnati, musamman a matakan kasa, "ba ta amince da hakkin 'yan kasa na samun bayanai game da rabon kasafin kudi ba". Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya yana amfani da farashin sassa na matakin kasa don raba kudaden gwamnati ga kananan hukumomi. Tsarin farashin sassa ya kasa yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen shiyya. Babu wani kudi na gudanarwa da gyarawa ko kudaden kananan hukumomi don tallafawa al'ummomi wajen gudanarwa da gyarawa. Wannan yana kara hadarin cewa sabbin tsarin da aka gina za su lalace.<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> Ga Woredas 550 na kasar, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kudade ita ce tallafin toshewa (block grants) daga gwamnatin tsakiya wanda za su iya amfani da shi da kansu a cikin faffadan ka'idoji da Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (WRDF) ya gindaya.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> WRDF da kanta tana ba da rance kuma hukumar da ke da alhakin MWE ce ke gudanar da ita kuma ana samun kudin ne ta hanyar rabon kasafin kudi da kudaden masu ba da tallafi. == Hadin gwiwar waje == [[File:US Navy 110311-N-SN160-227 Ethiopian children play in the water of a well built by Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 7.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa kusa da sabon famfon tuka-tuka da aka girka a ƙauyen Jedane.]]Masu ba da tallafi suna ba da kudaden ayyuka da yawa a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Habasha – wasu ta hanyar Gwamnatin Tarayya wasu kuma kai tsaye ga shiyya-shiyya, garuruwa da al'ummomi. Masu ba da tallafi sun kafa rukunin aiki na fasaha (TWG) akan ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukunin masu ba da tallafi da ake kira Rukunin Tallafin Ci Gaba.<ref>Development Assistance Group Ethiopia:Thematic Area Water, an duba shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Haka kuma ana tallafawa Babban Taron Masu Ruwa da Tsaki ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa na Tarayyar Turai.<ref name="USAID" /> Duk da ingantuwar tsari, masu ba da tallafi har yanzu suna amfani da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, a cewar Bankin Duniya, kudin ma'amala yana da yawa.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> Masu ba da tallafi masu mahimmanci a fannin sune Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, CIDA, China, DFID ta Burtaniya, Tarayyar Turai (EU), FINIDA, AFD daga Faransa, Jamus (ta hanyar GTZ da KfW), JICA, Netherlands, UNDP, UNICEF da Bankin Duniya. Akwai kuma kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 500 na gida da na waje, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP"/> Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya ba da tallafin dala miliyan 64 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP">Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report, Disamba 2005 (karyayyen rami)</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011 an sanar da cewa kasar Sin za ta ba da rance na dala miliyan 100 domin samar da ruwa a Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=China to lend Ethiopia $100 mln -Xinhua|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063318/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 July 2012|date=17 November 2011}}</ref> === WaterAid === Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya WaterAid ta kasance tana aiki a Habasha tun shekarar 1983. Tana aiki kafada da kafada da kwararrun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida. A yankin Oromia, ayyukan ruwa sun kasance na tsarin magudanar ruwa mai karfin fita daga mabunƙusa (spring-fed gravity schemes), waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai, suna samar da ruwa ga dubun-dubatar mutane. A Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai tsare-tsaren sun hada da rami mai zurfi (deep boreholes) domin ruwa wani lokaci ana samunsa ne kawai kasa da mita 200.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia"/> Misali, a kauyen Orbesho mazauna gari - galibi mata - sun gina wa kansu hanyar shiga don ba da damar kawo kayan aikin hako rami, sun haka ramuka na bututu kuma suka tara duwatsu don gine-gine.<ref name="The Burden of Thirst">National Geographic: https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161902/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water-slaves/rosenberg-text/6 The Burden of Thirst, na Tina Rosenberg, Afrilu 2010, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> A Amhara da Tigray manyan fasahohin sun kasance rijiyoyin da aka haka da hannu da kuma bunkasa mabunƙusa. A Benishangul-Gumuz ana amfani da famfon igiya (rope pumps) kuma. Tun daga shekarar 1998 WaterAid tana aiki a yankunan marasa galihu na Addis Ababa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kafa wuraren samar da ruwa na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da tsarin bututun birni, da kuma fannonin wanka da bandaki.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia">WaterAid. Where we work: Ethiopia, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> === Bankin Duniya === [[File:Addis Abeba06 (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Titi a Addis Abeba, babban birnin Habasha, inda Bankin Duniya, China da sauran masu ba da tallafi na waje ke taimakawa wajen samar da kudaden samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli]] A watan Mayun shekarar 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da bayar da rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 150 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birane a matsayin kararin kudi ga rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007.<ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2007</ref> Aikin ya shafi Addis Ababa, Gondar, Hawassa, Jimma, Mekelle da Diredawa. A bangaren tsaftar muhalli, zai inganta bandakunan gidaje, ayyukan tsafta da tsaftar muhalli da gina wuraren tsaftar muhalli na al'umma. Ana sauran ran samar da ruwa zai karu daga lita 50 zuwa 75 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana a Addis Ababa kuma daga lita 30 zuwa 50 a birane na biyu guda biyar. Za a fadada hanyar raba ruwa don yi wa kararin mutane 400,000 (haɗi 40,000) hidima a Addis Ababa da ƙarin mutane 500,000 (haɗi 50,000) a birane na biyu guda biyar. Aikin zai kuma inganta fahimtar kiyaye ruwa a tsakanin abokan ciniki. Aikin zai kuma rage asarar ruwa: A Addis Ababa cikin lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana da ake samarwa, lita 35 kacal ke kaiwa ga masu amfani saboda asarar ruwa. A sauran biranen, lita 20 kacal cikin lita 30 da ake samarwa ke kaiwa ga masu amfani.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=World Bank Helps to Provide Improved Water and Sanitation Services to over 4 million Ethiopians|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians|access-date=19 July 2012|date=31 May 2012|archive-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605070301/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Bankin Duniya ya amince da kararin kudi na dala miliyan 80 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2004. A cewar Bankin Duniya, har zuwa shekarar 2010 aikin na asali ya dauki nauyin gina rijiyoyi 1288 da aka haka da hannu, mabunƙusa 835 da aka kiyaye, rijiyoyi marasa zurfi 576, rijiyoyi masu zurfi 99, tsarin bututun karkara 75 da ginin taron ruwan sama 35, gami da gudanar da inganta tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. A yankunan karkara kadai, a cewar Bankin Duniya aikin ya saukaka samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli ga kusan mutane miliyan 1.4. A yankunan birane, aikin ya ba da "ingantuwar sabis na gaggawa" a garuruwa 87 wanda ya amfani kusan mutane 143,000.<ref>World Bank. Water Supply and Sanitation Project-Additional Financing, Project Information Document, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref><ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2004</ref> == Misalan garuruwa == === Wukro === [[File:Aerial Photo Wukro Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Hoton Wukro ta sama, yana kallon kudu, latti da yamma, Janairu 2020, an dauka a saman Wukro Lodge]] Ruwa a Wukro ya kasance karancin albarkatu saboda karuwar yawan jama'ar birni, gine-gine, da yanayin samun ruwa na lokaci-lokaci.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Korzenevica |first1=Marina |last2=Fallon Grasham |first2=Catherine |last3=Johnson |first3=Zoé |last4=Gebreegzabher |first4=Amleset |last5=Mebrahtu |first5=Samrawit |last6=Zerihun |first6=Zenawi |last7=Ferdous Hoque |first7=Sonia |last8=Charles |first8=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Negotiating spaces of marginality and independence: On women entrepreneurs within Ethiopian urbanization and water precarity |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=158 |article-number=105966 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105966 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] An kofoshi ne daga wannan tushe, wanda ke akwai a karkashin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Canjin yanayi shi ne ke haifar da samun ruwa a Wukro, tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mafi girma a lokacin damina, musamman Yuli zuwa Satumba. A lokacin rani, kusan kashi 43%–45% na gidaje sun dogara ne kawai ga ruwan bututu don biyan bukatun ruwa na gida, wanda galibi ana cika shi da siyan ruwa. A lokacin damina, fiye da rabin gidaje sun dogara ne da ruwan bututu kawai don sha da girki, yayin da ake amfani da ruwan sama ko'ina don wankin kaya, tsaftacewa da wanka; mafi kankantar kaso na gidaje har yanzu suna dogara ne akan siyan ruwa don sha da girki.<ref name=":33" /> gwjp1452blf1d78lvvg63xw7dyqv9a5 859795 859794 2026-06-18T07:30:36Z Sirjat 20447 /* Wukro */ 859795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1|publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. == Zuba jari da samar da kudade == === Zuba jari === '''Zuba jari na gaske'''. Babu wasu kiyasi na baya-bayan nan masu inganci game da matakan zuba jari na gaske a cikin wannan bangare, kuma kiyasin da ake da su sun bambanta sosai. Wani cikakken kiyasi na zuba jari da kudaden da ke gudana a bangaren ruwa na Habasha an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Bankin Duniya (WSP) na shekarar kudi na 2001-02. Ya kiyasta jimillar zuba jari a bangaren a kan dala miliyan 39 ko kasa da rabin dala ga kowane mutum, wanda hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kankantar matakan zuba jari a bangaren da aka taba gani a duniya.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun ragu a matsayin rabon jimillar kudaden da aka mayar da hankali kan talakawa daga 7.4% a shekarar 2005/06 zuwa 3.4% a shekarar 2009/10. Bugu da kari, a cewar binciken da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, "ainihin kudaden da ake kashewa na iya yin kasa da wadannan matakan. Ya nuna cewa babban rabo na albarkatun ba a amfani da su kuma suna fuskantar cikas."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing">{{cite web |last=Getnet Alemu and David Thomas |title=Financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Ethiopia: May 2009 Evidence from Benishangul-Gumuz regional state |url= http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |publisher=Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) / DFID |access-date=21 August 2011 |date=May 2009 |page=vi-vii}}</ref> '''Hasashen zuba jari'''. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa zuba jari na shekara-shekara a cikin lokacin 2006-2015 zai kai kusan dala miliyan 100 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan ninki biyu da rabi na matakinsu a shekarar 2001-2002. Wannan hasashe ya ginu ne a kan alkawuran samar da kudade da masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati suka yi.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation - A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 21</ref> Don haka ba ya yin la'akari da cikas wajen aiwatarwa saboda karancin karfi ko wasu matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ainihin bukatun zuba jari sun ninka kusan sau uku ko dala miliyan 297 kowace shekara na tsawon lokacin 2006–2015.<ref name="MDG" /> === Samar da kudade === '''Hanyoyi'''. A cewar kiyasin WSP da aka ambata, a shekarar 2001-2002 kashi 9% kacal na zuba jari na bangaren ne aka samar ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya, kashi 55% ta hanyar kasafin kudin shiyya, kashi 33% a wajen kasafin kudi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 2% ta ERSDF da kashi 1% ta wasu hanyoyin.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Wannan kiyasin bai hada da gudunmawar al'umma ta kayan aiki ba, wacce ke da yawa ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara. Babban rabo amma da ba a sani ba na kasafin kudin tarayya kuma wataƙila na kasafin kudin Woreda da aka keɓance ga ɓangaren yana samun kuɗi ne daga masu ba da tallafi. Game da hasashen zuba jari na 2006-2015, an kiyasta cewa kashi 12% (dala miliyan 12) gwamnati za ta samar da nata albarkatun, kashi 15% (dala miliyan 16) daga al'ummomi da kashi 73% (dala miliyan 75) daga masu ba da tallafi. Ba a bayyana ba idan wannan kiyasin ya haɗa da tallafin waje na kasafin kuɗi ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda nau'ikan daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, kwatantawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da kudade na tarihi da na hasashe ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="MDG" /> '''Tsare-tsare'''. A cewar wani rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, matakan samar da kudade ga ayyukan da gwamnatocin shiyya da na gida ke bayarwa suna da wahalar hasashe. Babban rabo na kudaden masu ba da tallafi ana tura su ne a wajen kasafin kudin gwamnati, kodayake ya zuwa shekarar 2009 akwai dabi'a ga masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati don "tabbatar da daidaiton hanyoyin samar da kudade". Inda ake ba da kuɗi ta hanyar kasafin kuɗi, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto suna da "tsauri da yawa". Bayyana kasafin kudi da rikon amana suna da iyaka, kodayake ana kokarin samar da tsarin budaddiyar kasafin kudi a kowane mataki na gwamnati. A cewar rahoton, gwamnati, musamman a matakan kasa, "ba ta amince da hakkin 'yan kasa na samun bayanai game da rabon kasafin kudi ba". Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya yana amfani da farashin sassa na matakin kasa don raba kudaden gwamnati ga kananan hukumomi. Tsarin farashin sassa ya kasa yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen shiyya. Babu wani kudi na gudanarwa da gyarawa ko kudaden kananan hukumomi don tallafawa al'ummomi wajen gudanarwa da gyarawa. Wannan yana kara hadarin cewa sabbin tsarin da aka gina za su lalace.<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> Ga Woredas 550 na kasar, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kudade ita ce tallafin toshewa (block grants) daga gwamnatin tsakiya wanda za su iya amfani da shi da kansu a cikin faffadan ka'idoji da Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (WRDF) ya gindaya.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> WRDF da kanta tana ba da rance kuma hukumar da ke da alhakin MWE ce ke gudanar da ita kuma ana samun kudin ne ta hanyar rabon kasafin kudi da kudaden masu ba da tallafi. == Hadin gwiwar waje == [[File:US Navy 110311-N-SN160-227 Ethiopian children play in the water of a well built by Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 7.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa kusa da sabon famfon tuka-tuka da aka girka a ƙauyen Jedane.]]Masu ba da tallafi suna ba da kudaden ayyuka da yawa a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Habasha – wasu ta hanyar Gwamnatin Tarayya wasu kuma kai tsaye ga shiyya-shiyya, garuruwa da al'ummomi. Masu ba da tallafi sun kafa rukunin aiki na fasaha (TWG) akan ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukunin masu ba da tallafi da ake kira Rukunin Tallafin Ci Gaba.<ref>Development Assistance Group Ethiopia:Thematic Area Water, an duba shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Haka kuma ana tallafawa Babban Taron Masu Ruwa da Tsaki ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa na Tarayyar Turai.<ref name="USAID" /> Duk da ingantuwar tsari, masu ba da tallafi har yanzu suna amfani da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, a cewar Bankin Duniya, kudin ma'amala yana da yawa.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> Masu ba da tallafi masu mahimmanci a fannin sune Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, CIDA, China, DFID ta Burtaniya, Tarayyar Turai (EU), FINIDA, AFD daga Faransa, Jamus (ta hanyar GTZ da KfW), JICA, Netherlands, UNDP, UNICEF da Bankin Duniya. Akwai kuma kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 500 na gida da na waje, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP"/> Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya ba da tallafin dala miliyan 64 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP">Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report, Disamba 2005 (karyayyen rami)</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011 an sanar da cewa kasar Sin za ta ba da rance na dala miliyan 100 domin samar da ruwa a Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=China to lend Ethiopia $100 mln -Xinhua|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063318/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 July 2012|date=17 November 2011}}</ref> === WaterAid === Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya WaterAid ta kasance tana aiki a Habasha tun shekarar 1983. Tana aiki kafada da kafada da kwararrun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida. A yankin Oromia, ayyukan ruwa sun kasance na tsarin magudanar ruwa mai karfin fita daga mabunƙusa (spring-fed gravity schemes), waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai, suna samar da ruwa ga dubun-dubatar mutane. A Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai tsare-tsaren sun hada da rami mai zurfi (deep boreholes) domin ruwa wani lokaci ana samunsa ne kawai kasa da mita 200.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia"/> Misali, a kauyen Orbesho mazauna gari - galibi mata - sun gina wa kansu hanyar shiga don ba da damar kawo kayan aikin hako rami, sun haka ramuka na bututu kuma suka tara duwatsu don gine-gine.<ref name="The Burden of Thirst">National Geographic: https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161902/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water-slaves/rosenberg-text/6 The Burden of Thirst, na Tina Rosenberg, Afrilu 2010, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> A Amhara da Tigray manyan fasahohin sun kasance rijiyoyin da aka haka da hannu da kuma bunkasa mabunƙusa. A Benishangul-Gumuz ana amfani da famfon igiya (rope pumps) kuma. Tun daga shekarar 1998 WaterAid tana aiki a yankunan marasa galihu na Addis Ababa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kafa wuraren samar da ruwa na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da tsarin bututun birni, da kuma fannonin wanka da bandaki.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia">WaterAid. Where we work: Ethiopia, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> === Bankin Duniya === [[File:Addis Abeba06 (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Titi a Addis Abeba, babban birnin Habasha, inda Bankin Duniya, China da sauran masu ba da tallafi na waje ke taimakawa wajen samar da kudaden samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli]] A watan Mayun shekarar 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da bayar da rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 150 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birane a matsayin kararin kudi ga rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007.<ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2007</ref> Aikin ya shafi Addis Ababa, Gondar, Hawassa, Jimma, Mekelle da Diredawa. A bangaren tsaftar muhalli, zai inganta bandakunan gidaje, ayyukan tsafta da tsaftar muhalli da gina wuraren tsaftar muhalli na al'umma. Ana sauran ran samar da ruwa zai karu daga lita 50 zuwa 75 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana a Addis Ababa kuma daga lita 30 zuwa 50 a birane na biyu guda biyar. Za a fadada hanyar raba ruwa don yi wa kararin mutane 400,000 (haɗi 40,000) hidima a Addis Ababa da ƙarin mutane 500,000 (haɗi 50,000) a birane na biyu guda biyar. Aikin zai kuma inganta fahimtar kiyaye ruwa a tsakanin abokan ciniki. Aikin zai kuma rage asarar ruwa: A Addis Ababa cikin lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana da ake samarwa, lita 35 kacal ke kaiwa ga masu amfani saboda asarar ruwa. A sauran biranen, lita 20 kacal cikin lita 30 da ake samarwa ke kaiwa ga masu amfani.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=World Bank Helps to Provide Improved Water and Sanitation Services to over 4 million Ethiopians|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians|access-date=19 July 2012|date=31 May 2012|archive-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605070301/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Bankin Duniya ya amince da kararin kudi na dala miliyan 80 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2004. A cewar Bankin Duniya, har zuwa shekarar 2010 aikin na asali ya dauki nauyin gina rijiyoyi 1288 da aka haka da hannu, mabunƙusa 835 da aka kiyaye, rijiyoyi marasa zurfi 576, rijiyoyi masu zurfi 99, tsarin bututun karkara 75 da ginin taron ruwan sama 35, gami da gudanar da inganta tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. A yankunan karkara kadai, a cewar Bankin Duniya aikin ya saukaka samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli ga kusan mutane miliyan 1.4. A yankunan birane, aikin ya ba da "ingantuwar sabis na gaggawa" a garuruwa 87 wanda ya amfani kusan mutane 143,000.<ref>World Bank. Water Supply and Sanitation Project-Additional Financing, Project Information Document, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref><ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2004</ref> == Misalan garuruwa == === Wukro === [[File:Aerial Photo Wukro Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Hoton Wukro ta sama, yana kallon kudu, latti da yamma, Janairu 2020, an dauka a saman Wukro Lodge]] Ruwa a Wukro ya kasance karancin albarkatu saboda karuwar yawan jama'ar birni, gine-gine, da yanayin samun ruwa na lokaci-lokaci.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Korzenevica |first1=Marina |last2=Fallon Grasham |first2=Catherine |last3=Johnson |first3=Zoé |last4=Gebreegzabher |first4=Amleset |last5=Mebrahtu |first5=Samrawit |last6=Zerihun |first6=Zenawi |last7=Ferdous Hoque |first7=Sonia |last8=Charles |first8=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Negotiating spaces of marginality and independence: On women entrepreneurs within Ethiopian urbanization and water precarity |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=158 |article-number=105966 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105966 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] An kofoshi ne daga wannan tushe, wanda ke akwai a karkashin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Canjin yanayi shi ne ke haifar da samun ruwa a Wukro, tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mafi girma a lokacin damina, musamman Yuli zuwa Satumba. A lokacin rani, kusan kashi 43%–45% na gidaje sun dogara ne kawai ga ruwan bututu don biyan bukatun ruwa na gida, wanda galibi ana cika shi da siyan ruwa. A lokacin damina, fiye da rabin gidaje sun dogara ne da ruwan bututu kawai don sha da girki, yayin da ake amfani da ruwan sama ko'ina don wankin kaya, tsaftacewa da wanka; mafi kankantar kaso na gidaje har yanzu suna dogara ne akan siyan ruwa don sha da girki.<ref name=":33" /> Don inganta samun ruwa a birnin Wukro, hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin ta fadada tare da gyara tsarin ruwan bututu da ake da shi. Aikin ya sami tallafin kudi daga shirin ONEWASH na kasa, UNICEF da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Kasashen Waje, Commonwealth & Ci Gaba, da kuma gwamnatocin shiyyar Tigray da na kasa, An kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2018, wannan ya hada da samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse masu inganci da dorewa tare da lokacin tsara aiki daga 2015 zuwa 2035, wanda aka tsara don samar da ruwa daidai gwargwado a dukkan wuraren da ake bukatar ruwa na hanyar rarraba kayan aiki.<ref name=":33" /> A matsayin wani bangare na wannan aikin, an gina sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda uku a cikin wani ramin ruwa na karkashin kasa (artesian aquifer) a kauyen Abreha-we-Athsbeha kusa da Wukro.<ref name=":12" /> A cewar hukumar samar da ruwa ta birnin a shekarar 2019, rijiyoyin burtsatse suna samar da m3 1900 kacal (tare da kashi 19 cikin dari na barna) a kowace rana, kasa da mafi kankantar bukata ta m3 3141.<ref name=":12" /> Duk da wannan fadada tsarin ruwan bututu, har yanzu akwai (ya zuwa shekarar 2022) babban matakin bambancin yanki a cikin dorewar samar da ruwan bututu. Wasu gidaje a Wukro suna samun ruwan famfo kwanaki shida a mako, wasu kwanaki 1-3 kacal a mako, wasu kuma ba sa samun ruwan bututu na tsawon makonni ko ma watanni; wasu ma ba su da ruwan bututu a cikin gidajensu kwata-kwata.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin wannan yanayi na rashin tabbas na ruwa, rashin haske, da rashin adalci na yanki, mutane suna komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban. Mutane suna siyan ruwa daga manyan motocin daukar ruwa ko kuma cike bukatunsu na ruwa ta hanyar rance ko siya daga makwabta, ko masu sayar da ruwa na boye, akan farashin da ya kama daga birr 2 zuwa 10 [0.07–0.34 EUR] kowace jeri-kan na lita 20. Wannan ya yi yawa sosai fiye da birr 5 [0.17 EUR] akan kowace lita 1000 ta hanyar tsarin bututu.<ref name=":12" /> 0l11uxom71lqo7xi7b4aspkopvc148v 859799 859795 2026-06-18T07:42:25Z Sirjat 20447 /* Wukro */ 859799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samun [[Wadata ruwa|ruwan sha]] da [[Tsaftar muhalli|tsaftar muhalli]] a [[Etiyopiya]] yana cikin [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara|mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Kudu da Sahara]] da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kodayake samun ruwan ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon tallafi daga [[Agajin ƙasashen waje ga Etiyopiya|agajin ƙasashen waje]], har yanzu akwai sauran aiki mai yawa a gaba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga cimma waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin hukumomin kula da ruwa a yankuna 13 na ƙasar, gwamnatocin birane biyu, da rassan kula da ruwa a cikin [[gundumomin Etiyopiya]] 770 (''woreda''); rashin isassun kuɗaɗen da ake samu don gudanarwa da gyara da ya dace; da kuma mabanbantan manufofi da hanyoyin da masu ba da tallafi daban-daban ke amfani da su, duk da cewa akwai [[Tasirin agaji#Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji, Fabrairu 2005|Yalwar Paris kan Tasirin Agaji]]. A shekarar 2001, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya buƙaci raba ikon yanke shawara; haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, haɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa; gami da haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka tsaftar jiki. Alamu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da wannan manufa ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A shekarar 2005, gwamnati ta sanar da wasu manyan manufofi masu cike da buri na ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa a cikin Shirinta na Haɓaka Tattalin Arziki Mai Dorewa da Kawar da Talauci (PASDEP) na shekarar 2010. Jarin da ake buƙata don cimma wannan buri ya kai kusan dala miliyan 300 na Amurka a duk shekara, idan aka kwatanta da ainihin jarin da aka zuba na dala miliyan 39 a shekarar 2001-2002. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta gabatar da [[Shirin Haɓakawa da Sauyawa]] (GTP) na 2011-2015, wanda ke da nufin ƙara yawan samun ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP">Ministry of Finance and Economic Development:[http://www.ethiopians.com/Ethiopia_GTP_2015.pdf Growth and Transformation Plan], Draft, September 2010, p. 18</ref> Kodayake masu ba da tallafi sun ware maƙudan kuɗaɗe ga ɓangaren, yin amfani da kuɗaɗen yadda ya dace da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanarwa da gyaran abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina da waɗannan kuɗaɗe sun kasance babban ƙalubale. == Albarkatun ruwa da amfani da su == [[Fayil:Blue Nile near Bahar Dar.jpg|thumb|Babban kogi a Etiyopiya shi ne Blue Nile. Sai dai mafi yawancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya yana fitowa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba daga koguna ba.]] Etiyopiya tana da magudanan ruwa na koguna guda 12 tare da adadin ruwan da ke gudu a shekara wanda ya kai mita biliyan 122 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwa da kuma kiyasin mita biliyan 2.6-6.5 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaicin mita 1,575 kubik ($m^3$) na ruwan da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a shekara, adadi mai yawa sosai. Sai dai, saboda babban bambancin yanayin damuna a wurare da lokuta daban-daban da kuma rashin wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba a samun ruwan a inda ake buƙatarsa da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatarsa.<ref name="IWMI">International Water Management Institute:[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-working-papers/iwmi-working-paper-123/ Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia], Working Paper 123, by Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Aster Denekew Yilma, Makonnen Loulseged, Willibald Loiskandl, Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew, 2007</ref> Kashi 3% ne kawai na albarkatun ruwan ake amfani da su, wanda a ciki kashi 11% ne kawai (0.3% na jimillar) ake amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha na gida.<ref>[[World Resources Institute]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20040914102249/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-60.html Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems COUNTRY PROFILE - Ethiopia],{{dead link|date=October 2019}} accessed on September 10, 2010, withdrawal data are for 1987</ref> Babban tushen ruwan sha na babban birnin ƙasar, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], shi ne madatsar ruwa ta Gafsara da aka gina lokacin mulkin mallakar Italiya kuma aka gyara ta a shekarar 2009. Rijiyoyin burtsatse da wata madatsar ruwan na daban suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan.<ref>Jigjiga TV News. [http://jigjigatvnews.com/081620095.htm Gafarsa Water Dam Project Completed], 16 August 2009</ref><ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 Addis Ababa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905195803/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3207 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> [[Fayil:Addis Abeba.png|thumb|Wannan jadawalin yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a Etiyopiya, anan an ɗauki misalin babban birnin ƙasar, Addis Abeba.]] Birnin [[Dire Dawa]] kuma yana samun ruwansa ne kawai daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke fama da gurbatawa sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities. [http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 Dire Dawa City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192754/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3210 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Al'amarin ya fi muni a [[Harar]] inda "raguwar ruwa akai-akai a [[Tafkin Alemaya]] ya haifar da rufe gaba ɗaya na kamfanin tace ruwa". Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, masu sayar da ruwa suna sayar da ruwan da ba a tace ba a kan farashi mai tsada sosai.<ref>[[UN Habitat]]. Water for African Cities.[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 Harar City Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905200513/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=499&cid=3211 |date=2013-09-05 }}, retrieved on 25 September 2010</ref> Tafkin yana kafewa ne saboda canjin yanayi na gida, canjin amfanin ƙasa a madatsar ruwan, da kuma ƙaruwar ban ruwa na gonakin [[khat]], wani ganye mai sa maye da ake nomawa don amfanin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.<ref>[[UNEP]] Atlas of our changing environment. [https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-alemaya.html Lake Alemaya], Ethiopia, 12 June 2008, retrieved on 26 September 2010</ref> Ana sa ran wani babban bututu zai kawo ruwa daga nisan kilomita 75 daga filin rijiyoyi kusa da Dire Dawa zuwa Harar.<ref>[[African Development Bank]]. [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ Harar Water Supply & Sanitation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602163534/https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-et-e00-005/ |date=2020-06-02 }}, approved on September 4, 2002, retrieved on September 27, 2010</ref> Mutanen da ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa galibi suna samun ruwa ne daga koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ba su da kariya, da rijiyoyin da aka gina da hannu. Rijiyoyi, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugai na iya gurɓata kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka na ruwa.<ref name="IWMI"/> Haka kuma, [[kama ruwan sama]] ma ya zama ruwan dare. === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === Mafi yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa na al'ummomin mazauna karkara sun dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi, da maɓuɓɓugai.<ref name="IWMI" />{{rp|6}} Bayanai na shekarar 2012 sun kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na amfanin ruwan gida a karkara a Etiyopiya ana samunsa ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa suna samun kusan kashi 40% na ruwansu da kuma ruwan masana'antu daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Saskia |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Tanui |first3=Florence |last4=Sule |first4=May N. |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Olago |first6=Daniel |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=904 |article-number=166929 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 |pmid=37689199 |bibcode= 2023ScTEn.90466929N|doi-access=free}} [[Fayil:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Duwatsun wuta (volcanic rocks) sune mafi faɗi da sauƙin samun ruwa a tsakiyar Etiyopiya. Idan aka duba ta fuskar ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daddauran lissafi (loose sediments) sune mafi mahimmancin wuraren adana ruwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi suna samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida, misali rijiyoyin aljihu na Addis Ababa, filayen rijiyoyin [[Akaki (woreda)|Akaki]], da filayen Ada'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Waɗannan filayen rijiyoyin suna cikin yankunan birane kuma ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin samun ruwa na manyan matsugunai da masana'antu. Saboda haka, waɗannan albarkatun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin haɗarin [[Gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa|gurɓacewar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]]. A Tsakiyar Etiyopiya, yawancin wuraren ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duwatsun wuta ne wanda ke haifar da babban bambanci a tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar cikakken bincike na tsarin tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa domin yanke shawara don cimma [[gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]] mai dorewa.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ci gaba da binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin saman kogin [[Kogin Awash|Awash]]: "An haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse sama da 300 a wannan yanki don amfanin gundumar, ban ruwa, masana'antu, da kuma masu zaman kansu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin manufar samar da ruwa da kansa da gwamnati ke ƙarfafawa."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Birhanu |first2=Behailu |last3=Azagegn |first3=Tilahun |last4=Kebede |first4=Seifu |date=2023 |title=Regional groundwater flow system characterization of volcanic aquifers in upper Awash using multiple approaches, central Ethiopia |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=269–289 |doi=10.1080/10256016.2023.2222221 |pmid=37327136 |s2cid=259183843 |issn=1025-6016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023IEHS...59..269H }}</ref> Misali, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi don samar da ruwa ga birnin Addis Ababa. Akwai kuma filayen rijiyoyi a birnin Addis Ababa, Akaki, South Ayat, Legedadi, da Sebeta Tefki. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma suna samar da ruwa ga manyan tsare-tsaren [[ban ruwa]] a filayen [[Becho]] da Alliadege. Sai dai, akwai saurin raguwa na matakin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin manyan filayen rijiyoyin kamar filin rijiya na Akaki.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai tunanin cewa rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna samun ruwa ne daga tafiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na yankunan tuddai, wanda hakan zai sa su jure canjin yanayi. To sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin samun ruwan suna da rikitarwa. Akwai "tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida" gami da "tsarin ruwa mai zurfi da ke haɗe da tafiyar ruwa na shiyya daga tuddai". Waɗannan tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke samun ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan cikin gida suna buƙatar sanya idanu sosai da kuma kare su daga gurɓataccen gida.<ref name=":3" /> Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa shara a birnin Addis Ababa da yankunan Akaki yana da damar gurɓata tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa marasa zurfi. Haka kuma, sabbin matsugunan birane da shiyyoyin masana'antu a wuraren da dā can gonaki ne, kamar filin Ada'a (yankunan [[Bishoftu]] da Mojo), su ma suna iya zama barazana ga tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Raba Ruwa === Haɗin gwiwa da Ofishin Haɓaka Magudanan Ruwa na Awash (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Lantarki (MoWIE) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin dabarun raba ruwa a magudanar ruwa na Awash. Wannan na iya inganta [[tsaron ruwa]] ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a magudanar ruwan. Da wannan, za su sami isasshen ruwa don amfanin gidajensu, ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antu.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021">Murgatroyd, A., Charles, K.J., Chautard, A., Dyer, E., Grasham, C., Hope, R., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Munday, C., Alvarez-Sala, J., Dadson, S., Hall, J.W., Kebede, S., Nileshwar, A., Olago, D., Salehin, M., Ward, F., Washington, R., Yeo, D. and Zeleke, G. (2021). [https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005100254/https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/climate-and-water-report/ |date=2022-10-05 }}. University of Oxford, UK: [https://reachwater.org.uk/ REACH].[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == Samun Ruwa == === Ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Proportion of respondents by Kebele (sub-city) in Wukro indicating months in which water shortages restrict their activities (in 2019).jpg|thumb|Rabon masu ba da amsa ta [[Yankunan Etiyopiya|Kebele]] (ƙaramin birni) a [[Wukro]] dake nuna watannin da ƙarancin ruwa ke iyakance ayyukansu (a cikin 2019).<ref name=":33" />]] A shekarar 2017, kashi 11% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha a gidajensu. Wani kashi 30% kuma suna amfani da "sabis na yau da kullun" (kasa da mintuna 30 na tafiya don ɗibar ruwa), yayin da sauran suka dogara da "sabis mai iyaka" (sama da mintuna 30), "maɓuɓɓugan da ba a inganta ba" (kamar rijiyoyin da aka haƙa ba tare da kariya ba ko maɓuɓɓugai) ko ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=SDG 6 Monitoring |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Ethiopia#anchor_6.1.1 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=UN Water}}</ref> Etiyopiya tana ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na samun ruwan famfo amma tana sama da [[Samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankin Kudu da Sahara#Access|matsakaicin yankin Kudu da Sahara]]: kashi 41% na al'ummar ƙasar suna amfani da ruwan famfo (88% a birane da 22% a karkara).<ref name=":33" /> A cikin waɗannan alkaluma, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya bambanta a tsakanin manyan birane, matsakaitan birane, da ƙananan garuruwa. [[Rashin tsaron ruwa]] a birane a Etiyopiya yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, canjin yanayi, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Grasham |first1=Catherine Fallon |last2=Hoque |first2=Sonia Ferdous |last3=Korzenevica |first3=Marina |last4=Fuente |first4=David |last5=Goyol |first5=Kitka |last6=Verstraete |first6=Lavuun |last7=Mueze |first7=Kibrom |last8=Tsadik |first8=Mache |last9=Zeleke |first9=Gete |last10=Charles |first10=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Equitable urban water security: beyond connections on premises |journal=Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=045011 |doi=10.1088/2634-4505/ac9c8d |issn=2634-4505 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERIS....2d5011G }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ba su da damar samun ruwa a kusa da gidajensu, mata ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyin dabarar ɗibar ruwa. Misali, a ƙauyen Foro da ke saman dutse a [[gundumar musamman ta Konso]] ta kudancin Etiyopiya, mata suna yin tafiya sau uku zuwa biyar a rana don ɗibar gurbataccen ruwa daga kogin Koiro. Kowane zagaye na tafiyar yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan ne a cikin "[[jerrycan|jeri-kan]] mai nauyin fam 50".<ref name="The Burden of Thirst" /> === Tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === Kashi 7% kawai na al'ummar ƙasar ke amfani da [[sabis na tsaftar muhalli amfani da kariya]], kashi 7% kuma suna da "sabis mai iyaka" (salanga da ake raba amfani da wasu gidaje), kashi 63% sun dogara da "sabis ɗin da ba a inganta ba" (misali rami mai sauƙi ko guga) kuma kashi 22% suna [[Gayan fili|gayan fili]].<ref name=":4" /> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[Fayil:Percentage of households in Wukro using a variety of drinking water sources reported used in the last two weeks.jpg|thumb|Kashi na gidaje a [[Wukro]] dake amfani da hanyoyin ruwan sha daban-daban da aka ruwaito an amfani da su a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":33" />]] Ingancin ruwan sha a Etiyopiya ya bambanta. Mafi cikakken hoton ingancin ruwan sha shi ne sakamakon binciken ƙasa na kididdiga na samar da ruwan famfo, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye, da maɓuɓɓugai masu kariya da [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] suka gudanar a shekarar 2004-2005. Ya nuna cewa kashi 72% na samfuran sun dace da ƙimar [[kwayoyin cuta na coliform]] a cikin ma'aunin ruwan sha na Etiyopiya ES 261:2001 da jagororin WHO na ruwan sha. Dangane da samar da ruwan famfo ta kamfanoni, dacewar ta fi girma da kashi 88%. Ba a haɗa rijiyoyin fili da maɓuɓɓugan da ba su da kariya a cikin binciken ba. Bayan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓataccen yanayi da fluoride babban al'amari ne a kofar Rift Valley. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da sakamakon sa ido na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a dakunan bincike na Hukumomin Ruwa na Shiyya da Hukumomin Lafiya na Shiyya. An adana sakamakon ƙarshe a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da Abinci ta Etiyopiya. Sadarwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin lafiya na shiyya da hukumomin ruwa na shiyya ba su da kyau.<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005401/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/RADWQ_Ethiopia.pdf}}</ref> A yankunan da ake samun ruwan sha daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana buƙatar kula da ingancin sinadarai na ruwa: Sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wani fanni ne na damuwa ga gudanar da ruwa a Etiyopiya saboda haɗarin ƙasa (geogenic hazards), kutsen gishiri, da matsin lamba daga magudanar shara da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da noma, masana'antu, da haɓakar birane.<ref name=":2" /> Haɗarin lafiya daga sinadaran ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun yaɗu sosai. Gurɓataccen sinadarai yana faruwa sosai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake amfani da shi don sha amma ba a cika sa ido akai a kai a kai ba. Misalan abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, ko gishiri.<ref name=":2" /> Gaba ɗaya babu isasshen bayanai don cikakken fahimtar rarraba haɗarin.<ref name=":2" /> Bayanan da ke akwai suna da son zuciya saboda bincike yakan mayar da hankali ne kawai ga yankunan da ke da babban gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan dakunan bincike kawai a Etiyopiya da za su iya gudanar da waɗannan binciken sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> === Ruwa mai katsewa === [[Fayil: Map of Wukro town showing spatial distribution of household water security in August 2019 (WASH dataset, 2019).jpg|thumb|Taswirar garin Wukro dake nuna rarraba tsaron ruwan gidaje a watan Agusta 2019. Yankunan ja suna da ƙarancin [[tsaron ruwa]] na gidaje.<ref name=":33" />]] An ruwaito a shekarar 2023 cewa "mafi yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa na katsewa ne, suna ba da ruwa na ƴan sa'o'i kalilan a mako a wasu wuraren".<ref name=":0">Grasham, C.F., Hoque, S.F., Korzenevica, M., Fuente, D., Goyol, K., Verstraete, L., Mueze, K., Tsadik, M., Zeleke, G., and Charles, K.J. 2022. [https://reachwater.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Wukro-p] === Sauran fannonin ingancin sabis === A shekarar 2010, kashi 20 cikin dari na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara sun lalace, kasa da kashi 25% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="WB results">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html Ethiopia Country Brief:Results, an duba shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na famfunan tuka-tuka da aka kiyasta sun kai 30,000 a Habasha, wadanda ke yi wa kimanin mutane miliyan 2 hidima, ba sa aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rural Water Supply Network|title=Handpump Data, Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file|access-date=19 July 2012|date=April 21, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118133513/http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file}}. Bayanan sun fito ne daga Demographic and Health Survey 2000 kuma B.Muluneh ne ya kiyasta adadin famfunan tuka-tuka.</ref> A cikin tsarin samar da ruwa na bututu, ana yawan samun rabo-rabo da katsewar sabis akai-akai.<ref name="WBank-24-25">World Bank: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P076735 Water supply and sanitation project, Project Appraisal Document, 2004, p. 24-25, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli == Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Yankunan Habasha Domin fahimtar nauyin da ke wuyan wannan bangare, ya zama dole a ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kan ƙaramar hukuma a Habasha. Habasha kasa ce ta tarayya da ta kunshi rabe-rabe kamar haka: * Yankuna 10 na Habasha dangane da kabilanci (kililoch), tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan 25 kowannensu; * Shiyyoyi 68 na Habasha, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan hudu kowannensu; * Gundumomi 770, tare da yawan jama'a tsakanin 10,000 zuwa fiye da 300,000 kowannensu, mafi girma ana samunsu a yankunan birane; * Dubban Kebele, wadanda ke zama mafi kankantar sassan gudanarwa a Habasha tare da yawan jama'a na 'yan dubu kowannensu. Baya ga yankuna, akwai "birane masu izini na musamman" guda biyu, (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa), inda babu ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da aka ambata a sama. Akwai bambanci daban-daban a cikin ci gaba da ikon cibiyoyi tsakanin yankuna da kuma cikin yankuna. Yankunan Amhara, Oromia, Tigray da kuma karamin yankin Harari sun fi samun ci gaba. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Habasha suna zaune ne a wadannan yankuna hudu. Yankin Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai, inda kusan kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, yana da rabe-rabe da yawa. A cikin yankunan "masu tasowa" na makiyaya da ke nesa kamar Somali, Afar, Gambela da Benishangul-Gumuz, inda kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune, karfin aiki yakan kasance mafi karanci.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> === Manufofi da tsari === Akwai ingantattun manufofin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa kuma manyan hukumomi suna da bayyanannun ayyuka da dabarun aiki.<ref name="USAID">USAID: https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141311/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO930.pdf Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Profile, kusan 2007, an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi (MWE) ce ke tsara manufofin kasa, inda Karamin Ministan Jiha ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A baya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Habasha ce ke kula da tsaftar muhalli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, abin da a lokacin yake Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa yana da ma'aikata 737 a sassa takwas da "sabis" guda 10. Ɗaya daga cikin sassa takwas ɗin shine Sashen Samar da Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html |title=UN Economic Commission for Africa MWR |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225115148/http://geoinfo.uneca.org/geoinfo/ethiopia/mowr.html }}</ref> A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta amince da Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya (UAP) domin cimma kashi 98% na samun ruwa a karkara da kashi 100% na samar da ruwa a birane da tsaftar muhalli nan da shekarar 2012. An kiyasta kudin sa a kan dala biliyan 2.5. A lokacin matakin farko har zuwa shekarar 2012 an fi mayar da hankali ne kan fasahohi masu sauki da suka dace, tare da ka'idojin sabis kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Energy |title=Universal Access Plan |url=http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=2.4 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wuri !! Amfani ga kowane mutum !! Nisa na sabis |- | Karkara|| lita 15/mutum/rana || 1.5&nbsp;km |- | Birni || lita 20/mutum/rana || 0.5&nbsp;km |} A shekarar 2001 gwamnati ta amince da Dabarun Ruwa na Kasa da aka shirya. Gabaɗayan dabarun sun haɗa da dabarun albarkatun ruwa, dabarun haɓaka wutar lantarki, dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf|title=National Water Strategy|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222023603/http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/major_eca_websites/sdd/Groundwater/ethiopian_water_sector_strategy.pdf}}</ref> Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun mayar da hankali ga: * Yanke shawara mai zaman kanta (gudanarwa na karkon kasa) * Haɓaka sa hannun duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu * Haɓaka matakan dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe * Haɗa ayyukan samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da inganta tsaftar jiki. Takardar dabarun ba ta haɗa da binciken yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na dabarun kadai ya kunshi shawarwari guda 44 da suka shafi fasaha, hukumomi, ginin iko, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwan muhalli. Babu wani fifiko a tsakanin shawarwarin kuma dabarun ba su kafa hanyoyin sanya idanu kan aiwatar da dabarun ba. Hukumomin Ruwa na Yanki da Ofisoshin Ruwa na Woreda ne ke da alhakin tsara zuba jari, sanya idanu da kuma taimakon fasaha ga masu samar da ruwa. Karfin su na sauke wadannan ayyuka wani lokaci yana da iyaka. Dangane da rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, tsarin samar da sabis na gudanarwar al'umma wanda ya mamaye yankunan karkara a Habasha "ya ketare hukumomin kananan hukumomi kuma ya rage ikon mallakarsu; duk da haka ana bukatar wadannan jami'ai idan ana son ayyukan karkara su kasance masu dorewa da kuma iya fadada su."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> [[File:5. UDDT external overview (6946613078).jpg|thumb|Kayan bandaki na jama'a a Jami'ar Adama (Nazret). Wannan bandaki yana amfani da fasahar raba fitsari da take ba da damar tattara fitsari da bayan gida daban a matsayin taki. ]] Lokacin da take kula da tsaftar muhalli a wurare takaitattu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> Dabarun Tsaftar Muhalli da Inganta Tsaftar Jiki sun sake mayar da hankalin albarkatun gwamnati kan inganta ayyuka masu sauki ga talakawa.<ref name="USAID" /> === Samar da sabis === A babban birnin kasar, Hukumar Ruwa da Magudanar Ruwa ta Addis Ababa ce ke ba da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A sauran birane da garuruwa, Hukumar Ruwa ta Garuruwa ce ke da alhakin samar da sabis. Ana sauran ran za su kulla yarjejeniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da sabis ɗin. A yankunan karkara, kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na al'umma suna gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli. Ba duka kwamitocin gida ne aka yi wa rajista ba, wanda hakan ya zama sharadi na bude asusun banki domin ajiye kudaden da aka tara daga wajen masu amfani da ruwa. === Sauransu === Asusun Farfado da Taimakon Zamantakewa na Habasha (ERSDF) – Asusun Tallafawa Al'umma da aka kafa a shekarar 1996 kuma aka soke shi a shekarar 2007 – ya kasance babban jami'i, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ya dauki nauyin kusan ayyukan ruwa na karkara guda 2,000 da ke yi wa kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 hidima. An tura ma'aikatansa zuwa sauran cibiyoyi.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban kwanan nan == Har zuwa shekarar 1995 gwamnatin kasa ce ke da alhakin tsara shirye-shirye da aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli daga tsakiya. A karkashin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1995 Habasha ta zama kasa ta tarayya, wanda hakan ke nufin mika ayyuka da yawa zuwa matakan gwamnati na kasa. Wannan tsari ya kwashe sama da shekaru goma yana gudana, amma mika ikon ya fuskanci cikas saboda karancin karfin kananan hukumomi na sauke sabbin nauyin da aka dora musu. Haka kuma a shekarar 1995, an kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, wadda ta karbi yawancin ayyukan sashen albarkatun ruwa na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP" />ya A shekarar 1999 gwamnati ta amince da Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa, wanda aka biyo baya da kafa Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (2002) da Shirin Haɓaka Ɓangaren Ruwa. Na baya ya haɗa da shirin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa (lura da mayar da hankali kan magudanar ruwa na zamani saboda haka rashin tsaftar muhalli na cikin gida a cikin shirin). Shirin gwamnati na Haɓaka Taimako Cikin Sauri da Kawo Karshen Talauci (PADEP), wanda ya shafi lokacin 2005–2010, ya yi niyyar ƙara samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa zuwa 84% da samun ingantacciyar tsaftar muhalli zuwa 80% nan da shekarar 2010. Waɗannan maƙasudai masu cikar buri sun wuce maƙasudan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, waɗanda ke da nufin rage rabon mutanen da ba su da agaji zuwa rabi nan da shekarar 2015. Rahoton alkaluman gwamnati guda daya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kudi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ke amfani da shi don tsara ayyuka, ya nuna cewa samun ruwan sha ya kai 68.5% a shekarar 2010. A cewar wani rukunin alkaluman gwamnati, bisa bayanan binciken kasa da WHO da UNICEF ke amfani da su don sanya idanu kan Muradun Ci Gaban Alubalen Karni, a shekarar 2008 samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya kasance kashi 38% kacal kuma ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli kashi 12%. A shekarar 2010 gwamnati ta gabatar da Tsarin Ci Gaba da Sauyi (GTP) na 2011-2015 wanda shi ma ke da buri babba, wanda ke da nufin kara samar da ruwan sha, bisa ga ma'anar gwamnati, daga 68.5% zuwa 98.5%.<ref name="GTP"/> == Kudade da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe == === Kudaden ruwa === A Habasha, samun ruwan famfo a cikin gida na kankashin ikon gudanarwa na hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin kuma yana bukatar biyan kudin haɗi na lokaci guda da kuma kudin sabis na kowane wata daga gidan.<ref name=":33" /> A shekarar 2014 kudaden ruwa a Addis Abeba sun kasance na nau'ikan ƙarin ƙira (increasing-block), inda m3 15 na farko a kowane wata ke cin amfanin kwatankwacin dala 0.14 akan kowace m3, yana tashi zuwa dala 0.21 akan kowace m3 har zuwa m3 50 da dala 0.24 akan kowace m3 sama da haka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority(Ethiopia) |url=https://tariffs.ib-net.org/ViewTariff?tariffId=65&countryId=0 |publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> A cikin karamin garin Wukro (mazauna 50,000), hukumar samar da ruwa tana amfani da karin kudin fito tare da tsayayyen kudin aiki don lissafin kudaden ruwan abokan ciniki. Matsakaicin farashin da gidaje ke biya na ruwa daga hukumar ya kasance birr 6.5 na Habasha akan kowace m3 a shekarar 2022 (ko dala 0.12 tare da canjin kudi na watan Oktoba 2023). Domin hukumar ba ta ba da hidimar ruwa ta sa'o'i 24 a cikin kwanaki 7 ba, gidaje sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Gidajen sun ba da rahoton biyan birr 120 akan kowace m3 (dala 2.2) na ruwa daga wasu hanyoyin daban, wanda ya ninka farashin da ake biya hukumar ruwa sau dari.<ref name=":33" /> A matsakaita, a cewar Bankin Duniya dawo da kudaden da aka kashe ya yi kasa sosai don biyan kudaden gudanarwa, ballantana a samar da isassun gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.<ref name="World Bank 2007">World Bank 2007 Urban water supply and sanitation project, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Kudaden da ake kashewa akai-akai – wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 29 a shekarar 2001–02 – an tallafa musu ne ta hanyar kudaden masu amfani (64%), haka kuma ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnatocin shiyya (31%) da gwamnatin tarayya (5%).<ref name="WSP-web">Water and Sanitation Program: Ethiopia Water Supply Sector Resource Flows Assessment 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170749/http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF050345developmentofsustainablefinancingsystems4.pdf , an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, p. 4</ref> Duk da haka, kalilan daga cikin masu samar da sabis suna dawo da duk kudaden gudanarwa kuma suna samar da dan ragi na kudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country Report Ethiopia |url=https://database.ib-net.org/countries_results?ctry=10&years=2018&type=report&ent=country&mult=true&report=1&table=true&chart=false&chartType=column&lang=EN&exch=1|publisher=International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, hukumomin samar da ruwa yawanci ba sa iya dorewar kansu ta fuskar kudi saboda kudin ruwa bai isa ya biya cikakken kudin samar da shi ba. Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samar da daidaiton ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":33" /> Manufar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da nufin dawo da cikakken kudin da aka kashe don tsarin birane da kuma dawo da kudaden gudanarwa da gyarawa don tsarin karkara. Ba lallai ba ne a bayyana ko an sami ci gaba wajen cimma wannan babban buri tun bayan amincewa da manufar. == Zuba jari da samar da kudade == === Zuba jari === '''Zuba jari na gaske'''. Babu wasu kiyasi na baya-bayan nan masu inganci game da matakan zuba jari na gaske a cikin wannan bangare, kuma kiyasin da ake da su sun bambanta sosai. Wani cikakken kiyasi na zuba jari da kudaden da ke gudana a bangaren ruwa na Habasha an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Bankin Duniya (WSP) na shekarar kudi na 2001-02. Ya kiyasta jimillar zuba jari a bangaren a kan dala miliyan 39 ko kasa da rabin dala ga kowane mutum, wanda hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kankantar matakan zuba jari a bangaren da aka taba gani a duniya.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun ragu a matsayin rabon jimillar kudaden da aka mayar da hankali kan talakawa daga 7.4% a shekarar 2005/06 zuwa 3.4% a shekarar 2009/10. Bugu da kari, a cewar binciken da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, "ainihin kudaden da ake kashewa na iya yin kasa da wadannan matakan. Ya nuna cewa babban rabo na albarkatun ba a amfani da su kuma suna fuskantar cikas."<ref name="RiPPLE Financing">{{cite web |last=Getnet Alemu and David Thomas |title=Financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Ethiopia: May 2009 Evidence from Benishangul-Gumuz regional state |url= http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090611-finance-synthesis-paper |publisher=Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) / DFID |access-date=21 August 2011 |date=May 2009 |page=vi-vii}}</ref> '''Hasashen zuba jari'''. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa zuba jari na shekara-shekara a cikin lokacin 2006-2015 zai kai kusan dala miliyan 100 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan ninki biyu da rabi na matakinsu a shekarar 2001-2002. Wannan hasashe ya ginu ne a kan alkawuran samar da kudade da masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati suka yi.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation - A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 21</ref> Don haka ba ya yin la'akari da cikas wajen aiwatarwa saboda karancin karfi ko wasu matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ainihin bukatun zuba jari sun ninka kusan sau uku ko dala miliyan 297 kowace shekara na tsawon lokacin 2006–2015.<ref name="MDG" /> === Samar da kudade === '''Hanyoyi'''. A cewar kiyasin WSP da aka ambata, a shekarar 2001-2002 kashi 9% kacal na zuba jari na bangaren ne aka samar ta hanyar kasafin kudin tarayya, kashi 55% ta hanyar kasafin kudin shiyya, kashi 33% a wajen kasafin kudi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 2% ta ERSDF da kashi 1% ta wasu hanyoyin.<ref name="WSP-web" /> Wannan kiyasin bai hada da gudunmawar al'umma ta kayan aiki ba, wacce ke da yawa ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara. Babban rabo amma da ba a sani ba na kasafin kudin tarayya kuma wataƙila na kasafin kudin Woreda da aka keɓance ga ɓangaren yana samun kuɗi ne daga masu ba da tallafi. Game da hasashen zuba jari na 2006-2015, an kiyasta cewa kashi 12% (dala miliyan 12) gwamnati za ta samar da nata albarkatun, kashi 15% (dala miliyan 16) daga al'ummomi da kashi 73% (dala miliyan 75) daga masu ba da tallafi. Ba a bayyana ba idan wannan kiyasin ya haɗa da tallafin waje na kasafin kuɗi ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda nau'ikan daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, kwatantawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da kudade na tarihi da na hasashe ba zai yiwu ba.<ref name="MDG" /> '''Tsare-tsare'''. A cewar wani rahoton bincike da DFID ta dauki nauyinsa, matakan samar da kudade ga ayyukan da gwamnatocin shiyya da na gida ke bayarwa suna da wahalar hasashe. Babban rabo na kudaden masu ba da tallafi ana tura su ne a wajen kasafin kudin gwamnati, kodayake ya zuwa shekarar 2009 akwai dabi'a ga masu ba da tallafi da gwamnati don "tabbatar da daidaiton hanyoyin samar da kudade". Inda ake ba da kuɗi ta hanyar kasafin kuɗi, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin bayar da rahoto suna da "tsauri da yawa". Bayyana kasafin kudi da rikon amana suna da iyaka, kodayake ana kokarin samar da tsarin budaddiyar kasafin kudi a kowane mataki na gwamnati. A cewar rahoton, gwamnati, musamman a matakan kasa, "ba ta amince da hakkin 'yan kasa na samun bayanai game da rabon kasafin kudi ba". Tsarin Samun Ruwa na Bai-daya yana amfani da farashin sassa na matakin kasa don raba kudaden gwamnati ga kananan hukumomi. Tsarin farashin sassa ya kasa yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen shiyya. Babu wani kudi na gudanarwa da gyarawa ko kudaden kananan hukumomi don tallafawa al'ummomi wajen gudanarwa da gyarawa. Wannan yana kara hadarin cewa sabbin tsarin da aka gina za su lalace.<ref name="RiPPLE Financing" /> Ga Woredas 550 na kasar, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kudade ita ce tallafin toshewa (block grants) daga gwamnatin tsakiya wanda za su iya amfani da shi da kansu a cikin faffadan ka'idoji da Asusun Haɓaka Albarkatun Ruwa (WRDF) ya gindaya.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> WRDF da kanta tana ba da rance kuma hukumar da ke da alhakin MWE ce ke gudanar da ita kuma ana samun kudin ne ta hanyar rabon kasafin kudi da kudaden masu ba da tallafi. == Hadin gwiwar waje == [[File:US Navy 110311-N-SN160-227 Ethiopian children play in the water of a well built by Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 7.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa kusa da sabon famfon tuka-tuka da aka girka a ƙauyen Jedane.]]Masu ba da tallafi suna ba da kudaden ayyuka da yawa a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Habasha – wasu ta hanyar Gwamnatin Tarayya wasu kuma kai tsaye ga shiyya-shiyya, garuruwa da al'ummomi. Masu ba da tallafi sun kafa rukunin aiki na fasaha (TWG) akan ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukunin masu ba da tallafi da ake kira Rukunin Tallafin Ci Gaba.<ref>Development Assistance Group Ethiopia:Thematic Area Water, an duba shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> Haka kuma ana tallafawa Babban Taron Masu Ruwa da Tsaki ta hanyar Shirin Ruwa na Tarayyar Turai.<ref name="USAID" /> Duk da ingantuwar tsari, masu ba da tallafi har yanzu suna amfani da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, a cewar Bankin Duniya, kudin ma'amala yana da yawa.<ref name="WBank-24-25" /> Masu ba da tallafi masu mahimmanci a fannin sune Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, CIDA, China, DFID ta Burtaniya, Tarayyar Turai (EU), FINIDA, AFD daga Faransa, Jamus (ta hanyar GTZ da KfW), JICA, Netherlands, UNDP, UNICEF da Bankin Duniya. Akwai kuma kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 500 na gida da na waje, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP"/> Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya ba da tallafin dala miliyan 64 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2005.<ref name="AfDB RWSSP">Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report, Disamba 2005 (karyayyen rami)</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011 an sanar da cewa kasar Sin za ta ba da rance na dala miliyan 100 domin samar da ruwa a Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=China to lend Ethiopia $100 mln -Xinhua|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063318/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFL3E7MH06F20111117|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 July 2012|date=17 November 2011}}</ref> === WaterAid === Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya WaterAid ta kasance tana aiki a Habasha tun shekarar 1983. Tana aiki kafada da kafada da kwararrun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida. A yankin Oromia, ayyukan ruwa sun kasance na tsarin magudanar ruwa mai karfin fita daga mabunƙusa (spring-fed gravity schemes), waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai, suna samar da ruwa ga dubun-dubatar mutane. A Kudancin Kasashe, Kabilu, da Al'ummai tsare-tsaren sun hada da rami mai zurfi (deep boreholes) domin ruwa wani lokaci ana samunsa ne kawai kasa da mita 200.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia"/> Misali, a kauyen Orbesho mazauna gari - galibi mata - sun gina wa kansu hanyar shiga don ba da damar kawo kayan aikin hako rami, sun haka ramuka na bututu kuma suka tara duwatsu don gine-gine.<ref name="The Burden of Thirst">National Geographic: https://web.archive.org/web/20100327161902/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water-slaves/rosenberg-text/6 The Burden of Thirst, na Tina Rosenberg, Afrilu 2010, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> A Amhara da Tigray manyan fasahohin sun kasance rijiyoyin da aka haka da hannu da kuma bunkasa mabunƙusa. A Benishangul-Gumuz ana amfani da famfon igiya (rope pumps) kuma. Tun daga shekarar 1998 WaterAid tana aiki a yankunan marasa galihu na Addis Ababa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kafa wuraren samar da ruwa na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da tsarin bututun birni, da kuma fannonin wanka da bandaki.<ref name="Water Aid Ethiohpia">WaterAid. Where we work: Ethiopia, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref> === Bankin Duniya === [[File:Addis Abeba06 (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Titi a Addis Abeba, babban birnin Habasha, inda Bankin Duniya, China da sauran masu ba da tallafi na waje ke taimakawa wajen samar da kudaden samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli]] A watan Mayun shekarar 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da bayar da rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 150 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birane a matsayin kararin kudi ga rancen kudi mai sauki na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007.<ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2007</ref> Aikin ya shafi Addis Ababa, Gondar, Hawassa, Jimma, Mekelle da Diredawa. A bangaren tsaftar muhalli, zai inganta bandakunan gidaje, ayyukan tsafta da tsaftar muhalli da gina wuraren tsaftar muhalli na al'umma. Ana sauran ran samar da ruwa zai karu daga lita 50 zuwa 75 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana a Addis Ababa kuma daga lita 30 zuwa 50 a birane na biyu guda biyar. Za a fadada hanyar raba ruwa don yi wa kararin mutane 400,000 (haɗi 40,000) hidima a Addis Ababa da ƙarin mutane 500,000 (haɗi 50,000) a birane na biyu guda biyar. Aikin zai kuma inganta fahimtar kiyaye ruwa a tsakanin abokan ciniki. Aikin zai kuma rage asarar ruwa: A Addis Ababa cikin lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana da ake samarwa, lita 35 kacal ke kaiwa ga masu amfani saboda asarar ruwa. A sauran biranen, lita 20 kacal cikin lita 30 da ake samarwa ke kaiwa ga masu amfani.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=World Bank Helps to Provide Improved Water and Sanitation Services to over 4 million Ethiopians|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians|access-date=19 July 2012|date=31 May 2012|archive-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605070301/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/31/world-bank-helps-provide-improved-water-sanitation-services-4-million-ethiopians}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Bankin Duniya ya amince da kararin kudi na dala miliyan 80 don aikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a karkara na dala miliyan 100 da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2004. A cewar Bankin Duniya, har zuwa shekarar 2010 aikin na asali ya dauki nauyin gina rijiyoyi 1288 da aka haka da hannu, mabunƙusa 835 da aka kiyaye, rijiyoyi marasa zurfi 576, rijiyoyi masu zurfi 99, tsarin bututun karkara 75 da ginin taron ruwan sama 35, gami da gudanar da inganta tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. A yankunan karkara kadai, a cewar Bankin Duniya aikin ya saukaka samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli ga kusan mutane miliyan 1.4. A yankunan birane, aikin ya ba da "ingantuwar sabis na gaggawa" a garuruwa 87 wanda ya amfani kusan mutane 143,000.<ref>World Bank. Water Supply and Sanitation Project-Additional Financing, Project Information Document, an duba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2010</ref><ref>Bankin Duniya. Project Appraisal Document: Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2004</ref> == Misalan garuruwa == === Wukro === [[File:Aerial Photo Wukro Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Hoton Wukro ta sama, yana kallon kudu, latti da yamma, Janairu 2020, an dauka a saman Wukro Lodge]] Ruwa a Wukro ya kasance karancin albarkatu saboda karuwar yawan jama'ar birni, gine-gine, da yanayin samun ruwa na lokaci-lokaci.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Korzenevica |first1=Marina |last2=Fallon Grasham |first2=Catherine |last3=Johnson |first3=Zoé |last4=Gebreegzabher |first4=Amleset |last5=Mebrahtu |first5=Samrawit |last6=Zerihun |first6=Zenawi |last7=Ferdous Hoque |first7=Sonia |last8=Charles |first8=Katrina Jane |date=2022 |title=Negotiating spaces of marginality and independence: On women entrepreneurs within Ethiopian urbanization and water precarity |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=158 |article-number=105966 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105966 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] An kofoshi ne daga wannan tushe, wanda ke akwai a karkashin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Canjin yanayi shi ne ke haifar da samun ruwa a Wukro, tare da samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mafi girma a lokacin damina, musamman Yuli zuwa Satumba. A lokacin rani, kusan kashi 43%–45% na gidaje sun dogara ne kawai ga ruwan bututu don biyan bukatun ruwa na gida, wanda galibi ana cika shi da siyan ruwa. A lokacin damina, fiye da rabin gidaje sun dogara ne da ruwan bututu kawai don sha da girki, yayin da ake amfani da ruwan sama ko'ina don wankin kaya, tsaftacewa da wanka; mafi kankantar kaso na gidaje har yanzu suna dogara ne akan siyan ruwa don sha da girki.<ref name=":33" /> Don inganta samun ruwa a birnin Wukro, hukumar samar da ruwa ta garin ta fadada tare da gyara tsarin ruwan bututu da ake da shi. Aikin ya sami tallafin kudi daga shirin ONEWASH na kasa, UNICEF da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Kasashen Waje, Commonwealth & Ci Gaba, da kuma gwamnatocin shiyyar Tigray da na kasa, An kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2018, wannan ya hada da samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse masu inganci da dorewa tare da lokacin tsara aiki daga 2015 zuwa 2035, wanda aka tsara don samar da ruwa daidai gwargwado a dukkan wuraren da ake bukatar ruwa na hanyar rarraba kayan aiki.<ref name=":33" /> A matsayin wani bangare na wannan aikin, an gina sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda uku a cikin wani ramin ruwa na karkashin kasa (artesian aquifer) a kauyen Abreha-we-Athsbeha kusa da Wukro.<ref name=":12" /> A cewar hukumar samar da ruwa ta birnin a shekarar 2019, rijiyoyin burtsatse suna samar da m3 1900 kacal (tare da kashi 19 cikin dari na barna) a kowace rana, kasa da mafi kankantar bukata ta m3 3141.<ref name=":12" /> Duk da wannan fadada tsarin ruwan bututu, har yanzu akwai (ya zuwa shekarar 2022) babban matakin bambancin yanki a cikin dorewar samar da ruwan bututu. Wasu gidaje a Wukro suna samun ruwan famfo kwanaki shida a mako, wasu kwanaki 1-3 kacal a mako, wasu kuma ba sa samun ruwan bututu na tsawon makonni ko ma watanni; wasu ma ba su da ruwan bututu a cikin gidajensu kwata-kwata.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin wannan yanayi na rashin tabbas na ruwa, rashin haske, da rashin adalci na yanki, mutane suna komawa ga amfani da hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban. Mutane suna siyan ruwa daga manyan motocin daukar ruwa ko kuma cike bukatunsu na ruwa ta hanyar rance ko siya daga makwabta, ko masu sayar da ruwa na boye, akan farashin da ya kama daga birr 2 zuwa 10 [0.07–0.34 EUR] kowace jeri-kan na lita 20. Wannan ya yi yawa sosai fiye da birr 5 [0.17 EUR] akan kowace lita 1000 ta hanyar tsarin bututu.<ref name=":12" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} nbi5g8pyqmngeewgmcys0z6h8rfadqi Haɗin gwiwar maganin rigakafi 0 158338 859784 2026-06-18T07:15:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350075425|Antibiotic synergy]]" 859784 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sha'awar asibiti == Sha'awar asibiti a cikin haɗin kai ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1950 lokacin da likitoci suka lura cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da endocarditis na enterococcal sun sami babban sake dawowa lokacin da aka yi amfani da penicillin G kadai don magani kuma an nuna ƙananan sake dawowa yayin da aka haɗa streptomycin tare da penicilina G don yaki da kamuwa da cutar.[1] Tun daga wannan lokacin ƙungiyar bincike ta gudanar da bincike da yawa game da tasirin da yiwuwar haɗuwa da maganin rigakafi. A yau, an gane maganin haɗuwa kamar samar da fa'ida mai yawa na maganin rigakafi, yadda ya kamata yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta ta polymicrobial, rage zaɓin nau'ikan masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafin rigakafi.[1][2] == Abin sha'awa == Haɗin gwiwar maganin rigakafi yana da kyau a cikin ma'anar asibiti saboda dalilai da yawa. A matakin mai haƙuri, ƙarfin antimicrobial da aka bayar ta hanyar hadin kai yana bawa jiki damar kawar da kamuwa da cuta cikin sauri, wanda ke haifar da gajerun darussan maganin rigakafi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Leekha |first=Surbhi |last2=Terrell |first2=Christine L. |last3=Edson |first3=Randall S. |year=2011 |title=General Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–167 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489}}</ref> Ƙananan darussan magani su ma rage tasirin guba mai alaƙa da kashi, idan ya dace.<ref name=":2" /> Bugu da ƙari, haɗin kai yana taimakawa a cikin kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya, yana kawar da kamuwa da cuta gabaɗaya fiye da yadda zai yiwu ba tare da haɗin kai ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Acar |first=Jacques F. |date=2000-11-01 |title=Antibiotic Synergy and Antagonism |journal=[[Medical Clinics of North America]] |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1391–1406 |doi=10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70294-7 |pmid=11155849}}</ref> A matakin da ya fi girma, tasirin hadin gwiwa yana da amfani don yaki da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya ta hanyar karuwar ƙarfi da kuma dakatar da yaduwar juriya ta ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar kawar da cututtukan cuta gaba ɗaya, hana zabin juyin halitta na ƙwayoyin masu tsayayyar ƙwayoyin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Hanyoyin bincike na yanzu == Binciken yanzu game da hadin gwiwar maganin rigakafi da yiwuwar warkarwa yana motsawa a cikin manyan hanyoyi uku. Wasu bincike an sadaukar da su don gano haɗuwa da maganin rigakafi wanda idan aka haɗa shi yana nuna haɗin kai. Misali na al'ada na wannan tasirin shine hulɗa tsakanin β-lactams, wanda ke lalata membrane na kwayar cuta, da aminoglycoside, wanda ke hana kira na furotin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kohanski |first=Michael A. |last2=Dwyer |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Collins |first3=James J. |year=2010 |title=How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=423–435 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro2333 |pmc=2896384 |pmid=20440275}}</ref> Lalacewar da aka yi wa bangon tantanin halitta ta hanyar β-lactams yana ba da damar ɗaukar ƙarin kwayoyin aminoglycoside a cikin tantanin halitta fiye da yadda zai yiwu, inganta lalacewar tantanin halitta.<ref name=":0" /> A wasu lokuta, haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta suna dawo da ƙarfin zuwa magungunan da ba su da tasiri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=David |year=2015 |title=Antibiotic resistance breakers: can repurposed drugs fill the antibiotic discovery void? |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=821–832 |doi=10.1038/nrd4675 |pmid=26493767 |s2cid=22378623}}</ref> Sauran bincike an sadaukar da su don gano masu fashewar juriya (ARB) wanda ke inganta ƙarfin maganin rigakafi. Wannan tasirin yana shiga tsakani ta hanyar aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta kai tsaye na ARB, yin niyya da lalata hanyoyin juriya na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta don haka ba da damar maganin rigakafi ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata, yana hulɗa tare da mai karɓar bakuncin don haifar da hanyoyin tsaro, ko wasu haɗuwa da su.<ref name=":3" /> Hanyar bincike ta uku ta haɗa da haɗa maganin rigakafi na gargajiya tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kamar ƙwayoyin nano na azurfa. Kwayoyin nano na azurfa suna da karfi ba takamaiman hulɗa tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewar bango na tantanin halitta da ƙarni na lalacewar nau'ikan iskar oxygen (ROS) a gaban abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin halitta. Wadannan tasirin ana zaton suna raunana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, suna sa su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da cutar daga maganin rigakafi na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panáček |first=Aleš |last2=Smékalová |first2=Monika |last3=Večeřová |first3=Renata |last4=Bogdanová |first4=Kateřina |last5=Röderová |first5=Magdaléna |last6=Kolář |first6=Milan |last7=Kilianová |first7=Martina |last8=Hradilová |first8=Šárka |last9=Froning |first9=Jens P. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Silver nanoparticles strongly enhance and restore bactericidal activity of inactive antibiotics against multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae |journal=Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces |volume=142 |pages=392–399 |doi=10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.007 |pmid=26970828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yao |last2=Ding |first2=Xiali |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=Guo |first4=Mingquan |last5=Zhang |first5=Yan |last6=Guo |first6=Xiaokui |last7=Gu |first7=Hongchen |year=2016 |title=Antibiotic-loaded, silver core-embedded mesoporous silica nanovehicles as a synergistic antibacterial agent for the treatment of drug-resistant infections |journal=Biomaterials |volume=101 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.004 |pmid=27294538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Kaiyuan |last2=Setyawati |first2=Magdiel I. |last3=Lim |first3=Tze-Peng |last4=Leong |first4=David Tai |last5=Xie |first5=Jianping |date=2016-08-23 |title=Antimicrobial Cluster Bombs: Silver Nanoclusters Packed with Daptomycin |journal=ACS Nano |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=7934–7942 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.6b03862 |issn=1936-0851 |pmid=27494437}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panáček |first=Aleš |last2=Smékalová |first2=Monika |last3=Kilianová |first3=Martina |last4=Prucek |first4=Robert |last5=Bogdanová |first5=Kateřina |last6=Večeřová |first6=Renata |last7=Kolář |first7=Milan |last8=Havrdová |first8=Markéta |last9=Płaza |first9=Grażyna Anna |date=2015-12-28 |title=Strong and Nonspecific Synergistic Antibacterial Efficiency of Antibiotics Combined with Silver Nanoparticles at Very Low Concentrations Showing No Cytotoxic Effect |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/molecules21010026 |pmc=6273824 |pmid=26729075 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deng |first=Hua |last2=McShan |first2=Danielle |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying |last4=Sinha |first4=Sudarson S. |last5=Arslan |first5=Zikri |last6=Ray |first6=Paresh C. |last7=Yu |first7=Hongtao |date=2016-08-16 |title=Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Combined Silver Nanoparticles and Common Antibiotics |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=50 |issue=16 |pages=8840–8848 |bibcode=2016EnST...50.8840D |doi=10.1021/acs.est.6b00998 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=5300770 |pmid=27390928}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iqu23xcv5eaz29z8u9rhfhik5y551os 859785 859784 2026-06-18T07:16:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Sha'awar asibiti == Sha'awar asibiti a cikin haɗin kai ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1950 lokacin da likitoci suka lura cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da endocarditis na enterococcal sun sami babban sake dawowa lokacin da aka yi amfani da penicillin G kadai don magani kuma an nuna ƙananan sake dawowa yayin da aka haɗa streptomycin tare da penicilina G don yaki da kamuwa da cutar.[1] Tun daga wannan lokacin ƙungiyar bincike ta gudanar da bincike da yawa game da tasirin da yiwuwar haɗuwa da maganin rigakafi. A yau, an gane maganin haɗuwa kamar samar da fa'ida mai yawa na maganin rigakafi, yadda ya kamata yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta ta polymicrobial, rage zaɓin nau'ikan masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafin rigakafi.[1][2] == Abin sha'awa == Haɗin gwiwar maganin rigakafi yana da kyau a cikin ma'anar asibiti saboda dalilai da yawa. A matakin mai haƙuri, ƙarfin antimicrobial da aka bayar ta hanyar hadin kai yana bawa jiki damar kawar da kamuwa da cuta cikin sauri, wanda ke haifar da gajerun darussan maganin rigakafi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Leekha |first=Surbhi |last2=Terrell |first2=Christine L. |last3=Edson |first3=Randall S. |year=2011 |title=General Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–167 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489}}</ref> Ƙananan darussan magani su ma rage tasirin guba mai alaƙa da kashi, idan ya dace.<ref name=":2" /> Bugu da ƙari, haɗin kai yana taimakawa a cikin kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya, yana kawar da kamuwa da cuta gabaɗaya fiye da yadda zai yiwu ba tare da haɗin kai ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Acar |first=Jacques F. |date=2000-11-01 |title=Antibiotic Synergy and Antagonism |journal=[[Medical Clinics of North America]] |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1391–1406 |doi=10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70294-7 |pmid=11155849}}</ref> A matakin da ya fi girma, tasirin hadin gwiwa yana da amfani don yaki da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya ta hanyar karuwar ƙarfi da kuma dakatar da yaduwar juriya ta ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar kawar da cututtukan cuta gaba ɗaya, hana zabin juyin halitta na ƙwayoyin masu tsayayyar ƙwayoyin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Hanyoyin bincike na yanzu == Binciken yanzu game da hadin gwiwar maganin rigakafi da yiwuwar warkarwa yana motsawa a cikin manyan hanyoyi uku. Wasu bincike an sadaukar da su don gano haɗuwa da maganin rigakafi wanda idan aka haɗa shi yana nuna haɗin kai. Misali na al'ada na wannan tasirin shine hulɗa tsakanin β-lactams, wanda ke lalata membrane na kwayar cuta, da aminoglycoside, wanda ke hana kira na furotin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kohanski |first=Michael A. |last2=Dwyer |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Collins |first3=James J. |year=2010 |title=How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=423–435 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro2333 |pmc=2896384 |pmid=20440275}}</ref> Lalacewar da aka yi wa bangon tantanin halitta ta hanyar β-lactams yana ba da damar ɗaukar ƙarin kwayoyin aminoglycoside a cikin tantanin halitta fiye da yadda zai yiwu, inganta lalacewar tantanin halitta.<ref name=":0" /> A wasu lokuta, haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta suna dawo da ƙarfin zuwa magungunan da ba su da tasiri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=David |year=2015 |title=Antibiotic resistance breakers: can repurposed drugs fill the antibiotic discovery void? |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=821–832 |doi=10.1038/nrd4675 |pmid=26493767 |s2cid=22378623}}</ref> Sauran bincike an sadaukar da su don gano masu fashewar juriya (ARB) wanda ke inganta ƙarfin maganin rigakafi. Wannan tasirin yana shiga tsakani ta hanyar aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta kai tsaye na ARB, yin niyya da lalata hanyoyin juriya na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta don haka ba da damar maganin rigakafi ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata, yana hulɗa tare da mai karɓar bakuncin don haifar da hanyoyin tsaro, ko wasu haɗuwa da su.<ref name=":3" /> Hanyar bincike ta uku ta haɗa da haɗa maganin rigakafi na gargajiya tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kamar ƙwayoyin nano na azurfa. Kwayoyin nano na azurfa suna da karfi ba takamaiman hulɗa tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewar bango na tantanin halitta da ƙarni na lalacewar nau'ikan iskar oxygen (ROS) a gaban abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin halitta. Wadannan tasirin ana zaton suna raunana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, suna sa su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da cutar daga maganin rigakafi na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panáček |first=Aleš |last2=Smékalová |first2=Monika |last3=Večeřová |first3=Renata |last4=Bogdanová |first4=Kateřina |last5=Röderová |first5=Magdaléna |last6=Kolář |first6=Milan |last7=Kilianová |first7=Martina |last8=Hradilová |first8=Šárka |last9=Froning |first9=Jens P. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Silver nanoparticles strongly enhance and restore bactericidal activity of inactive antibiotics against multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae |journal=Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces |volume=142 |pages=392–399 |doi=10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.007 |pmid=26970828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yao |last2=Ding |first2=Xiali |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=Guo |first4=Mingquan |last5=Zhang |first5=Yan |last6=Guo |first6=Xiaokui |last7=Gu |first7=Hongchen |year=2016 |title=Antibiotic-loaded, silver core-embedded mesoporous silica nanovehicles as a synergistic antibacterial agent for the treatment of drug-resistant infections |journal=Biomaterials |volume=101 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.004 |pmid=27294538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Kaiyuan |last2=Setyawati |first2=Magdiel I. |last3=Lim |first3=Tze-Peng |last4=Leong |first4=David Tai |last5=Xie |first5=Jianping |date=2016-08-23 |title=Antimicrobial Cluster Bombs: Silver Nanoclusters Packed with Daptomycin |journal=ACS Nano |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=7934–7942 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.6b03862 |issn=1936-0851 |pmid=27494437}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panáček |first=Aleš |last2=Smékalová |first2=Monika |last3=Kilianová |first3=Martina |last4=Prucek |first4=Robert |last5=Bogdanová |first5=Kateřina |last6=Večeřová |first6=Renata |last7=Kolář |first7=Milan |last8=Havrdová |first8=Markéta |last9=Płaza |first9=Grażyna Anna |date=2015-12-28 |title=Strong and Nonspecific Synergistic Antibacterial Efficiency of Antibiotics Combined with Silver Nanoparticles at Very Low Concentrations Showing No Cytotoxic Effect |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/molecules21010026 |pmc=6273824 |pmid=26729075 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deng |first=Hua |last2=McShan |first2=Danielle |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying |last4=Sinha |first4=Sudarson S. |last5=Arslan |first5=Zikri |last6=Ray |first6=Paresh C. |last7=Yu |first7=Hongtao |date=2016-08-16 |title=Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Combined Silver Nanoparticles and Common Antibiotics |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=50 |issue=16 |pages=8840–8848 |bibcode=2016EnST...50.8840D |doi=10.1021/acs.est.6b00998 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=5300770 |pmid=27390928}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hpvxewr1940qr9csjweshzgp4p8gdxh Arowana na Afirka 0 158339 859802 2026-06-18T08:02:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334732063|African arowana]]" 859802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Heterotis_niloticus_MHNT_ICHT_1995_69.jpg|thumb|'''''Heterotis niloticus''''' - MHNT]] '''Arowana na Afirka''' ko arowana na Nilu ('''''Heterotis niloticus''''') nau'in bonytongue ne. Duk da cewa ana kiransa "arowana", arowana na Afirka yana da alaƙa da Arapaimas, kawai sauran mambobi a cikin iyalin Arapaiminae, fiye da arowanas na Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, da Australiya a cikin iyalin Osteoglossinae (Arapaiminae wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa iyali ne daban daga Osteoglosidae).<ref name="Hilton2018">{{Cite journal |last=Hilton |first=E. J. |last2=Lavoué |first2=S. |date=2018 |title=A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |volume=16 |issue=3 |doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20180031 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan, arowana na Afirka yana da baki mai mahimmanci kuma shine kawai wanda ke ciyarwa sosai a kan plankton. == Bayyanawa == Arowana na Afirka kifi ne mai dogon jiki tare da manyan sikelin, dogon {{Convert|1|m|ft}} da aka saita da baya a jikin mutum, da kuma caudal fin. Tsawonta shine 3.5 zuwa 5.0 sau daidaitattun tsawon. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya kai tsawon 1 kuma yana da nauyin {{Convert|10.2|kg|lb}} kg (22 . Wannan kifi yana da launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, ko tagulla a launi. Launi iri ɗaya ne a cikin manya, amma yara galibi suna da duhu mai zurfi. Arowanas na Afirka suna da gabobin numfashi a kan branchiae, wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai cike da iskar oxygen. Wani sashi na suprabranchial yana ba shi damar mayar da hankali ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin abinci na planktonic kuma yana da aikin ji. == Yankin == Wannan nau'in ya bazu a duk faɗin Afirka, inda yake asalinsa ga duk wuraren ruwa a yankin Sahelo-Sudanese, [[Senegal]], da [[Gambiya]], da kuma sassa na gabashin Afirka. Wannan kewayon ya haɗa da tafkunan [[Kogin Corubal|Corubal]], [[Kogin Volta|Volta]], [[Kogin Ouémé|Ouémé]], [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], [[Benue (kogi)|Bénoué]], da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], da na [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] da [[Tafkin Turkana]]. An samu nasarar gabatar da shi zuwa Côte d'Ivoire, [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross]] a [[Najeriya]], Kogin [[Kogin Sanaga|Sanaga]] da Nyong a [[Kamaru]], da [[Kogin Ogooué]] a [[Gabon]], da kuma ƙananan da tsakiyar [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], gami da Kogin [[Kogin Ubangi|Ubangui]] da [[Kogin Kasai|Kasaï]]. An kuma gabatar da shi a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. A wasu lokuta, an bayar da rahoton gabatarwa ya yi mummunar tasiri ga yanayin muhalli na gida. == Amfani da Mutum == [[Fayil:African_bonytongue_total_production_thousand_tonnes_1950-2022.svg|thumb|Kamawa (blue) da kiwon kifi (kore) samar da arowana na Afirka (''Heterotis niloticus'') a cikin tan dubu daga 1950 zuwa 2022, kamar yadda FAO ta ruwaito <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]] Ana amfani da arowana na Afirka a cikin gida a matsayin kifi na abinci kuma an tattara shi a baya don cinikin akwatin kifaye. Ba ta da tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar danginta. An shuka shi a cikin asalinsa, kasancewar al'ada ce mai cin nasara sosai saboda haƙuri da yawa da sauƙin ciyarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wikondi |first=Jeanne |last2=Tonfack |first2=Djouatsa Juvenal |last3=Meutchieye |first3=Félix |last4=Tomedi |first4=Tabi Minette |date=2022 |title=Aquaculture of Heterotis niloticus in Sub-Saharan Africa: Potentials and Perspectives |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358922540 |journal=Genetics & Biodiversity Journal |volume=6 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.46325/gabj.v6i1.195 |access-date=6 December 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1slpd7jauxao6ja71r7w46kcoc4y0yc 859803 859802 2026-06-18T08:03:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 859803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Heterotis_niloticus_MHNT_ICHT_1995_69.jpg|thumb|'''''Heterotis niloticus''''' - MHNT]] '''Arowana na Afirka''' ko arowana na Nilu ('''''Heterotis niloticus''''') nau'in bonytongue ne. Duk da cewa ana kiransa "arowana", arowana na Afirka yana da alaƙa da Arapaimas, kawai sauran mambobi a cikin iyalin Arapaiminae, fiye da arowanas na Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, da Australiya a cikin iyalin Osteoglossinae (Arapaiminae wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa iyali ne daban daga Osteoglosidae).<ref name="Hilton2018">{{Cite journal |last=Hilton |first=E. J. |last2=Lavoué |first2=S. |date=2018 |title=A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |volume=16 |issue=3 |doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20180031 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan, arowana na Afirka yana da baki mai mahimmanci kuma shine kawai wanda ke ciyarwa sosai a kan plankton. == Bayyanawa == Arowana na Afirka kifi ne mai dogon jiki tare da manyan sikelin, dogon {{Convert|1|m|ft}} da aka saita da baya a jikin mutum, da kuma caudal fin. Tsawonta shine 3.5 zuwa 5.0 sau daidaitattun tsawon. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya kai tsawon 1 kuma yana da nauyin {{Convert|10.2|kg|lb}} kg (22 . Wannan kifi yana da launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, ko tagulla a launi. Launi iri ɗaya ne a cikin manya, amma yara galibi suna da duhu mai zurfi. Arowanas na Afirka suna da gabobin numfashi a kan branchiae, wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai cike da iskar oxygen. Wani sashi na suprabranchial yana ba shi damar mayar da hankali ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin abinci na planktonic kuma yana da aikin ji. == Yankin == Wannan nau'in ya bazu a duk faɗin Afirka, inda yake asalinsa ga duk wuraren ruwa a yankin Sahelo-Sudanese, [[Senegal]], da [[Gambiya]], da kuma sassa na gabashin Afirka. Wannan kewayon ya haɗa da tafkunan [[Kogin Corubal|Corubal]], [[Kogin Volta|Volta]], [[Kogin Ouémé|Ouémé]], [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], [[Benue (kogi)|Bénoué]], da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], da na [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] da [[Tafkin Turkana]]. An samu nasarar gabatar da shi zuwa Côte d'Ivoire, [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross]] a [[Najeriya]], Kogin [[Kogin Sanaga|Sanaga]] da Nyong a [[Kamaru]], da [[Kogin Ogooué]] a [[Gabon]], da kuma ƙananan da tsakiyar [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], gami da Kogin [[Kogin Ubangi|Ubangui]] da [[Kogin Kasai|Kasaï]]. An kuma gabatar da shi a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. A wasu lokuta, an bayar da rahoton gabatarwa ya yi mummunar tasiri ga yanayin muhalli na gida. == Amfani da Mutum == [[Fayil:African_bonytongue_total_production_thousand_tonnes_1950-2022.svg|thumb|Kamawa (blue) da kiwon kifi (kore) samar da arowana na Afirka (''Heterotis niloticus'') a cikin tan dubu daga 1950 zuwa 2022, kamar yadda FAO ta ruwaito <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]] Ana amfani da arowana na Afirka a cikin gida a matsayin kifi na abinci kuma an tattara shi a baya don cinikin akwatin kifaye. Ba ta da tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar danginta. An shuka shi a cikin asalinsa, kasancewar al'ada ce mai cin nasara sosai saboda haƙuri da yawa da sauƙin ciyarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wikondi |first=Jeanne |last2=Tonfack |first2=Djouatsa Juvenal |last3=Meutchieye |first3=Félix |last4=Tomedi |first4=Tabi Minette |date=2022 |title=Aquaculture of Heterotis niloticus in Sub-Saharan Africa: Potentials and Perspectives |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358922540 |journal=Genetics & Biodiversity Journal |volume=6 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.46325/gabj.v6i1.195 |access-date=6 December 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == jgi3ipz6jplnyyihuz3689dlovfleq6 Gymnarchus 0 158340 859804 2026-06-18T08:04:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354645909|Gymnarchus]]" 859804 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''''''Gymnarchus''''' niloticus''''' - '''aba''', aba ko frankfish <ref name="iucnredlist" /> - kifi ne na lantarki, yana zaune a kasan koguna da tabkuna. Ita ce kawai jinsuna a cikin jinsin Gymnarchus da dangin '''Gymnarchidae''', a cikin tsari na Osteoglossiformes . Kifi ne mai tsawo mai laushi ba tare da fuka-fukan pelvic ko anal ba, kuma fuka-fuka na wutsiya mai kama da wutsiyar bera. Yana iyo ta amfani da dorsal fin dinsa mai tsawo, yana ba shi damar kiyaye jikinsa madaidaiciya yayin da yake motsawa. Wannan kuma yana ba shi damar samar da filin lantarki mai ƙarfi amma mai rauni, wanda yake amfani da shi don gano ganimarsa. Yana da girma ga kifin kogi; manya na iya kaiwa 1.6 m (5.2 ft) a tsawon da 19 kg (42 lb) a nauyi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin 1950, Hans Lissmann ya lura cewa kifin zai iya yin iyo daidai da gaba ko baya, a bayyane ya dogara da wata ma'ana ba tare da hangen nesa ba. Ya nuna cewa zai iya gano ganima ta hanyar electroreception, yana mai da shi kifi na farko da aka sani yana da wannan ikon. Ana ɗaukar kifin yana da kyau a ci a Yammacin Afirka, inda yake da rarraba mai yawa amma ya warwatse. Yana da mahimmanci a al'adu, saboda an ba shi kyauta a cikin bukukuwan al'umma da aure. A duniya, matsayinta na kiyayewa 'mafi ƙarancin damuwa' amma yana fuskantar barazanar gida a Yammacin Afirka daga ayyukan ɗan adam ciki har da yawan kamun kifi da gurɓata. == Tarihin lissafi == Georges Cuvier ya bayyana ''''Gymnarchus'' niloticus'' a cikin 1829, tare da nau'in jinsin Gymnarchus. Pieter Bleeker ne ya kafa dangin Gymnarchidae a cikin 1859. Henri Émile Sauvage ne ya kirkiro ma'anar ''Gymnarchus electricus'' a cikin 1880, yana da niyyar rubuta ''G. niloticus''.<ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |title=Gymnarchus electricus Cuvier, 1829 |url=https://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=4519&SynCode=31000&GenusName=Gymnarchus&SpeciesName=niloticus |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=FishBase}}</ref> Sunan ya fito ne daga Girkanci {{Lang|el|gymnos}}, 'naked', da {{Lang|el|archos}}, 'anus'. <ref name="FishBase" /> Takamaiman sunan shine Latin, ma'ana 'daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/4285694 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=GBIF}}</ref> Gymnarchidae 'yar'uwa ce ga wani asali na kifi mai rauni, Mormyridae; duka biyu suna cikin superfamily Mormyroidea. Ikon samar da filin lantarki an raba shi kuma yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar.<ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983">{{Cite journal |last=Bullock |first=Theodore H. |author-link=Theodore Holmes Bullock |last2=Bodznick |first2=D. A. |last3=Northcutt |first3=R. G. |date=1983 |title=The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25137/1/0000573.pdf |journal=[[Brain Research Reviews]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–46 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6 |pmid=6616267 |s2cid=15603518 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>{{clade|{{clade |label1=[[Mormyridae]] |1= [[Mormyridae|elephantfishes]] [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px]] [[File:Elephantfish spike waveform.svg|50px]] [[File:Gnathonemus petersii.jpg|80px]] |label2= [[Gymnarchidae]] |2= [[Gymnarchus]] [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px]] [[File:Knifefish continuous waveform.svg|50px]] [[File:Gymnarchus niloticus005 (white background).JPG|100px]] }}|label1=<br/>[[Mormyroidea]]|sublabel1=''[[Electric organ (biology)|electric organ]]''}} == Ilimin halittu == === Bayyanawa === ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' wani bangare ne na tsohuwar haraji kifi na kasusuwa (Osteoglossomorpha). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dymek |first=Anna M. |last2=Dymek |first2=Jakub |last3=Pol |first3=Przemysław |date=2022-10-29 |title=Sciendo |journal=Annals of Animal Science |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1193–1200 |doi=10.2478/aoas-2022-0043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da jiki mai tsawo da tsayi, tare da launin ruwan kasa / launin toka a saman rabin jikinsa da fararen ƙasa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙashi guda huɗu suna nan a gefen hagu da na dama na jiki, amma jinsin yana da iska mai iska.<ref name="Agbugui Abhulimen 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Agbugui |first=M. O. |last2=Abhulimen |first2=F. E. |last3=Egbo |first3=H. O. |date=2021-06-18 |editor-last=Barreiros |editor-first=Joao Pedro |title=Gross Anatomy and Histological Features of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' (Cuvier, 1829) from the River Niger at Agenebode in Edo State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Zoology |volume=2021 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1155/2021/3151609 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="fishbase" /> Akwai huhu guda ɗaya a hannun dama na jiki, wanda ke tasowa ta hanyar rami a hannun dama da makogwaro; an rufe jiki da ƙananan sikelin cycloid.<ref name="Agbugui Abhulimen 2021" /> Yanayin yin iyo na angilliform yana taimaka musu yin iyo yadda ya kamata a cikin ruwa mai budewa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai masu tsinkaye kamar laka mai kauri ko yashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stin |first=Vincent |last2=Godoy-Diana |first2=Ramiro |last3=Bonnet |first3=Xavier |last4=Herrel |first4=Anthony |date=December 2024 |title=Form and function of anguilliform swimming |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13116 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=2190–2210 |doi=10.1111/brv.13116 |pmid=39004428 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan nau'in na musamman ba shi da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwasawa, yayin da ƙuƙar ƙuƙwatarsa ta ƙuƙuka ta ƙuƙa. Fuka-fukan kirjinsa ƙananan ne kuma suna da zagaye. Ƙarƙashin dorsal yana da tsawo, yana gudana tare da bayan kifin zuwa ga wutsiya mara kyau. Dorsal fin shine babban tushen motsi, yayin da kifaye na yau da kullun ke amfani da wutsiyarsu, wanda manyan tsokoki na baya da wutsiya ke amfani da shi, don samar da turawa. Wannan yana ba shi damar yin iyo a baya cikin sauƙi kamar yadda yake gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Fei |last2=Hu |first2=Tian-jiang |last3=Wang |first3=Guang-ming |last4=Shen |first4=Lin-cheng |date=1 September 2005 |title=Locomotion of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'': Experiment and kinematics |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03399488 |journal=Journal of Bionic Engineering |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=115–121 |doi=10.1007/BF03399488 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Manya suna girma har zuwa 1.6 m (5.2 ft) a tsawon da 19 kg (42 lb) a nauyi. Suna nuna alamun ci gaban allometric mara kyau, ma'ana suna samun karami yayin da suke ƙaruwa a girman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwabueze |first=Agatha Arimiche |last2=Nwabueze |first2=Emmanuel Obiajulu |date=7 July 2021 |title=Impact of environmental variables on abundance, growth and condition factor of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' (Curvier, 1829) from Umueze-Ossissa Lake System, Southern Nigeria |url=https://www.asianjab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AJAB-2020-11-567.pdf |journal=Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology |volume=2021 |issue=3 |doi=10.35495/ajab.2020.11.567}}</ref> Kifi mai tsutsa yana da tsari mai ban mamaki na jijiyoyi a kai.<ref name="Omarkhan 1949">{{Cite journal |last=Omarkhan |first=M. |date=1949 |title=The morphology of the chondrocranium of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology |volume=41 |issue=281 |pages=452–481 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02417.x}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; karyotype na kifi shine ko dai 2n=34 ko 2n=54 chromosomes, wanda aka ruwaito daga wurare daban-daban, yana nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar nau'o'i biyu a cikin jinsin.<ref name="Hatanaka de Oliveira 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Hatanaka |first=Terumi |last2=de Oliveira |first2=Ezequiel A |last3=Ráb |first3=Petr |last4=Yano |first4=Cassia F. |last5=Bertollo |first5=Luiz A C |last6=Ezaz |first6=Tariq |last7=Jegede |first7=Oladele Oladele Ilesanmi |last8=Liehr |first8=Thomas |last9=Olaleye |first9=Victor F. |last10=de Bello Cioffi |first10=Marcelo |display-authors=5 |date=27 August 2018 |title=First chromosomal analysis in Gymnarchus niloticus (Gymnarchidae: Osteoglossiformes): insights into the karyotype evolution of this ancient fish order |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly098}}</ref> === Rashin karɓar lantarki === [[Fayil:Gymnarchus_niloticus005_(long_crop).JPG|left|thumb|''Gymnarchus'' yana iyo tare da baya madaidaiciya, yana motsa kansa tare da dorsal fin, ba wutsiyarsa ba. Wannan yana ba shi damar samar da filin lantarki mai ɗorewa don kewayawa da kuma gano ganimarsa.]] ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' yana tafiya da dare kuma yana da hangen nesa mara kyau. Maimakon haka, yana kewayawa da farautar ƙananan kifi ta amfani da filin lantarki mai rauni, kamar yadda masanin ilimin dabbobi Hans Lissmann ya nuna a 1950. Ya lura cewa zai iya yin iyo daidai da gaba ko baya, a bayyane ya dogara da wata ma'ana ba tare da hangen nesa ba. Wannan ya buɗe bincike game da electroreception da electrogenesis a cikin kifi. Ya nuna ta hanyar gwaji cewa zai iya gano ganima a cikin duhu, ta amfani da wutar lantarki kawai.<ref name="Lissmann 1951, etc">{{Cite journal |last=Lissmann |first=H. W. |date=1951 |title=Continuous Electrical Signals from the Tail of a Fish, Gymnarchus niloticus Cuv |journal=Nature |volume=167 |issue=4240 |pages=201–202 |bibcode=1951Natur.167..201L |doi=10.1038/167201a0 |pmid=14806425}} </ref> Kamar Kifi giwa mai alaƙa, wanda ke farauta iri ɗaya, yana da babban kwakwalwa mai ban mamaki, wanda ke ba shi damar fassara siginar lantarki. ''G. niloticus'' yana sa wutsiyarsa ta yi mummunan caji game da kansa. Wannan yana samar da filin lantarki mai ma'ana a jikinsa, idan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsaye; yana yin hakan ta hanyar yin iyo ta amfani da fuka-fukansa. Wannan filin lantarki yana bawa kifi damar kewayawa da neman ganima yayin da abubuwa da ke kusa da shi ke karkatar da wannan filin, kuma yana iya jin karkatarwa a jikinsa.<ref name="Alexander 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=R. McNeill |author-link=R. McNeill Alexander |year=2006 |title=A new sense for muddy water |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=2006 209 |issue=2 |pages=200–201 |bibcode=2006JExpB.209..200M |doi=10.1242/jeb.10.1242/jeb.02012 |pmid=16391343 |doi-access=}}</ref> kwayar lantarki ta samo asali ne daga tsokoki masu tsayi a cikin tsarin ci gaba wanda ke sa filaments ya fi kauri, ya rasa tsokoki, kuma ya haifar da kyakkyawan da mara kyau na electroplates.<ref name="Srivastava Szabo 1972">{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=C. B. L. |last2=Szabo |first2=T. |date=1972 |title=Development of electric organs of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' (Fam. Gymnarchidae): I. Origin and histogenesis of electroplates |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=375–385 |bibcode=1972JMorp.138..375S |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051380305 |pmid=4636816}}</ref> == Manazarta == lr66ck8cte3bm74e2d6cjx4hle2uchk 859805 859804 2026-06-18T08:04:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 859805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Gymnarchus''''' niloticus''''' - '''aba'<nowiki/>'', aba ko frankfish <ref name="iucnredlist" /> - kifi ne na lantarki, yana zaune a kasan koguna da tabkuna. Ita ce kawai jinsuna a cikin jinsin Gymnarchus da dangin '''Gymnarchidae''', a cikin tsari na Osteoglossiformes . Kifi ne mai tsawo mai laushi ba tare da fuka-fukan pelvic ko anal ba, kuma fuka-fuka na wutsiya mai kama da wutsiyar bera. Yana iyo ta amfani da dorsal fin dinsa mai tsawo, yana ba shi damar kiyaye jikinsa madaidaiciya yayin da yake motsawa. Wannan kuma yana ba shi damar samar da filin lantarki mai ƙarfi amma mai rauni, wanda yake amfani da shi don gano ganimarsa. Yana da girma ga kifin kogi; manya na iya kaiwa 1.6 m (5.2 ft) a tsawon da 19 kg (42 lb) a nauyi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin 1950, Hans Lissmann ya lura cewa kifin zai iya yin iyo daidai da gaba ko baya, a bayyane ya dogara da wata ma'ana ba tare da hangen nesa ba. Ya nuna cewa zai iya gano ganima ta hanyar electroreception, yana mai da shi kifi na farko da aka sani yana da wannan ikon. Ana ɗaukar kifin yana da kyau a ci a Yammacin Afirka, inda yake da rarraba mai yawa amma ya warwatse. Yana da mahimmanci a al'adu, saboda an ba shi kyauta a cikin bukukuwan al'umma da aure. A duniya, matsayinta na kiyayewa 'mafi ƙarancin damuwa' amma yana fuskantar barazanar gida a Yammacin Afirka daga ayyukan ɗan adam ciki har da yawan kamun kifi da gurɓata. == Tarihin lissafi == Georges Cuvier ya bayyana ''''Gymnarchus'' niloticus'' a cikin 1829, tare da nau'in jinsin Gymnarchus. Pieter Bleeker ne ya kafa dangin Gymnarchidae a cikin 1859. Henri Émile Sauvage ne ya kirkiro ma'anar ''Gymnarchus electricus'' a cikin 1880, yana da niyyar rubuta ''G. niloticus''.<ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |title=Gymnarchus electricus Cuvier, 1829 |url=https://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=4519&SynCode=31000&GenusName=Gymnarchus&SpeciesName=niloticus |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=FishBase}}</ref> Sunan ya fito ne daga Girkanci {{Lang|el|gymnos}}, 'naked', da {{Lang|el|archos}}, 'anus'. <ref name="FishBase" /> Takamaiman sunan shine Latin, ma'ana 'daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/4285694 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=GBIF}}</ref> Gymnarchidae 'yar'uwa ce ga wani asali na kifi mai rauni, Mormyridae; duka biyu suna cikin superfamily Mormyroidea. Ikon samar da filin lantarki an raba shi kuma yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar.<ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983">{{Cite journal |last=Bullock |first=Theodore H. |author-link=Theodore Holmes Bullock |last2=Bodznick |first2=D. A. |last3=Northcutt |first3=R. G. |date=1983 |title=The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25137/1/0000573.pdf |journal=[[Brain Research Reviews]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–46 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6 |pmid=6616267 |s2cid=15603518 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>{{clade|{{clade |label1=[[Mormyridae]] |1= [[Mormyridae|elephantfishes]] [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px]] [[File:Elephantfish spike waveform.svg|50px]] [[File:Gnathonemus petersii.jpg|80px]] |label2= [[Gymnarchidae]] |2= [[Gymnarchus]] [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px]] [[File:Knifefish continuous waveform.svg|50px]] [[File:Gymnarchus niloticus005 (white background).JPG|100px]] }}|label1=<br/>[[Mormyroidea]]|sublabel1=''[[Electric organ (biology)|electric organ]]''}} == Ilimin halittu == === Bayyanawa === ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' wani bangare ne na tsohuwar haraji kifi na kasusuwa (Osteoglossomorpha). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dymek |first=Anna M. |last2=Dymek |first2=Jakub |last3=Pol |first3=Przemysław |date=2022-10-29 |title=Sciendo |journal=Annals of Animal Science |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1193–1200 |doi=10.2478/aoas-2022-0043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da jiki mai tsawo da tsayi, tare da launin ruwan kasa / launin toka a saman rabin jikinsa da fararen ƙasa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙashi guda huɗu suna nan a gefen hagu da na dama na jiki, amma jinsin yana da iska mai iska.<ref name="Agbugui Abhulimen 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Agbugui |first=M. O. |last2=Abhulimen |first2=F. E. |last3=Egbo |first3=H. O. |date=2021-06-18 |editor-last=Barreiros |editor-first=Joao Pedro |title=Gross Anatomy and Histological Features of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' (Cuvier, 1829) from the River Niger at Agenebode in Edo State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Zoology |volume=2021 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1155/2021/3151609 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="fishbase" /> Akwai huhu guda ɗaya a hannun dama na jiki, wanda ke tasowa ta hanyar rami a hannun dama da makogwaro; an rufe jiki da ƙananan sikelin cycloid.<ref name="Agbugui Abhulimen 2021" /> Yanayin yin iyo na angilliform yana taimaka musu yin iyo yadda ya kamata a cikin ruwa mai budewa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai masu tsinkaye kamar laka mai kauri ko yashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stin |first=Vincent |last2=Godoy-Diana |first2=Ramiro |last3=Bonnet |first3=Xavier |last4=Herrel |first4=Anthony |date=December 2024 |title=Form and function of anguilliform swimming |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13116 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=2190–2210 |doi=10.1111/brv.13116 |pmid=39004428 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan nau'in na musamman ba shi da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwasawa, yayin da ƙuƙar ƙuƙwatarsa ta ƙuƙuka ta ƙuƙa. Fuka-fukan kirjinsa ƙananan ne kuma suna da zagaye. Ƙarƙashin dorsal yana da tsawo, yana gudana tare da bayan kifin zuwa ga wutsiya mara kyau. Dorsal fin shine babban tushen motsi, yayin da kifaye na yau da kullun ke amfani da wutsiyarsu, wanda manyan tsokoki na baya da wutsiya ke amfani da shi, don samar da turawa. Wannan yana ba shi damar yin iyo a baya cikin sauƙi kamar yadda yake gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Fei |last2=Hu |first2=Tian-jiang |last3=Wang |first3=Guang-ming |last4=Shen |first4=Lin-cheng |date=1 September 2005 |title=Locomotion of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'': Experiment and kinematics |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03399488 |journal=Journal of Bionic Engineering |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=115–121 |doi=10.1007/BF03399488 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Manya suna girma har zuwa 1.6 m (5.2 ft) a tsawon da 19 kg (42 lb) a nauyi. Suna nuna alamun ci gaban allometric mara kyau, ma'ana suna samun karami yayin da suke ƙaruwa a girman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwabueze |first=Agatha Arimiche |last2=Nwabueze |first2=Emmanuel Obiajulu |date=7 July 2021 |title=Impact of environmental variables on abundance, growth and condition factor of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' (Curvier, 1829) from Umueze-Ossissa Lake System, Southern Nigeria |url=https://www.asianjab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AJAB-2020-11-567.pdf |journal=Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology |volume=2021 |issue=3 |doi=10.35495/ajab.2020.11.567}}</ref> Kifi mai tsutsa yana da tsari mai ban mamaki na jijiyoyi a kai.<ref name="Omarkhan 1949">{{Cite journal |last=Omarkhan |first=M. |date=1949 |title=The morphology of the chondrocranium of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology |volume=41 |issue=281 |pages=452–481 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02417.x}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; karyotype na kifi shine ko dai 2n=34 ko 2n=54 chromosomes, wanda aka ruwaito daga wurare daban-daban, yana nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar nau'o'i biyu a cikin jinsin.<ref name="Hatanaka de Oliveira 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Hatanaka |first=Terumi |last2=de Oliveira |first2=Ezequiel A |last3=Ráb |first3=Petr |last4=Yano |first4=Cassia F. |last5=Bertollo |first5=Luiz A C |last6=Ezaz |first6=Tariq |last7=Jegede |first7=Oladele Oladele Ilesanmi |last8=Liehr |first8=Thomas |last9=Olaleye |first9=Victor F. |last10=de Bello Cioffi |first10=Marcelo |display-authors=5 |date=27 August 2018 |title=First chromosomal analysis in Gymnarchus niloticus (Gymnarchidae: Osteoglossiformes): insights into the karyotype evolution of this ancient fish order |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly098}}</ref> === Rashin karɓar lantarki === [[Fayil:Gymnarchus_niloticus005_(long_crop).JPG|left|thumb|''Gymnarchus'' yana iyo tare da baya madaidaiciya, yana motsa kansa tare da dorsal fin, ba wutsiyarsa ba. Wannan yana ba shi damar samar da filin lantarki mai ɗorewa don kewayawa da kuma gano ganimarsa.]] ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' yana tafiya da dare kuma yana da hangen nesa mara kyau. Maimakon haka, yana kewayawa da farautar ƙananan kifi ta amfani da filin lantarki mai rauni, kamar yadda masanin ilimin dabbobi Hans Lissmann ya nuna a 1950. Ya lura cewa zai iya yin iyo daidai da gaba ko baya, a bayyane ya dogara da wata ma'ana ba tare da hangen nesa ba. Wannan ya buɗe bincike game da electroreception da electrogenesis a cikin kifi. Ya nuna ta hanyar gwaji cewa zai iya gano ganima a cikin duhu, ta amfani da wutar lantarki kawai.<ref name="Lissmann 1951, etc">{{Cite journal |last=Lissmann |first=H. W. |date=1951 |title=Continuous Electrical Signals from the Tail of a Fish, Gymnarchus niloticus Cuv |journal=Nature |volume=167 |issue=4240 |pages=201–202 |bibcode=1951Natur.167..201L |doi=10.1038/167201a0 |pmid=14806425}} </ref> Kamar Kifi giwa mai alaƙa, wanda ke farauta iri ɗaya, yana da babban kwakwalwa mai ban mamaki, wanda ke ba shi damar fassara siginar lantarki. ''G. niloticus'' yana sa wutsiyarsa ta yi mummunan caji game da kansa. Wannan yana samar da filin lantarki mai ma'ana a jikinsa, idan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsaye; yana yin hakan ta hanyar yin iyo ta amfani da fuka-fukansa. Wannan filin lantarki yana bawa kifi damar kewayawa da neman ganima yayin da abubuwa da ke kusa da shi ke karkatar da wannan filin, kuma yana iya jin karkatarwa a jikinsa.<ref name="Alexander 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=R. McNeill |author-link=R. McNeill Alexander |year=2006 |title=A new sense for muddy water |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=2006 209 |issue=2 |pages=200–201 |bibcode=2006JExpB.209..200M |doi=10.1242/jeb.10.1242/jeb.02012 |pmid=16391343 |doi-access=}}</ref> kwayar lantarki ta samo asali ne daga tsokoki masu tsayi a cikin tsarin ci gaba wanda ke sa filaments ya fi kauri, ya rasa tsokoki, kuma ya haifar da kyakkyawan da mara kyau na electroplates.<ref name="Srivastava Szabo 1972">{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=C. B. L. |last2=Szabo |first2=T. |date=1972 |title=Development of electric organs of ''Gymnarchus niloticus'' (Fam. Gymnarchidae): I. Origin and histogenesis of electroplates |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=375–385 |bibcode=1972JMorp.138..375S |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051380305 |pmid=4636816}}</ref> == Manazarta == drxb7iokf1ftkbnrt2pbk6xtdq221j4 Moulay Yacoub 0 158341 859806 2026-06-18T08:05:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1283781842|Moulay Yacoub]]" 859806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moulay Yacoub''' (Arabic) wani gari ne da ke da nisan kilomita 21 a arewa maso yammacin Fez, Morocco . <ref name="RoughGuide" /> Shi ne babban birnin Lardin Moulay Yacoub kuma ya ba da rahoton yawan mutane 4612 a cikin Ƙididdigar Maroko ta 2014. Wurin wanka yana amfani da ruwan da aka famfo daga 1500 m a ƙasa kuma ya kai zafin jiki na 54 ° C.<ref name="RoughGuide">{{Cite web |title=Taking the waters of Moulay Yacoub |url=http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/africa/morocco/fez-meknes-middle-atlas/fez/taking-waters-moulay-yacoub/ |access-date=23 May 2016 |website=The Rough Guide}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == An ɗauka cewa garin ya ɗauki sunansa ga Yaqub al-Mansur, mai mulki na uku na Almohad Caliphate, wanda ya tsarkake kansa daga rashin lafiya a lokacin mulkinsa a ƙarshen karni na 12. Yana da wani zamani gargajiya spa complex kuma adana archaic thermal ruwansa. == Manazarta == fzxfju6rsd887vzax403gjojcg45b6y 859807 859806 2026-06-18T08:06:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 859807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moulay Yacoub''' (Arabic) wani gari ne da ke da nisan kilomita 21 a arewa maso yammacin Fez, Morocco . <ref name="RoughGuide" /> Shi ne babban birnin Lardin Moulay Yacoub kuma ya ba da rahoton yawan mutane 4612 a cikin Ƙididdigar Maroko ta 2014. Wurin wanka yana amfani da ruwan da aka famfo daga 1500 m a ƙasa kuma ya kai zafin jiki na 54 ° C.<ref name="RoughGuide">{{Cite web |title=Taking the waters of Moulay Yacoub |url=http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/africa/morocco/fez-meknes-middle-atlas/fez/taking-waters-moulay-yacoub/ |access-date=23 May 2016 |website=The Rough Guide}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == An ɗauka cewa garin ya ɗauki sunansa ga Yaqub al-Mansur, mai mulki na uku na Almohad Caliphate, wanda ya tsarkake kansa daga rashin lafiya a lokacin mulkinsa a ƙarshen karni na 12. Yana da wani zamani gargajiya spa complex kuma adana archaic thermal ruwansa. == Manazarta == q540v8ikfy4yt8i4objqmgprc72i4s9 Haplochromis macconneli 0 158342 859808 2026-06-18T08:07:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314929467|Haplochromis macconneli]]" 859808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis macconneli''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]], arewacin [[Kenya]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 7.7 centimeters (3.0 in) SL. takamaiman suna yana girmama Jami'in da ke kula da Sashen Kifi a Tafkin Rudolf (wanda yanzu ake kira Tafkin Turkana), R. B. McConnell, don taimakon da ya ba da ga Shirin Binciken Tafkin Rudolf.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 Aug 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=9 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == hm90phttckq5p3no3n3wrzsaomkf9ls 859809 859808 2026-06-18T08:07:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 859809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis macconneli''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]], arewacin [[Kenya]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 7.7 centimeters (3.0 in) SL. takamaiman suna yana girmama Jami'in da ke kula da Sashen Kifi a Tafkin Rudolf (wanda yanzu ake kira Tafkin Turkana), R. B. McConnell, don taimakon da ya ba da ga Shirin Binciken Tafkin Rudolf.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 Aug 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=9 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == j4xc8mjdsdzqxklcqt2uzcheh7nsya5 Haplochromis rudolfianus 0 158343 859810 2026-06-18T08:09:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314917994|Haplochromis rudolfianus]]" 859810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis rudolfianus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 5.8 centimeters (2.3 in) SL. == Manazarta == 31pg1xa5pz227il09vemcgn78z6oue3 859811 859810 2026-06-18T08:09:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 859811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis rudolfianus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 5.8 centimeters (2.3 in) SL.<ref>Odhiambo, E.A.; Hanssens, M. (2006). "Haplochromis rudolfianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006 e.T60517A12373435.</ref> == Manazarta == 4pd54mjsx2u6wsjrdwqhhu8lslnh3qg 859812 859811 2026-06-18T08:09:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 859812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis rudolfianus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 5.8 centimeters (2.3 in) SL.<ref>Odhiambo, E.A.; Hanssens, M. (2006). "Haplochromis rudolfianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006 e.T60517A12373435.</ref> == Manazarta == 70h1mn7auqh10jndlj4qrg6rc24cnw6 Haplochromis turkanae 0 158344 859813 2026-06-18T08:10:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314712406|Haplochromis turkanae]]" 859813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis turkanae''''', ''''''Turkana haplo'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Turkana haplo, nau'in cichlid ne na Lake Turkana. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 8.6 centimeters (3.4 in) SL. == Manazarta == p9w23u6g75y9uilzg3kjuqihl9a66id 859814 859813 2026-06-18T08:11:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 859814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis turkanae''''', '<nowiki/>'''''Turkana haplo'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Turkana haplo, nau'in cichlid ne na Lake Turkana. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 8.6 centimeters (3.4 in) SL.<ref>Odhiambo, E.A.; Hanssens, M. (2006). "Haplochromis turkanae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006 e.T60506A12371462. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60506A12371462.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == o7rzfvhi00ac399azn16rl92a5fo9cz Large-toothed Lake Turkana robber 0 158345 859815 2026-06-18T08:13:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355309046|Large-toothed Lake Turkana robber]]" 859815 wikitext text/x-wiki Babban ɗan fashi na Lake Turkana ('''''Brachyalestes ferox''''') nau'in kifi ne na ruwa mai laushi na dangin Alestidae, tetras na Afirka. Yana da iyali a [[Tafkin Turkana]] a [[Kenya]]. A cikin 2023 an canza matsayin kiyayewa daga mafi ƙarancin damuwa zuwa mai rauni. Yana fuskantar halaka saboda yawan kamun kifi, lalacewar mazauninta na halitta da raguwar ruwan sha saboda gina madatsun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater fish highlight escalating climate impacts on species - IUCN Red List |url=https://iucn.org/press-release/202312/freshwater-fish-highlight-escalating-climate-impacts-species-iucn-red-list |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=IUCN}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2hyj9omwvspck5ezks0gsk6zbc65a18 859816 859815 2026-06-18T08:14:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 859816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban ɗan fashi na Lake Turkana ('''''Brachyalestes ferox''''') nau'in kifi ne na ruwa mai laushi na dangin Alestidae, tetras na Afirka. Yana da iyali a [[Tafkin Turkana]] a [[Kenya]]. A cikin 2023 an canza matsayin kiyayewa daga mafi ƙarancin damuwa zuwa mai rauni. Yana fuskantar halaka saboda yawan kamun kifi, lalacewar mazauninta na halitta da raguwar ruwan sha saboda gina madatsun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater fish highlight escalating climate impacts on species - IUCN Red List |url=https://iucn.org/press-release/202312/freshwater-fish-highlight-escalating-climate-impacts-species-iucn-red-list |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=IUCN}}</ref> == Manazarta == shrwassge9nyjkzzecrjs9i5ofq8rnb Lates longispinis 0 158346 859817 2026-06-18T08:15:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314668502|Lates longispinis]]" 859817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lates longispinis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Rudolf lates''' ko '''Turkana perch''', nau'in kifi ne na latid wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]] (wanda aka fi sani a Tafkin Rudolf) a [[Kenya]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Yana girma ruwa 57 centimeters (22 in) a tsawon.<ref name="fishbase" /> ''Lates longispinis'' yana da mahimmanci ga kamun Kifi na kasuwanci kuma an san shi da kifi. Ba a san cewa ya wanzu a cikin kasuwancin Kifi na akwatin kifaye ba. Ba a san komai game da matsayinta ba, kuma saboda haka IUCN ta rarraba shi a matsayin Bayanai marasa kyau, amma bisa ga sashen kamun kifi na Kenya lambobin suna ƙaruwa. == Halin == === Abinci === Rudolf lates yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkin, yana cin prawns daga kasan [[Tafki|tabkuna]] kuma yana cin abinci a kan characins na makaranta a cikin tsakiyar ruwa. === Kiwo === Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da halaye na kiwo na ''L. longispinis'' ba. Yana fitowa a cikin ruwa mai budewa a tsakiyar tafkin, kuma kulawar iyaye ba zai yiwu ba. An yi imanin cewa ƙwai da [[wiktionary:fry#Etymology_2|fry]] suna da alaƙa. == Manazarta == jf5rxbv3w6nxzcrl3q16j3k4peeg77r 859818 859817 2026-06-18T08:15:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 859818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lates longispinis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Rudolf lates''' ko '''Turkana perch''', nau'in kifi ne na latid wanda [[Tafkin Turkana]] (wanda aka fi sani a Tafkin Rudolf) a [[Kenya]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Yana girma ruwa 57 centimeters (22 in) a tsawon.<ref name="fishbase" /> ''Lates longispinis'' yana da mahimmanci ga kamun Kifi na kasuwanci kuma an san shi da kifi. Ba a san cewa ya wanzu a cikin kasuwancin Kifi na akwatin kifaye ba. Ba a san komai game da matsayinta ba, kuma saboda haka IUCN ta rarraba shi a matsayin Bayanai marasa kyau, amma bisa ga sashen kamun kifi na Kenya lambobin suna ƙaruwa. == Halin == === Abinci === Rudolf lates yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkin, yana cin prawns daga kasan [[Tafki|tabkuna]] kuma yana cin abinci a kan characins na makaranta a cikin tsakiyar ruwa. === Kiwo === Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da halaye na kiwo na ''L. longispinis'' ba. Yana fitowa a cikin ruwa mai budewa a tsakiyar tafkin, kuma kulawar iyaye ba zai yiwu ba. An yi imanin cewa ƙwai da [[wiktionary:fry#Etymology_2|fry]] suna da alaƙa. == Manazarta == 83y88b2hv4jz4qttn0m3aegvd271fhw Black peas 0 158347 859824 2026-06-18T08:27:18Z Saudarh2 14842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354875473|Black peas]]" 859824 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Black peas''', wanda kuma ake kira parched peas ko '''dapple peas''', ana dafa su ne peas mai launin purple-podded (''Pisum sativum'' var. ''Arvense'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art and Mystery of Food: Grey, Black, Carling, Pigeon Peas and "Burning the Witch" |url=http://adambalic.typepad.com/the_art_and_mystery_of_fo/2007/02/left_maple_peas.html |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>). Su ne abincin gargajiya na Lancashire yawanci ana ba da su tare da lashings na malt vinegar, kuma a al'ada a kan ko kusa da Bonfire Night (5 Nuwamba). Abincin ya shahara a Bury, Preston, Rochdale, Oldham, Wigan, [[Bolton]], Atherton, Tyldesley, Leigh da Heywood. Ana tsoma busassun wake da daddare kuma a dafa su don samar da nau'in wake. Parching wani lokaci ne na dogon lokaci mai saurin tafasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester, Lancashire & Cheshire Regional Dishes, Foods & Delicacies |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/eat&drink/local-dishes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221233609/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/eat%26drink/local-dishes.html |archive-date=2007-12-21 |access-date=2007-12-12}}</ref> Peas sune wake na gona, an bar su bushe a kan shuka, kamar yadda ya bambanta da wake na lambu, an karɓi kore don amfani da sabo. Carlin pea, iri-iri daban-daban da aka shirya ta irin wannan hanyoyi kuma an ci shi a arewacin Ingila, ya samo asali ne daga karni na 12.[1] An ce Martin Frobisher ya binne ɓoye-ɓoye na waɗannan wake a Tsibirin Baffin a cikin shekarun 1570 don ci gaba da tafiyarsa yayin da yake neman hanyar Arewa maso Yamma. == Amfani da shi == Ana sayar da wake baƙar fata da aka dafa a wuraren baje kolin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wigan World |url=http://www.wiganworld.co.uk/stuff/irem7.php?opt=irem |access-date=2007-12-12}}</ref> da kuma wuraren sayar da abinci. A al'ada ana cin su daga kofin tare da gishiri da ruwan inabi. Ana iya ba da su zafi ko sanyi, tsohon ya shahara musamman a cikin watanni na hunturu. A wuraren baje kolin, ana ba da su a al'ada a cikin fararen tukwane kuma ana cinye su da cokali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ba da su a cikin manyan kofuna masu yawa. A cikin "mashahuriyar duniya" Bury Market da Preston, ana sayar da wake da aka dafa a shirye kuma ana ba da su a cikin jaka na takarda mai launin ruwan kasa ko a cikin bututun filastik, a matsayin abincin kaka. Ana kuma sayar da su a kasuwannin Kirsimeti na Manchester.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2018 |title=Manchester Christmas Markets 2018 - full list of traders revealed |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/manchester-christmas-markets-traders-2018-15383867}}</ref> Consumption is limited to certain areas within the historical boundaries of Lancashire, notably Oldham, Wigan, Bury, Rochdale, Preston, Stalybridge, Leigh, Atherton, Tyldesley, Ormskirk, and [[Bolton]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Karlin peas == '''Karlin peas''', wanda aka fi sani da carling, maple, launin ruwan kasa ko [[Waaken Santanbul|kurciya]] peas (amma ya bambanta da kurciya mai zafi ''Cajanus cajan''), da baƙar fata ko launin toka, ƙananan, launin ruwan hoda ne, an fara rubuta su a Zamanin Elizabethan. <ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa sunan "Carlin" ya fito ne daga "Carling Sunday" ko "Care Sunday" bayan an ceci yawan mutanen Newcastle daga yunwa a cikin kewaye na 1327 ko 1644 lokacin da jirgin ya zo daga Norway tare da kaya na waɗannan wake a wannan rana. Ana rarraba su a matsayin al'ada ko iri-iri, galibi ana kiransu da tsire-tsire na tsire-shire. Ana iya shuka su kamar yadda ake shuka wake. Shuke-shuke suna girma zuwa kimanin ƙafa shida, tare da furanni masu launin fari da purple. Kwayoyin suna cike da ƙananan ruwan kasa wanda za'a iya amfani da shi sabo, ko bushewa.<ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ "Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition"]. ''Heritage and History''. 5 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ana amfani da wake na Carlin don shirya abincin da aka yi a arewa maso gabashin Ingila da sassan Cumbria. Su ne al'adun gargajiya na Carlin Sunday (Lahadi kafin Palm Sunday). <ref> {{Cite journal |last=The Society for Folk Life Studies |author-link=The Society for Folk Life Studies |year=1964 |title=Carlin Peas |journal=Folk Life |issue=9 |issn=0430-8778}}</ref> Ana dafa wake har sai ya yi taushi, sannan a dafa shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da man shanu ko dripping. Ba a ƙara gishiri yayin dafa abinci, saboda ana zaton zai dakatar da tsarin dafa abinci. Ana sa su da ruwan inabi da baƙar fata ko wani lokacin rum da launin ruwan kasa. Ana iya cin su da zafi ko sanyi.<ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ "Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition"]. ''Heritage and History''. 5 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Waƙar yara tana ƙidaya ranar Lahadi na Lent a matsayin "Tid, Mid, Misere; Carlin, Palm, Paste-Egg Day", yana nufin Lahadi na biyu lokacin da aka raira "Te Deum"; na uku lokacin da aka rera "Mi Deus"; Lahadi lokacin da aka yi waƙar "Misere Mei"; Carlin Lahadi; Palm Sunday; da Pace Eggs a ranar Lahadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlin peas: a Northern tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/?doing_wp_cron=1519663392.5812439918518066406250 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=Heritage and History}}</ref> Carlins suna da ƙarancin kitse, kuma suna da 23g a kowace 100g na furotin da fiber. Suna dauke da Manganese, molybdenum B bitamin B, musamman B1. Launi na ja / shuɗi ya samo asali ne daga anthocyanins, waɗanda ke da abubuwan gina jiki masu kyau. == Samun sa == Samun baƙar fata ne na yanayi; yawanci ana samun su daga ƙarshen Oktoba da kuma duk watan Nuwamba. Ana samun su daga shagunan gida da kuma shagunan dabbobi (kamar yadda wake suna da kyau) kodayake wake daga shagunan dabba ba lallai bane su da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Particle Baits – Part Two. |url=http://www.haiths.com/haiths-baits/top-10-particle-baits-part-two-/ |access-date=2016-05-22 |website=Super Catch}}</ref> Carlin peas ba su samuwa a ko'ina a cikin shagunan Burtaniya, amma wani lokacin ana samun su a cikin shagunannin abinci na kiwon lafiya. Ana iya saya su don shirye-shiryen gida a kalla iri biyu, "Red Fox" da "Black Badger", kuma ana samun ƙarshen a cikin ruwa. Wannan samfurin, daga Hodmedod's, ya lashe lambar yabo ta BOOM ta Ƙungiyar Soil ta 2016 a matsayin wanda ya lashe "Store cupboard items" kuma ya lashe gaba ɗaya a cikin rukunin "Pantry".<ref name="soilassoc">{{Cite web |title=Pantry |url=https://www.soilassociation.org/organic-living/the-boom-awards-2017/boom-the-2016-winners/pantry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226212012/https://www.soilassociation.org/organic-living/the-boom-awards-2017/boom-the-2016-winners/pantry/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=BOOM – the 2016 winners |publisher=Soil Association}}</ref><ref name="hodme">{{Cite web |title=Carlin peas in water, organic |url=https://hodmedods.co.uk/products/carlin-water |access-date=26 February 2018 |publisher=Hodmedod}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9sp9pmttjnyxj3vua34pm00xejopb71 859825 859824 2026-06-18T08:28:00Z Saudarh2 14842 859825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Black peas''', wanda kuma ake kira parched peas ko '''dapple peas''', ana dafa su ne peas mai launin purple-podded (''Pisum sativum'' var. ''Arvense'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art and Mystery of Food: Grey, Black, Carling, Pigeon Peas and "Burning the Witch" |url=http://adambalic.typepad.com/the_art_and_mystery_of_fo/2007/02/left_maple_peas.html |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>). Su ne abincin gargajiya na Lancashire yawanci ana ba da su tare da lashings na malt vinegar, kuma a al'ada a kan ko kusa da Bonfire Night (5 Nuwamba). Abincin ya shahara a Bury, Preston, Rochdale, Oldham, Wigan, [[Bolton]], Atherton, Tyldesley, Leigh da Heywood. Ana tsoma busassun wake da daddare kuma a dafa su don samar da nau'in wake. Parching wani lokaci ne na dogon lokaci mai saurin tafasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester, Lancashire & Cheshire Regional Dishes, Foods & Delicacies |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/eat&drink/local-dishes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221233609/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/eat%26drink/local-dishes.html |archive-date=2007-12-21 |access-date=2007-12-12}}</ref> Peas sune wake na gona, an bar su bushe a kan shuka, kamar yadda ya bambanta da wake na lambu, an karɓi kore don amfani da sabo. Carlin pea, iri-iri daban-daban da aka shirya ta irin wannan hanyoyi kuma an ci shi a arewacin Ingila, ya samo asali ne daga karni na 12.[1] An ce Martin Frobisher ya binne ɓoye-ɓoye na waɗannan wake a Tsibirin Baffin a cikin shekarun 1570 don ci gaba da tafiyarsa yayin da yake neman hanyar Arewa maso Yamma. == Amfani da shi == Ana sayar da wake baƙar fata da aka dafa a wuraren baje kolin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wigan World |url=http://www.wiganworld.co.uk/stuff/irem7.php?opt=irem |access-date=2007-12-12}}</ref> da kuma wuraren sayar da abinci. A al'ada ana cin su daga kofin tare da gishiri da ruwan inabi. Ana iya ba da su zafi ko sanyi, tsohon ya shahara musamman a cikin watanni na hunturu. A wuraren baje kolin, ana ba da su a al'ada a cikin fararen tukwane kuma ana cinye su da cokali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ba da su a cikin manyan kofuna masu yawa. A cikin "mashahuriyar duniya" Bury Market da Preston, ana sayar da wake da aka dafa a shirye kuma ana ba da su a cikin jaka na takarda mai launin ruwan kasa ko a cikin bututun filastik, a matsayin abincin kaka. Ana kuma sayar da su a kasuwannin Kirsimeti na Manchester.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2018 |title=Manchester Christmas Markets 2018 - full list of traders revealed |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/manchester-christmas-markets-traders-2018-15383867}}</ref> Consumption is limited to certain areas within the historical boundaries of Lancashire, notably Oldham, Wigan, Bury, Rochdale, Preston, Stalybridge, Leigh, Atherton, Tyldesley, Ormskirk, and [[Bolton]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Karlin peas == '''Karlin peas''', wanda aka fi sani da carling, maple, launin ruwan kasa ko [[Waaken Santanbul|kurciya]] peas (amma ya bambanta da kurciya mai zafi ''Cajanus cajan''), da baƙar fata ko launin toka, ƙananan, launin ruwan hoda ne, an fara rubuta su a Zamanin Elizabethan. <ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa sunan "Carlin" ya fito ne daga "Carling Sunday" ko "Care Sunday" bayan an ceci yawan mutanen Newcastle daga yunwa a cikin kewaye na 1327 ko 1644 lokacin da jirgin ya zo daga Norway tare da kaya na waɗannan wake a wannan rana. Ana rarraba su a matsayin al'ada ko iri-iri, galibi ana kiransu da tsire-tsire na tsire-shire. Ana iya shuka su kamar yadda ake shuka wake. Shuke-shuke suna girma zuwa kimanin ƙafa shida, tare da furanni masu launin fari da purple. Kwayoyin suna cike da ƙananan ruwan kasa wanda za'a iya amfani da shi sabo, ko bushewa.<ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ "Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition"]. ''Heritage and History''. 5 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ana amfani da wake na Carlin don shirya abincin da aka yi a arewa maso gabashin Ingila da sassan Cumbria. Su ne al'adun gargajiya na Carlin Sunday (Lahadi kafin Palm Sunday). <ref> {{Cite journal |last=The Society for Folk Life Studies |author-link=The Society for Folk Life Studies |year=1964 |title=Carlin Peas |journal=Folk Life |issue=9 |issn=0430-8778}}</ref> Ana dafa wake har sai ya yi taushi, sannan a dafa shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da man shanu ko dripping. Ba a ƙara gishiri yayin dafa abinci, saboda ana zaton zai dakatar da tsarin dafa abinci. Ana sa su da ruwan inabi da baƙar fata ko wani lokacin rum da launin ruwan kasa. Ana iya cin su da zafi ko sanyi.<ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ "Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition"]. ''Heritage and History''. 5 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Waƙar yara tana ƙidaya ranar Lahadi na Lent a matsayin "Tid, Mid, Misere; Carlin, Palm, Paste-Egg Day", yana nufin Lahadi na biyu lokacin da aka raira "Te Deum"; na uku lokacin da aka rera "Mi Deus"; Lahadi lokacin da aka yi waƙar "Misere Mei"; Carlin Lahadi; Palm Sunday; da Pace Eggs a ranar Lahadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlin peas: a Northern tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/?doing_wp_cron=1519663392.5812439918518066406250 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=Heritage and History}}</ref> Carlins suna da ƙarancin kitse, kuma suna da 23g a kowace 100g na furotin da fiber. Suna dauke da Manganese, molybdenum B bitamin B, musamman B1. Launi na ja / shuɗi ya samo asali ne daga anthocyanins, waɗanda ke da abubuwan gina jiki masu kyau. == Samun sa == Samun baƙar fata ne na yanayi; yawanci ana samun su daga ƙarshen Oktoba da kuma duk watan Nuwamba. Ana samun su daga shagunan gida da kuma shagunan dabbobi (kamar yadda wake suna da kyau) kodayake wake daga shagunan dabba ba lallai bane su da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Particle Baits – Part Two. |url=http://www.haiths.com/haiths-baits/top-10-particle-baits-part-two-/ |access-date=2016-05-22 |website=Super Catch}}</ref> Carlin peas ba su samuwa a ko'ina a cikin shagunan Burtaniya, amma wani lokacin ana samun su a cikin shagunannin abinci na kiwon lafiya. Ana iya saya su don shirye-shiryen gida a kalla iri biyu, "Red Fox" da "Black Badger", kuma ana samun ƙarshen a cikin ruwa. Wannan samfurin, daga Hodmedod's, ya lashe lambar yabo ta BOOM ta Ƙungiyar Soil ta 2016 a matsayin wanda ya lashe "Store cupboard items" kuma ya lashe gaba ɗaya a cikin rukunin "Pantry".<ref name="soilassoc">{{Cite web |title=Pantry |url=https://www.soilassociation.org/organic-living/the-boom-awards-2017/boom-the-2016-winners/pantry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226212012/https://www.soilassociation.org/organic-living/the-boom-awards-2017/boom-the-2016-winners/pantry/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=BOOM – the 2016 winners |publisher=Soil Association}}</ref><ref name="hodme">{{Cite web |title=Carlin peas in water, organic |url=https://hodmedods.co.uk/products/carlin-water |access-date=26 February 2018 |publisher=Hodmedod}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6miv14lzy54um6rl6m1luzd45gzeidi Drought in the Horn of Africa 0 158348 859828 2026-06-18T09:05:15Z Bembety 20498 #1Lib1RefNG 859828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Fari a Kahon Afirka | image = | image_size = | caption = Taswirar yankin Kahon Afirka | type = [[Fari]] | location = [[Kahon Afirka]] | countries = [[Somaliya]], [[Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]] | start_date = 2020 | end_date = 2023 (babban mataki) | cause = [[Canjin yanayi]], rashin ruwan sama, da [[La Niña]] | affected = Fiye da mutane miliyan 36 }} '''Fari a Kahon Afirka''' wani mummunan yanayi ne na ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi yankin [[Kahon Afirka]], musamman ƙasashen [[Somaliya]], [[Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Djibouti]] da [[Eritrea]]. Wannan fari ya jawo ƙarancin abinci, mutuwar dabbobi, ƙaura da kuma matsalolin jin kai ga miliyoyin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/horn-africa-crisis|title=Horn of Africa Crisis|publisher=World Food Programme|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yankin Kahon Afirka ya saba fuskantar fari lokaci-lokaci. Amma daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2023 an samu damina biyar a jere ba tare da isasshen ruwan sama ba, lamarin da ya haddasa ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin fari a tarihin yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2020-000136-eth|title=Horn of Africa Drought Updates|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Sanadi == Manyan abubuwan da suka haddasa wannan fari sun haɗa da: * [[Canjin yanayi]] * Tasirin [[La Niña]] * Rashin isasshen ruwan sama * Lalacewar muhalli da sare bishiyoyi == Illoli == Farin ya haifar da: * Yunwa da ƙarancin abinci * Mutuwar dabbobi masu yawa * Karancin ruwan sha * Ƙaura daga gidaje * Yawaitar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/emergencies|title=FAO Emergencies|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Martanin duniya == Gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin jin kai irin su [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], [[World Food Programme]] (WFP), [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), da [[UNICEF]] sun samar da tallafin abinci, ruwan sha, da kula da lafiya domin rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/horn-africa-drought|title=Horn of Africa Drought|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin yanayi]] * [[Fari]] * [[Kahon Afirka]] * [[Yunwa]] * [[La Niña]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/horn-africa-crisis|title=Horn of Africa Crisis|publisher=World Food Programme}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/emergencies|title=FAO Emergencies|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization}} * {{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int|title=ReliefWeb – Horn of Africa Drought}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/horn-africa-drought|title=Horn of Africa Drought|publisher=UNICEF}} [[Category:Fari]] [[Category:Bala'o'in yanayi]] [[Category:Canjin yanayi]] [[Category:Kahon Afirka]] [[Category:Yunwa]] [[Category:Somaliya]] [[Category:Habasha]] [[Category:Kenya]] iayeh7du8on5cx5joakj1l9fz0dmlqg Desertification in the Sahel 0 158349 859831 2026-06-18T09:08:44Z Bembety 20498 #1Lib1RefNG 859831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Yaduwar hamada a Sahel | image = | image_size = | caption = Yankin Sahel da ke fuskantar yaduwar hamada | type = [[Yaduwar hamada]] | location = [[Sahel]] | countries = [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Nijar]], [[Najeriya]], [[Chadi]], [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]] | cause = [[Canjin yanayi]], sare bishiyoyi, yawan kiwo da rashin kula da ƙasa | outcome = Lalacewar ƙasa, ƙarancin amfanin gona da ƙaura }} '''Yaduwar hamada a Sahel''' wata matsala ce ta muhalli da ke faruwa a yankin [[Sahel]], inda ƙasa mai amfani ke ci gaba da rikidewa zuwa hamada sakamakon [[canjin yanayi]], sare bishiyoyi, yawan kiwo da kuma rashin ingantacciyar kula da albarkatun ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unccd.int|title=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|publisher=UNCCD|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> Yankin Sahel ya shimfiɗa tsakanin [[Hamadar Sahara]] a arewa da yankunan savanna a kudu, yana ratsa ƙasashe da dama na Afirka. == Tarihi == Yaduwar hamada ta zama babbar matsala tun daga shekarun 1970 bayan jerin fari da suka afku a yankin Sahel. Tun daga lokacin, canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan Adam sun ƙara tsananta lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org|title=Desertification and Land Degradation|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Sanadi == Abubuwan da ke haifar da yaduwar hamada sun haɗa da: * [[Canjin yanayi]] * Sare bishiyoyi ba tare da maye gurbinsu ba * Yawan kiwo fiye da ƙarfin fili * Rashin kiyaye ƙasa da noma ba tare da dabarun kare muhalli ba * Karancin ruwan sama == Illoli == Yaduwar hamada na haifar da: * Lalacewar ƙasa mai noma * Rage yawan amfanin gona * Rashin wadataccen ruwa * Talauci da ƙarancin abinci * Ƙaurar jama'a zuwa wasu yankuna * Raguwar nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unep.org|title=Desertification|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Matakan da ake ɗauka == Kasashen yankin Sahel tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka haɗa da: * Dasa bishiyoyi * Kare gandun daji * Inganta hanyoyin noma masu ɗorewa * Kafa aikin [[Great Green Wall]] * Wayar da kan al'umma kan kare muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatgreenwall.org|title=Great Green Wall Initiative|publisher=Great Green Wall Initiative|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Sahel]] * [[Hamadar Sahara]] * [[Canjin yanayi]] * [[Yaduwar hamada]] * [[Great Green Wall]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.unccd.int|title=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org|title=Desertification and Land Degradation|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.unep.org|title=Desertification|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.greatgreenwall.org|title=Great Green Wall Initiative}} [[Category:Yaduwar hamada]] [[Category:Sahel]] [[Category:Canjin yanayi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Bala'o'in muhalli]] [[Category:Hamadar Sahara]] [[Category:Noma]] [[Category:Afirka]] lznf06xte63jjfyfcstwkjfe1chrmak Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kodibuwa 0 158350 859833 2026-06-18T09:15:15Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (Wo... 859833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> md08sbh2vcsgoww1yv81yri4wd7ss7g 859834 859833 2026-06-18T09:15:57Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwan sha */ 859834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> 0g4dj0llg89zugbky1ec67a9y33qoug 859835 859834 2026-06-18T09:17:13Z Sirjat 20447 /* Albarkatun Ruwa */ 859835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> 2o4ofm21bvchhiew5y0fa8po9ijqd6e 859836 859835 2026-06-18T09:17:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samar da Ruwa a Birane */ 859836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> Jari na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ne kan fadada samarwa, ajiya da rarrabawa a birane da manyan garuruwa dake biye da babban birni. Aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane, wanda kuma aka sani da gajertaccen suna na Faransanci PREMU, yana da sabon buri na kara samun dama da ingancin ayyukan ruwa, kara samun damar tsabtace muhalli a zababbun birane da kuma inganta tsare-tsare da sanya ido kan fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099040224142546352/pdf/P1567391c8d4560bf1a7ff1f1875afa2e9b.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2024, takardun aikin Bankin Duniya sun ruwaito cewa mutane 1,748,020 sun riga sun amfana da ingantattun ayyukan samar da ruwa ta hanyar PREMU, wanda hakan ya zarce ainihin burin aikin. Aikin ya kuma hada da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo na gidaje, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na gidaje da suka daina aiki, karin karfin samarwa, ajiyar ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> == Samar da Ruwa a Karkara == Samar da ruwa a karkara ya kasance babban kalubale. Al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara ne ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, kananan tsarin famfo, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma tsarin ruwa na gida. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa gwamnati tana da niyyar yin amfani da tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin tsohuwar hanyar samar da ruwa a karkara, inda za a hada kauyuka har guda biyar a cikin tsari guda daya idan mai yiwuwa ne.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yankunan arewa sune kan gaba saboda hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ayyuka da kuma karuwar jama'a. Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli shine aiki na farko dake tallafawa aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na Kasa zuwa shekarar 2030 kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan yankunan arewa guda 11.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Aikin yana da nufin karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a zababbun yankuna.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Mata da 'yan mata galibi nisa da lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa a al'ummomin karkara ke shafar su. Aikin na Bankin Duniya ya kunshi wani ma'uni kan mata a yankunan karkara da ke amfani da fiye da mintuna 30 a rana wajen dibar ruwa, wanda hakan ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na samun ruwa a karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tsabtace Muhalli da Gurbataccen Ruwa == Tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya hada da magudanun ruwa na bayan gida, magudanun ruwa na sama, tsabtace muhalli na gida da kuma sarrafa lakar bayan gida. A Abidjan, an ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan magudanun ruwa na bayan gida karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, yayin da ONAD ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa gaba daya.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yawancin mutane sun dogara ga wuraren tsabtace muhalli na daidaikun mutane kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan suna bukatar kwashewa da magani cikin aminci, amma ayyukan lakar bayan gida suna da rauni ko kuma babu su a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa galibi ana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba a cikin gawarwakin halitta ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittu da lafiyar dan adam.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Sarkokin ayyukan tsabtace muhalli suna bukatar karfafa tun daga killacewa a gida zuwa kwashewa, sufuri, magani da sake amfani ko zubarwa cikin aminci. Ana kula da tsabtace muhalli a karkara ta hanyar tsarin dake cikin ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli, gami da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da tsafta a karkara wadanda ke amfani da ka'idojin kasa don gina bandakuna da kulawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH == Tsabtace muhalli da amincin ruwan sha suna da alaka da hadarin lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yunin shekarar 2025, Kodibuwa ta sanar da bullar cutar kwalara bayan an tabbatar da bullar cutar da mace-mace a Vridi Akobrate, kusa da Abidjan. Hukumar dillacin labarai ta Associated Press ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin lafiya sun bukaci mutane da su sha tsaftataccen ruwa, su guji amfani da buhunan ruwa marasa kyau da ake sayarwa a kan tituna, kuma su wanke hannayensu akai-akai yayin da cutar ta bulla.<ref name="APCholera2025">{{cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ivory Coast announces cholera outbreak after 7 deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/cholera-outbreak-ivory-coast-c352ad634488ee4bc9341b5b3472e796 |acce 51og16dwjlp5c8osvak8kdeb747u0sk 859837 859836 2026-06-18T09:18:26Z Sirjat 20447 859837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> Jari na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ne kan fadada samarwa, ajiya da rarrabawa a birane da manyan garuruwa dake biye da babban birni. Aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane, wanda kuma aka sani da gajertaccen suna na Faransanci PREMU, yana da sabon buri na kara samun dama da ingancin ayyukan ruwa, kara samun damar tsabtace muhalli a zababbun birane da kuma inganta tsare-tsare da sanya ido kan fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099040224142546352/pdf/P1567391c8d4560bf1a7ff1f1875afa2e9b.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2024, takardun aikin Bankin Duniya sun ruwaito cewa mutane 1,748,020 sun riga sun amfana da ingantattun ayyukan samar da ruwa ta hanyar PREMU, wanda hakan ya zarce ainihin burin aikin. Aikin ya kuma hada da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo na gidaje, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na gidaje da suka daina aiki, karin karfin samarwa, ajiyar ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> == Samar da Ruwa a Karkara == Samar da ruwa a karkara ya kasance babban kalubale. Al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara ne ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, kananan tsarin famfo, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma tsarin ruwa na gida. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa gwamnati tana da niyyar yin amfani da tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin tsohuwar hanyar samar da ruwa a karkara, inda za a hada kauyuka har guda biyar a cikin tsari guda daya idan mai yiwuwa ne.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yankunan arewa sune kan gaba saboda hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ayyuka da kuma karuwar jama'a. Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli shine aiki na farko dake tallafawa aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na Kasa zuwa shekarar 2030 kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan yankunan arewa guda 11.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Aikin yana da nufin karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a zababbun yankuna.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Mata da 'yan mata galibi nisa da lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa a al'ummomin karkara ke shafar su. Aikin na Bankin Duniya ya kunshi wani ma'uni kan mata a yankunan karkara da ke amfani da fiye da mintuna 30 a rana wajen dibar ruwa, wanda hakan ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na samun ruwa a karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tsabtace Muhalli da Gurbataccen Ruwa == Tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya hada da magudanun ruwa na bayan gida, magudanun ruwa na sama, tsabtace muhalli na gida da kuma sarrafa lakar bayan gida. A Abidjan, an ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan magudanun ruwa na bayan gida karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, yayin da ONAD ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa gaba daya.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yawancin mutane sun dogara ga wuraren tsabtace muhalli na daidaikun mutane kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan suna bukatar kwashewa da magani cikin aminci, amma ayyukan lakar bayan gida suna da rauni ko kuma babu su a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa galibi ana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba a cikin gawarwakin halitta ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittu da lafiyar dan adam.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Sarkokin ayyukan tsabtace muhalli suna bukatar karfafa tun daga killacewa a gida zuwa kwashewa, sufuri, magani da sake amfani ko zubarwa cikin aminci. Ana kula da tsabtace muhalli a karkara ta hanyar tsarin dake cikin ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli, gami da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da tsafta a karkara wadanda ke amfani da ka'idojin kasa don gina bandakuna da kulawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH == Tsabtace muhalli da amincin ruwan sha suna da alaka da hadarin lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yunin shekarar 2025, Kodibuwa ta sanar da bullar cutar kwalara bayan an tabbatar da bullar cutar da mace-mace a Vridi Akobrate, kusa da Abidjan. Hukumar dillacin labarai ta Associated Press ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin lafiya sun bukaci mutane da su sha tsaftataccen ruwa, su guji amfani da buhunan ruwa marasa kyau da ake sayarwa a kan tituna, kuma su wanke hannayensu akai-akai yayin da cutar ta bulla.<ref name="APCholera2025">{{cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ivory Coast announces cholera outbreak after 7 deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/cholera-outbreak-ivory-coast-c352ad634488ee4bc9341b5b3472e796 |acce ez40j4xwuqip1th91xxhkurj2bum5ir 859839 859837 2026-06-18T09:21:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH */ 859839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> Jari na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ne kan fadada samarwa, ajiya da rarrabawa a birane da manyan garuruwa dake biye da babban birni. Aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane, wanda kuma aka sani da gajertaccen suna na Faransanci PREMU, yana da sabon buri na kara samun dama da ingancin ayyukan ruwa, kara samun damar tsabtace muhalli a zababbun birane da kuma inganta tsare-tsare da sanya ido kan fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099040224142546352/pdf/P1567391c8d4560bf1a7ff1f1875afa2e9b.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2024, takardun aikin Bankin Duniya sun ruwaito cewa mutane 1,748,020 sun riga sun amfana da ingantattun ayyukan samar da ruwa ta hanyar PREMU, wanda hakan ya zarce ainihin burin aikin. Aikin ya kuma hada da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo na gidaje, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na gidaje da suka daina aiki, karin karfin samarwa, ajiyar ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> == Samar da Ruwa a Karkara == Samar da ruwa a karkara ya kasance babban kalubale. Al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara ne ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, kananan tsarin famfo, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma tsarin ruwa na gida. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa gwamnati tana da niyyar yin amfani da tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin tsohuwar hanyar samar da ruwa a karkara, inda za a hada kauyuka har guda biyar a cikin tsari guda daya idan mai yiwuwa ne.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yankunan arewa sune kan gaba saboda hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ayyuka da kuma karuwar jama'a. Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli shine aiki na farko dake tallafawa aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na Kasa zuwa shekarar 2030 kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan yankunan arewa guda 11.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Aikin yana da nufin karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a zababbun yankuna.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Mata da 'yan mata galibi nisa da lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa a al'ummomin karkara ke shafar su. Aikin na Bankin Duniya ya kunshi wani ma'uni kan mata a yankunan karkara da ke amfani da fiye da mintuna 30 a rana wajen dibar ruwa, wanda hakan ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na samun ruwa a karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tsabtace Muhalli da Gurbataccen Ruwa == Tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya hada da magudanun ruwa na bayan gida, magudanun ruwa na sama, tsabtace muhalli na gida da kuma sarrafa lakar bayan gida. A Abidjan, an ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan magudanun ruwa na bayan gida karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, yayin da ONAD ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa gaba daya.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yawancin mutane sun dogara ga wuraren tsabtace muhalli na daidaikun mutane kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan suna bukatar kwashewa da magani cikin aminci, amma ayyukan lakar bayan gida suna da rauni ko kuma babu su a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa galibi ana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba a cikin gawarwakin halitta ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittu da lafiyar dan adam.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Sarkokin ayyukan tsabtace muhalli suna bukatar karfafa tun daga killacewa a gida zuwa kwashewa, sufuri, magani da sake amfani ko zubarwa cikin aminci. Ana kula da tsabtace muhalli a karkara ta hanyar tsarin dake cikin ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli, gami da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da tsafta a karkara wadanda ke amfani da ka'idojin kasa don gina bandakuna da kulawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH == Tsabtace muhalli da amincin ruwan sha yana da alaka da hadarin lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yunin shekarar 2025, Kodibuwa ta sanar da bullar cutar kwalara bayan an tabbatar da bullar cutar da mace-mace a Vridi Akobrate, kusa da Abidjan. Hukumar dillacin labarai ta Associated Press ta ruwaito kaddamar da roko daga hukumomin lafiya cewa mutane su sha tsaftataccen ruwa, su guji amfani da buhunan ruwa marasa kyau da ake sayarwa a kan tituna, kuma su wanke hannayensu akai-akai yayin da cutar ta bulla.<ref name="APCholera2025">{{cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ivory Coast announces cholera outbreak after 7 deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/cholera-outbreak-ivory-coast-c352ad634488ee4bc9341b5b3472e796 |access-date=6 June 2026 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa da ta Crescent ta ruwaito cewa kungiyoyin Red Cross sun gudanar da ayyukan rigakafin cutar kwalara a Vridi Ako bayan bullar cutar a shekarar 2025, gami da wayar da kan al'umma kan ruwa mai aminci, tsafta da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="IFRCCholera2025">{{cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Cholera in Côte d'Ivoire: At a bustling waterside hub, Red Cross takes cholera prevention door to door |url=https://www.ifrc.org/article/cholera-cote-divoire-bustling-waterside-hub-red-cross-takes-cholera |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies}}</ref> == Magudanun Ruwa da Sarrafa Ambaliyar Ruwa == Magudanun ruwa na birane yana da alaka da tsabtace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa da kuma shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. ONAD ta gano ababen more rayuwa na magudanun ruwa da rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wani bangare na alhakinta na tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="ONADMission" /> Haka kuma tana gudanar da sadarwa ga jama'a kan batutuwa kamar hana gini a hanyoyin ruwa da kuma dakatar da zubar da shara a cikin magudanun ruwa.<ref name="ONADHome">{{cite web |title=Sanitation of the city of Abidjan |url=https://onad.ci/en/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa da rashin kyawun magudanun ruwa babban abin damuwa ne na ayyukan birane, musamman a Abidjan da sauran birane masu tasowa. Katsewar magudanun ruwa, gine-ginen karkara marasa tsari, rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sama da kuma rashin kyawun sarrafa shara na iya tsananta hadarin ambaliyar ruwa a birane da kuma bayyanar da rashin tsabtace muhalli. == Kudade da Jari == Babban jarin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya sami tallafi daga gwamnati da abokan hulɗar ci gaba. Bankin Duniya ya amince da rancen dala miliyan 50 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Birane a shekarar 2016 sannan daga baya ya amince da dala miliyan 150 a matsayin ƙarin kuɗi don aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> Aikin ya ba da kuɗi don samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli a birane, ƙarfafa fannin ruwa na birane da kuma sarrafa aikin.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> A shekarar 2019, Bankin Duniya ya sanar da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 150 don Mataki na Biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane. Kuɗaɗen an yi niyyar amfani da su ne don inganta damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gina ko gyara wuraren tsafta a makarantu da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa ga mutane sama da miliyan ɗaya a manyan birane 12 na daban.<ref name="WorldBankPREMUNews2019">{{cite press release |title=Côte d'Ivoire Receives $150 million to Improve Water Supply and Sanitation Services in 12 Secondary Cities |date=27 June 2019 |publisher=World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/27/cote-divoire-receives-150-million-to-improve-water-supply-and-sanitation-services-in-12-secondary-cities |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Côte d'Ivoire tana aiwatar da Tsarukan Ci Gaban Kasa na 2021–2025, wanda ke da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa, wutar lantarki, lafiya, kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma ayyukan yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauye-sauyen tsari mai faɗi.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /> == Haɗin Gwiwar Kasashen Waje == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin ya haɗa da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, UNICEF, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (African Development Bank) da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa. Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a fannin samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli, tsara fannoni da tsaron ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /><ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> UNICEF tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsabtace muhalli da tsafta (WASH), gami da ayyuka kan tsabtace muhalli, tsafta da rage yin bayan gida a sarari.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024" /> == Kalubale == Manyan ƙalubale sun haɗa da samun ruwa a karkara, bayan gida a sarari, ƙarancin tsabtace muhalli da ake sarrafawa cikin aminci, raunin sarrafa lakar bayan gida, gurɓataccen ruwan sha, matsalolin magudanun ruwa, haɗarin yanayi da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. Gibin tsabtace muhalli yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda gurbataccen sharar da ba a tace ba na iya gurɓata gawarwakin ruwa da kuma rage inganci da yawan ruwan sha mai daɗi da ake da shi don sauran amfani.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Damuwar tsaron ruwa tana da matukar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan ƙasar da ke cikin haɗari. Kungiyar Tsabtace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (Sanitation and Water for All) ta bayyana cewa Kodibuwa ta ƙaddamar da shirin shekaru biyar wanda ya haɗa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a yankunan ƙasar da suka fi fuskantar haɗari.<ref name="SWACotedIvoire">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/cote-divoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Sanitation and Water for All}}</ref> Ƙalubalen ruwa a karkara yana da alaƙa da nisa, amincin yanayi, kulawa da kuma buƙatar manyan tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙauyuka da yawa. Ƙalubalen birane sun haɗa da faɗaɗa samar da ruwa, inganta hanyoyin rarraba ruwa, kiyaye matsin lamba, haɗa gidajen masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar ingantattun magudanun ruwa. db2sxbuxkjljis5229bwdu2b1g4qlxn 859841 859839 2026-06-18T09:22:15Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kalubale */ 859841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> Jari na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ne kan fadada samarwa, ajiya da rarrabawa a birane da manyan garuruwa dake biye da babban birni. Aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane, wanda kuma aka sani da gajertaccen suna na Faransanci PREMU, yana da sabon buri na kara samun dama da ingancin ayyukan ruwa, kara samun damar tsabtace muhalli a zababbun birane da kuma inganta tsare-tsare da sanya ido kan fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099040224142546352/pdf/P1567391c8d4560bf1a7ff1f1875afa2e9b.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2024, takardun aikin Bankin Duniya sun ruwaito cewa mutane 1,748,020 sun riga sun amfana da ingantattun ayyukan samar da ruwa ta hanyar PREMU, wanda hakan ya zarce ainihin burin aikin. Aikin ya kuma hada da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo na gidaje, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na gidaje da suka daina aiki, karin karfin samarwa, ajiyar ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> == Samar da Ruwa a Karkara == Samar da ruwa a karkara ya kasance babban kalubale. Al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara ne ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, kananan tsarin famfo, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma tsarin ruwa na gida. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa gwamnati tana da niyyar yin amfani da tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin tsohuwar hanyar samar da ruwa a karkara, inda za a hada kauyuka har guda biyar a cikin tsari guda daya idan mai yiwuwa ne.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yankunan arewa sune kan gaba saboda hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ayyuka da kuma karuwar jama'a. Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli shine aiki na farko dake tallafawa aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na Kasa zuwa shekarar 2030 kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan yankunan arewa guda 11.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Aikin yana da nufin karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a zababbun yankuna.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Mata da 'yan mata galibi nisa da lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa a al'ummomin karkara ke shafar su. Aikin na Bankin Duniya ya kunshi wani ma'uni kan mata a yankunan karkara da ke amfani da fiye da mintuna 30 a rana wajen dibar ruwa, wanda hakan ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na samun ruwa a karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tsabtace Muhalli da Gurbataccen Ruwa == Tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya hada da magudanun ruwa na bayan gida, magudanun ruwa na sama, tsabtace muhalli na gida da kuma sarrafa lakar bayan gida. A Abidjan, an ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan magudanun ruwa na bayan gida karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, yayin da ONAD ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa gaba daya.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yawancin mutane sun dogara ga wuraren tsabtace muhalli na daidaikun mutane kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan suna bukatar kwashewa da magani cikin aminci, amma ayyukan lakar bayan gida suna da rauni ko kuma babu su a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa galibi ana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba a cikin gawarwakin halitta ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittu da lafiyar dan adam.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Sarkokin ayyukan tsabtace muhalli suna bukatar karfafa tun daga killacewa a gida zuwa kwashewa, sufuri, magani da sake amfani ko zubarwa cikin aminci. Ana kula da tsabtace muhalli a karkara ta hanyar tsarin dake cikin ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli, gami da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da tsafta a karkara wadanda ke amfani da ka'idojin kasa don gina bandakuna da kulawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH == Tsabtace muhalli da amincin ruwan sha yana da alaka da hadarin lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yunin shekarar 2025, Kodibuwa ta sanar da bullar cutar kwalara bayan an tabbatar da bullar cutar da mace-mace a Vridi Akobrate, kusa da Abidjan. Hukumar dillacin labarai ta Associated Press ta ruwaito kaddamar da roko daga hukumomin lafiya cewa mutane su sha tsaftataccen ruwa, su guji amfani da buhunan ruwa marasa kyau da ake sayarwa a kan tituna, kuma su wanke hannayensu akai-akai yayin da cutar ta bulla.<ref name="APCholera2025">{{cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ivory Coast announces cholera outbreak after 7 deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/cholera-outbreak-ivory-coast-c352ad634488ee4bc9341b5b3472e796 |access-date=6 June 2026 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa da ta Crescent ta ruwaito cewa kungiyoyin Red Cross sun gudanar da ayyukan rigakafin cutar kwalara a Vridi Ako bayan bullar cutar a shekarar 2025, gami da wayar da kan al'umma kan ruwa mai aminci, tsafta da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="IFRCCholera2025">{{cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Cholera in Côte d'Ivoire: At a bustling waterside hub, Red Cross takes cholera prevention door to door |url=https://www.ifrc.org/article/cholera-cote-divoire-bustling-waterside-hub-red-cross-takes-cholera |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies}}</ref> == Magudanun Ruwa da Sarrafa Ambaliyar Ruwa == Magudanun ruwa na birane yana da alaka da tsabtace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa da kuma shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. ONAD ta gano ababen more rayuwa na magudanun ruwa da rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wani bangare na alhakinta na tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="ONADMission" /> Haka kuma tana gudanar da sadarwa ga jama'a kan batutuwa kamar hana gini a hanyoyin ruwa da kuma dakatar da zubar da shara a cikin magudanun ruwa.<ref name="ONADHome">{{cite web |title=Sanitation of the city of Abidjan |url=https://onad.ci/en/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa da rashin kyawun magudanun ruwa babban abin damuwa ne na ayyukan birane, musamman a Abidjan da sauran birane masu tasowa. Katsewar magudanun ruwa, gine-ginen karkara marasa tsari, rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sama da kuma rashin kyawun sarrafa shara na iya tsananta hadarin ambaliyar ruwa a birane da kuma bayyanar da rashin tsabtace muhalli. == Kudade da Jari == Babban jarin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya sami tallafi daga gwamnati da abokan hulɗar ci gaba. Bankin Duniya ya amince da rancen dala miliyan 50 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Birane a shekarar 2016 sannan daga baya ya amince da dala miliyan 150 a matsayin ƙarin kuɗi don aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> Aikin ya ba da kuɗi don samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli a birane, ƙarfafa fannin ruwa na birane da kuma sarrafa aikin.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> A shekarar 2019, Bankin Duniya ya sanar da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 150 don Mataki na Biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane. Kuɗaɗen an yi niyyar amfani da su ne don inganta damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gina ko gyara wuraren tsafta a makarantu da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa ga mutane sama da miliyan ɗaya a manyan birane 12 na daban.<ref name="WorldBankPREMUNews2019">{{cite press release |title=Côte d'Ivoire Receives $150 million to Improve Water Supply and Sanitation Services in 12 Secondary Cities |date=27 June 2019 |publisher=World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/27/cote-divoire-receives-150-million-to-improve-water-supply-and-sanitation-services-in-12-secondary-cities |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Côte d'Ivoire tana aiwatar da Tsarukan Ci Gaban Kasa na 2021–2025, wanda ke da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa, wutar lantarki, lafiya, kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma ayyukan yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauye-sauyen tsari mai faɗi.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /> == Haɗin Gwiwar Kasashen Waje == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin ya haɗa da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, UNICEF, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (African Development Bank) da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa. Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a fannin samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli, tsara fannoni da tsaron ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /><ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> UNICEF tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsabtace muhalli da tsafta (WASH), gami da ayyuka kan tsabtace muhalli, tsafta da rage yin bayan gida a sarari.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024" /> == Kalubale == Manyan ƙalubale sun haɗa da samun ruwa a karkara, bayan gida a sarari, ƙarancin tsabtace muhalli da ake sarrafawa cikin aminci, raunin sarrafa lakar bayan gida, gurɓataccen ruwan sha, matsalolin magudanun ruwa, haɗarin yanayi da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. Gibin tsabtace muhalli yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda gurbataccen sharar da ba a tace ba na iya gurɓata gawarwakin ruwa da kuma rage inganci da yawan ruwan sha mai daɗi da ake da shi don sauran amfani.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Damuwar tsaron ruwa tana da matukar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan ƙasar da ke cikin haɗari. Kungiyar Tsabtace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (Sanitation and Water for All) ta bayyana cewa Kodibuwa ta ƙaddamar da shirin shekaru biyar wanda ya haɗa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a yankunan ƙasar da suka fi fuskantar haɗari.<ref name="SWACotedIvoire">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/cote-divoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Sanitation and Water for All}}</ref> Ƙalubalen ruwa a karkara yana da alaƙa da nisa, amincin yanayi, kulawa da kuma buƙatar manyan tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙauyuka da yawa. Ƙalubalen birane sun haɗa da faɗaɗa samar da ruwa, inganta hanyoyin rarraba ruwa, kiyaye matsin lamba, haɗa gidajen masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar ingantattun magudanun ruwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Mahadun waje == * Ministry of Hydraulics, Sanitation and Salubrity * National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire * WHO/UNICEF JMP household WASH data [[Category:Water supply and sanitation by country]] jhtv5vzftjac215ikwrqgea0fnmkkl7 859842 859841 2026-06-18T09:22:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 859842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> Jari na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ne kan fadada samarwa, ajiya da rarrabawa a birane da manyan garuruwa dake biye da babban birni. Aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane, wanda kuma aka sani da gajertaccen suna na Faransanci PREMU, yana da sabon buri na kara samun dama da ingancin ayyukan ruwa, kara samun damar tsabtace muhalli a zababbun birane da kuma inganta tsare-tsare da sanya ido kan fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099040224142546352/pdf/P1567391c8d4560bf1a7ff1f1875afa2e9b.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2024, takardun aikin Bankin Duniya sun ruwaito cewa mutane 1,748,020 sun riga sun amfana da ingantattun ayyukan samar da ruwa ta hanyar PREMU, wanda hakan ya zarce ainihin burin aikin. Aikin ya kuma hada da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo na gidaje, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na gidaje da suka daina aiki, karin karfin samarwa, ajiyar ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> == Samar da Ruwa a Karkara == Samar da ruwa a karkara ya kasance babban kalubale. Al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara ne ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, kananan tsarin famfo, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma tsarin ruwa na gida. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa gwamnati tana da niyyar yin amfani da tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin tsohuwar hanyar samar da ruwa a karkara, inda za a hada kauyuka har guda biyar a cikin tsari guda daya idan mai yiwuwa ne.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yankunan arewa sune kan gaba saboda hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ayyuka da kuma karuwar jama'a. Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli shine aiki na farko dake tallafawa aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na Kasa zuwa shekarar 2030 kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan yankunan arewa guda 11.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Aikin yana da nufin karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a zababbun yankuna.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Mata da 'yan mata galibi nisa da lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa a al'ummomin karkara ke shafar su. Aikin na Bankin Duniya ya kunshi wani ma'uni kan mata a yankunan karkara da ke amfani da fiye da mintuna 30 a rana wajen dibar ruwa, wanda hakan ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na samun ruwa a karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tsabtace Muhalli da Gurbataccen Ruwa == Tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya hada da magudanun ruwa na bayan gida, magudanun ruwa na sama, tsabtace muhalli na gida da kuma sarrafa lakar bayan gida. A Abidjan, an ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan magudanun ruwa na bayan gida karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, yayin da ONAD ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa gaba daya.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yawancin mutane sun dogara ga wuraren tsabtace muhalli na daidaikun mutane kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan suna bukatar kwashewa da magani cikin aminci, amma ayyukan lakar bayan gida suna da rauni ko kuma babu su a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa galibi ana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba a cikin gawarwakin halitta ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittu da lafiyar dan adam.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Sarkokin ayyukan tsabtace muhalli suna bukatar karfafa tun daga killacewa a gida zuwa kwashewa, sufuri, magani da sake amfani ko zubarwa cikin aminci. Ana kula da tsabtace muhalli a karkara ta hanyar tsarin dake cikin ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli, gami da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da tsafta a karkara wadanda ke amfani da ka'idojin kasa don gina bandakuna da kulawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH == Tsabtace muhalli da amincin ruwan sha yana da alaka da hadarin lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yunin shekarar 2025, Kodibuwa ta sanar da bullar cutar kwalara bayan an tabbatar da bullar cutar da mace-mace a Vridi Akobrate, kusa da Abidjan. Hukumar dillacin labarai ta Associated Press ta ruwaito kaddamar da roko daga hukumomin lafiya cewa mutane su sha tsaftataccen ruwa, su guji amfani da buhunan ruwa marasa kyau da ake sayarwa a kan tituna, kuma su wanke hannayensu akai-akai yayin da cutar ta bulla.<ref name="APCholera2025">{{cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ivory Coast announces cholera outbreak after 7 deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/cholera-outbreak-ivory-coast-c352ad634488ee4bc9341b5b3472e796 |access-date=6 June 2026 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa da ta Crescent ta ruwaito cewa kungiyoyin Red Cross sun gudanar da ayyukan rigakafin cutar kwalara a Vridi Ako bayan bullar cutar a shekarar 2025, gami da wayar da kan al'umma kan ruwa mai aminci, tsafta da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="IFRCCholera2025">{{cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Cholera in Côte d'Ivoire: At a bustling waterside hub, Red Cross takes cholera prevention door to door |url=https://www.ifrc.org/article/cholera-cote-divoire-bustling-waterside-hub-red-cross-takes-cholera |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies}}</ref> == Magudanun Ruwa da Sarrafa Ambaliyar Ruwa == Magudanun ruwa na birane yana da alaka da tsabtace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa da kuma shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. ONAD ta gano ababen more rayuwa na magudanun ruwa da rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wani bangare na alhakinta na tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="ONADMission" /> Haka kuma tana gudanar da sadarwa ga jama'a kan batutuwa kamar hana gini a hanyoyin ruwa da kuma dakatar da zubar da shara a cikin magudanun ruwa.<ref name="ONADHome">{{cite web |title=Sanitation of the city of Abidjan |url=https://onad.ci/en/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa da rashin kyawun magudanun ruwa babban abin damuwa ne na ayyukan birane, musamman a Abidjan da sauran birane masu tasowa. Katsewar magudanun ruwa, gine-ginen karkara marasa tsari, rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sama da kuma rashin kyawun sarrafa shara na iya tsananta hadarin ambaliyar ruwa a birane da kuma bayyanar da rashin tsabtace muhalli. == Kudade da Jari == Babban jarin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya sami tallafi daga gwamnati da abokan hulɗar ci gaba. Bankin Duniya ya amince da rancen dala miliyan 50 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Birane a shekarar 2016 sannan daga baya ya amince da dala miliyan 150 a matsayin ƙarin kuɗi don aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> Aikin ya ba da kuɗi don samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli a birane, ƙarfafa fannin ruwa na birane da kuma sarrafa aikin.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> A shekarar 2019, Bankin Duniya ya sanar da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 150 don Mataki na Biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane. Kuɗaɗen an yi niyyar amfani da su ne don inganta damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gina ko gyara wuraren tsafta a makarantu da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa ga mutane sama da miliyan ɗaya a manyan birane 12 na daban.<ref name="WorldBankPREMUNews2019">{{cite press release |title=Côte d'Ivoire Receives $150 million to Improve Water Supply and Sanitation Services in 12 Secondary Cities |date=27 June 2019 |publisher=World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/27/cote-divoire-receives-150-million-to-improve-water-supply-and-sanitation-services-in-12-secondary-cities |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Côte d'Ivoire tana aiwatar da Tsarukan Ci Gaban Kasa na 2021–2025, wanda ke da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa, wutar lantarki, lafiya, kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma ayyukan yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauye-sauyen tsari mai faɗi.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /> == Haɗin Gwiwar Kasashen Waje == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin ya haɗa da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, UNICEF, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (African Development Bank) da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa. Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a fannin samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli, tsara fannoni da tsaron ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /><ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> UNICEF tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsabtace muhalli da tsafta (WASH), gami da ayyuka kan tsabtace muhalli, tsafta da rage yin bayan gida a sarari.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024" /> == Kalubale == Manyan ƙalubale sun haɗa da samun ruwa a karkara, bayan gida a sarari, ƙarancin tsabtace muhalli da ake sarrafawa cikin aminci, raunin sarrafa lakar bayan gida, gurɓataccen ruwan sha, matsalolin magudanun ruwa, haɗarin yanayi da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. Gibin tsabtace muhalli yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda gurbataccen sharar da ba a tace ba na iya gurɓata gawarwakin ruwa da kuma rage inganci da yawan ruwan sha mai daɗi da ake da shi don sauran amfani.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Damuwar tsaron ruwa tana da matukar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan ƙasar da ke cikin haɗari. Kungiyar Tsabtace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (Sanitation and Water for All) ta bayyana cewa Kodibuwa ta ƙaddamar da shirin shekaru biyar wanda ya haɗa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a yankunan ƙasar da suka fi fuskantar haɗari.<ref name="SWACotedIvoire">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/cote-divoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Sanitation and Water for All}}</ref> Ƙalubalen ruwa a karkara yana da alaƙa da nisa, amincin yanayi, kulawa da kuma buƙatar manyan tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙauyuka da yawa. Ƙalubalen birane sun haɗa da faɗaɗa samar da ruwa, inganta hanyoyin rarraba ruwa, kiyaye matsin lamba, haɗa gidajen masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar ingantattun magudanun ruwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahadun waje == * Ministry of Hydraulics, Sanitation and Salubrity * National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire * WHO/UNICEF JMP household WASH data [[Category:Water supply and sanitation by country]] 7yl8o97x8i8ck6y2xxea3cuimf4pw4l Labeobarbus na tsakiya 0 158351 859838 2026-06-18T09:21:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354834238|Labeobarbus intermedius]]" 859838 wikitext text/x-wiki Labeobarbus intermedius wani nau'in kifi ne na [[Gabashin Afirka]] dangin Cyprinidae . Kamar kifin rawaya mai alaƙa da juna, yana da hexaploid. Babban nau'in, matsakaicin daidaitattun rikodin kusan {{Cvt|50|cm|in}} cm (20 in) .<ref name="de Graaf">{{Cite journal |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2010 |title=Preliminary insight into the age and origin of the Labeobarbus fish species flock from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.029 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=19878730}}</ref> Wannan nau'in yana da nau'in da ake kira ''Labeobarbus intermedius intermedius'' . == Tsarin tsari da lissafi == Shekarar bayanin farko - a matsayin ''Barbus'' intermedius - an ba da rahoton kuskure a matsayin 1837. ''L. intermedius'' har yanzu yawancin marubutan zamani sun sanya shi a cikin "wastebin genus" Barbus ta tsoho, kuma IUCN har yanzu yana yin hakan har sai an buga cikakken bita na haraji na "barbs" na [[Afirka]]. Koyaya, ana ƙara dawo da nau'in zuwa nau'in Kifi mai launin rawaya ''Labeobarbus'', wanda ya fi dacewa. Yana da dangi na kusa da ''Labeobarbus bynni'', wani "barb" na Afirka. <ref name="de Graaf">{{Cite journal |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2010 |title=Preliminary insight into the age and origin of the Labeobarbus fish species flock from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.029 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=19878730}}</ref> Babu wani nau'i da aka gane a halin yanzu. Yawan jama'a daga tafkin Barino wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a matsayin ''L. i. australis'' daidai yake da sunan ''gregorii'' na baya, amma mai yiwuwa ba ya da bambanci sosai daga takamaiman don la'akari da shi a matsayin haraji daban. Haka kuma gaskiya ne ga nau'ikan ''leptosoma'' da ''microstoma''. Muhimman ƙananan sunaye wannan nau'in sune: * ''Barbus erlangeri'' <small>Boulenger, 1903</small> * ''Barbus gregorii'' <small>Boulenger, 1902</small> * Barbus na tsakiya Rüppell, 1835<small>Rüppell, shekara ta 1835</small> * Barbus intermedius intermedius Rüppell, 1835<small>Rüppell, shekara ta 1835</small> * ''Barbus intermedius australis'' <small>Banister, 1973</small> * ''Barbus intermedius leptosoma'' <small>Boulenger, 1902</small> * ''Barbus intermedius microstoma'' <small>Boulenger, 1902</small> * ''Barbus plagiostomus'' Bini, 1940<small>Bini, shekara ta 1940</small> * ''Labeobarbus intermedius australis'' (Banister, 1973) <small> (Baƙon, 1973) </small> * ''Luciobarbus elongatus'' <small> (Rüppell, 1836) </small> Iyalansa na kusa ''L. brevicauda'', ''[[Labeobarbus gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' da ''L. johnstonii'' (a ƙarƙashin sunan ''latirostris''), har ma da bambancin ''Barbus eurystomus'', an sanya su a cikin "B."''"B" tsakiya'' a matsayin nau'i-nau'i. Amma ana daukar su a matsayin nau'o'i daban-daban a yau. ''B. procatopus'' wani lokacin an yi imanin yana nufin jinsin yanzu, amma a zahiri ƙaramin ma'anar ripon barbel (''B. altianalis'') ne. == Rarraba da muhalli == Ana samun wannan kifin Ruwa mai laushi a [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da kudancin [[Itofiya|Habasha]].<ref name="de Graaf" /> Yanayinta na halitta sune Kogin [[Kogin Kerio|Kerio]], [[Kogin Suguta|Suguta]], [[Kogin Turkwel|Turkwel]] da arewacin Ewaso Ng'iro da yankunansu, da [[Tafkin Baringo]], [[Tafkin Bogoria|Bogoria]] da [[Tafkin Turkana|Turkana]] da kogunan da ke hade da su. Rubuce-rubucen daga yankin [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]] sun dogara ne akan samfurori masu kuskuren, yayin da bayanan da ake tsammani daga [[Kogin Mara]] da [[Tafkin Victoria]] sun bayyana sun dogara ne da kuskuren ganewar Ripon Barbel. Ba a san komai game da yawan jama'a da muhalli ba, amma saboda faɗakarwarta da rashin barazanar da ke bayyane, IUCN ba ta dauke ta a matsayin nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana. == Manazarta == l300bk3971nwzbwzw14j9v5lbgk91xp 859840 859838 2026-06-18T09:21:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 859840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Labeobarbus intermedius''' wani nau'in kifi ne na [[Gabashin Afirka]] dangin Cyprinidae . Kamar kifin rawaya mai alaƙa da juna, yana da hexaploid. Babban nau'in, matsakaicin daidaitattun rikodin kusan {{Cvt|50|cm|in}} cm (20 in) .<ref name="de Graaf">{{Cite journal |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2010 |title=Preliminary insight into the age and origin of the Labeobarbus fish species flock from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.029 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=19878730}}</ref> Wannan nau'in yana da nau'in da ake kira ''Labeobarbus intermedius intermedius'' . == Tsarin tsari da lissafi == Shekarar bayanin farko - a matsayin ''Barbus'' intermedius - an ba da rahoton kuskure a matsayin 1837. ''L. intermedius'' har yanzu yawancin marubutan zamani sun sanya shi a cikin "wastebin genus" Barbus ta tsoho, kuma IUCN har yanzu yana yin hakan har sai an buga cikakken bita na haraji na "barbs" na [[Afirka]]. Koyaya, ana ƙara dawo da nau'in zuwa nau'in Kifi mai launin rawaya ''Labeobarbus'', wanda ya fi dacewa. Yana da dangi na kusa da ''Labeobarbus bynni'', wani "barb" na Afirka. <ref name="de Graaf">{{Cite journal |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2010 |title=Preliminary insight into the age and origin of the Labeobarbus fish species flock from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.029 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=19878730}}</ref> Babu wani nau'i da aka gane a halin yanzu. Yawan jama'a daga tafkin Barino wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a matsayin ''L. i. australis'' daidai yake da sunan ''gregorii'' na baya, amma mai yiwuwa ba ya da bambanci sosai daga takamaiman don la'akari da shi a matsayin haraji daban. Haka kuma gaskiya ne ga nau'ikan ''leptosoma'' da ''microstoma''. Muhimman ƙananan sunaye wannan nau'in sune: * ''Barbus erlangeri'' <small>Boulenger, 1903</small> * ''Barbus gregorii'' <small>Boulenger, 1902</small> * Barbus na tsakiya Rüppell, 1835<small>Rüppell, shekara ta 1835</small> * Barbus intermedius intermedius Rüppell, 1835<small>Rüppell, shekara ta 1835</small> * ''Barbus intermedius australis'' <small>Banister, 1973</small> * ''Barbus intermedius leptosoma'' <small>Boulenger, 1902</small> * ''Barbus intermedius microstoma'' <small>Boulenger, 1902</small> * ''Barbus plagiostomus'' Bini, 1940<small>Bini, shekara ta 1940</small> * ''Labeobarbus intermedius australis'' (Banister, 1973) <small> (Baƙon, 1973) </small> * ''Luciobarbus elongatus'' <small> (Rüppell, 1836) </small> Iyalansa na kusa ''L. brevicauda'', ''[[Labeobarbus gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' da ''L. johnstonii'' (a ƙarƙashin sunan ''latirostris''), har ma da bambancin ''Barbus eurystomus'', an sanya su a cikin "B."''"B" tsakiya'' a matsayin nau'i-nau'i. Amma ana daukar su a matsayin nau'o'i daban-daban a yau. ''B. procatopus'' wani lokacin an yi imanin yana nufin jinsin yanzu, amma a zahiri ƙaramin ma'anar ripon barbel (''B. altianalis'') ne. == Rarraba da muhalli == Ana samun wannan kifin Ruwa mai laushi a [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da kudancin [[Itofiya|Habasha]].<ref name="de Graaf" /> Yanayinta na halitta sune Kogin [[Kogin Kerio|Kerio]], [[Kogin Suguta|Suguta]], [[Kogin Turkwel|Turkwel]] da arewacin Ewaso Ng'iro da yankunansu, da [[Tafkin Baringo]], [[Tafkin Bogoria|Bogoria]] da [[Tafkin Turkana|Turkana]] da kogunan da ke hade da su. Rubuce-rubucen daga yankin [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]] sun dogara ne akan samfurori masu kuskuren, yayin da bayanan da ake tsammani daga [[Kogin Mara]] da [[Tafkin Victoria]] sun bayyana sun dogara ne da kuskuren ganewar Ripon Barbel. Ba a san komai game da yawan jama'a da muhalli ba, amma saboda faɗakarwarta da rashin barazanar da ke bayyane, IUCN ba ta dauke ta a matsayin nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana. == Manazarta == pl4ziagrdshqk39jrgr92w17t6aoykp Tafkin Rudolf lampeye 0 158352 859843 2026-06-18T09:24:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315105003|Lake Rudolf lampeye]]" 859843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Rudolf lampeye''' (''Micropanchax rudolfianus'') nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Poeciliidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Turkana]] (wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Rudolf) a Kenya da kudu maso yammacin Habasha. A cikin tafkin ana samunsa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi tsakanin ciyayi, yana haifar da shi a yankin bakin teku kuma yana cin abinci a kan kananan kwari da zooplankton.<ref>Odhiambo, E.A. (2006). "Aplocheilichthys rudolfianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006 e.T60425A12364531. Retrieved 27 October 2019.</ref> == Manazarta == e16cvme20zjtqmut5db1a4d789cb768 859844 859843 2026-06-18T09:25:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 859844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Rudolf lampeye''' (''Micropanchax rudolfianus'') nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Poeciliidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Turkana]] (wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Rudolf) a Kenya da kudu maso yammacin Habasha. A cikin tafkin ana samunsa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi tsakanin ciyayi, yana haifar da shi a yankin bakin teku kuma yana cin abinci a kan kananan kwari da zooplankton.<ref>Odhiambo, E.A. (2006). "Aplocheilichthys rudolfianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006 e.T60425A12364531. Retrieved 27 October 2019.</ref> == Manazarta == nvtykwa775ofp9ygi9kf2hac5awmctt African Well Fund 0 158353 859845 2026-06-18T09:26:37Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''African Well Fund''' wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (non-profit organization) da aka sadaukar domin tara kudade na gina da kuma kula da rijiyoyin ruwan sha a duk fadin yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka. An kafa kungiyar ne a watan Oktoban shekarar 2002 ta hanyar wasu rukunin masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2, wadanda suka sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da jagoran kungiyar, Bono, ya kai a watan Mayun shekarar 2002 zuwa yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka tare da tsohon... 859845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''African Well Fund''' wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (non-profit organization) da aka sadaukar domin tara kudade na gina da kuma kula da rijiyoyin ruwan sha a duk fadin yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka. An kafa kungiyar ne a watan Oktoban shekarar 2002 ta hanyar wasu rukunin masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2, wadanda suka sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da jagoran kungiyar, Bono, ya kai a watan Mayun shekarar 2002 zuwa yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka tare da tsohon Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka, Paul O'Neill. Kungiyar ta sami kwarin gwiwa ne daga ayyukan jin kai na Bono a duk fadin Afirka, amma ba ta da alaka ta kai tsaye da kungiyar mawakan. Kungiyar tana yin hadin gwiwa ne da hukumar Africare, kuma gaba dayan ma'aikatanta masu sauran kaye ne (volunteers) domin rage kudaden gudanarwa. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2002, masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2 sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da Bono ya kai kasar Uganda, kuma suka fara tara kudi domin gina rijiya a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Herald-Sun | location=Durham, North Carolina| date=October 4, 2009 | page=27 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-sun-awfinspiration/147891501/ | last=Upchurch | first=Keith | title=U2 fans flock to conference}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2005, kungiyar mai zaman kanta tana da mambobi 135 kuma ta tara fiye da dala 110,000.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Omaha World-Herald | location=Nebraska | date=November 15, 2005 | page=E1, https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-awfomaha32/14789100/ E2 | last=Proskocil | first=Niz | title=Taking up the cause | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-awfomaha1/147892102/}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tallafa wa kungiyar African Well Fund ana tura su ne ga hukumar Africare, wacce ke aiki tare da al'ummomin gida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Katharyne|date=2016-07-01|title=Celebrity humanitarianism, transnational emotion and the rise of neoliberal citizenship|journal=Global Networks|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=288–306|doi=10.1111/glob.12114|issn=1471-0374}}</ref> Al'ummomin gida da aka gina wa rijiya ta hanyar wannan aikin suna zabar kwamitin masu amfani da ruwa domin sanya ido da kuma kula da ginin. Wakilan da ke da alaka da Africare wadanda ke taimakawa wajen kafa rijiyoyin suna amfani da wannan dama don ilmantar da al'umma game da batutuwan da suka shafi cutar kanjamau (HIV da AIDS).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Steve Buckwalter|title=African Well Fund|date=2007-03-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-5U3JWVvdw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/y-5U3JWVvdw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|accessdate=2017-11-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Domin murnar ranar haihuwar Bono na cika shekaru 50, masoyan U2 sun yi yunkurin tara dala 50,000 domin Gundumar Buhara da ke kasar Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2010 |title=Walk To The Water |url=https://www.u2.com/news/title/walk-to-the-water/news/ |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=U2}}</ref> == Bayanan Riga-kafi == <references /> == Mahadun waje == * Shafin intanet na African Well Fund. [[Category:Charities based in Africa]] [[Category:Development charities based in the United States]] [[Category:Water supply]] l6ne07nm2fcgop93trdznpoanwidctv 859846 859845 2026-06-18T09:27:25Z Sirjat 20447 859846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''African Well Fund''' wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (non-profit organization) da aka sadaukar domin tara kudade na gina da kuma kula da rijiyoyin ruwan sha a duk fadin yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka. An kafa kungiyar ne a watan Oktoban shekarar 2002 ta hanyar wasu rukunin masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2, wadanda suka sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da jagoran kungiyar, Bono, ya kai a watan Mayun shekarar 2002 zuwa yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka tare da tsohon Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka, Paul O'Neill. Kungiyar ta sami kwarin gwiwa ne daga ayyukan jin kai na Bono a duk fadin Afirka, amma ba ta da alaka ta kai tsaye da kungiyar mawakan. Kungiyar tana yin hadin gwiwa ne da hukumar Africare, kuma gaba dayan ma'aikatanta masu sauran kaye ne (volunteers) domin rage kudaden gudanarwa. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2002, masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2 sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da Bono ya kai kasar Uganda, kuma suka fara tara kudi domin gina rijiya a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Herald-Sun | location=Durham, North Carolina| date=October 4, 2009 | page=27 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-sun-awfinspiration/147891501/ | last=Upchurch | first=Keith | title=U2 fans flock to conference}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2005, kungiyar mai zaman kanta tana da mambobi 135 kuma ta tara fiye da dala 110,000.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Omaha World-Herald | location=Nebraska | date=November 15, 2005 | page=E1, https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-awfomaha32/14789100/ E2 | last=Proskocil | first=Niz | title=Taking up the cause | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-awfomaha1/147892102/}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tallafa wa kungiyar African Well Fund ana tura su ne ga hukumar Africare, wacce ke aiki tare da al'ummomin gida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Katharyne|date=2016-07-01|title=Celebrity humanitarianism, transnational emotion and the rise of neoliberal citizenship|journal=Global Networks|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=288–306|doi=10.1111/glob.12114|issn=1471-0374}}</ref> Al'ummomin gida da aka gina wa rijiya ta hanyar wannan aikin suna zabar kwamitin masu amfani da ruwa domin sanya ido da kuma kula da ginin. Wakilan da ke da alaka da Africare wadanda ke taimakawa wajen kafa rijiyoyin suna amfani da wannan dama don ilmantar da al'umma game da batutuwan da suka shafi cutar kanjamau (HIV da AIDS).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Steve Buckwalter|title=African Well Fund|date=2007-03-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-5U3JWVvdw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/y-5U3JWVvdw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|accessdate=2017-11-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Domin murnar ranar haihuwar Bono na cika shekaru 50, masoyan U2 sun yi yunkurin tara dala 50,000 domin Gundumar Buhara da ke kasar Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2010 |title=Walk To The Water |url=https://www.u2.com/news/title/walk-to-the-water/news/ |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=U2}}</ref> == Bayanan Riga-kafi == <references /> == Mahadun waje == * Shafin intanet na African Well Fund. [[Category:Charities based in Africa]] [[Category:Development charities based in the United States]] [[Category:Water supply]] 4u8obptwl05s2dqb22ofkttwoywgboj 859848 859846 2026-06-18T09:28:05Z Sirjat 20447 859848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''African Well Fund''' wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (non-profit organization) da aka sadaukar domin tara kuɗaɗe na ginawa da kuma kulaws da rijiyoyin ruwan sha a duk faɗin yankunan da ke fama da talauci a [[Afirka]]. An kafa kungiyar ne a watan Oktoban shekarar 2002 ta hanyar wasu rukunin masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2, wadanda suka sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da jagoran kungiyar, Bono, ya kai a watan Mayun shekarar 2002 zuwa yankunan da ke fama da talauci a Afirka tare da tsohon Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka, Paul O'Neill. Kungiyar ta sami kwarin gwiwa ne daga ayyukan jin kai na Bono a duk fadin Afirka, amma ba ta da alaka ta kai tsaye da kungiyar mawakan. Kungiyar tana yin hadin gwiwa ne da hukumar Africare, kuma gaba dayan ma'aikatanta masu sauran kaye ne (volunteers) domin rage kudaden gudanarwa. == Tarihi == A shekarar 2002, masoyan kungiyar mawaka ta U2 sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga ziyarar da Bono ya kai kasar Uganda, kuma suka fara tara kudi domin gina rijiya a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Herald-Sun | location=Durham, North Carolina| date=October 4, 2009 | page=27 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-sun-awfinspiration/147891501/ | last=Upchurch | first=Keith | title=U2 fans flock to conference}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2005, kungiyar mai zaman kanta tana da mambobi 135 kuma ta tara fiye da dala 110,000.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Omaha World-Herald | location=Nebraska | date=November 15, 2005 | page=E1, https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-awfomaha32/14789100/ E2 | last=Proskocil | first=Niz | title=Taking up the cause | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-awfomaha1/147892102/}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tallafa wa kungiyar African Well Fund ana tura su ne ga hukumar Africare, wacce ke aiki tare da al'ummomin gida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Katharyne|date=2016-07-01|title=Celebrity humanitarianism, transnational emotion and the rise of neoliberal citizenship|journal=Global Networks|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=288–306|doi=10.1111/glob.12114|issn=1471-0374}}</ref> Al'ummomin gida da aka gina wa rijiya ta hanyar wannan aikin suna zabar kwamitin masu amfani da ruwa domin sanya ido da kuma kula da ginin. Wakilan da ke da alaka da Africare wadanda ke taimakawa wajen kafa rijiyoyin suna amfani da wannan dama don ilmantar da al'umma game da batutuwan da suka shafi cutar kanjamau (HIV da AIDS).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Steve Buckwalter|title=African Well Fund|date=2007-03-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-5U3JWVvdw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/y-5U3JWVvdw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|accessdate=2017-11-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Domin murnar ranar haihuwar Bono na cika shekaru 50, masoyan U2 sun yi yunkurin tara dala 50,000 domin Gundumar Buhara da ke kasar Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2010 |title=Walk To The Water |url=https://www.u2.com/news/title/walk-to-the-water/news/ |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=U2}}</ref> == Bayanan Riga-kafi == <references /> == Mahadun waje == * Shafin intanet na African Well Fund. [[Category:Charities based in Africa]] [[Category:Development charities based in the United States]] [[Category:Water supply]] 1p40jtgh9iy0dylas1bm7gzh7crpov1 Malapterurus 0 158354 859847 2026-06-18T09:27:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354733119|Malapterurus]]" 859847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Malapterurus''''' (daga Tsohon Girkanci μαλακός (''Malaka'') ma'anar "mai laushi", πτερόν (''pteron''), ma'anar ""fuka-fuka", kuma οὐρά (ourá), ma'ana " wutsiya") wani nau'in catfishes ne (tsari Siluriformes) na dangin catfish na lantarki (Malapteruridae). Ya haɗa da nau'o'i 18.<ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008205138/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-08 |access-date=2007-07-28}}</ref> == Rarraba == Ana samun nau'in ''Malapterurus'' a duk faɗin yamma da tsakiyar [[Afirka]] da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. Suna faruwa a duk manyan tsarin ruwa mai laushi ciki har da [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]], [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], [[Kogin Ogooué|Ogooué]], [[Kogin Omo|Omo]], [[Kogin Sanaga|Sanaga]], Sabi-Lundi, [[Kogin Senegal|Senegal]], [[Kogin Chari|Shari'a]], [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]], da [[Kogin Zambezi]], da kuma Lakes [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Albert]], [[Tabkin Chadi|Chadi]], [[Tafkin Kainji|Kainji]], [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]], da [[Tafkin Turkana|Turkana]]. <ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref> Halitta (kuma hakika dukan iyalin) suna cikin Jerin Halitta na Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashi na [[Florida]] Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission kuma, yayin da ba a bayyana cewa akwai tabbacin tabbatar da kowane kafa a matsayin nau'in mamayewa a Florida ba, jinsin na iya faruwa a [[Hong Kong]] yanzu kuma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prohibited Nonnative Species List |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/prohibited-species-list/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=myFWC |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission}}</ref> idan har yanzu ba a ruwaito shi a matsayin nau-nuke a can ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |title=Malapterurus beninensis |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/174381035 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''Malapterurus'' suna da jiki mai tsawo da cylindrical wanda ke ba su bayyanar sausage gaba ɗaya. Idanu ƙananan ne, leɓunan suna da kauri, kuma hanci yana da ƙuƙwalwa tare da hanci da aka raba. Ruwan rami suna da ƙanƙanta kuma an ƙuntata su a bangarorin. Nau'in Malapterurus suna da nau'i-nau'i uku na barbels, kuma ba su da dorsal fin. Fuka-fukan ƙirji, pelvic, da caudal suna da zagaye.<ref name="Ng" /> Swimbladder yana da ɗakuna biyu na baya. Dabbobi a cikin ''Malapterurus'' yawanci suna da launin ruwan kasa a baya da bangarori, suna ɓacewa zuwa fararen ko launin cream a saman ventral na kai da jiki. Akwai baƙar fata ba daidai ba ko tabo da aka rarraba a bangarorin jiki. Rabin baya na peduncle na caudal yawanci yana da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata mai tsaye da kuma cream mai tsaye nan da nan a gabansa. Yankunan anal da caudal fins suna da gefen cream, kuma tushe na caudal fin yana da yankin cream da kuma launin ruwan kasa mai kama da crescent nan da nan bayan shi.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> The electrogenic organ is derived from anterior body musculature and lines the body cavity. A fish that is 50&nbsp;centimetres (19&nbsp;in) in length can discharge up to 350&nbsp;V.<ref name="Nelson" /> ''M. electricus'' yana daya daga cikin 'yan nau'in lantarki da aka tsara ta hanyar lada don fitarwa akan siginar. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin ''New York Times'' a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1967, mai bincike Dr. Frank J. Mandriota na Kwalejin Birnin New York ya tsara ''M. electricus'' don fitarwa a kan siginar haske don lada na tsutsotsi masu rai da aka kawo ta atomatik. Wannan shine na farko a cikin yanayin da ba ya canza glandular ko kuma martani na tsoka. ''M. electricus'' na iya girma kamar 122 centimeters (48 in) TL da 20 kilogram (44 pounds). <ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Muhalli == Ana samun nau'ikan ''Malapterurus'' gabaɗaya a cikin duwatsu ko tushen a cikin ruwa mai duhu ko baƙar fata tare da ƙarancin gani. Suna son ruwa mai laushi ko mai tsayawa.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> ''M. electricus'' mai cin kifi ne mai cin abinci. Yana amfani da fitar da wutar lantarki don ya gigice ganima. Yana da mai cin abinci mai amfani kuma zai ciyar da duk wani ganima da ke cikin mazaunin. Wadannan kifaye suna motsawa a hankali, masu ciyarwa da gangan tare da abinci mai nauyi.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Nau'i-nau'i na ''M. electricus'' nest a cikin ramuka game da [[mita]] 3 (10 ft) a tsawon da aka tono a cikin bankunan yumɓu a cikin ruwa 1-3 zurfi.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Dangantaka da mutane == Ba a san fitar da wutar lantarki na ''M. electricus'' ba don zama mai kisa ga mutane.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana cin ''M. electricus'' a matsayin abinci a wasu sassan Afirka. A gefen Tekun Kainji, kifi mai amfani da wutar lantarki sanannen abinci ne.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> ''M. electricus'' kuma wani lokacin ana haɗuwa da shi azaman kifi na [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]].<ref name="Ng" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fdt1yo758d1fy8nd8bjzqfw6p1mv0nn 859849 859847 2026-06-18T09:28:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 859849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Malapterurus''''' (daga Tsohon Girkanci μαλακός (''Malaka'') ma'anar "mai laushi", πτερόν (''pteron''), ma'anar ""fuka-fuka", kuma οὐρά (ourá), ma'ana " wutsiya") wani nau'in catfishes ne (tsari Siluriformes) na dangin catfish na lantarki (Malapteruridae). Ya haɗa da nau'o'i 18.<ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008205138/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-08 |access-date=2007-07-28}}</ref> == Rarraba == Ana samun nau'in ''Malapterurus'' a duk faɗin yamma da tsakiyar [[Afirka]] da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. Suna faruwa a duk manyan tsarin ruwa mai laushi ciki har da [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]], [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], [[Kogin Ogooué|Ogooué]], [[Kogin Omo|Omo]], [[Kogin Sanaga|Sanaga]], Sabi-Lundi, [[Kogin Senegal|Senegal]], [[Kogin Chari|Shari'a]], [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]], da [[Kogin Zambezi]], da kuma Lakes [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Albert]], [[Tabkin Chadi|Chadi]], [[Tafkin Kainji|Kainji]], [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]], da [[Tafkin Turkana|Turkana]]. <ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref> Halitta (kuma hakika dukan iyalin) suna cikin Jerin Halitta na Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashi na [[Florida]] Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission kuma, yayin da ba a bayyana cewa akwai tabbacin tabbatar da kowane kafa a matsayin nau'in mamayewa a Florida ba, jinsin na iya faruwa a [[Hong Kong]] yanzu kuma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prohibited Nonnative Species List |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/prohibited-species-list/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=myFWC |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission}}</ref> idan har yanzu ba a ruwaito shi a matsayin nau-nuke a can ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |title=Malapterurus beninensis |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/174381035 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''Malapterurus'' suna da jiki mai tsawo da cylindrical wanda ke ba su bayyanar sausage gaba ɗaya. Idanu ƙananan ne, leɓunan suna da kauri, kuma hanci yana da ƙuƙwalwa tare da hanci da aka raba. Ruwan rami suna da ƙanƙanta kuma an ƙuntata su a bangarorin. Nau'in Malapterurus suna da nau'i-nau'i uku na barbels, kuma ba su da dorsal fin. Fuka-fukan ƙirji, pelvic, da caudal suna da zagaye.<ref name="Ng" /> Swimbladder yana da ɗakuna biyu na baya. Dabbobi a cikin ''Malapterurus'' yawanci suna da launin ruwan kasa a baya da bangarori, suna ɓacewa zuwa fararen ko launin cream a saman ventral na kai da jiki. Akwai baƙar fata ba daidai ba ko tabo da aka rarraba a bangarorin jiki. Rabin baya na peduncle na caudal yawanci yana da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata mai tsaye da kuma cream mai tsaye nan da nan a gabansa. Yankunan anal da caudal fins suna da gefen cream, kuma tushe na caudal fin yana da yankin cream da kuma launin ruwan kasa mai kama da crescent nan da nan bayan shi.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> The electrogenic organ is derived from anterior body musculature and lines the body cavity. A fish that is 50&nbsp;centimetres (19&nbsp;in) in length can discharge up to 350&nbsp;V.<ref name="Nelson" /> ''M. electricus'' yana daya daga cikin 'yan nau'in lantarki da aka tsara ta hanyar lada don fitarwa akan siginar. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin ''New York Times'' a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1967, mai bincike Dr. Frank J. Mandriota na Kwalejin Birnin New York ya tsara ''M. electricus'' don fitarwa a kan siginar haske don lada na tsutsotsi masu rai da aka kawo ta atomatik. Wannan shine na farko a cikin yanayin da ba ya canza glandular ko kuma martani na tsoka. ''M. electricus'' na iya girma kamar 122 centimeters (48 in) TL da 20 kilogram (44 pounds). <ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Muhalli == Ana samun nau'ikan ''Malapterurus'' gabaɗaya a cikin duwatsu ko tushen a cikin ruwa mai duhu ko baƙar fata tare da ƙarancin gani. Suna son ruwa mai laushi ko mai tsayawa.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> ''M. electricus'' mai cin kifi ne mai cin abinci. Yana amfani da fitar da wutar lantarki don ya gigice ganima. Yana da mai cin abinci mai amfani kuma zai ciyar da duk wani ganima da ke cikin mazaunin. Wadannan kifaye suna motsawa a hankali, masu ciyarwa da gangan tare da abinci mai nauyi.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Nau'i-nau'i na ''M. electricus'' nest a cikin ramuka game da [[mita]] 3 (10 ft) a tsawon da aka tono a cikin bankunan yumɓu a cikin ruwa 1-3 zurfi.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Dangantaka da mutane == Ba a san fitar da wutar lantarki na ''M. electricus'' ba don zama mai kisa ga mutane.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana cin ''M. electricus'' a matsayin abinci a wasu sassan Afirka. A gefen Tekun Kainji, kifi mai amfani da wutar lantarki sanannen abinci ne.<ref name="Ng">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |year=2000 |title=''Malapterurus electricus'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html |access-date=2007-07-28 |publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNg2000">Ng, Heok Hee (2000). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malapterurus_electricus.html "''Malapterurus electricus''"]. Animal Diversity Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> ''M. electricus'' kuma wani lokacin ana haɗuwa da shi azaman kifi na [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]].<ref name="Ng" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cf8ptuko8b6115etjx6s6a63rxbstk4 Neobola taurari 0 158355 859850 2026-06-18T09:30:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315054620|Neobola stellae]]" 859850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Odhiambo, E.A. |date=2006 |title=''Neobola stellae'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T61240A12452609 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61240A12452609.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>|genus=Neobola|species=stellae|authority=[[Edgar Barton Worthington|Worthington]], 1932|synonyms=}} Neobola stellae wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Danionidae . == Wurin da yake == Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Turkana]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Kenya]]. == Tsawon == Zai iya kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon 2.3 cm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neobola stellae |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Neobola-stellae.html}}</ref>&nbsp; == Magana == An sanya masa suna ne don girmama matar Worthington Stella, memba na balaguron da ya tattara nau'in samfurin.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family SUNDADANIONIDAE and DANIONIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215164517/http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == kjxqp3l93ynnxxedrh64ekuxerio5td 859851 859850 2026-06-18T09:30:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 859851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Neobola stellae''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Danionidae . == Wurin da yake == Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Turkana]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Kenya]]. == Tsawon == Zai iya kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon 2.3 cm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neobola stellae |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Neobola-stellae.html}}</ref>&nbsp; == Magana == An sanya masa suna ne don girmama matar Worthington Stella, memba na balaguron da ya tattara nau'in samfurin.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family SUNDADANIONIDAE and DANIONIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215164517/http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == iz0zxfciqzrig8ygow5ztqc1ggbbdxt Mbipia 0 158356 859852 2026-06-18T09:31:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349836926|Mbipia]]" 859852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mbipia''''' wani nau'i ne na haplochromine cichlids wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan taxa a cikin jinsin ''Mbipia'' a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar su ta FishBase don ƙunshe a cikin ''Haplochromis'' har sai an gudanar da cikakken bita na wannan jinsin, duk da haka wasu hukumomi sun san ingancin sa. Idan daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ''Haplochromis'' mai yiwuwa zai ƙunshi waɗannan nau'o'in: * ''Mbipia lutea'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Mbipia mbipi'' Lippitsch & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hotuna a shafi na 9]</small> == Manazarta == eovfkpmitaeu0sf4bli9mwc24qo7nfy 859853 859852 2026-06-18T09:32:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 859853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mbipia''''' wani nau'i ne na haplochromine cichlids wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan taxa a cikin jinsin ''Mbipia'' a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar su ta FishBase don ƙunshe a cikin ''Haplochromis'' har sai an gudanar da cikakken bita na wannan jinsin, duk da haka wasu hukumomi sun san ingancin sa.<ref>Seehausen, O.; E. Lippitsch; N. Bouton & H. Zwennes (1998). "Mbipi, the rock-dwelling cichlids of Lake Victoria: description of three new genera and fifteen new species". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 9 (2): 129–228.</ref> Idan daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ''Haplochromis'' mai yiwuwa zai ƙunshi waɗannan nau'o'in: * ''Mbipia lutea'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Mbipia mbipi'' Lippitsch & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hotuna a shafi na 9]</small> == Manazarta == mqlmnqwgemmktz1r8xmtkk54tqg9gjb 859854 859853 2026-06-18T09:32:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 859854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mbipia''''' wani nau'i ne na haplochromine cichlids wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan taxa a cikin jinsin ''Mbipia'' a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar su ta FishBase don ƙunshe a cikin ''Haplochromis'' har sai an gudanar da cikakken bita na wannan jinsin, duk da haka wasu hukumomi sun san ingancin sa.<ref>Seehausen, O.; E. Lippitsch; N. Bouton & H. Zwennes (1998). "Mbipi, the rock-dwelling cichlids of Lake Victoria: description of three new genera and fifteen new species". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 9 (2): 129–228.</ref> Idan daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ''Haplochromis'' mai yiwuwa zai ƙunshi waɗannan nau'o'in: * ''Mbipia lutea'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Mbipia mbipi'' Lippitsch & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hotuna a shafi na 9]</small> == Manazarta == 5tshcfxlc2rbfwucrlnsrvf9ir3xtgw Neochromis 0 158357 859859 2026-06-18T09:35:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645843|Neochromis]]" 859859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Neochromis''''' wani nau'i ne na haplochromine cichlids wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa daidai da ''Haplochromis'' yana jiran cikakken bita na haplochromine cichlids, kodayake idan an gane shi a matsayin nau'in da ya dace zai ƙunshi waɗannan nau'ikan <ref>Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Neochromis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 November 2025.</ref> * ''Neochromis gigas'' <small>[[Ole Seehausen|Seehausen]] & [[Elisabeth Lippitsch|Lippitsch]], 1998</small> * ''Neochromis greenwoodi'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Neochromis nigricans'' <small> (Boulenger, 1906) </small> * ''Neochromis omnicaeruleus'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Neochromis rufocaudalis'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Neochromis simotes'' <small> (Boulenger, 1911) </small> == Manazarta == lcrs3dwob9607qmneb2k6a8fhciazz4 859860 859859 2026-06-18T09:35:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 859860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Neochromis''''' wani nau'i ne na haplochromine cichlids wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa daidai da ''Haplochromis'' yana jiran cikakken bita na haplochromine cichlids, kodayake idan an gane shi a matsayin nau'in da ya dace zai ƙunshi waɗannan nau'ikan <ref>Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Neochromis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 November 2025.</ref> * ''Neochromis gigas'' <small>[[Ole Seehausen|Seehausen]] & [[Elisabeth Lippitsch|Lippitsch]], 1998</small> * ''Neochromis greenwoodi'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Neochromis nigricans'' <small> (Boulenger, 1906) </small> * ''Neochromis omnicaeruleus'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Neochromis rufocaudalis'' Seehausen & Bouton, 1998<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''Neochromis simotes'' <small> (Boulenger, 1911) </small> == Manazarta == 191ma1pd75zi05ngr3h6nr8vihp3e1e Ayoade Ademola Adeseun 0 158358 859877 2026-06-18T10:37:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359942692|Ayoade Ademola Adeseun]]" 859877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). ((completed his West African School Certificate examination in 1972 from Ogbomoso Grammar School, [[:en:Ogbomoso|Ogbomoso]], Oyo State. In 1976, he obtained a Diploma in Town Planning from [[:en:The_Polytechnic,_Ibadan|The Polytechnic, Ibadan]], Oyo State, and was an Assistant Town Planning Officer with Urban Development)) Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998. Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jkaopk10tta8c34g5lgtc4kvv1wpfyk 859878 859877 2026-06-18T10:39:19Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998. Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 61btw83e6acxiicjses00y0l2af3td1 859879 859878 2026-06-18T10:40:20Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998. Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fddw32tb7ki4faqohs8oabbnx2hqbea 859882 859879 2026-06-18T10:42:35Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998. Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0o36dd7g2cisvkno8fokxx9m1ie9qtn 859884 859882 2026-06-18T10:43:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998. Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fbrbikmi189l3rtui944jlxfrnxqnhl 859886 859884 2026-06-18T10:44:26Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6i76xlb0n9w1dmbdktd3zfuvhyfz3lg 859928 859886 2026-06-18T11:14:22Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>"OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP"</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] caw9qd08mu0dplo7yfdhbhjs3b6kl2c 859948 859928 2026-06-18T11:31:06Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' (Listenⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>"OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP"</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari". Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mwmom6j86j734lyuw0lnxc4pi6hmko1 859953 859948 2026-06-18T11:35:27Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>"OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP"</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari".<ref>"2010 budget: Capital implementation is 40% •MPs see gloomy future for Nigeria"</ref> Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa. Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f5aqhac7i5i9dlvde2gxwq2luzh1fes 859955 859953 2026-06-18T11:37:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>"OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP"</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari".<ref>"2010 budget: Capital implementation is 40% •MPs see gloomy future for Nigeria"</ref> Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa.<ref>"Waiting For 2011 Budget"</ref> Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lf4z7w19k93eoarhss7v80qbp378uk0 859961 859955 2026-06-18T11:39:59Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>"OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP"</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari".<ref name=":1">"2010 budget: Capital implementation is 40% •MPs see gloomy future for Nigeria"</ref> Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa.<ref>"Waiting For 2011 Budget"</ref> Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sizfv3sch6p0pbt2ufajogf4v2he246 859963 859961 2026-06-18T11:41:05Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoade Ademola Adeseun''' an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya, a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya, a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 9 ga Afrilu 2011, yana gudana a kan dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN).<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114</ref> Ayo Adeseun ya kammala jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1972 daga makarantar [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]] Grammar School, Ogbomosa, Jihar Oyo. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami difloma a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birni daga The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'in Shirye-sauyen Birni tare da Masu ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Birni a Ibadan, jihar daga 1976 zuwa 1977. <ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030539/http://ayoadeadeseun.org/about.php |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Ayode Ademola Adeseun}}</ref> Da yake ƙaura zuwa [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Adeseun ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Shirye-shiryen, Kudancin [[California]] Association of Governments, [[Los Angeles]] daga Maris 1980 har zuwa Nuwamba 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin Mai Nazarin Kasafin Kudi / Gudanarwa tare da wannan ƙungiyar daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Afrilu 1987. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa / Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Pomona, California, Amurka. Daga nan sai ya rike jerin mukamai masu alaƙa da kayan aiki a Kwalejin Santa Monica (1987-1989), Jami'ar Jihar California (1989-1992) da Kwalejin Saddleback (Afrilu 1992 - Satumba 1994). Komawa Najeriya a shekara ta 1994, Adeseun ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa da Babban Jami'in Gidajen Gidajen da Abokan Gudanar da Muhalli, a Ibadan daga 1994 zuwa 1996.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoade_Ademola_Adeseun#cite_note-self-2</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile". Ayode Ademola Adeseun. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Karamar hukuma === An zabi Adeseun ne ba tare da jam'iyya ba a matsayin Babban Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Surulere, Iresaadu, Jihar Oyo, yana rike da mukamin daga Maris 1996 zuwa Janairu 1997, kuma an sake zabarsa zuwa wannan mukamin a kan jam'iyya, yana rikewa har zuwa Yuli 1998.<ref name="self" /> Ya kasance shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP) a jihar Oyo (Satumba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000). Daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Kamfanin Sufuri na Jihar Oyo . === Gidan Wakilai === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an zabi Adeseun a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, da Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Gudanarwa, Ilimi, Shari'a, Bayanai da albarkatun Gas. An sake zabar Adeseun a Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 2007 don mazabar Ogo-Oluwa / Surulere Oluyole, yana gudana a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>"OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP"</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kudancin Yammacin Majalisar Dokoki, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudade, kuma memba na Kwamitin Majalisar a kan Batutuwan Fensho, Ci gaban Karkara, Wasanni da Shirye-shiryen Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OYO Hon. Ayoade Ademola Adeseun PDP |url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234317/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_oyo_9.htm |archive-date=2011-10-08 |access-date=2011-04-27 |publisher=Office of the Speaker of the House}}</ref> Adeseun ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) a shekarar 2010. A cikin 9 ga Afrilu 2011, zaben don kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta Tsakiya ta Oyo, Adeseun ya gudu a kan dandalin (ACN), inda ya lashe kuri'u 105,975, a gaban Luqman O. Ilaka na jam'iyyar Accord da kuri'u 92,544 da kuma dan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'un 78,643.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce gwamnatin Tarayya ta rubuta kusan kashi 40% na kasafin kudin babban birnin da ake aiwatar da shi, kuma wannan kusan kashi 30% ne kawai na jimlar kasafin kudin kasa. Ya ce rashin kashe kudi ba alama ce mai kyau ga Najeriya ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai David Mark ya amince, yana mai cewa "Babu wata al'umma da ke son ci gaba mai ma'ana da za ta iya samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun kudi tsakanin amfani da saka hannun jari".<ref name=":1">"2010 budget: Capital implementation is 40% •MPs see gloomy future for Nigeria"</ref> Adeseun ya lura da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin da'awar aiwatarwa tsakanin majalisa da zartarwa.<ref name=":2">"Waiting For 2011 Budget"</ref> Da yake magana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Adeseun ya ce an ba da Dokar Kudin 2011 daga sha'awar ƙasa, yana mai da hankali ga matsin lamba daga Zartarwa, duk da ƙin farko da Majalisar ta yi tun lokacin da wasu hukumomi suka kasa gabatar da kasafin kuɗin su. === Majalisar Dattawa === An zabi Adeseun a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2011, ya hau kujerarsa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Babban Birni kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'adanai.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, a matsayinta na shugaban Kasuwancin Babban Birni, Adeseun ya bukaci Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da ya cire [[Arunma Oteh]] daga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar, yana kiran zaɓinsa na sake dawo da ita "rashin kula da ƙudurin Majalisar Wakilai".<ref name=":2" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sfvxu0ii375tudzbbs4rwzvc8ks99yk Damuwa na zamantakewa 0 158359 859888 2026-06-18T10:49:01Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357431602|Social anxiety disorder]]" 859888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa''' ( '''SAD''' ), wanda a da aka sani da '''tsoron zamantakewa''', [[Matsalar damuwa|cuta ce ta damuwa]] wadda ke da yawan [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da sanin kai a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da matsananciyar damuwa da kuma rashin iya aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun. <ref name="NICE2025">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/ifp/chapter/Social-anxiety-disorder |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence}}</ref> <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}</ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa shine tsoron ci gaba da kimantawa mara kyau ko mai kyau daga wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=2026-04-08 |website= |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peker |first=Mehmet |last2=Akkuş |first2=Koray |date=2023-04-01 |title=Fear of positive evaluation differentially predicts social anxiety: a six-month longitudinal panel study |journal=Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=3621–3631 |doi=10.1007/s12144-023-04597-y |issn=1046-1310 |pmc=10066961 |pmid=37359644}}</ref> Waɗannan fargabar na iya tasowa ne ta hanyar binciken da aka gani ko kuma na gaske daga wasu. Bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan sun nuna cewa yawan matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa yana ƙaruwa, musamman a tsakanin matasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jefferies |first=Philip |last2=Ungar |first2=Michael |date=2020 |title=Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=9 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1539133J |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0239133 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7498107 |pmid=32941482 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin jiki galibi sun haɗa da jajayen fuska, gumi mai yawa, rawar jiki, bugun zuciya, tashin hankali na tsoka, gajeriyar numfashi, da tashin zuciya . <ref name="mayo">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561 |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> [[Harin tsoro]] kuma na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin tsananin tsoro da rashin jin daɗi. Wasu mutanen da abin ya shafa na iya amfani da barasa ko wasu magunguna don rage tsoro da hana su a tarurrukan zamantakewa. Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke cikin damuwa ta zamantakewa su [[Magani da kai|yi wa kansu magani]] ta wannan hanyar, musamman idan ba a gano su ba ko kuma ba a yi musu magani ba. Wannan yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Shaye-shaye|rashin lafiyar shan barasa]], matsalar cin abinci, ko wasu [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] a tsakanin masu fama da cutar. A cewar jagororin ICD-11, mutum ya cika sharuɗɗan matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa idan ya fuskanci alamun da suka daɗe na tsawon watanni da yawa, wanda ke haifar da babban damuwa da rauni a cikin mutum, iyali, zamantakewa, ilimi, aiki, ko wasu muhimman fannoni na aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Domschke |first=Katharina |last2=Zwanzger |first2=Peter |date=2025-07-29 |title=Taxonomy of anxiety disorders—a comparison of ICD‑10 and ICD‑11 |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=96 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1007/s00115-025-01842-6 |issn=1433-0407 |pmc=12638383 |pmid=40728738}}</ref> Hanya ta farko ta magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ita ce maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) tare da ko ba tare da magani ba. <ref name="NICE2025">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/ifp/chapter/Social-anxiety-disorder |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/ifp/chapter/Social-anxiety-disorder "Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="Pilling2013">{{Cite journal |last=Pilling |first=S |last2=Mayo-Wilson, E |last3=Mavranezouli, I |last4=Kew, K |last5=Taylor, C |last6=Clark, DM |last7=Guideline Development, Group |date=May 22, 2013 |title=Recognition, assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder: summary of NICE guidance. |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/40688/1/Recognition%2C%20assessment%20and%20treatment%20of%20social%20anxiety%20disorder%20summary%20of%20NICE%20guidance.pdf |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=346 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f2541 |pmid=23697669 |s2cid=13776769}}</ref> CBT ya fi tasiri idan aka bayar da shi daban-daban, kodayake ana iya bayar da shi a cikin tsarin rukuni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hofmann |first=S. G. |last2=Smits |first2=J. A. |year=2008 |title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=621–632 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v69n0415 |pmc=2409267 |pmid=18363421}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimta da halayyar suna neman canza tsarin tunani da martanin jiki ga yanayin da ke haifar da damuwa. Maganin metacognitive da yarda da alƙawarin magani su ne zaɓuɓɓukan madadin waɗanda ke da inganci aƙalla sama da CBT. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lakshmi |first=Jayasree |last2=Sudhir |first2=Paulomi Matam |last3=Sharma |first3=Mahendra Prakash |last4=Math |first4=Suresh Bada |date=2016 |title=Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Investigation |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=466–471 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.191385 |issn=0253-7176 |pmc=5052963 |pmid=27833233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soltani |first=Esmail |last2=Bahrainian |first2=Seyed Abdolmajid |last3=Farhoudian |first3=Ali |last4=Masjedi Arani |first4=Abbas |last5=Gachkar |first5=Latif |date=2023 |title=Effectiveness of Acceptance Commitment Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder: Application of a Longitudinal Method to Evaluate the Mediating Role of Acceptance, Cognitive Fusion, and Values |journal=Basic and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=479–490 |doi=10.32598/bcn.2021.2785.1 |issn=2008-126X |pmc=10693806 |pmid=38050569}}</ref> Hankalin da aka bai wa matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ya ƙaru sosai tun daga shekarar 1999, tare da amincewa da tallata magunguna don maganinsa. Magungunan da aka amince da su sun haɗa da masu hana sake ɗaukar serotonin (SSRIs) paroxetine, sertraline, da fluvoxamine, masu hana sake ɗaukar serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI) venlafaxine, da kuma masu hana monoamine oxidase (MAOI) phenelzine. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Blanco |first=C. |last2=Bragdon |first2=L. B. |last3=Schneier |first3=F. R. |last4=Liebowitz |first4=M. R. |year=2012 |title=The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=235–249 |doi=10.1017/S1461145712000119 |pmid=22436306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Liebowitz 235–249">{{Cite journal |last=Liebowitz |first=Michael R. |last2=Schneier |first2=Franklin R. |last3=Bragdon |first3=Laura B. |last4=Blanco |first4=Carlos |date=2013-02-01 |title=The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder |journal=International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=235–249 |doi=10.1017/S1461145712000119 |issn=1461-1457 |pmid=22436306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Taryn |last2=McCaul |first2=Michael |last3=Schwarzer |first3=Guido |last4=Cipriani |first4=Andrea |last5=Stein |first5=Dan J. |last6=Ipser |first6=Jonathan |date=2020 |title=Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/acta-neuropsychiatrica/article/abs/pharmacological-treatments-for-social-anxiety-disorder-in-adults-a-systematic-review-and-network-metaanalysis/38FA011F8B7B205A8714F57528DF59A4 |journal=Acta Neuropsychiatrica |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.1017/neu.2020.6 |issn=0924-2708 |pmid=32039743 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana amfani da Propranolol, mai hana beta, a wasu lokutan ba tare da la'akari da shi ba don damuwa ta aiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archer |first=Charlotte |last2=Wiles |first2=Nicola |last3=Kessler |first3=David |last4=Turner |first4=Katrina |last5=Caldwell |first5=Deborah M. |date=2025-01-01 |title=Beta-blockers for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032724015532 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=368 |pages=90–99 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.068 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=39271062}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Gyara na 11 na Tsarin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya ( ICD-11 ) ya rarraba matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa a matsayin cuta mai alaƙa da damuwa ko tsoro. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kogan CS, Stein DJ, Maj M, First MB, Emmelkamp PM, Reed GM |date=2016 |title=The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11 |journal=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1141–1154 |doi=10.1002/da.22530 |pmid=27411108}}</ref> === Bangarorin fahimta === A cikin samfuran fahimta na rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa, waɗanda ke da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin [[Angst|tsoron]] yadda za su gabatar wa wasu. <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> Suna iya jin tsoron kansu fiye da kima, suna mai da hankali sosai ga kansu, ko kuma suna da manyan matakan aiki ga kansu. A cewar ka'idar ilimin halayyar zamantakewa na gabatar da kai, mutumin da abin ya shafa yana ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ra'ayi mai kyau ga wasu amma yana ganin ba zai iya yin hakan ba. Sau da yawa, kafin yanayin zamantakewa mai haifar da damuwa, suna iya yin bita da gangan abin da zai iya faruwa ba daidai ba da kuma yadda za a magance kowace shari'a da ba a zata ba. Bayan abin da ya faru, suna iya fahimtar cewa sun yi abin da ba daidai ba. Saboda haka, za su fahimci duk wani abu da wataƙila ya zama abin kunya. Waɗannan tunanin na iya tsawaita na tsawon makonni ko fiye. [[Rashin fahimta|Karkatarwar fahimta]] alama ce kuma ana koya game da su a cikin CBT (maganin fahimta-halayyar ɗabi'a). Tunani galibi yana lalata kansu kuma ba daidai ba ne. Waɗanda ke da fargabar zamantakewa suna fassara tattaunawa tsaka tsaki ko mara ma'ana tare da hangen nesa mara kyau kuma bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da damuwa ta zamantakewa suna tuna tunanin da ba daidai ba fiye da waɗanda ba su da damuwa. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh" /> === Bangarorin halayya === Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa wata fargaba ce ta dindindin ga wani yanayi ko fiye da haka inda mutum zai fuskanci wasu su yi masa tambayoyi kuma yana jin tsoron cewa zai iya yin wani abu ko ya yi wani abu da zai zama abin kunya ko kunya. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> Ya wuce "kunya" na yau da kullun domin yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na gujewa zamantakewa da kuma rashin isasshen aiki a zamantakewa ko aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leichsenring |first=Falk |last2=Leweke |first2=Frank |date=2017-06-08 |editor-last=Solomon |editor-first=Caren G. |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp1614701 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=376 |issue=23 |pages=2255–2264 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1614701 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=28591542 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗanda ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoron a yi musu hukunci daga wasu a cikin al'umma. Musamman ma, mutanen da ke fama da damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoro a gaban mutanen da ke da iko kuma suna jin rashin jin daɗi yayin gwajin jiki. [1] Mutanen da ke fama da wannan matsalar na iya yin wani abu ko kuma su faɗi wani abu sannan su ji kunya ko kunya bayan sun yi. Sakamakon haka, sau da yawa suna zaɓar su ware kansu daga al'umma don guje wa irin waɗannan yanayi. Hakanan suna iya jin rashin jin daɗin haɗuwa da mutanen da ba su sani ba kuma suna yin nesa da juna lokacin da suke tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin mutane. A wasu lokuta, suna iya nuna shaidar wannan matsalar ta hanyar guje wa kallon ido, ko yin jajayen fuska lokacin da wani yake magana da su. [1] === Bangarorin ilimin halittar jiki === Illolin jiki na iya haɗawa da [[Zufa|gumi]] mai yawa, tashin zuciya, wahalar numfashi, girgiza, bugun zuciya, da kuma ƙaruwar bugun zuciya . <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> === Bangarorin zamantakewa === Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna guje wa yanayi da yawancin mutane ke ɗauka a matsayin na al'ada. Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna guje wa duk wani yanayi na zamantakewa ko kuma mafi yawan yanayi kuma suna ɓoyewa daga wasu, wanda zai iya shafar dangantakarsu ta sirri. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="mayo">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561 |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561 "Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)"]. </cite></ref> Tsoron zamantakewa na iya kawar da mutane gaba ɗaya daga yanayi na zamantakewa saboda tsoron da ba shi da tushe na waɗannan yanayi. Mutanen da ke fama da SAD na iya zama masu jaraba ga hanyoyin sadarwar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|zamantakewa]], suna da [[rashin barci]], kuma suna jin daɗi lokacin da suka guji hulɗa da mutane. <ref name="mayo" /> SAD kuma na iya haifar da ƙarancin girman kai, tunani mara kyau, [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], jin daɗin suka, da kuma ƙwarewar zamantakewa mara kyau waɗanda ba sa inganta. <ref name="mayo" /> Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna fuskantar damuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa, daga haɗuwa mai mahimmanci, mai ma'ana zuwa yanayi na yau da kullun. Waɗannan mutanen na iya jin tsoro sosai a cikin hirar aiki, saduwa, hulɗa da hukuma, ko a wurin aiki da makaranta. <ref name="rose" /> <ref name="nimh" /> <ref name="mayo" /> === Cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya === SAD ta nuna babban ci gaba da kamuwa da cututtukan tabin hankali. A gaskiya ma, wani bincike da aka gudanar a kan yawan jama'a ya gano cewa kashi 66% na waɗanda ke fama da SAD suna da ɗaya ko fiye da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acarturk |first=C. |last2=De Graaf |first2=R. |last3=Van Straten |first3=A. |last4=Have |first4=M. T. |last5=Cuijpers |first5=P. |year=2008 |title=Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2339559/Acarturk%20Social%20Psychiatry%20and%20Psychiatric%20Epidemiology%2043(4)%202008%20u.pdf |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=273–9 |doi=10.1007/s00127-008-0309-1 |pmid=18219433 |s2cid=8450876}}</ref> SAD sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da ƙarancin girman kai da kuma mafi yawan [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]] . Baƙin ciki na asibiti yana da yuwuwar faruwa sau 1.49 zuwa 3.5 a cikin waɗanda ke fama da SAD. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> <ref name="bittner">{{Cite journal |last=Beesdo |first=K. |last2=Bittner |first2=A. |last3=Pine |first3=D. S. |author-link3=Daniel S. Pine |last4=Stein |first4=M. B. |last5=Höfler |first5=M. |last6=Lieb |first6=R. |last7=Wittchen |first7=H. U. |year=2007 |title=Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=903–912 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903 |pmid=17679635 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="fuetsch">{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=M. B. |last2=Fuetsch |first2=M. |last3=Müller |first3=N. |last4=Höfler |first4=M. |last5=Lieb |first5=R. |last6=Wittchen |first6=H. U. |year=2001 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=251–256 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251 |pmid=11231832 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa kasancewar wasu fargabar zamantakewa (misali, guje wa shiga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, guje wa zuwa biki) sun fi haifar da alamun damuwa mai kama da juna fiye da sauran fargabar zamantakewa. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heeren A, Jones PJ, McNally RJ |year=2018 |title=Mapping network connectivity among symptoms of social anxiety and comorbid depression in people with social anxiety disorder |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=228 |pages=75–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.003 |pmid=29232567 |s2cid=205644882 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Matsalar damuwa|Matsalolin damuwa]] banda SAD suma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da SAD, musamman [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chartier |first=M. J. |last2=Walker |first2=J. R. |last3=Stein |first3=M. B. |year=2003 |title=Considering comorbidity in social phobia |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=728–34 |doi=10.1007/s00127-003-0720-6 |pmid=14689178 |s2cid=43116158}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanderson |first=W. C. |last2=Dinardo |first2=P. A. |last3=Rapee |first3=R. M. |last4=Barlow |first4=D. H. |year=1990 |title=Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=308–12 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.99.3.308 |pmid=2212281}}</ref> [[Rashin jituwa na mutum|Matsalolin halayen da ke guje wa mutum]] yana da alaƙa sosai da SAD, tare da yawan kamuwa da cuta tsakanin kashi 25% zuwa 89%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chambless |first=D. L. |last2=Fydrich |first2=T. |last3=Rodebaugh |first3=T. L. |year=2008 |title=Generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: Meaningful distinction or useless duplication? |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=8–19 |doi=10.1002/da.20266 |pmid=17161000 |s2cid=493410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneier |first=F. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=R. L. |last3=Gibbon |first3=M. |last4=Fyer |first4=A. J. |last5=Liebowitz |first5=M. R. |year=1991 |title=The relationship of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(91)90028-B |pmid=1778076}}</ref> Domin ƙoƙarin rage damuwarsu da kuma rage baƙin ciki, mutanen da ke fama da fargabar zamantakewa na iya amfani da barasa ko wasu ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya haifar da [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi]] . An kiyasta cewa kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suma suna da [[Shaye-shaye|matsalar shan barasa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckner |first=J. D. |last2=Schmidt |first2=N. B. |last3=Lang |first3=A. R. |last4=Small |first4=J. W. |last5=Schlauch |first5=R. C. |last6=Lewinsohn |first6=P. M. |year=2008 |title=Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=230–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.002 |pmc=2254175 |pmid=17320907}}</ref> Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa SAD ba ta da alaƙa da, ko ma kariya daga matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da barasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=E. P. |last2=Stewart |first2=S. H. |last3=Ham |first3=L. S. |year=2005 |title=The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: A critical review |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=734–60 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.004 |pmid=16042994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last2=Deborah Beidel}}</ref> Waɗanda ke fama da matsalar shan barasa da kuma matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa sun fi guje wa jiyya ta hanyar rukuni da kuma sake dawowa idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba su da wannan haɗin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kushner |first=M. G. |last2=Abrams |first2=K. |last3=Thuras |first3=P. |last4=Hanson |first4=K. L. |last5=Brekke |first5=M. |last6=Sletten |first6=S. |year=2005 |title=Follow-up Study of Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Comorbid Alcoholism Treatment Patients |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1432–1443 |doi=10.1097/01.alc.0000175072.17623.f8 |pmid=16131851 |s2cid=26834258}}</ref> == Dalilai == Bincike kan musabbabin damuwa da tsoro a cikin al'umma yana da faɗi sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa daga ilimin kimiyyar jijiyoyi zuwa [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] . Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su gano ainihin musabbabin ba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta na iya taka rawa tare da abubuwan muhalli. Tsoron zamantakewa ba ya faruwa ne ta hanyar wasu matsalolin tunani ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Gabaɗaya, damuwa ta zamantakewa tana farawa ne a wani takamaiman lokaci a rayuwar mutum. Wannan zai taso akan lokaci yayin da mutumin ke ƙoƙarin murmurewa. Daga ƙarshe, ɗan rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa na iya zama alamun damuwa ta zamantakewa ko tsoro. Amfani da kafofin watsa labarun marasa amfani na iya haifar da damuwa ta zamantakewa a wasu mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erliksson |first=Olivia J. |date=26 July 2020 |title=Measuring associations between social anxiety and use of different types of social media using the Swedish Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users: A psychometric evaluation and cross-sectional study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=819–826 |doi=10.1111/sjop.12673 |pmid=32713014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a2ragjxfkczwi098hjb19a7v4w6h10c 859890 859888 2026-06-18T10:50:02Z Sardeeq 39275 859890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa''' ( '''SAD''' ), wanda a da aka sani da '''tsoron zamantakewa''', [[Matsalar damuwa|cuta ce ta damuwa]] wadda ke da yawan [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da sanin kai a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da matsananciyar damuwa da kuma rashin iya aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun. <ref name="NICE2025">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/ifp/chapter/Social-anxiety-disorder |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence}}</ref> <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}</ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa shine tsoron ci gaba da kimantawa mara kyau ko mai kyau daga wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=2026-04-08 |website= |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peker |first=Mehmet |last2=Akkuş |first2=Koray |date=2023-04-01 |title=Fear of positive evaluation differentially predicts social anxiety: a six-month longitudinal panel study |journal=Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=3621–3631 |doi=10.1007/s12144-023-04597-y |issn=1046-1310 |pmc=10066961 |pmid=37359644}}</ref> Waɗannan fargabar na iya tasowa ne ta hanyar binciken da aka gani ko kuma na gaske daga wasu. Bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan sun nuna cewa yawan matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa yana ƙaruwa, musamman a tsakanin matasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jefferies |first=Philip |last2=Ungar |first2=Michael |date=2020 |title=Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=9 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1539133J |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0239133 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7498107 |pmid=32941482 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin jiki galibi sun haɗa da jajayen fuska, gumi mai yawa, rawar jiki, bugun zuciya, tashin hankali na tsoka, gajeriyar numfashi, da tashin zuciya . <ref name="mayo">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561 |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> [[Harin tsoro]] kuma na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin tsananin tsoro da rashin jin daɗi. Wasu mutanen da abin ya shafa na iya amfani da barasa ko wasu magunguna don rage tsoro da hana su a tarurrukan zamantakewa. Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke cikin damuwa ta zamantakewa su [[Magani da kai|yi wa kansu magani]] ta wannan hanyar, musamman idan ba a gano su ba ko kuma ba a yi musu magani ba. Wannan yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Shaye-shaye|rashin lafiyar shan barasa]], matsalar cin abinci, ko wasu [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] a tsakanin masu fama da cutar. A cewar jagororin ICD-11, mutum ya cika sharuɗɗan matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa idan ya fuskanci alamun da suka daɗe na tsawon watanni da yawa, wanda ke haifar da babban damuwa da rauni a cikin mutum, iyali, zamantakewa, ilimi, aiki, ko wasu muhimman fannoni na aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Domschke |first=Katharina |last2=Zwanzger |first2=Peter |date=2025-07-29 |title=Taxonomy of anxiety disorders—a comparison of ICD‑10 and ICD‑11 |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=96 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1007/s00115-025-01842-6 |issn=1433-0407 |pmc=12638383 |pmid=40728738}}</ref> Hanya ta farko ta magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ita ce maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) tare da ko ba tare da magani ba. <ref name="NICE2025">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/ifp/chapter/Social-anxiety-disorder |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/ifp/chapter/Social-anxiety-disorder "Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="Pilling2013">{{Cite journal |last=Pilling |first=S |last2=Mayo-Wilson, E |last3=Mavranezouli, I |last4=Kew, K |last5=Taylor, C |last6=Clark, DM |last7=Guideline Development, Group |date=May 22, 2013 |title=Recognition, assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder: summary of NICE guidance. |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/40688/1/Recognition%2C%20assessment%20and%20treatment%20of%20social%20anxiety%20disorder%20summary%20of%20NICE%20guidance.pdf |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=346 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f2541 |pmid=23697669 |s2cid=13776769}}</ref> CBT ya fi tasiri idan aka bayar da shi daban-daban, kodayake ana iya bayar da shi a cikin tsarin rukuni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hofmann |first=S. G. |last2=Smits |first2=J. A. |year=2008 |title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=621–632 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v69n0415 |pmc=2409267 |pmid=18363421}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimta da halayyar suna neman canza tsarin tunani da martanin jiki ga yanayin da ke haifar da damuwa. Maganin metacognitive da yarda da alƙawarin magani su ne zaɓuɓɓukan madadin waɗanda ke da inganci aƙalla sama da CBT. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lakshmi |first=Jayasree |last2=Sudhir |first2=Paulomi Matam |last3=Sharma |first3=Mahendra Prakash |last4=Math |first4=Suresh Bada |date=2016 |title=Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Investigation |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=466–471 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.191385 |issn=0253-7176 |pmc=5052963 |pmid=27833233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soltani |first=Esmail |last2=Bahrainian |first2=Seyed Abdolmajid |last3=Farhoudian |first3=Ali |last4=Masjedi Arani |first4=Abbas |last5=Gachkar |first5=Latif |date=2023 |title=Effectiveness of Acceptance Commitment Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder: Application of a Longitudinal Method to Evaluate the Mediating Role of Acceptance, Cognitive Fusion, and Values |journal=Basic and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=479–490 |doi=10.32598/bcn.2021.2785.1 |issn=2008-126X |pmc=10693806 |pmid=38050569}}</ref> Hankalin da aka bai wa matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ya ƙaru sosai tun daga shekarar 1999, tare da amincewa da tallata magunguna don maganinsa. Magungunan da aka amince da su sun haɗa da masu hana sake ɗaukar serotonin (SSRIs) paroxetine, sertraline, da fluvoxamine, masu hana sake ɗaukar serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI) venlafaxine, da kuma masu hana monoamine oxidase (MAOI) phenelzine. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Blanco |first=C. |last2=Bragdon |first2=L. B. |last3=Schneier |first3=F. R. |last4=Liebowitz |first4=M. R. |year=2012 |title=The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=235–249 |doi=10.1017/S1461145712000119 |pmid=22436306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Liebowitz 235–249">{{Cite journal |last=Liebowitz |first=Michael R. |last2=Schneier |first2=Franklin R. |last3=Bragdon |first3=Laura B. |last4=Blanco |first4=Carlos |date=2013-02-01 |title=The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder |journal=International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=235–249 |doi=10.1017/S1461145712000119 |issn=1461-1457 |pmid=22436306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Taryn |last2=McCaul |first2=Michael |last3=Schwarzer |first3=Guido |last4=Cipriani |first4=Andrea |last5=Stein |first5=Dan J. |last6=Ipser |first6=Jonathan |date=2020 |title=Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/acta-neuropsychiatrica/article/abs/pharmacological-treatments-for-social-anxiety-disorder-in-adults-a-systematic-review-and-network-metaanalysis/38FA011F8B7B205A8714F57528DF59A4 |journal=Acta Neuropsychiatrica |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.1017/neu.2020.6 |issn=0924-2708 |pmid=32039743 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana amfani da Propranolol, mai hana beta, a wasu lokutan ba tare da la'akari da shi ba don damuwa ta aiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archer |first=Charlotte |last2=Wiles |first2=Nicola |last3=Kessler |first3=David |last4=Turner |first4=Katrina |last5=Caldwell |first5=Deborah M. |date=2025-01-01 |title=Beta-blockers for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032724015532 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=368 |pages=90–99 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.068 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=39271062}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Gyara na 11 na Tsarin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya ( ICD-11 ) ya rarraba matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa a matsayin cuta mai alaƙa da damuwa ko tsoro. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kogan CS, Stein DJ, Maj M, First MB, Emmelkamp PM, Reed GM |date=2016 |title=The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11 |journal=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1141–1154 |doi=10.1002/da.22530 |pmid=27411108}}</ref> === Bangarorin fahimta === A cikin samfuran fahimta na rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa, waɗanda ke da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin [[Angst|tsoron]] yadda za su gabatar wa wasu. <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> Suna iya jin tsoron kansu fiye da kima, suna mai da hankali sosai ga kansu, ko kuma suna da manyan matakan aiki ga kansu. A cewar ka'idar ilimin halayyar zamantakewa na gabatar da kai, mutumin da abin ya shafa yana ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ra'ayi mai kyau ga wasu amma yana ganin ba zai iya yin hakan ba. Sau da yawa, kafin yanayin zamantakewa mai haifar da damuwa, suna iya yin bita da gangan abin da zai iya faruwa ba daidai ba da kuma yadda za a magance kowace shari'a da ba a zata ba. Bayan abin da ya faru, suna iya fahimtar cewa sun yi abin da ba daidai ba. Saboda haka, za su fahimci duk wani abu da wataƙila ya zama abin kunya. Waɗannan tunanin na iya tsawaita na tsawon makonni ko fiye. [[Rashin fahimta|Karkatarwar fahimta]] alama ce kuma ana koya game da su a cikin CBT (maganin fahimta-halayyar ɗabi'a). Tunani galibi yana lalata kansu kuma ba daidai ba ne. Waɗanda ke da fargabar zamantakewa suna fassara tattaunawa tsaka tsaki ko mara ma'ana tare da hangen nesa mara kyau kuma bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da damuwa ta zamantakewa suna tuna tunanin da ba daidai ba fiye da waɗanda ba su da damuwa. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh" /> === Bangarorin halayya === Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa wata fargaba ce ta dindindin ga wani yanayi ko fiye da haka inda mutum zai fuskanci wasu su yi masa tambayoyi kuma yana jin tsoron cewa zai iya yin wani abu ko ya yi wani abu da zai zama abin kunya ko kunya. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> Ya wuce "kunya" na yau da kullun domin yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na gujewa zamantakewa da kuma rashin isasshen aiki a zamantakewa ko aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leichsenring |first=Falk |last2=Leweke |first2=Frank |date=2017-06-08 |editor-last=Solomon |editor-first=Caren G. |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp1614701 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=376 |issue=23 |pages=2255–2264 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1614701 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=28591542 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗanda ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoron a yi musu hukunci daga wasu a cikin al'umma. Musamman ma, mutanen da ke fama da damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoro a gaban mutanen da ke da iko kuma suna jin rashin jin daɗi yayin gwajin jiki. [1] Mutanen da ke fama da wannan matsalar na iya yin wani abu ko kuma su faɗi wani abu sannan su ji kunya ko kunya bayan sun yi. Sakamakon haka, sau da yawa suna zaɓar su ware kansu daga al'umma don guje wa irin waɗannan yanayi. Hakanan suna iya jin rashin jin daɗin haɗuwa da mutanen da ba su sani ba kuma suna yin nesa da juna lokacin da suke tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin mutane. A wasu lokuta, suna iya nuna shaidar wannan matsalar ta hanyar guje wa kallon ido, ko yin jajayen fuska lokacin da wani yake magana da su. [1] === Bangarorin ilimin halittar jiki === Illolin jiki na iya haɗawa da [[Zufa|gumi]] mai yawa, tashin zuciya, wahalar numfashi, girgiza, bugun zuciya, da kuma ƙaruwar bugun zuciya . <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> === Bangarorin zamantakewa === Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna guje wa yanayi da yawancin mutane ke ɗauka a matsayin na al'ada. Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna guje wa duk wani yanayi na zamantakewa ko kuma mafi yawan yanayi kuma suna ɓoyewa daga wasu, wanda zai iya shafar dangantakarsu ta sirri. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref name="nimh">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="mayo">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561 |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561 "Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)"]. </cite></ref> Tsoron zamantakewa na iya kawar da mutane gaba ɗaya daga yanayi na zamantakewa saboda tsoron da ba shi da tushe na waɗannan yanayi. Mutanen da ke fama da SAD na iya zama masu jaraba ga hanyoyin sadarwar [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|zamantakewa]], suna da [[rashin barci]], kuma suna jin daɗi lokacin da suka guji hulɗa da mutane. <ref name="mayo" /> SAD kuma na iya haifar da ƙarancin girman kai, tunani mara kyau, [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], jin daɗin suka, da kuma ƙwarewar zamantakewa mara kyau waɗanda ba sa inganta. <ref name="mayo" /> Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna fuskantar damuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa, daga haɗuwa mai mahimmanci, mai ma'ana zuwa yanayi na yau da kullun. Waɗannan mutanen na iya jin tsoro sosai a cikin hirar aiki, saduwa, hulɗa da hukuma, ko a wurin aiki da makaranta. <ref name="rose" /> <ref name="nimh" /> <ref name="mayo" /> === Cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya === SAD ta nuna babban ci gaba da kamuwa da cututtukan tabin hankali. A gaskiya ma, wani bincike da aka gudanar a kan yawan jama'a ya gano cewa kashi 66% na waɗanda ke fama da SAD suna da ɗaya ko fiye da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acarturk |first=C. |last2=De Graaf |first2=R. |last3=Van Straten |first3=A. |last4=Have |first4=M. T. |last5=Cuijpers |first5=P. |year=2008 |title=Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2339559/Acarturk%20Social%20Psychiatry%20and%20Psychiatric%20Epidemiology%2043(4)%202008%20u.pdf |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=273–9 |doi=10.1007/s00127-008-0309-1 |pmid=18219433 |s2cid=8450876}}</ref> SAD sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da ƙarancin girman kai da kuma mafi yawan [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]] . Baƙin ciki na asibiti yana da yuwuwar faruwa sau 1.49 zuwa 3.5 a cikin waɗanda ke fama da SAD. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> <ref name="bittner">{{Cite journal |last=Beesdo |first=K. |last2=Bittner |first2=A. |last3=Pine |first3=D. S. |author-link3=Daniel S. Pine |last4=Stein |first4=M. B. |last5=Höfler |first5=M. |last6=Lieb |first6=R. |last7=Wittchen |first7=H. U. |year=2007 |title=Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=903–912 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903 |pmid=17679635 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="fuetsch">{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=M. B. |last2=Fuetsch |first2=M. |last3=Müller |first3=N. |last4=Höfler |first4=M. |last5=Lieb |first5=R. |last6=Wittchen |first6=H. U. |year=2001 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=251–256 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251 |pmid=11231832 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa kasancewar wasu fargabar zamantakewa (misali, guje wa shiga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, guje wa zuwa biki) sun fi haifar da alamun damuwa mai kama da juna fiye da sauran fargabar zamantakewa. <ref name="rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose GM, Tadi P |date=25 October 2022 |title=Social Anxiety Disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=32310350}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRose_GM,_Tadi_P2022">Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heeren A, Jones PJ, McNally RJ |year=2018 |title=Mapping network connectivity among symptoms of social anxiety and comorbid depression in people with social anxiety disorder |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=228 |pages=75–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.003 |pmid=29232567 |s2cid=205644882 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Matsalar damuwa|Matsalolin damuwa]] banda SAD suma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da SAD, musamman [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chartier |first=M. J. |last2=Walker |first2=J. R. |last3=Stein |first3=M. B. |year=2003 |title=Considering comorbidity in social phobia |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=728–34 |doi=10.1007/s00127-003-0720-6 |pmid=14689178 |s2cid=43116158}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanderson |first=W. C. |last2=Dinardo |first2=P. A. |last3=Rapee |first3=R. M. |last4=Barlow |first4=D. H. |year=1990 |title=Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=308–12 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.99.3.308 |pmid=2212281}}</ref> [[Rashin jituwa na mutum|Matsalolin halayen da ke guje wa mutum]] yana da alaƙa sosai da SAD, tare da yawan kamuwa da cuta tsakanin kashi 25% zuwa 89%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chambless |first=D. L. |last2=Fydrich |first2=T. |last3=Rodebaugh |first3=T. L. |year=2008 |title=Generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: Meaningful distinction or useless duplication? |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=8–19 |doi=10.1002/da.20266 |pmid=17161000 |s2cid=493410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneier |first=F. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=R. L. |last3=Gibbon |first3=M. |last4=Fyer |first4=A. J. |last5=Liebowitz |first5=M. R. |year=1991 |title=The relationship of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(91)90028-B |pmid=1778076}}</ref> Domin ƙoƙarin rage damuwarsu da kuma rage baƙin ciki, mutanen da ke fama da fargabar zamantakewa na iya amfani da barasa ko wasu ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya haifar da [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi]] . An kiyasta cewa kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suma suna da [[Shaye-shaye|matsalar shan barasa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckner |first=J. D. |last2=Schmidt |first2=N. B. |last3=Lang |first3=A. R. |last4=Small |first4=J. W. |last5=Schlauch |first5=R. C. |last6=Lewinsohn |first6=P. M. |year=2008 |title=Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=230–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.002 |pmc=2254175 |pmid=17320907}}</ref> Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa SAD ba ta da alaƙa da, ko ma kariya daga matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da barasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=E. P. |last2=Stewart |first2=S. H. |last3=Ham |first3=L. S. |year=2005 |title=The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: A critical review |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=734–60 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.004 |pmid=16042994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last2=Deborah Beidel}}</ref> Waɗanda ke fama da matsalar shan barasa da kuma matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa sun fi guje wa jiyya ta hanyar rukuni da kuma sake dawowa idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba su da wannan haɗin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kushner |first=M. G. |last2=Abrams |first2=K. |last3=Thuras |first3=P. |last4=Hanson |first4=K. L. |last5=Brekke |first5=M. |last6=Sletten |first6=S. |year=2005 |title=Follow-up Study of Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Comorbid Alcoholism Treatment Patients |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1432–1443 |doi=10.1097/01.alc.0000175072.17623.f8 |pmid=16131851 |s2cid=26834258}}</ref> == Dalilai == Bincike kan musabbabin damuwa da tsoro a cikin al'umma yana da faɗi sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa daga ilimin kimiyyar jijiyoyi zuwa [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] . Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su gano ainihin musabbabin ba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta na iya taka rawa tare da abubuwan muhalli. Tsoron zamantakewa ba ya faruwa ne ta hanyar wasu matsalolin tunani ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Gabaɗaya, damuwa ta zamantakewa tana farawa ne a wani takamaiman lokaci a rayuwar mutum. Wannan zai taso akan lokaci yayin da mutumin ke ƙoƙarin murmurewa. Daga ƙarshe, ɗan rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa na iya zama alamun damuwa ta zamantakewa ko tsoro. Amfani da kafofin watsa labarun marasa amfani na iya haifar da damuwa ta zamantakewa a wasu mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erliksson |first=Olivia J. |date=26 July 2020 |title=Measuring associations between social anxiety and use of different types of social media using the Swedish Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users: A psychometric evaluation and cross-sectional study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=819–826 |doi=10.1111/sjop.12673 |pmid=32713014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g27qy7jt5m37gurbx6o0f8uwlcznkt1 Thousand-yard stare 0 158360 859892 2026-06-18T10:52:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358985091|Thousand-yard stare]]" 859892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Thomas_C._Lea_III_-_That_Two-Thousand_Yard_Stare_-_Original.jpg|thumb|Fim ɗin Thomas C. Lea III mai suna ''The Two-Dubban Yard Stare'', wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama abin dariya a Intanet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andaloro |first=Angela |date=2024-07-22 |title=Origins of the Thousand Yard Stare meme |url=https://www.dailydot.com/memes/thousand-yard-stare-meme/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101100213/https://www.dailydot.com/memes/thousand-yard-stare-meme/ |archive-date=1 November 2025 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website= |language=en-US |agency=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Marine_after_Eniwetok_assault.jpg|thumb|Wani sojan ruwan Amurka da ya gaji ya nuna kallon yadi dubu bayan kwana biyu na yaƙi akai-akai a Yaƙin Eniwetok, Fabrairu 1944.]] '''Kallon yadi dubu''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''kallon yadi dubu biyu''' ) kallo ne mara ma'ana, wanda ba a mayar da hankali a kai ba na mutanen da ke fuskantar rabuwar kai saboda damuwa mai tsanani ko abubuwan da suka faru [[Raunin kwakwalwa|na rauni]] . An fara amfani da kalmar ne don bayyana [[Mayaka|mayaƙan]] yaƙi da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD) da suka nuna amma yanzu ana amfani da ita don nufin kallon da ba a mayar da hankali a kai ba da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin yanayi mai wahala, ko kuma a cikin mutanen da ke da wasu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International |url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174947/https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=hekint.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Kallon yadi dubu sau da yawa ana danganta shi da girgiza harsashi, [[Halin damuwa na yaki|martanin damuwa na yaƙi]], da sauran yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka shafi rauni. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International |url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174947/https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=hekint.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174947/https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ "Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International"]. ''hekint.org''. Archived from [https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ the original] on 6 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=M. Anthony |last2=Mills |first2=Mark P. |date=2014 |title=The Invention of the War Machine |url=https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-invention-of-the-war-machine |journal=The New Atlantis |issue=42 |pages=3–23 |issn=1543-1215 |jstor=43152788}}</ref> == Asali == An shahara da wannan kalmar bayan mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwNw">Life</i></nowiki> ta buga zanen ''Marines Call It That 2,000 Yard Stare'' wanda mai zane kuma wakilin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] Tom Lea ya rubuta, kodayake ba a ambaci zanen da wannan taken a cikin labarin mujallar 1945 ba. Zanen, hoton wani sojan ruwa mara suna na 1944 a Yaƙin Peleliu, yanzu haka yana hannun Cibiyar Tarihin Soja ta Amurka da ke Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC Game da ainihin sojan ruwa wanda shi ne abin da ya faɗa, Lea ta ce: Lokacin da yake ba da labarin zuwansa Vietnam a shekarar 1965, a lokacin, Kofur Joe Houle (darektan Gidan Tarihi na Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Carolinas a shekarar 2002) ya ce bai ga wani motsin rai a idanun sabbin tawagarsa ba: "Kallon da suke yi kamar an cire musu rai ne". Daga baya ya fahimci cewa kalmar da ake amfani da ita a matsayin "kallon yadi 1,000". "Bayan na rasa abokina na farko, na ji ya fi kyau a ware kaina," in ji shi. [1] == Duba kuma == * Catatonia – Psychiatric behavioural syndrome * Defence mechanism – Unconscious psychological mechanism * Hypervigilance – Nervous system condition * James Blake Miller – United States Marine == Manazarta == 5vsqo977ioa8sqzd7gnxfdjcxizc3kc 859893 859892 2026-06-18T10:52:27Z Sardeeq 39275 859893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Thomas_C._Lea_III_-_That_Two-Thousand_Yard_Stare_-_Original.jpg|thumb|Fim ɗin Thomas C. Lea III mai suna ''The Two-Dubban Yard Stare'', wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama abin dariya a Intanet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andaloro |first=Angela |date=2024-07-22 |title=Origins of the Thousand Yard Stare meme |url=https://www.dailydot.com/memes/thousand-yard-stare-meme/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101100213/https://www.dailydot.com/memes/thousand-yard-stare-meme/ |archive-date=1 November 2025 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website= |language=en-US |agency=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Marine_after_Eniwetok_assault.jpg|thumb|Wani sojan ruwan Amurka da ya gaji ya nuna kallon yadi dubu bayan kwana biyu na yaƙi akai-akai a Yaƙin Eniwetok, Fabrairu 1944.]] '''Kallon yadi dubu''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''kallon yadi dubu biyu''' ) kallo ne mara ma'ana, wanda ba a mayar da hankali a kai ba na mutanen da ke fuskantar rabuwar kai saboda damuwa mai tsanani ko abubuwan da suka faru [[Raunin kwakwalwa|na rauni]] . An fara amfani da kalmar ne don bayyana [[Mayaka|mayaƙan]] yaƙi da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD) da suka nuna amma yanzu ana amfani da ita don nufin kallon da ba a mayar da hankali a kai ba da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin yanayi mai wahala, ko kuma a cikin mutanen da ke da wasu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International |url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174947/https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=hekint.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Kallon yadi dubu sau da yawa ana danganta shi da girgiza harsashi, [[Halin damuwa na yaki|martanin damuwa na yaƙi]], da sauran yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka shafi rauni. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International |url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174947/https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=hekint.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250206174947/https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ "Peleliu as a paradigm for PTSD: The two thousand yard stare - Hektoen International"]. ''hekint.org''. Archived from [https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/peleliu-as-a-paradigm-for-ptsd-the-two-thousand-yard-stare/ the original] on 6 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=M. Anthony |last2=Mills |first2=Mark P. |date=2014 |title=The Invention of the War Machine |url=https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-invention-of-the-war-machine |journal=The New Atlantis |issue=42 |pages=3–23 |issn=1543-1215 |jstor=43152788}}</ref> == Asali == An shahara da wannan kalmar bayan mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwNw">Life</i></nowiki> ta buga zanen ''Marines Call It That 2,000 Yard Stare'' wanda mai zane kuma wakilin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] Tom Lea ya rubuta, kodayake ba a ambaci zanen da wannan taken a cikin labarin mujallar 1945 ba. Zanen, hoton wani sojan ruwa mara suna na 1944 a Yaƙin Peleliu, yanzu haka yana hannun Cibiyar Tarihin Soja ta Amurka da ke Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC Game da ainihin sojan ruwa wanda shi ne abin da ya faɗa, Lea ta ce: Lokacin da yake ba da labarin zuwansa Vietnam a shekarar 1965, a lokacin, Kofur Joe Houle (darektan Gidan Tarihi na Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Carolinas a shekarar 2002) ya ce bai ga wani motsin rai a idanun sabbin tawagarsa ba: "Kallon da suke yi kamar an cire musu rai ne". Daga baya ya fahimci cewa kalmar da ake amfani da ita a matsayin "kallon yadi 1,000". "Bayan na rasa abokina na farko, na ji ya fi kyau a ware kaina," in ji shi. [1] == Duba kuma == * Catatonia – Psychiatric behavioural syndrome * Defence mechanism – Unconscious psychological mechanism * Hypervigilance – Nervous system condition * James Blake Miller – United States Marine == Manazarta == gwxh20tq2e17fpjxx3adfchex2q7y1c Cheilobarbus 0 158361 859895 2026-06-18T10:53:04Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354893902|Cheilobarbus]]" 859895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Cheilobarbus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''sawfins''', ƙaramin nau'in kifaye ne mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke cikin dangin Cyprinidae, wanda ya haɗa da carps, barbs da sauran kifaye masu alaƙa. Kifin da ke cikin wannan nau'in suna da yawa a Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. == Tsarin Haraji == An fara gabatar da ''Cheilobarbus'' a matsayin taxon, wani nau'in halitta mai kama da ''Barbus'', ta hannun likitan tiyata na soja kuma [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na Scotland Andrew Smith a shekarar 1841 lokacin da ya bayyana ''Barbus (Cheilobarbus) capensis'' daga Kogin Olifants a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan nau'in yana cikin dangin Smiliogastrinae a cikin dangin Cyprinidae. <ref name="ECof">{{Cite web |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''Cheilobarbus'' ya haɗa ''cheilos'', ma'ana "lebe", tare da sunan dangin ''Barbus'' . Smith ya bayyana ''B. capensis'' a matsayin mai lebe "cikakke kuma mai ƙarfi". <ref name="ETYFish2">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |date=27 December 2024 |title=amily CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE Bleeker 1863 (Small Barbs) |url=https://etyfish.org/smiliogastrinae/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == ''Cheilobarbus'' ya ƙunshi nau'ikan da ke ƙasa: * ''Cheilobarbus capensis'' <small>(A. Smith, 1841)</small> (Cape whitefish) * ''[[Sawfin|Cheilobarbus serra]]'' <small>( WKH Peters, 1864)</small> (Sawfin) Dukansu nau'ikan tetraploid ne, kamar ''[[Pseudobarbus]]'' redfins, wanda aka raba su daga ciki. <ref name="SSV">{{Cite journal |last=Skelton, Paul H. |last2=Swartz, Ernst R. |last3=Vreven, Emmanuel J. |year=2018 |title=The identity of ''Barbus capensis'' Smith, 1841 and the generic status of southern African tetraploid cyprinids (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |volume=410 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5687609}}</ref> == Halaye == Kifin ''Cheilobarbus'' yana cikin manyan nau'ikan barb na Afirka ta Kudu kuma tsayin da aka saba da shi ya wuce {{Cvt|15|cm}} . Suna da hanci mai tsayi fiye da na sauran nau'ikan, tare da ƙashin lacrimal mai tsayi. Suna da bakin da ke ƙasa wanda ke da manyan lebe masu ƙarfi kuma akwai nau'i biyu na barbels . Manya suna nuna ja a kan kambi da kuma a kan layi mai sikelin sama da fin ɗin pectoral a lokacin haihuwa . Fin ɗin dorsal yana sama ko kaɗan zuwa bayan fin ɗin pelvic . Fin ɗin dorsal na ƙarshe wanda ba shi da reshe yana da ɗan ƙarami ko a bayyane a gefen bayansa, kuma bayan haka sai haskoki takwas masu reshe. Akwai haskoki uku marasa reshe da biyar ko shida masu reshe a cikin fin ɗin dubura . <ref name="SSV">{{Cite journal |last=Skelton, Paul H. |last2=Swartz, Ernst R. |last3=Vreven, Emmanuel J. |year=2018 |title=The identity of ''Barbus capensis'' Smith, 1841 and the generic status of southern African tetraploid cyprinids (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |volume=410 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5687609}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSkelton,_Paul_H.Swartz,_Ernst_R.Vreven,_Emmanuel_J.2018">Skelton, Paul H.; Swartz, Ernst R.; Vreven, Emmanuel J. (2018). </cite></ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Kifin ''Cheilobarbus'' ya fi yawa a Yammacin Cape. Ana samun farin kifin Cape a cikin magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Breede|Breede]] da [[Kogin Berg|Berg]], kuma sawfin yana da alaƙa da tsarin Kogin Olifants. Waɗannan kifayen suna fifita zurfafan sassan manyan koguna yayin da suke girma, gami da wuraren da aka kama. <ref name="iucn" /> <ref name="iucn2" /> Nau'in ''Cheilobarbus'' suna hayayyafa a lokacin rani kuma suna samar da manyan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke hayayyafa tare a ƙasan duwatsu. == Manazarta == l84kne1dgyhr788wl1qck62yw114atz 859898 859895 2026-06-18T10:54:20Z Engineer014 44591 859898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cheilobarbus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''sawfins''', ƙaramin nau'in kifaye ne mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke cikin dangin Cyprinidae, wanda ya haɗa da carps, barbs da sauran kifaye masu alaƙa. Kifin da ke cikin wannan nau'in suna da yawa a Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. == Tsarin Haraji == An fara gabatar da ''Cheilobarbus'' a matsayin taxon, wani nau'in halitta mai kama da ''Barbus'', ta hannun likitan tiyata na soja kuma [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na Scotland Andrew Smith a shekarar 1841 lokacin da ya bayyana ''Barbus (Cheilobarbus) capensis'' daga Kogin Olifants a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan nau'in yana cikin dangin Smiliogastrinae a cikin dangin Cyprinidae. <ref name="ECof">{{Cite web |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''Cheilobarbus'' ya haɗa ''cheilos'', ma'ana "lebe", tare da sunan dangin ''Barbus'' . Smith ya bayyana ''B. capensis'' a matsayin mai lebe "cikakke kuma mai ƙarfi". <ref name="ETYFish2">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |date=27 December 2024 |title=amily CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE Bleeker 1863 (Small Barbs) |url=https://etyfish.org/smiliogastrinae/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == ''Cheilobarbus'' ya ƙunshi nau'ikan da ke ƙasa: * ''Cheilobarbus capensis'' <small>(A. Smith, 1841)</small> (Cape whitefish) * ''[[Sawfin|Cheilobarbus serra]]'' <small>( WKH Peters, 1864)</small> (Sawfin) Dukansu nau'ikan tetraploid ne, kamar ''[[Pseudobarbus]]'' redfins, wanda aka raba su daga ciki. <ref name="SSV">{{Cite journal |last=Skelton, Paul H. |last2=Swartz, Ernst R. |last3=Vreven, Emmanuel J. |year=2018 |title=The identity of ''Barbus capensis'' Smith, 1841 and the generic status of southern African tetraploid cyprinids (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |volume=410 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5687609}}</ref> == Halaye == Kifin ''Cheilobarbus'' yana cikin manyan nau'ikan barb na Afirka ta Kudu kuma tsayin da aka saba da shi ya wuce {{Cvt|15|cm}} . Suna da hanci mai tsayi fiye da na sauran nau'ikan, tare da ƙashin lacrimal mai tsayi. Suna da bakin da ke ƙasa wanda ke da manyan lebe masu ƙarfi kuma akwai nau'i biyu na barbels . Manya suna nuna ja a kan kambi da kuma a kan layi mai sikelin sama da fin ɗin pectoral a lokacin haihuwa . Fin ɗin dorsal yana sama ko kaɗan zuwa bayan fin ɗin pelvic . Fin ɗin dorsal na ƙarshe wanda ba shi da reshe yana da ɗan ƙarami ko a bayyane a gefen bayansa, kuma bayan haka sai haskoki takwas masu reshe. Akwai haskoki uku marasa reshe da biyar ko shida masu reshe a cikin fin ɗin dubura . <ref name="SSV">{{Cite journal |last=Skelton, Paul H. |last2=Swartz, Ernst R. |last3=Vreven, Emmanuel J. |year=2018 |title=The identity of ''Barbus capensis'' Smith, 1841 and the generic status of southern African tetraploid cyprinids (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |volume=410 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5687609}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSkelton,_Paul_H.Swartz,_Ernst_R.Vreven,_Emmanuel_J.2018">Skelton, Paul H.; Swartz, Ernst R.; Vreven, Emmanuel J. (2018). </cite></ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Kifin ''Cheilobarbus'' ya fi yawa a Yammacin Cape. Ana samun farin kifin Cape a cikin magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Breede|Breede]] da [[Kogin Berg|Berg]], kuma sawfin yana da alaƙa da tsarin Kogin Olifants. Waɗannan kifayen suna fifita zurfafan sassan manyan koguna yayin da suke girma, gami da wuraren da aka kama. <ref name="iucn" /> <ref name="iucn2" /> Nau'in ''Cheilobarbus'' suna hayayyafa a lokacin rani kuma suna samar da manyan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke hayayyafa tare a ƙasan duwatsu. == Manazarta == cz7yzqi1sxw9qsg1pg4a4h6k9yenw4k Taijin kyofusho 0 158362 859896 2026-06-18T10:53:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342516832|Taijin kyofusho]]" 859896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Taijin kyofusho''''' ( Japanese , '''TKS''', don ''alamun taijin kyofusho'' ) wata [[Culture-bound syndrome|cuta ce ta musamman ga al'adun]] Japan. Kalmar ''taijin kyofusho'' tana fassara zuwa rashin lafiyar ( ''sho'' ) na tsoro ( ''kyofu'' ) na dangantakar mutane ( ''taijin'' ). Waɗanda ke da ''taijin kyofusho'' suna iya jin kunya sosai game da kansu ko kuma [[Tsoron kimantawa mara kyau|tsoron ɓata wa wasu rai]] idan aka zo ga ayyukan jikinsu ko bayyanarsu. Waɗannan ayyukan jiki da bayyanarsu sun haɗa da fuskokinsu, ƙamshi, ayyukansu, ko kamanninsu. Misalai sun haɗa da tsoron faɗa tsakanin ido da ido, ja, da kuma fitar da yanayin fuska mara daɗi ko warin jiki. Ba sa son kunyata wasu mutane da kasancewarsu. Wannan cuta mai alaƙa da al'ada tsoro ne na zamantakewa wanda ya dogara da tsoro da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanaka-Matsumi |first=Junko |date=1979-09-01 |title=Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00114612 |journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=231–245 |doi=10.1007/BF00114612 |issn=1573-076X |pmid=520018 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Alamomin wannan cuta sun haɗa da guje wa fita da fita da ayyukan jama'a, [[Tachycardia|bugun zuciya mai sauri]], ƙarancin numfashi, [[Harin tsoro|tashin hankali]], rawar jiki, da kuma jin tsoro da firgici lokacin da ake tare da mutane. Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan cuta galibi suna faruwa ne daga [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin motsin rai]] ko tsarin kare kai na kwakwalwa. <ref>James, R. (2006). Culture-bound syndromes: Taijin Kyofusho. In Y. Jackson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. (pp. 146-147). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. {{Doi|10.4135/9781412952668.n76}}</ref> Ya fi yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013">{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Dustin |title=Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome |url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-22 |website=BrainPhysics.com |publisher=The Deep Health Network}}]</ref> An kiyasta yawan mace-macen da ake samu a rayuwa ya kai kashi 3-13%. == Ƙananan rukunoni == Ana siffanta ''Taijin kyofusho'' a matsayin wani nau'i na [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa ta zamantakewa]] ( tsoron zamantakewa), tare da mutumin da ke jin tsoro da guje wa hulɗa da jama'a, kuma a matsayin wani nau'in ''shinkeishitsu'' ( [[Matsalar damuwa|cutar damuwa]] ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarumi |first=S. |last2=Ichimiya |first2=A |last3=Yamada |first3=S |last4=Umesue |first4=M |last5=Kuroki |first5=T |year=2004 |title=Taijin Kyofusho in University Students: Patterns of Fear and Predispositions to the Offensive Variant |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=533–46 |doi=10.1177/1363461504047933 |pmid=15709650 |s2cid=24241644}}</ref> Duk da haka, maimakon tsoron kunyatar da kansu ko kuma a yi musu hukunci mai tsauri daga wasu saboda rashin iyawarsu ta zamantakewa, masu fama da ''cutar taijin kyofusho'' suna ba da rahoton tsoron ɓata wa wasu rai ko cutar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanaka-Matsumi |first=J |year=1979 |title=Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry |journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=231–45 |doi=10.1007/bf00114612 |pmid=520018 |s2cid=10929875}}</ref> Don haka an fi mai da hankali kan guje wa cutar da wasu maimakon ga kansu. A bugu na biyar na Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali ( DSM-5 ) an ɗauke shi a matsayin ƙaramin rukuni na rukunin "Sauran Cututtukan da Aka Bayyana Masu Kama da Mummunan Halayya" [300.3 (F42)], inda nau'ikan taijin kyofusho sune "Shubo-kyofu [...] wanda yayi kama da cutar dysmorphic jiki kuma ana siffanta shi da tsoron wuce gona da iri na samun nakasar jiki" da "Jikoshu-kyofu [...] wanda ake siffanta shi da tsoron samun warin jiki mai ban haushi". Bugun DSM-5 da aka sake fasalin ya raba ''taijin kyofusho'' zuwa nau'i biyu daban-daban: masu saurin kamuwa da cutarwa. Ana iya raba nau'in farko zuwa sassa biyu waɗanda sune nau'in gargajiya da kuma nau'in gujewa. Nau'in gargajiya yana jin tsoron a yi masa hukunci mara kyau saboda alamun damuwa na zahiri da kuma jin kunya saboda damuwa. Alamomin jiki da ka iya haifar da tsoron a yi masa hukunci sun haɗa da gumi da rawar jiki. Nau'in na biyu yana magana ne game da mutane suna tunanin wani abu game da su abin ƙyama ne. Wasu daga cikin fargabar su sun haɗa da warin jiki, iskar gas, yawan haɗuwa da ido ko rashin isasshen haske, ja, da sauransu. A cikin tsarin ganewar asali na Japan, an raba ''taijin kyofusho'' zuwa rukuni masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Martha}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == Ana iya gano cewa mutum yana da matsalar tabin hankali idan ya ji kamar halayensa, halayensa, da halayensa na zahiri ba su da kyau a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa. Sakamakon waɗannan ji, suna kuma fuskantar wahala mai ɗorewa a cikin nau'in damuwa ta hanyar [[Abin kunya|kunya]], kunya, damuwa, tsoro, da sauran motsin rai masu tsauri da ke faruwa lokacin da suka fuskanci yanayi na zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, mutane suna damuwa game da rashin iya kiyaye kyakkyawar dangantaka da wasu. Idan ana maganar hulɗa da mutane, masu fama da cutar taijin kyofusho suna guje wa yanayi mai raɗaɗi na zamantakewa da na hulɗa da mutane, yayin da suke ƙin yin hakan a lokaci guda. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013">{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Dustin |title=Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome |url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-22 |website=BrainPhysics.com |publisher=The Deep Health Network}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSaunders">Saunders, Dustin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php "Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome"]. ''BrainPhysics.com''. The Deep Health Network. Archived from [http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php the original] on 2013-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-22</span></span>.</cite>]</ref> Waɗanda za su iya haifar da cutar taijin kyofusho suna da halayyar ɗabi'a ta rashin ɗabi'a. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=F |last2=Nathan |first2=J. H. |year=1999 |title=Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, Morita therapy |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=525–30 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5 |pmid=10454167}}</ref> Daidaito tsakanin rashin ɗabi'a da rashin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin rashin ɗabi'a ya fi karkata ga rashin ɗabi'a. Rashin ɗabi'a yana sa masu fama da ita su mai da hankali kan kansu da matsalolin da suke da su, kuma ta hanyar mai da hankali kan rauninsu suna ƙara damuwa da baƙin ciki. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Magani == Maganin gargajiya na Japan don maganin taijin kyofusho shine maganin Morita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kora |first=T. |year=1965 |title=Morita Therapy |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry |publisher=The ToDo Institute |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=611–45 |pmid=5840512}}</ref> wanda Shoma Morita ta ƙirƙira a shekarun 1910 a matsayin maganin cututtukan kwakwalwa na Japan kamar taijin kyofusho da shinkeishitsu ( [[Anxiety|jin tsoro]] ). Tsarin asali ya haɗa da keɓewa ga marasa lafiya, hutawa a kan gado, rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwa, aikin hannu, da laccoci kan mahimmancin karɓar kai da ƙoƙari mai kyau. Tun daga shekarun 1930, an gyara maganin don haɗawa da jiyya na waje da na rukuni . Wannan sigar da aka gyara ana kiranta da maganin neo-Morita. Magunguna kuma sun sami karɓuwa a matsayin zaɓin magani don taijin kyofusho. Sauran jiyya sun haɗa da rage hankali a hankali, wanda ya haɗa da fallasa kai ga tsoro a hankali, da koyon ƙwarewar shakatawa, don kashe tsoro da damuwa. Milnacipran, wani maganin hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI), ana amfani da shi a halin yanzu wajen maganin taijin kyofusho kuma an nuna cewa yana da tasiri ga [[Damuwa na zamantakewa|matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa]] da ke da alaƙa da ita. <ref name="amn">{{Cite journal |last=Nagata |first=Toshihiko |last2=Wada |first2=Akira |last3=Yamada |first3=Hisashi |last4=Iketani |first4=Toshiya |last5=Kiriike |first5=Obuo |year=2005 |title=Effect of milnacipran on insight and stress coping strategy in patients with Taijin Kyofusho |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1080/13651500510029228 |pmid=24937790 |s2cid=205789678}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan matsalar shine sa marasa lafiya su mai da hankali kan sassan jikinsu da kuma abubuwan da ke motsa su. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=F |last2=Nathan |first2=J. H. |year=1999 |title=Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, Morita therapy |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=525–30 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5 |pmid=10454167}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaedaNathan1999">Maeda, F; Nathan, J. H. (1999). "Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, Morita therapy". ''Journal of Psychosomatic Research''. '''46''' (6): <span class="nowrap">525–</span>30. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5|10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10454167 10454167].</cite></ref> == Yaɗuwa == Yawanci, wannan cuta tana tasowa ne sakamakon tarihin hana mutane jin kunya da kuma rashin jin daɗi a lokacin yarinta. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013">{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Dustin |title=Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome |url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-22 |website=BrainPhysics.com |publisher=The Deep Health Network}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSaunders">Saunders, Dustin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php "Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome"]. ''BrainPhysics.com''. The Deep Health Network. Archived from [http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php the original] on 2013-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-22</span></span>.</cite>]</ref> Yana yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga wani mummunan yanayi mai ban tsoro, ko kuma ta samo asali ne daga farkon cutar ta tsawon rayuwa wadda ke bayyana ne kawai bayan lokaci. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013" /> Bayanan asibiti sun nuna cewa maza sun fi mata yawa suna da wannan yanayin, duk da cewa mata sun fi maza yawa a ma'aunin tsoron jama'a, kuma suna bayar da rahoton maki mafi girma game da jin kunya. Wannan ya bambanta da al'ummar Yammacin duniya inda yawan mata masu tsoron jama'a ya fi na maza girma. [1] Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya gano cewa wannan cuta ta zama ruwan dare a cikin tsararraki da yawa. [2] Yawan cutar a tsawon rayuwa yana raguwa tsakanin 3% da 13% tare da canje-canje a cikin tsananin da ke faruwa a tsawon rayuwar mutum. An kiyasta cewa kusan 17% na mutanen da ke da cutar taijin kyofusho suna jin tsoron sakin warin jiki mara kyau. [3] Ko da yake wani lokacin ba a gano su ba, alamun taijin kyofusho ba sabon abu bane a Japan. [2] == Duba kuma == * [[Damuwa na zamantakewa|Kiyayyar Mutane]] * [[Rashin jituwa na mutum|Rashin Halayyar Mutum Mai Gujewa]] * [[Tsoron kimantawa mara kyau]] * [[Hikikomori]] * Mai sukar ciki * Zalunci na cikin gida * NEET * Rashin Lafiyar Tunani-Nauyin Nauyi * [[Tsantsar hankali]] * Rage darajar kai == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 74b3t8mh8cp7fpwcwz84mop5tqqwqfd 859897 859896 2026-06-18T10:54:12Z Sardeeq 39275 859897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Taijin kyofusho''''' ( Japanese , '''TKS''', don ''alamun taijin kyofusho'' ) wata [[Culture-bound syndrome|cuta ce ta musamman ga al'adun]] Japan. Kalmar ''taijin kyofusho'' tana fassara zuwa rashin lafiyar ( ''sho'' ) na tsoro ( ''kyofu'' ) na dangantakar mutane ( ''taijin'' ). Waɗanda ke da ''taijin kyofusho'' suna iya jin kunya sosai game da kansu ko kuma [[Tsoron kimantawa mara kyau|tsoron ɓata wa wasu rai]] idan aka zo ga ayyukan jikinsu ko bayyanarsu. Waɗannan ayyukan jiki da bayyanarsu sun haɗa da fuskokinsu, ƙamshi, ayyukansu, ko kamanninsu. Misalai sun haɗa da tsoron faɗa tsakanin ido da ido, ja, da kuma fitar da yanayin fuska mara daɗi ko warin jiki. Ba sa son kunyata wasu mutane da kasancewarsu. Wannan cuta mai alaƙa da al'ada tsoro ne na zamantakewa wanda ya dogara da tsoro da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanaka-Matsumi |first=Junko |date=1979-09-01 |title=Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00114612 |journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=231–245 |doi=10.1007/BF00114612 |issn=1573-076X |pmid=520018 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Alamomin wannan cuta sun haɗa da guje wa fita da fita da ayyukan jama'a, [[Tachycardia|bugun zuciya mai sauri]], ƙarancin numfashi, [[Harin tsoro|tashin hankali]], rawar jiki, da kuma jin tsoro da firgici lokacin da ake tare da mutane. Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan cuta galibi suna faruwa ne daga [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin motsin rai]] ko tsarin kare kai na kwakwalwa. <ref>James, R. (2006). Culture-bound syndromes: Taijin Kyofusho. In Y. Jackson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. (pp. 146-147). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. {{Doi|10.4135/9781412952668.n76}}</ref> Ya fi yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013">{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Dustin |title=Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome |url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-22 |website=BrainPhysics.com |publisher=The Deep Health Network}}]</ref> An kiyasta yawan mace-macen da ake samu a rayuwa ya kai kashi 3-13%. == Ƙananan rukunoni == Ana siffanta ''Taijin kyofusho'' a matsayin wani nau'i na [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa ta zamantakewa]] ( tsoron zamantakewa), tare da mutumin da ke jin tsoro da guje wa hulɗa da jama'a, kuma a matsayin wani nau'in ''shinkeishitsu'' ( [[Matsalar damuwa|cutar damuwa]] ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarumi |first=S. |last2=Ichimiya |first2=A |last3=Yamada |first3=S |last4=Umesue |first4=M |last5=Kuroki |first5=T |year=2004 |title=Taijin Kyofusho in University Students: Patterns of Fear and Predispositions to the Offensive Variant |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=533–46 |doi=10.1177/1363461504047933 |pmid=15709650 |s2cid=24241644}}</ref> Duk da haka, maimakon tsoron kunyatar da kansu ko kuma a yi musu hukunci mai tsauri daga wasu saboda rashin iyawarsu ta zamantakewa, masu fama da ''cutar taijin kyofusho'' suna ba da rahoton tsoron ɓata wa wasu rai ko cutar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanaka-Matsumi |first=J |year=1979 |title=Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry |journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=231–45 |doi=10.1007/bf00114612 |pmid=520018 |s2cid=10929875}}</ref> Don haka an fi mai da hankali kan guje wa cutar da wasu maimakon ga kansu. A bugu na biyar na Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali ( DSM-5 ) an ɗauke shi a matsayin ƙaramin rukuni na rukunin "Sauran Cututtukan da Aka Bayyana Masu Kama da Mummunan Halayya" [300.3 (F42)], inda nau'ikan taijin kyofusho sune "Shubo-kyofu [...] wanda yayi kama da cutar dysmorphic jiki kuma ana siffanta shi da tsoron wuce gona da iri na samun nakasar jiki" da "Jikoshu-kyofu [...] wanda ake siffanta shi da tsoron samun warin jiki mai ban haushi". Bugun DSM-5 da aka sake fasalin ya raba ''taijin kyofusho'' zuwa nau'i biyu daban-daban: masu saurin kamuwa da cutarwa. Ana iya raba nau'in farko zuwa sassa biyu waɗanda sune nau'in gargajiya da kuma nau'in gujewa. Nau'in gargajiya yana jin tsoron a yi masa hukunci mara kyau saboda alamun damuwa na zahiri da kuma jin kunya saboda damuwa. Alamomin jiki da ka iya haifar da tsoron a yi masa hukunci sun haɗa da gumi da rawar jiki. Nau'in na biyu yana magana ne game da mutane suna tunanin wani abu game da su abin ƙyama ne. Wasu daga cikin fargabar su sun haɗa da warin jiki, iskar gas, yawan haɗuwa da ido ko rashin isasshen haske, ja, da sauransu. A cikin tsarin ganewar asali na Japan, an raba ''taijin kyofusho'' zuwa rukuni masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Martha}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == Ana iya gano cewa mutum yana da matsalar tabin hankali idan ya ji kamar halayensa, halayensa, da halayensa na zahiri ba su da kyau a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa. Sakamakon waɗannan ji, suna kuma fuskantar wahala mai ɗorewa a cikin nau'in damuwa ta hanyar [[Abin kunya|kunya]], kunya, damuwa, tsoro, da sauran motsin rai masu tsauri da ke faruwa lokacin da suka fuskanci yanayi na zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, mutane suna damuwa game da rashin iya kiyaye kyakkyawar dangantaka da wasu. Idan ana maganar hulɗa da mutane, masu fama da cutar taijin kyofusho suna guje wa yanayi mai raɗaɗi na zamantakewa da na hulɗa da mutane, yayin da suke ƙin yin hakan a lokaci guda. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013">{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Dustin |title=Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome |url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-22 |website=BrainPhysics.com |publisher=The Deep Health Network}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSaunders">Saunders, Dustin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php "Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome"]. ''BrainPhysics.com''. The Deep Health Network. Archived from [http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php the original] on 2013-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-22</span></span>.</cite>]</ref> Waɗanda za su iya haifar da cutar taijin kyofusho suna da halayyar ɗabi'a ta rashin ɗabi'a. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=F |last2=Nathan |first2=J. H. |year=1999 |title=Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, Morita therapy |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=525–30 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5 |pmid=10454167}}</ref> Daidaito tsakanin rashin ɗabi'a da rashin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin rashin ɗabi'a ya fi karkata ga rashin ɗabi'a. Rashin ɗabi'a yana sa masu fama da ita su mai da hankali kan kansu da matsalolin da suke da su, kuma ta hanyar mai da hankali kan rauninsu suna ƙara damuwa da baƙin ciki. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Magani == Maganin gargajiya na Japan don maganin taijin kyofusho shine maganin Morita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kora |first=T. |year=1965 |title=Morita Therapy |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry |publisher=The ToDo Institute |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=611–45 |pmid=5840512}}</ref> wanda Shoma Morita ta ƙirƙira a shekarun 1910 a matsayin maganin cututtukan kwakwalwa na Japan kamar taijin kyofusho da shinkeishitsu ( [[Anxiety|jin tsoro]] ). Tsarin asali ya haɗa da keɓewa ga marasa lafiya, hutawa a kan gado, rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwa, aikin hannu, da laccoci kan mahimmancin karɓar kai da ƙoƙari mai kyau. Tun daga shekarun 1930, an gyara maganin don haɗawa da jiyya na waje da na rukuni . Wannan sigar da aka gyara ana kiranta da maganin neo-Morita. Magunguna kuma sun sami karɓuwa a matsayin zaɓin magani don taijin kyofusho. Sauran jiyya sun haɗa da rage hankali a hankali, wanda ya haɗa da fallasa kai ga tsoro a hankali, da koyon ƙwarewar shakatawa, don kashe tsoro da damuwa. Milnacipran, wani maganin hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI), ana amfani da shi a halin yanzu wajen maganin taijin kyofusho kuma an nuna cewa yana da tasiri ga [[Damuwa na zamantakewa|matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa]] da ke da alaƙa da ita. <ref name="amn">{{Cite journal |last=Nagata |first=Toshihiko |last2=Wada |first2=Akira |last3=Yamada |first3=Hisashi |last4=Iketani |first4=Toshiya |last5=Kiriike |first5=Obuo |year=2005 |title=Effect of milnacipran on insight and stress coping strategy in patients with Taijin Kyofusho |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1080/13651500510029228 |pmid=24937790 |s2cid=205789678}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan matsalar shine sa marasa lafiya su mai da hankali kan sassan jikinsu da kuma abubuwan da ke motsa su. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=F |last2=Nathan |first2=J. H. |year=1999 |title=Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, Morita therapy |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=525–30 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5 |pmid=10454167}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaedaNathan1999">Maeda, F; Nathan, J. H. (1999). "Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, Morita therapy". ''Journal of Psychosomatic Research''. '''46''' (6): <span class="nowrap">525–</span>30. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5|10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00113-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10454167 10454167].</cite></ref> == Yaɗuwa == Yawanci, wannan cuta tana tasowa ne sakamakon tarihin hana mutane jin kunya da kuma rashin jin daɗi a lokacin yarinta. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013">{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Dustin |title=Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome |url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-22 |website=BrainPhysics.com |publisher=The Deep Health Network}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSaunders">Saunders, Dustin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php "Taijin Kyofusho: A Culture-Bound Syndrome"]. ''BrainPhysics.com''. The Deep Health Network. Archived from [http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php the original] on 2013-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-22</span></span>.</cite>]</ref> Yana yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga wani mummunan yanayi mai ban tsoro, ko kuma ta samo asali ne daga farkon cutar ta tsawon rayuwa wadda ke bayyana ne kawai bayan lokaci. <ref name="Saunders, D. 2013" /> Bayanan asibiti sun nuna cewa maza sun fi mata yawa suna da wannan yanayin, duk da cewa mata sun fi maza yawa a ma'aunin tsoron jama'a, kuma suna bayar da rahoton maki mafi girma game da jin kunya. Wannan ya bambanta da al'ummar Yammacin duniya inda yawan mata masu tsoron jama'a ya fi na maza girma. [1] Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya gano cewa wannan cuta ta zama ruwan dare a cikin tsararraki da yawa. [2] Yawan cutar a tsawon rayuwa yana raguwa tsakanin 3% da 13% tare da canje-canje a cikin tsananin da ke faruwa a tsawon rayuwar mutum. An kiyasta cewa kusan 17% na mutanen da ke da cutar taijin kyofusho suna jin tsoron sakin warin jiki mara kyau. [3] Ko da yake wani lokacin ba a gano su ba, alamun taijin kyofusho ba sabon abu bane a Japan. [2] == Duba kuma == * [[Damuwa na zamantakewa|Kiyayyar Mutane]] * [[Rashin jituwa na mutum|Rashin Halayyar Mutum Mai Gujewa]] * [[Tsoron kimantawa mara kyau]] * [[Hikikomori]] * Mai sukar ciki * Zalunci na cikin gida * NEET * Rashin Lafiyar Tunani-Nauyin Nauyi * [[Tsantsar hankali]] * Rage darajar kai == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tbgzbqzx1or1dunfvbvc3unz7zc9i15 Alamomin zalunci 0 158363 859901 2026-06-18T10:55:50Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337854942|Symptoms of victimization]]" 859901 wikitext text/x-wiki Cin zarafi yana nufin mutum wanda wani ya yi wa wani kuma yana iya ɗaukar siffofi na tunani da na jiki, waɗanda duka suna cutar da waɗanda aka yi wa wariya. <ref name="number7">{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Erika |last2=Yoon |first2=Jeungeun |last3=Langer |first3=Amie |last4=Ro |first4=Eunyoe |date=1 February 2009 |title=Is Psychological Aggression as Detrimental as Physical Aggression?<BR> The Independent Effects of Psychological Aggression on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms |journal=Violence and Victims |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=20–35 |doi=10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.20 |pmid=19297883 |s2cid=31913390}}</ref> Nau'ikan cin zarafi sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ga abokan hulɗa ba, [[Cin zarafin jiki|cin zarafi ta jiki]], cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i, cin zarafi ta baki, fashi da makami, da hari . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan cin zarafi ana danganta su da wasu al'ummomi, amma suna iya faruwa ga wasu kuma. Misali, cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ga abokan hulɗa ana yawan yin nazari a kansu a yara da matasa amma kuma yana faruwa tsakanin manya. <ref name="number6">{{Cite journal |last=Aquino |first=Karl |last2=Douglas |first2=Scott |last3=Martinko |first3=Mark J. |date=2004 |title=Overt Anger in Response to Victimization: Attributional Style and Organizational Norms as Moderators. |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=152–164 |doi=10.1037/1076-8998.9.2.152 |pmid=15053714}}</ref> Kodayake ana iya cin zarafi ga kowa, wasu ƙungiyoyi (misali yara, tsofaffi, mutanen da ke da nakasa) na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi kuma sakamakon alamun da ke biyo baya. Mutane suna mayar da martani ga cin zarafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka '''alamun cin zarafi da''' aka gani za su bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. Waɗannan alamun na iya ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban (misali tunani, hali, ko na jiki), suna da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'ikan cin zarafi, kuma ana daidaita su ta hanyar halayen mutum ɗaya na wanda aka yi wa wariya da/ko abubuwan da suka faru bayan an yi wa wariya. == Nau'o'in sakamako == Alamomin cin zarafi na iya haɗawa da mummunan sakamako na jiki, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], ko na ɗabi'a waɗanda martani ne kai tsaye ko a kaikaice (duba sashen alamun cutar jiki) ga abubuwan da aka ci zarafi. Alamomin a cikin waɗannan rukunan wani lokacin suna haɗuwa, suna da alaƙa da juna, ko kuma suna haifar da juna. Misali, alamar ɗabi'a kamar ƙaruwar tashin hankali ko fushi na iya zama wani ɓangare na wani takamaiman sakamako na tunani kamar [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] . Yawancin binciken da aka yi kan alamun cin zarafi yana da alaƙa da ɓangarori daban-daban (masu bincike suna tattara bayanai ne kawai a lokaci guda). Daga mahangar bincike wannan yana nufin cewa alamun suna da alaƙa da cin zarafi, amma ba koyaushe ake tabbatar da alaƙar da ke haifar da hakan ba kuma ba a kawar da wasu bayanai ba. <ref name="number1">{{Cite journal |last=Juvonen |first=Jaana |last2=Graham |first2=Sandra |date=3 January 2014 |title=Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=159–185 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 |pmid=23937767 |s2cid=207640520}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin alamomin da aka bayyana suma na iya sanya mutane cikin haɗarin cin zarafi. Misali, akwai alaƙa ta hanyoyi biyu tsakanin cin zarafi da wasu alamomin ciki kamar baƙin ciki ko janyewa, ta yadda cin zarafi ke ƙara waɗannan alamun, kuma mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun za a iya niyya su don cin zarafi fiye da wasu. <ref name="number2">{{Cite journal |last=Reijntjes |first=Albert |last2=Kamphuis |first2=Jan H. |last3=Prinzie |first3=Peter |last4=Telch |first4=Michael J. |date=April 2010 |title=Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=244–252 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 |pmid=20304490}}</ref> === Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam === Kwarewar da ake yi wa wanda aka zalunta na iya sa mutum ya ji kamar yana cikin mawuyacin hali ko rashin taimako, haka kuma yana canza ra'ayinsa game da duniya da/ko fahimtar kansa; damuwar tunanin da wannan ke haifarwa na iya bayyana ta hanyoyi da dama. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janoff-Bulman |first=Ronnie |last2=Frieze |first2=Irene Hanson |date=July 1983 |title=A Theoretical Perspective for Understanding Reactions to Victimization |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00138.x}}</ref> Matsalolin tunanin da ake iya ganowa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da aka zalunta sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD). Alamomin tunanin mutum waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga rayuwar mutum na iya kasancewa a wani yanayi ko da ba su cika ka'idojin ganewar asali na wata cuta ta musamman ba. Alamomi iri-iri kamar janyewa, [[Avoidance coping|gujewa]], da mafarkai marasa daɗi, na iya zama wani ɓangare na ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya gano su ko kuma na iya faruwa a cikin sauƙi ko kuma mafi ware; ganewar cututtuka na wasu cututtuka na buƙatar cewa waɗannan alamun suna da takamaiman matakin tsanani ko mita, ko kuma mutum ya nuna wani adadin su don a gano shi a hukumance. ==== Damuwa ==== An gano cewa baƙin ciki yana da alaƙa da nau'ikan cin zarafi da yawa, ciki har da cin zarafin jima'i, aikata laifukan tashin hankali, laifukan kadarori, cin zarafin abokan hulɗa, da [[Tashin hankali na gida|cin zarafin gida]] . <ref name="number3">{{Cite journal |last=Feiring |first=Candice |last2=Simon |first2=Valerie A. |last3=Cleland |first3=Charles M. |date=2009 |title=Childhood sexual abuse, stigmatization, internalizing symptoms, and the development of sexual difficulties and dating aggression. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1037/a0013475 |pmc=5593753 |pmid=19170459}}</ref> <ref name="number4">{{Cite journal |last=Herek |first=Gregory M. |last2=Gillis |first2=J. Roy |last3=Cogan |first3=Jeanine C. |date=1999 |title=Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=945–951 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945 |pmid=10596515}}</ref> <ref name="number5">{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Fran H. |last2=Kaniasty |first2=Krysztof |date=1994 |title=Psychological distress following criminal victimization in the general population: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective analyses. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=111–123 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.62.1.111 |pmid=8034813}}</ref> Alamomin baƙin ciki sun haɗa da yanayi mai zafi ko baƙin ciki na tsawon lokaci, rashin sha'awar yawancin ayyuka, manyan canje-canje a cikin nauyi/sha'awa, aiki, da yanayin barci, asarar kuzari da maida hankali, jin laifi ko rashin amfani da yawa, da kuma kashe kai. Asarar kuzari, sha'awa, da maida hankali da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki na iya shafar mutanen da suka fuskanci cin zarafi a ilimi ko a sana'a. Damuwa na iya shafar wasu fannoni da yawa na rayuwar mutum, gami da alaƙar mutane da lafiyar jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammen |first=Constance L. |last2=Peters |first2=Stefanie D. |date=1978 |title=Interpersonal consequences of depression: Responses to men and women enacting a depressed role. |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=322–332 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.87.8.322 |pmid=681603}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penninx |first=Brenda WJH |last2=Milaneschi |first2=Yuri |last3=Lamers |first3=Femke |last4=Vogelzangs |first4=Nicole |date=2013 |title=Understanding the somatic consequences of depression: biological mechanisms and the role of depression symptom profile |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=129 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-129 |pmc=3661358 |pmid=23672628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Damuwa a martanin da ake bayarwa ga cin zarafi na iya zama mai kisa, domin yana iya haifar da tunanin kashe kai da yunƙurin kashe kai. Misalan wannan sun haɗa da ƙaruwa sau goma da aka samu a yunƙurin kashe kai tsakanin waɗanda aka yi [[Fyade|wa fyaɗe]] idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, da kuma alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a makaranta da kuma tunanin kashe kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kilpatrick |first=Dean G. |last2=Best |first2=Connie L. |last3=Veronen |first3=Lois J. |last4=Amick |first4=Angelynne E. |last5=Villeponteaux |first5=Lorenz A. |last6=Ruff |first6=Gary A. |date=1985 |title=Mental health correlates of criminal victimization: A random community survey. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=866–873 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.53.6.866 |pmid=4086687}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rigby |first=Ken |last2=Slee |first2=Phillip |date=1999 |title=Suicidal ideation among adolescent school children, involvement in bully-victim problems, and perceived social support |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=119–130 |doi=10.1111/j.1943-278X.1999.tb01050.x |pmid=10407965}}</ref> ==== Damuwa ==== An kafa alaƙa tsakanin cin zarafi da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ga yara da manya. <ref name="context">{{Cite journal |last=Bellmore |first=Amy D. |last2=Witkow |first2=Melissa R. |last3=Graham |first3=Sandra |last4=Juvonen |first4=Jaana |date=2004 |title=Beyond the Individual: The Impact of Ethnic Context and Classroom Behavioral Norms on Victims' Adjustment. |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1159–1172 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1159 |pmid=15535764 |s2cid=14371455}}</ref> <ref name="help">{{Cite journal |last=Cuevas |first=Carlos A. |last2=Bell |first2=Kristin A. |last3=Sabina |first3=Chiara |date=2014 |title=Victimization, psychological distress, and help-seeking: Disentangling the relationship for Latina victims. |journal=Psychology of Violence |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=196–209 |doi=10.1037/a0035819}}</ref> Nau'ikan damuwa da aka yi nazari a kansu dangane da cin zarafi sun bambanta; wasu bincike sun ambaci damuwa a matsayin kalma ta gabaɗaya yayin da wasu bincike suka ambaci nau'ikan takamaiman kamar damuwa ta zamantakewa. <ref name="context" /> Kalmar damuwa ta ƙunshi matsaloli iri-iri da kuma wasu takamaiman ganewar asali, gami da hare-haren tsoro, tsoro, da rashin lafiyar damuwa ta gabaɗaya. Hare-haren tsoro gajeru ne, fashewar tsoro mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya ko ba zai iya samun abin da ke haifar da shi ba (dalili a cikin yanayin da ke faruwa kafin su faru). Wani lokaci suna cikin wasu cututtukan damuwa. Hare-haren tsoro na iya zama takamaiman ga abubuwa, yanayi, mutane, ko wurare. Suna iya haifar da halayen gujewa ko, idan gujewa ba zai yiwu ba, matsanancin damuwa ko hare-haren firgici. Ana siffanta damuwa ta gabaɗaya ta hanyar damuwa ta dogon lokaci, ba tare da kulawa ba, mai tsanani ban da wasu alamu kamar haushi, matsalolin barci, ko rashin natsuwa. An nuna damuwa tana kawo cikas ga fannoni da yawa na rayuwar mutane, misali, aikin ilimi, da kuma hasashen mummunan sakamakon lafiya daga baya a rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Ameringen |first=Michael |last2=Mancini |first2=Catherine |last3=Farvolden |first3=Peter |date=January 2003 |title=The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=561–571 |doi=10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00228-1 |pmid=12941366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BARDONE |first=ANNA M. |last2=MOFFITT |first2=TERRIE E. |last3=CASPI |first3=AVSHALOM |last4=DICKSON |first4=NIGEL |last5=STANTON |first5=WARREN R. |last6=SILVA |first6=PHIL A. |date=June 1998 |title=Adult Physical Health Outcomes of Adolescent Girls With Conduct Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=594–601 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199806000-00009 |pmid=9628079}}</ref> ==== Matsalar Damuwa Bayan Rauni ==== [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|Ciwon damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) wani yanayi ne na damuwa musamman da ke mayar da martani ga wani mummunan lamari a rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa ana tattauna shi ne game da lafiyar kwakwalwa na tsoffin sojoji, amma kuma yana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da suka ji rauni ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar cin zarafi. Ciwon damuwa ya ƙunshi tsoro mai tsanani na dogon lokaci, sake fuskantar mummunan lamari (misali mafarkai marasa daɗi), guje wa tunatarwa game da abin da ya faru, da kuma yin martani sosai (misali cikin fushi ko firgita). Yana iya haɗawa da jin kaɗaici daga wasu mutane, jin laifi, da wahalar barci. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon damuwa na PTSD na iya fuskantar wasu alamu iri ɗaya da waɗanda suka fuskanta a cikin damuwa da baƙin ciki. Baya ga ka'idojin ganewar asali na PTSD, Frank Ochberg ya gabatar da takamaiman alamun cutar da ake yi wa mutum (ba a san su a hukumance a tsarin ganewar asali kamar DSM ko ICD ba) wanda ya haɗa da kunya, zargin kai, ƙiyayya mai tsanani ga mutumin da ya cutar da shi tare da ra'ayoyi masu kyau masu karo da juna game da wannan mutumin, jin ƙazanta, hana shi jima'i, yanke ƙauna ko yin murabus ga lamarin, cin zarafi na biyu (wanda aka bayyana a ƙasa), da kuma haɗarin sake kamuwa da cutar . [1] === Wani === Ƙarin alamun cin zarafi na iya ɗaukar siffofi na jiki ko na ɗabi'a. Waɗannan na iya zama alamun cin zarafi kai tsaye, na mutum ɗaya, ko kuma suna iya faruwa ne sakamakon tunanin da aka bayyana a sama. ==== Jiki ==== Alamomin jiki mafi bayyanannu da bayyane na cin zarafi su ne raunuka sakamakon wani mummunan aiki na jiki kamar kai hari ko cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i. Sauran alamomin jiki waɗanda ba sakamakon rauni ba ne za a iya haifar da su kai tsaye ta hanyar cin zarafi ta hanyar martanin tunani ko na motsin rai. Alamomin jiki waɗanda ke da tushen tunani ko na motsin rai ana kiransu alamun [[Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa|psychosomatic]] . Alamomin psychosomatic da aka saba da su da cin zarafi sun haɗa da ciwon kai, ciwon ciki da kuma fuskantar yawan cututtuka kamar mura da ciwon makogwaro. <ref name="number1">{{Cite journal |last=Juvonen |first=Jaana |last2=Graham |first2=Sandra |date=3 January 2014 |title=Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=159–185 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 |pmid=23937767 |s2cid=207640520}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJuvonenGraham2014">Juvonen, Jaana; Graham, Sandra (3 January 2014). "Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims". ''Annual Review of Psychology''. '''65''' (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>185. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030|10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23937767 23937767]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207640520 207640520].</cite></ref> Kodayake ana kiran alamun psychosomatic da suna da dalilai na tunani, suna da tushen halitta; damuwa da sauran alamomin tunani suna haifar da martanin tsarin jijiyoyi kamar sakin sinadarai da hormones daban-daban waɗanda daga baya ke shafar aikin halittu. ==== Ɗabi'a ==== Mutanen da aka zalunta suma suna iya nuna alamun hali bayan sun fuskanci wannan matsala. Wasu mutanen da aka zalunta suna nuna halayen waje (na waje). Misali, mutumin da bai taɓa yin wani abu mai tsanani ga wasu ba a baya zai iya fara yin hakan kamar bayan an zalunce shi, kamar lokacin da yaron da aka zalunta ya fara zaluntar wasu. Halayen zalunci na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da PTSD (wanda aka bayyana a sama). Halayen waje da ke da alaƙa da zaluntar sun haɗa da yawan aiki, yawan tsaro, da matsalolin kulawa waɗanda ka iya kama da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] . <ref name="number1">{{Cite journal |last=Juvonen |first=Jaana |last2=Graham |first2=Sandra |date=3 January 2014 |title=Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=159–185 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 |pmid=23937767 |s2cid=207640520}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJuvonenGraham2014">Juvonen, Jaana; Graham, Sandra (3 January 2014). "Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims". ''Annual Review of Psychology''. '''65''' (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>185. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030|10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23937767 23937767]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207640520 207640520].</cite></ref> Wasu na iya nuna alamun halaye na ciki (na ciki). Yawancin alamomin ciki sun fi kama da na tunani (wani lokacin ana kiransu da baƙin ciki da damuwa a matsayin na ciki), amma takamaiman halaye suna nuna yanayin ciki. <ref name="number2">{{Cite journal |last=Reijntjes |first=Albert |last2=Kamphuis |first2=Jan H. |last3=Prinzie |first3=Peter |last4=Telch |first4=Michael J. |date=April 2010 |title=Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=244–252 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 |pmid=20304490}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReijntjesKamphuisPrinzieTelch2010">Reijntjes, Albert; Kamphuis, Jan H.; Prinzie, Peter; Telch, Michael J. (April 2010). "Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies". ''Child Abuse & Neglect''. '''34''' (4): <span class="nowrap">244–</span>252. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009|10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20304490 20304490].</cite></ref> Halayen ciki da aka rubuta a cikin mutanen da aka zalunta sun haɗa da janyewa daga hulɗa da jama'a da guje wa mutane ko yanayi. <ref name="number2" /> == Manazarta == ftvahqd8mr9wrr1aih96ejkgpzzmiri 859902 859901 2026-06-18T10:56:10Z Sardeeq 39275 859902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cin zarafi yana nufin mutum wanda wani ya yi wa wani kuma yana iya ɗaukar siffofi na tunani da na jiki, waɗanda duka suna cutar da waɗanda aka yi wa wariya. <ref name="number7">{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Erika |last2=Yoon |first2=Jeungeun |last3=Langer |first3=Amie |last4=Ro |first4=Eunyoe |date=1 February 2009 |title=Is Psychological Aggression as Detrimental as Physical Aggression?<BR> The Independent Effects of Psychological Aggression on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms |journal=Violence and Victims |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=20–35 |doi=10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.20 |pmid=19297883 |s2cid=31913390}}</ref> Nau'ikan cin zarafi sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ga abokan hulɗa ba, [[Cin zarafin jiki|cin zarafi ta jiki]], cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i, cin zarafi ta baki, fashi da makami, da hari . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan cin zarafi ana danganta su da wasu al'ummomi, amma suna iya faruwa ga wasu kuma. Misali, cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ga abokan hulɗa ana yawan yin nazari a kansu a yara da matasa amma kuma yana faruwa tsakanin manya. <ref name="number6">{{Cite journal |last=Aquino |first=Karl |last2=Douglas |first2=Scott |last3=Martinko |first3=Mark J. |date=2004 |title=Overt Anger in Response to Victimization: Attributional Style and Organizational Norms as Moderators. |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=152–164 |doi=10.1037/1076-8998.9.2.152 |pmid=15053714}}</ref> Kodayake ana iya cin zarafi ga kowa, wasu ƙungiyoyi (misali yara, tsofaffi, mutanen da ke da nakasa) na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi kuma sakamakon alamun da ke biyo baya. Mutane suna mayar da martani ga cin zarafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka '''alamun cin zarafi da''' aka gani za su bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. Waɗannan alamun na iya ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban (misali tunani, hali, ko na jiki), suna da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'ikan cin zarafi, kuma ana daidaita su ta hanyar halayen mutum ɗaya na wanda aka yi wa wariya da/ko abubuwan da suka faru bayan an yi wa wariya. == Nau'o'in sakamako == Alamomin cin zarafi na iya haɗawa da mummunan sakamako na jiki, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], ko na ɗabi'a waɗanda martani ne kai tsaye ko a kaikaice (duba sashen alamun cutar jiki) ga abubuwan da aka ci zarafi. Alamomin a cikin waɗannan rukunan wani lokacin suna haɗuwa, suna da alaƙa da juna, ko kuma suna haifar da juna. Misali, alamar ɗabi'a kamar ƙaruwar tashin hankali ko fushi na iya zama wani ɓangare na wani takamaiman sakamako na tunani kamar [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] . Yawancin binciken da aka yi kan alamun cin zarafi yana da alaƙa da ɓangarori daban-daban (masu bincike suna tattara bayanai ne kawai a lokaci guda). Daga mahangar bincike wannan yana nufin cewa alamun suna da alaƙa da cin zarafi, amma ba koyaushe ake tabbatar da alaƙar da ke haifar da hakan ba kuma ba a kawar da wasu bayanai ba. <ref name="number1">{{Cite journal |last=Juvonen |first=Jaana |last2=Graham |first2=Sandra |date=3 January 2014 |title=Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=159–185 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 |pmid=23937767 |s2cid=207640520}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin alamomin da aka bayyana suma na iya sanya mutane cikin haɗarin cin zarafi. Misali, akwai alaƙa ta hanyoyi biyu tsakanin cin zarafi da wasu alamomin ciki kamar baƙin ciki ko janyewa, ta yadda cin zarafi ke ƙara waɗannan alamun, kuma mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun za a iya niyya su don cin zarafi fiye da wasu. <ref name="number2">{{Cite journal |last=Reijntjes |first=Albert |last2=Kamphuis |first2=Jan H. |last3=Prinzie |first3=Peter |last4=Telch |first4=Michael J. |date=April 2010 |title=Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=244–252 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 |pmid=20304490}}</ref> === Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam === Kwarewar da ake yi wa wanda aka zalunta na iya sa mutum ya ji kamar yana cikin mawuyacin hali ko rashin taimako, haka kuma yana canza ra'ayinsa game da duniya da/ko fahimtar kansa; damuwar tunanin da wannan ke haifarwa na iya bayyana ta hanyoyi da dama. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janoff-Bulman |first=Ronnie |last2=Frieze |first2=Irene Hanson |date=July 1983 |title=A Theoretical Perspective for Understanding Reactions to Victimization |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00138.x}}</ref> Matsalolin tunanin da ake iya ganowa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da aka zalunta sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD). Alamomin tunanin mutum waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga rayuwar mutum na iya kasancewa a wani yanayi ko da ba su cika ka'idojin ganewar asali na wata cuta ta musamman ba. Alamomi iri-iri kamar janyewa, [[Avoidance coping|gujewa]], da mafarkai marasa daɗi, na iya zama wani ɓangare na ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya gano su ko kuma na iya faruwa a cikin sauƙi ko kuma mafi ware; ganewar cututtuka na wasu cututtuka na buƙatar cewa waɗannan alamun suna da takamaiman matakin tsanani ko mita, ko kuma mutum ya nuna wani adadin su don a gano shi a hukumance. ==== Damuwa ==== An gano cewa baƙin ciki yana da alaƙa da nau'ikan cin zarafi da yawa, ciki har da cin zarafin jima'i, aikata laifukan tashin hankali, laifukan kadarori, cin zarafin abokan hulɗa, da [[Tashin hankali na gida|cin zarafin gida]] . <ref name="number3">{{Cite journal |last=Feiring |first=Candice |last2=Simon |first2=Valerie A. |last3=Cleland |first3=Charles M. |date=2009 |title=Childhood sexual abuse, stigmatization, internalizing symptoms, and the development of sexual difficulties and dating aggression. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1037/a0013475 |pmc=5593753 |pmid=19170459}}</ref> <ref name="number4">{{Cite journal |last=Herek |first=Gregory M. |last2=Gillis |first2=J. Roy |last3=Cogan |first3=Jeanine C. |date=1999 |title=Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=945–951 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945 |pmid=10596515}}</ref> <ref name="number5">{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Fran H. |last2=Kaniasty |first2=Krysztof |date=1994 |title=Psychological distress following criminal victimization in the general population: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective analyses. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=111–123 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.62.1.111 |pmid=8034813}}</ref> Alamomin baƙin ciki sun haɗa da yanayi mai zafi ko baƙin ciki na tsawon lokaci, rashin sha'awar yawancin ayyuka, manyan canje-canje a cikin nauyi/sha'awa, aiki, da yanayin barci, asarar kuzari da maida hankali, jin laifi ko rashin amfani da yawa, da kuma kashe kai. Asarar kuzari, sha'awa, da maida hankali da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki na iya shafar mutanen da suka fuskanci cin zarafi a ilimi ko a sana'a. Damuwa na iya shafar wasu fannoni da yawa na rayuwar mutum, gami da alaƙar mutane da lafiyar jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammen |first=Constance L. |last2=Peters |first2=Stefanie D. |date=1978 |title=Interpersonal consequences of depression: Responses to men and women enacting a depressed role. |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=322–332 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.87.8.322 |pmid=681603}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penninx |first=Brenda WJH |last2=Milaneschi |first2=Yuri |last3=Lamers |first3=Femke |last4=Vogelzangs |first4=Nicole |date=2013 |title=Understanding the somatic consequences of depression: biological mechanisms and the role of depression symptom profile |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=129 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-129 |pmc=3661358 |pmid=23672628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Damuwa a martanin da ake bayarwa ga cin zarafi na iya zama mai kisa, domin yana iya haifar da tunanin kashe kai da yunƙurin kashe kai. Misalan wannan sun haɗa da ƙaruwa sau goma da aka samu a yunƙurin kashe kai tsakanin waɗanda aka yi [[Fyade|wa fyaɗe]] idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, da kuma alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a makaranta da kuma tunanin kashe kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kilpatrick |first=Dean G. |last2=Best |first2=Connie L. |last3=Veronen |first3=Lois J. |last4=Amick |first4=Angelynne E. |last5=Villeponteaux |first5=Lorenz A. |last6=Ruff |first6=Gary A. |date=1985 |title=Mental health correlates of criminal victimization: A random community survey. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=866–873 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.53.6.866 |pmid=4086687}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rigby |first=Ken |last2=Slee |first2=Phillip |date=1999 |title=Suicidal ideation among adolescent school children, involvement in bully-victim problems, and perceived social support |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=119–130 |doi=10.1111/j.1943-278X.1999.tb01050.x |pmid=10407965}}</ref> ==== Damuwa ==== An kafa alaƙa tsakanin cin zarafi da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ga yara da manya. <ref name="context">{{Cite journal |last=Bellmore |first=Amy D. |last2=Witkow |first2=Melissa R. |last3=Graham |first3=Sandra |last4=Juvonen |first4=Jaana |date=2004 |title=Beyond the Individual: The Impact of Ethnic Context and Classroom Behavioral Norms on Victims' Adjustment. |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1159–1172 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1159 |pmid=15535764 |s2cid=14371455}}</ref> <ref name="help">{{Cite journal |last=Cuevas |first=Carlos A. |last2=Bell |first2=Kristin A. |last3=Sabina |first3=Chiara |date=2014 |title=Victimization, psychological distress, and help-seeking: Disentangling the relationship for Latina victims. |journal=Psychology of Violence |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=196–209 |doi=10.1037/a0035819}}</ref> Nau'ikan damuwa da aka yi nazari a kansu dangane da cin zarafi sun bambanta; wasu bincike sun ambaci damuwa a matsayin kalma ta gabaɗaya yayin da wasu bincike suka ambaci nau'ikan takamaiman kamar damuwa ta zamantakewa. <ref name="context" /> Kalmar damuwa ta ƙunshi matsaloli iri-iri da kuma wasu takamaiman ganewar asali, gami da hare-haren tsoro, tsoro, da rashin lafiyar damuwa ta gabaɗaya. Hare-haren tsoro gajeru ne, fashewar tsoro mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya ko ba zai iya samun abin da ke haifar da shi ba (dalili a cikin yanayin da ke faruwa kafin su faru). Wani lokaci suna cikin wasu cututtukan damuwa. Hare-haren tsoro na iya zama takamaiman ga abubuwa, yanayi, mutane, ko wurare. Suna iya haifar da halayen gujewa ko, idan gujewa ba zai yiwu ba, matsanancin damuwa ko hare-haren firgici. Ana siffanta damuwa ta gabaɗaya ta hanyar damuwa ta dogon lokaci, ba tare da kulawa ba, mai tsanani ban da wasu alamu kamar haushi, matsalolin barci, ko rashin natsuwa. An nuna damuwa tana kawo cikas ga fannoni da yawa na rayuwar mutane, misali, aikin ilimi, da kuma hasashen mummunan sakamakon lafiya daga baya a rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Ameringen |first=Michael |last2=Mancini |first2=Catherine |last3=Farvolden |first3=Peter |date=January 2003 |title=The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=561–571 |doi=10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00228-1 |pmid=12941366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BARDONE |first=ANNA M. |last2=MOFFITT |first2=TERRIE E. |last3=CASPI |first3=AVSHALOM |last4=DICKSON |first4=NIGEL |last5=STANTON |first5=WARREN R. |last6=SILVA |first6=PHIL A. |date=June 1998 |title=Adult Physical Health Outcomes of Adolescent Girls With Conduct Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=594–601 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199806000-00009 |pmid=9628079}}</ref> ==== Matsalar Damuwa Bayan Rauni ==== [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|Ciwon damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) wani yanayi ne na damuwa musamman da ke mayar da martani ga wani mummunan lamari a rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa ana tattauna shi ne game da lafiyar kwakwalwa na tsoffin sojoji, amma kuma yana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da suka ji rauni ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar cin zarafi. Ciwon damuwa ya ƙunshi tsoro mai tsanani na dogon lokaci, sake fuskantar mummunan lamari (misali mafarkai marasa daɗi), guje wa tunatarwa game da abin da ya faru, da kuma yin martani sosai (misali cikin fushi ko firgita). Yana iya haɗawa da jin kaɗaici daga wasu mutane, jin laifi, da wahalar barci. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon damuwa na PTSD na iya fuskantar wasu alamu iri ɗaya da waɗanda suka fuskanta a cikin damuwa da baƙin ciki. Baya ga ka'idojin ganewar asali na PTSD, Frank Ochberg ya gabatar da takamaiman alamun cutar da ake yi wa mutum (ba a san su a hukumance a tsarin ganewar asali kamar DSM ko ICD ba) wanda ya haɗa da kunya, zargin kai, ƙiyayya mai tsanani ga mutumin da ya cutar da shi tare da ra'ayoyi masu kyau masu karo da juna game da wannan mutumin, jin ƙazanta, hana shi jima'i, yanke ƙauna ko yin murabus ga lamarin, cin zarafi na biyu (wanda aka bayyana a ƙasa), da kuma haɗarin sake kamuwa da cutar . [1] === Wani === Ƙarin alamun cin zarafi na iya ɗaukar siffofi na jiki ko na ɗabi'a. Waɗannan na iya zama alamun cin zarafi kai tsaye, na mutum ɗaya, ko kuma suna iya faruwa ne sakamakon tunanin da aka bayyana a sama. ==== Jiki ==== Alamomin jiki mafi bayyanannu da bayyane na cin zarafi su ne raunuka sakamakon wani mummunan aiki na jiki kamar kai hari ko cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i. Sauran alamomin jiki waɗanda ba sakamakon rauni ba ne za a iya haifar da su kai tsaye ta hanyar cin zarafi ta hanyar martanin tunani ko na motsin rai. Alamomin jiki waɗanda ke da tushen tunani ko na motsin rai ana kiransu alamun [[Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa|psychosomatic]] . Alamomin psychosomatic da aka saba da su da cin zarafi sun haɗa da ciwon kai, ciwon ciki da kuma fuskantar yawan cututtuka kamar mura da ciwon makogwaro. <ref name="number1">{{Cite journal |last=Juvonen |first=Jaana |last2=Graham |first2=Sandra |date=3 January 2014 |title=Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=159–185 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 |pmid=23937767 |s2cid=207640520}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJuvonenGraham2014">Juvonen, Jaana; Graham, Sandra (3 January 2014). "Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims". ''Annual Review of Psychology''. '''65''' (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>185. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030|10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23937767 23937767]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207640520 207640520].</cite></ref> Kodayake ana kiran alamun psychosomatic da suna da dalilai na tunani, suna da tushen halitta; damuwa da sauran alamomin tunani suna haifar da martanin tsarin jijiyoyi kamar sakin sinadarai da hormones daban-daban waɗanda daga baya ke shafar aikin halittu. ==== Ɗabi'a ==== Mutanen da aka zalunta suma suna iya nuna alamun hali bayan sun fuskanci wannan matsala. Wasu mutanen da aka zalunta suna nuna halayen waje (na waje). Misali, mutumin da bai taɓa yin wani abu mai tsanani ga wasu ba a baya zai iya fara yin hakan kamar bayan an zalunce shi, kamar lokacin da yaron da aka zalunta ya fara zaluntar wasu. Halayen zalunci na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da PTSD (wanda aka bayyana a sama). Halayen waje da ke da alaƙa da zaluntar sun haɗa da yawan aiki, yawan tsaro, da matsalolin kulawa waɗanda ka iya kama da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] . <ref name="number1">{{Cite journal |last=Juvonen |first=Jaana |last2=Graham |first2=Sandra |date=3 January 2014 |title=Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=159–185 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 |pmid=23937767 |s2cid=207640520}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJuvonenGraham2014">Juvonen, Jaana; Graham, Sandra (3 January 2014). "Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims". ''Annual Review of Psychology''. '''65''' (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>185. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030|10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23937767 23937767]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207640520 207640520].</cite></ref> Wasu na iya nuna alamun halaye na ciki (na ciki). Yawancin alamomin ciki sun fi kama da na tunani (wani lokacin ana kiransu da baƙin ciki da damuwa a matsayin na ciki), amma takamaiman halaye suna nuna yanayin ciki. <ref name="number2">{{Cite journal |last=Reijntjes |first=Albert |last2=Kamphuis |first2=Jan H. |last3=Prinzie |first3=Peter |last4=Telch |first4=Michael J. |date=April 2010 |title=Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=244–252 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 |pmid=20304490}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReijntjesKamphuisPrinzieTelch2010">Reijntjes, Albert; Kamphuis, Jan H.; Prinzie, Peter; Telch, Michael J. (April 2010). "Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies". ''Child Abuse & Neglect''. '''34''' (4): <span class="nowrap">244–</span>252. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009|10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20304490 20304490].</cite></ref> Halayen ciki da aka rubuta a cikin mutanen da aka zalunta sun haɗa da janyewa daga hulɗa da jama'a da guje wa mutane ko yanayi. <ref name="number2" /> == Manazarta == 4t3c77jpjbx8sqisdvaa9g0s01oq38p Twee River redfin 0 158364 859903 2026-06-18T10:56:11Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354932185|Twee River redfin]]" 859903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Redfin Kogin Twee''' ( '''''Sedercypris erubescens''''' ) ko kuma kawai '''Twee redfin''' nau'in kifi ne mai siffar hasken rana a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . A da an sanya shi tare da redfins na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ''[[Pseudobarbus]]'' . Tetraploid ne. Danginsa mafi kusa shine Clanwilliam redfin ( ''S. calidus'' ). Ƙaramin kifi ne, kusan {{Cvt|40|to|45|mm|in}} suna da tsayi a lokacin balaga ta jima'i kuma sau biyu idan sun girma sosai. A lokacin haihuwa, maza da mata suna da fika-fikan ja masu kama da juna, amma maza (waɗanda a matsakaici sun ɗan fi girma) suma suna da tubercles na aure kamar yadda aka saba gani a cyprinids . == Rarrabawa da muhalli == [[Fayil:Prionium_serratum.jpg|left|thumb|Palmiet ( ''Prionium serratum'' ) yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da rayuwar ƙananan bishiyoyin Twee River redfins.]] Yana da yawa a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, inda yake faruwa a [[Twee River|Kogin Twee]] kafin ya haɗu da [[Leeu River (Twee River)|Kogin Leeu]], da kuma wasu magudanan ruwa na farko &#x2013; wato [[Heks River|Heks]], [[Middeldeur River|kogunan Middeldeur]] na sama da kuma [[Suurvlei River|kogunan Suurvlei]] na sama. An gabatar da wasu ga [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsun ruwa]] na [[Gona|gonaki]], amma wannan ya yi kama da ba za a iya tantance ko suna bunƙasa ko sun gaza a wannan wurin zama ba. Manya suna zaune a cikin tafkuna masu zurfi a cikin koguna, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin duwatsu ko bishiyoyin raɓa . Ƙananan kifaye suna taruwa a makarantu kusa da saman ruwa, suna da alaƙa da haɓakar raɓa mai rataye, musamman palmiet ( ''Prionium serratum'', Thurniaceae ). Abincin galibi shine ƙananan halittu masu ƙashin baya ; manya kuma an san su da shan wasu abubuwa masu cin abinci waɗanda ke ratsawa, kamar kwari na ƙasa waɗanda suka faɗi akan saman ruwa. Lokacin kiwo yana farawa daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa farkon lokacin rani (Oktoba zuwa Disamba). Kwai &#x2013; har zuwa 400 ga kowace mace da lokacin kiwo &#x2013; suna girma akai-akai, kuma haihuwa yana faruwa bayan tarin ƙwai ya girma sosai; don haka ana maimaita shi sau da yawa a lokacin kiwo har sai an yi dukkan tarin ƙwai. Balaga ta jima'i tana kaiwa shekaru biyu, kuma nau'in na iya kaiwa shekaru 6. == Matsayi da kiyayewa == Ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazanar bacewa daga IUCN, yayin da yawan jama'arta ya ragu tun daga 1987 zuwa wani matsayi da ya kusa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ƙarewa]] . Kimanin manya 4,100 ne kawai suka rage a duniya, kuma kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin ƙananan al'ummomi an daina ta. Babban barazanar ita ce kifaye masu cin nama . Duk da haka, Cape kurper ( ''Sandelia capensis'' ) asalinsa daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne amma ba ya faruwa a zahiri a cikin jejin redfin na Kogin Twee; an gabatar da shi a Kogin Suurvlei. Kurper yana fafatawa da redfin don abinci kuma wataƙila yana cin ƙananan ''S. erubescens'' . Wannan shine dalilin ɓacewar redfin daga ƙananan Kogin Suurvlei. Gasar da Clanwilliam yellowfish ( ''Labeobarbus capensis'' ) &#x2013; wani ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka gabatar da shi a cikin jejin redfin &#x2013; ya rage hannun jarin ''S. erubescens'' a cikin Kogin Twee. Abin mamaki, duka gabatarwar sun kasance yunƙurin da aka yi na kirki amma ba daidai ba don magance matsalolin da dabbobin da aka kawo daga ƙasashen waje suka haifar, waɗanda suka kasa yin la'akari da babban matakin da ake da shi na zama ruwan dare a yankin Yammacin Cape &#x2013; kuma a yanayin Clanwilliam yellowfish har ma [[Cape Department of Nature Conservation|Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Cape]] ta tallafa masa. Kifin da ba na waje ba waɗanda ke cutar da redfin na Kogin Twee sune bluegill ( ''Lepomis macrochirus'' ) da kuma trout mai launin ruwan kasa ( ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' ), waɗanda aka saki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin yankin a cikin 1990, wataƙila ta hanyar masunta . Duk da haka, kamar yadda waɗannan koguna ke da ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi da yanayin zafi mai zafi na bazara, ba ruwan bluegills ko trout ba ne kamar yadda suke yi a wasu wurare. Ƙarin barazanar sun haɗa da [[Rashin mazaunin|lalata muhallin]] mutane saboda [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] da amfani da shi fiye da kima, da kuma share ribar ruwa don gonakin inabi . Wannan yana da illa musamman, domin yana hana ƙananan kifaye (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin matsin lamba musamman daga nau'in da aka gabatar) mafaka, kuma yana ba da damar [[kwararar ruwa]] mai ɗauke da [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|magungunan]] kashe kwari da takin zamani don gurɓata koguna. An kuma lissafa shi a matsayin Mai Fuskantar Barazana ta [[Nature Conservation Ordinance|Dokar Kare Yanayi]] ta Lardin Yammacin Cape. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a kashe redfins na Kogin Twee kuma a halin yanzu, ana iya kama shi ne kawai don gwajin canja wurin zuwa wasu wurare masu rai . Ana ilmantar da masu filaye game da keɓancewar yanayin kogunan da barazanar da ke tattare da ci gaba da noma har zuwa bakin kogi. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an fara wasu wurare na wannan nau'in zuwa wurare masu tsaro, kuma ana gudanar da nazarin kiwo a [[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] . CapeNature da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu suna haɓaka shirin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyayewa]] . == Manazarta == 07grmlw10y7jn4vaih8vcr2voa26u6n 859904 859903 2026-06-18T10:58:06Z Engineer014 44591 859904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Redfin Kogin Twee''' ( '''''Sedercypris erubescens''''' ) ko kuma kawai '''Twee redfin''' nau'in kifi ne mai siffar hasken rana a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . A da an sanya shi tare da redfins na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ''[[Pseudobarbus]]'' . Tetraploid ne. Danginsa mafi kusa shine Clanwilliam redfin ( ''S. calidus'' ). Ƙaramin kifi ne, kusan {{Cvt|40|to|45|mm|in}} suna da tsayi a lokacin balaga ta jima'i kuma sau biyu idan sun girma sosai. A lokacin haihuwa, maza da mata suna da fika-fikan ja masu kama da juna, amma maza (waɗanda a matsakaici sun ɗan fi girma) suma suna da tubercles na aure kamar yadda aka saba gani a cyprinids . == Rarrabawa da muhalli == [[Fayil:Prionium_serratum.jpg|left|thumb|Palmiet ( ''Prionium serratum'' ) yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da rayuwar ƙananan bishiyoyin Twee River redfins.]] Yana da yawa a lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, inda yake faruwa a [[Twee River|Kogin Twee]] kafin ya haɗu da [[Leeu River (Twee River)|Kogin Leeu]], da kuma wasu magudanan ruwa na farko &#x2013; wato [[Heks River|Heks]], [[Middeldeur River|kogunan Middeldeur]] na sama da kuma [[Suurvlei River|kogunan Suurvlei]] na sama. An gabatar da wasu ga [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsun ruwa]] na [[Gona|gonaki]], amma wannan ya yi kama da ba za a iya tantance ko suna bunƙasa ko sun gaza a wannan wurin zama ba. Manya suna zaune a cikin tafkuna masu zurfi a cikin koguna, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin duwatsu ko bishiyoyin raɓa . Ƙananan kifaye suna taruwa a makarantu kusa da saman ruwa, suna da alaƙa da haɓakar raɓa mai rataye, musamman palmiet ( ''Prionium serratum'', Thurniaceae ). Abincin galibi shine ƙananan halittu masu ƙashin baya ; manya kuma an san su da shan wasu abubuwa masu cin abinci waɗanda ke ratsawa, kamar kwari na ƙasa waɗanda suka faɗi akan saman ruwa. Lokacin kiwo yana farawa daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa farkon lokacin rani (Oktoba zuwa Disamba). Kwai &#x2013; har zuwa 400 ga kowace mace da lokacin kiwo &#x2013; suna girma akai-akai, kuma haihuwa yana faruwa bayan tarin ƙwai ya girma sosai; don haka ana maimaita shi sau da yawa a lokacin kiwo har sai an yi dukkan tarin ƙwai. Balaga ta jima'i tana kaiwa shekaru biyu, kuma nau'in na iya kaiwa shekaru 6. == Matsayi da kiyayewa == Ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazanar bacewa daga IUCN, yayin da yawan jama'arta ya ragu tun daga 1987 zuwa wani matsayi da ya kusa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ƙarewa]] . Kimanin manya 4,100 ne kawai suka rage a duniya, kuma kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin ƙananan al'ummomi an daina ta. Babban barazanar ita ce kifaye masu cin nama . Duk da haka, Cape kurper ( ''Sandelia capensis'' ) asalinsa daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne amma ba ya faruwa a zahiri a cikin jejin redfin na Kogin Twee; an gabatar da shi a Kogin Suurvlei. Kurper yana fafatawa da redfin don abinci kuma wataƙila yana cin ƙananan ''S. erubescens'' . Wannan shine dalilin ɓacewar redfin daga ƙananan Kogin Suurvlei. Gasar da Clanwilliam yellowfish ( ''Labeobarbus capensis'' ) &#x2013; wani ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka gabatar da shi a cikin jejin redfin &#x2013; ya rage hannun jarin ''S. erubescens'' a cikin Kogin Twee. Abin mamaki, duka gabatarwar sun kasance yunƙurin da aka yi na kirki amma ba daidai ba don magance matsalolin da dabbobin da aka kawo daga ƙasashen waje suka haifar, waɗanda suka kasa yin la'akari da babban matakin da ake da shi na zama ruwan dare a yankin Yammacin Cape &#x2013; kuma a yanayin Clanwilliam yellowfish har ma [[Cape Department of Nature Conservation|Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Cape]] ta tallafa masa. Kifin da ba na waje ba waɗanda ke cutar da redfin na Kogin Twee sune bluegill ( ''Lepomis macrochirus'' ) da kuma trout mai launin ruwan kasa ( ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' ), waɗanda aka saki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin yankin a cikin 1990, wataƙila ta hanyar masunta . Duk da haka, kamar yadda waɗannan koguna ke da ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi da yanayin zafi mai zafi na bazara, ba ruwan bluegills ko trout ba ne kamar yadda suke yi a wasu wurare. Ƙarin barazanar sun haɗa da [[Rashin mazaunin|lalata muhallin]] mutane saboda [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] da amfani da shi fiye da kima, da kuma share ribar ruwa don gonakin inabi . Wannan yana da illa musamman, domin yana hana ƙananan kifaye (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin matsin lamba musamman daga nau'in da aka gabatar) mafaka, kuma yana ba da damar [[kwararar ruwa]] mai ɗauke da [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|magungunan]] kashe kwari da takin zamani don gurɓata koguna. An kuma lissafa shi a matsayin Mai Fuskantar Barazana ta [[Nature Conservation Ordinance|Dokar Kare Yanayi]] ta Lardin Yammacin Cape. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a kashe redfins na Kogin Twee kuma a halin yanzu, ana iya kama shi ne kawai don gwajin canja wurin zuwa wasu wurare masu rai . Ana ilmantar da masu filaye game da keɓancewar yanayin kogunan da barazanar da ke tattare da ci gaba da noma har zuwa bakin kogi. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an fara wasu wurare na wannan nau'in zuwa wurare masu tsaro, kuma ana gudanar da nazarin kiwo a [[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] . CapeNature da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu suna haɓaka shirin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyayewa]] . == Manazarta == 4ktxppe4r9c0hxbjb75s78mxmu4qnm1 Kwallon ƙafa AM 0 158365 859905 2026-06-18T10:59:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358429701|Soccer AM]]" 859905 wikitext text/x-wiki   ebkbve5xjd1hn02x00t0zqtqmkc1hap 859910 859905 2026-06-18T11:00:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   fmny4sbozkw2kddhdnkxlzjbud30t6c 859912 859910 2026-06-18T11:01:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM''' == Manazarta == 5qlcs8szkw35xi17zu87fqm07vaxd3d 859916 859912 2026-06-18T11:03:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM''' Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Manazarta == ee2zeufyhzrd39egplhjx2gi30cymtu 859918 859916 2026-06-18T11:03:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Manazarta == swfaqcucopi27wm4npcouzmcvadhxhq 859921 859918 2026-06-18T11:05:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == == Masoya Makon == Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. == Manazarta == s27k5h294ci8dzmcfk9yndylaun3iec 859923 859921 2026-06-18T11:09:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: == Manazarta == gr4y3unrtu8c0s3803ef6c9bs5shut8 859924 859923 2026-06-18T11:10:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. == Manazarta == 9humxzvg7f1q6dqmh1vfqdiahuuavqc 859926 859924 2026-06-18T11:11:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. == Manazarta == 5a13h9uj0qkzn2hks6vamt5ndjsxp15 859927 859926 2026-06-18T11:13:15Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. == Manazarta == eb0rifk1x14np0mbq6aqb3qf33kn1ew 859929 859927 2026-06-18T11:15:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. == Manazarta == bqj5weu83a89geuqhhpzewzzhi11yg7 859930 859929 2026-06-18T11:17:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. * == Manazarta == cjydxqq4lzegsxw0jvza2dkn05knapc 859933 859930 2026-06-18T11:18:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. == Manazarta == 0fc8bdkzrp8gqmxv5odp1q4h7x4s2j2 859934 859933 2026-06-18T11:19:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. == Manazarta == ihjmn6chbxhtftcp52zd8pfkjiufzkd 859944 859934 2026-06-18T11:28:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. * == Manazarta == 4oh84em5tvaudu6pg2blwwahwbx4qkp 859945 859944 2026-06-18T11:29:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. == Manazarta == kzbvbc5gw99c222nr90kc49dbp8vzts 859947 859945 2026-06-18T11:30:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. == Manazarta == f5n7zrbtzhkmtbtnp9r35x6fhoq24cq 859949 859947 2026-06-18T11:31:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. == Manazarta == 3zhherqfonq2iemg978lin1ydvcus7a 859950 859949 2026-06-18T11:32:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. == Manazarta == onbwp4cupjd56t371uvplpq7dwgcl5e 859951 859950 2026-06-18T11:34:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. == Manazarta == 9orn1s7z7e463ijx0ssoafsg7on1n9g 859952 859951 2026-06-18T11:35:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. == Manazarta == edsg3idw0f8n460hta0a3gmby18fwob 859954 859952 2026-06-18T11:35:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. * == Manazarta == 7s5caowjcjnvem384urdc7281bgwdbk 859956 859954 2026-06-18T11:37:15Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). == Manazarta == 6u06hcxhi71xa4e7ea22jzoqgx3gb4v 859957 859956 2026-06-18T11:38:07Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi. Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. == Manazarta == jbjxcs3ahjkwmws5rtzpxk5qlruv0a2 859958 859957 2026-06-18T11:38:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. == Manazarta == kpzdac4xlwoy2gqva9noho6do8pfx5s 859959 859958 2026-06-18T11:39:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard. A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. == Manazarta == 26z2ii56ekbkh46xcz1r41xjwi6dkxm 859962 859959 2026-06-18T11:41:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. * == Manazarta == 4xh6w0borqxai2py17ci7c2l0jeefaj 859965 859962 2026-06-18T11:44:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. == Manazarta == bvlrrt99uyrlustrno9zcrgg1h2t2rb 859966 859965 2026-06-18T11:46:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. *"Chips" (1998-99) - Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dole ne a yanke kwallon a cikin manufa. Dole ne a yi wannan a kan ɗan gajeren bango "bulo". ’Yan wasan kwallon kafa a wannan lokacin sun kasance sojojin Amurka ne a irin salon wadanda ke cikin shahararren gidan talabijin na CHIPs. == Manazarta == rlq8vcqkfcwljs3k0q9y3y95kaoa03z 859967 859966 2026-06-18T11:47:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. *"Chips" (1998-99) - Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dole ne a yanke kwallon a cikin manufa. Dole ne a yi wannan a kan ɗan gajeren bango "bulo". ’Yan wasan kwallon kafa a wannan lokacin sun kasance sojojin Amurka ne a irin salon wadanda ke cikin shahararren gidan talabijin na CHIPs. *"Rob Jones" (1996-1998) - Maƙasudin zagaye tare da hoton harbi na dan wasan Liverpool Rob Jones a manne a kai. Makasudin yana kan wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke mannewa daga cikin ƙaramin akwati. Kowane mako Tim ya kan yi ba'a 'saboda Rob Jones bai ci wa Liverpool kwallo ba a kakar 2/3/4/5 da yake yi musu wasa'. == Manazarta == osuxgsqls8yk9z1swr0s072xje6rygu 859968 859967 2026-06-18T11:48:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. *"Chips" (1998-99) - Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dole ne a yanke kwallon a cikin manufa. Dole ne a yi wannan a kan ɗan gajeren bango "bulo". ’Yan wasan kwallon kafa a wannan lokacin sun kasance sojojin Amurka ne a irin salon wadanda ke cikin shahararren gidan talabijin na CHIPs. *"Rob Jones" (1996-1998) - Maƙasudin zagaye tare da hoton harbi na dan wasan Liverpool Rob Jones a manne a kai. Makasudin yana kan wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke mannewa daga cikin ƙaramin akwati. Kowane mako Tim ya kan yi ba'a 'saboda Rob Jones bai ci wa Liverpool kwallo ba a kakar 2/3/4/5 da yake yi musu wasa'. === Ƙwallon ƙafa === == Manazarta == edu74yzg7c2rqyl85c86xkory4syprr 859976 859968 2026-06-18T11:54:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. *"Chips" (1998-99) - Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dole ne a yanke kwallon a cikin manufa. Dole ne a yi wannan a kan ɗan gajeren bango "bulo". ’Yan wasan kwallon kafa a wannan lokacin sun kasance sojojin Amurka ne a irin salon wadanda ke cikin shahararren gidan talabijin na CHIPs. *"Rob Jones" (1996-1998) - Maƙasudin zagaye tare da hoton harbi na dan wasan Liverpool Rob Jones a manne a kai. Makasudin yana kan wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke mannewa daga cikin ƙaramin akwati. Kowane mako Tim ya kan yi ba'a 'saboda Rob Jones bai ci wa Liverpool kwallo ba a kakar 2/3/4/5 da yake yi musu wasa'. === Ƙwallon ƙafa === Soccer AM Soccerette siffa ce ta wasan kwaikwayon na shekaru da yawa. Wata matashiya da ke yin ƙirar T-shirt na Soccer AM, wadda aka sake tsara ta kowace kakar ta kasance a matsayin lambar yabo ta gasa. Masu kallo za su iya lashe T-shirt ta hanyar hasashen adadin kwallayen da "Magoya bayan mako" suka zira a gasar kalubalen kungiyarsu daga baya a wasan. Mai gabatar da wasan ne ya gabatar da Soccerette kuma an yi masa tambayoyi da yawa waɗanda kusan babu makawa sun haifar da ɓarna da ɓarna. An tambayi Soccerette game da matsayinta na aure, wanda ke haifar da farin ciki da yawa idan "ba ɗaya" ba, kuma idan ƙwallon ƙafa "yana da saurayi" ko "aure" (ko da yake na ƙarshen ya kasance ba kasafai ba), kuma ma'aikacin jirgin zai gudu ba tare da riga ba kuma ya amsa. Tsohon mai masaukin baki Tim Lovejoy ya kasance yana bayyana cewa dangantakar Soccerette "ba za ta taba dorewa ba", ko da kuwa tsawon lokacin da suka kasance tare. == Manazarta == o3qj0ecbvy3yzqeq7n46d3pafqdl0o8 859980 859976 2026-06-18T11:56:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. *"Chips" (1998-99) - Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dole ne a yanke kwallon a cikin manufa. Dole ne a yi wannan a kan ɗan gajeren bango "bulo". ’Yan wasan kwallon kafa a wannan lokacin sun kasance sojojin Amurka ne a irin salon wadanda ke cikin shahararren gidan talabijin na CHIPs. *"Rob Jones" (1996-1998) - Maƙasudin zagaye tare da hoton harbi na dan wasan Liverpool Rob Jones a manne a kai. Makasudin yana kan wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke mannewa daga cikin ƙaramin akwati. Kowane mako Tim ya kan yi ba'a 'saboda Rob Jones bai ci wa Liverpool kwallo ba a kakar 2/3/4/5 da yake yi musu wasa'. === Ƙwallon ƙafa === Soccer AM Soccerette siffa ce ta wasan kwaikwayon na shekaru da yawa. Wata matashiya da ke yin ƙirar T-shirt na Soccer AM, wadda aka sake tsara ta kowace kakar ta kasance a matsayin lambar yabo ta gasa. Masu kallo za su iya lashe T-shirt ta hanyar hasashen adadin kwallayen da "Magoya bayan mako" suka zira a gasar kalubalen kungiyarsu daga baya a wasan. Mai gabatar da wasan ne ya gabatar da Soccerette kuma an yi masa tambayoyi da yawa waɗanda kusan babu makawa sun haifar da ɓarna da ɓarna. An tambayi Soccerette game da matsayinta na aure, wanda ke haifar da farin ciki da yawa idan "ba ɗaya" ba, kuma idan ƙwallon ƙafa "yana da saurayi" ko "aure" (ko da yake na ƙarshen ya kasance ba kasafai ba), kuma ma'aikacin jirgin zai gudu ba tare da riga ba kuma ya amsa. Tsohon mai masaukin baki Tim Lovejoy ya kasance yana bayyana cewa dangantakar Soccerette "ba za ta taba dorewa ba", ko da kuwa tsawon lokacin da suka kasance tare. Shahararrun ƙwallon ƙafa sun haɗa da [[Natalie Sawyer, Jennifer Metcalfe, Lucy Pinder, Tamsin Greenway, Gemma Atkinson da Louise Cliffe]]. An bar wannan sashin a cikin 2015. == Manazarta == mmrd25sith7zt1uvc8x3132wvex3n6d 859984 859980 2026-06-18T11:57:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soccer AM'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_AM</ref> Soccer AM wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na ƙwallon ƙafa na Biritaniya, wanda Sky Sports ta shirya. An watsa shi daga 20 ga Agusta 1994 zuwa 27 ga Mayu 2023 akan Sky Showcase, Sky Sports Premier League da Sky Sports Football. Daga shekara ta 2010, an sanya shirin a cikin ɗan gajeren jinkirin watsa shirye-shirye don ba da damar yin la'akari da lalata ko wasu batutuwa kafin ya tashi.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme Guardian. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</ref> Shahararrun masu gabatar da shirye-shiryenta sune Helen Chamberlain, wacce ta gabatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru 22, da Tim Lovejoy, wanda ya dauki nauyin shiryawa daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Saitin masu gabatarwa na karshe shine John Fendley da tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Jimmy Bullard.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9 Goal.com. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, Sky ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan ƙarshen kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanzu. Kashi na ƙarshe ya tashi a ranar Asabar 27 ga Mayu, 2023, kwana ɗaya kafin ƙarshen kakar Premier ta 2022-23. == Mabuɗin fasali == === Masoya Makon === Shirin "Masoya na Makon" shi ne babban jigon wasan kwaikwayon - magoya bayan kulob takwas na Birtaniya suna nuna baƙi a ɗakin studio a kowane mako, suna zaune a wani yanki na saitin da aka sani da "Luther Blissett Stand", wanda aka gabatar a watan Disamba na 1997. An nuna su a bangarori daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya ƙare a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shirin. An watsar da fasalin don kakar 2015–16 lokacin da aka yanke lokacin tafiyar shirin zuwa mintuna 90. === Wasan fakin mota === Kalubalen ya shafi magoya bayan da suka yi ƙoƙarin bugun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ramuka da dama a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. An sake canza ƙalubalen suna kusan kowane yanayi, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa da kiɗan baya don fasalin. Sauran baƙi na ɗakin studio duk suna da damar yin ƙoƙari su ma. Hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin shekaru sun haɗa da: *"Kun San Rayuwar Drill Live" (2018-2023) - Jimmy Bullard yana ba da nuni ga dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya ƙalubalanci baƙi a cikin ɗakin karatu don sake ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun manufa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci sittin na biyu. Kwallan da suka zira suna wakiltar maki. Ya fara ne a cikin 2016, inda Tubes ya doke Fenners a cikin ƙalubalen volley da 8 – 3. Hakanan ya dawo a cikin 2018 bayan shekaru 2 azaman yanki na kashe-kashe, tare da Bullard yana fafatawa da Robbie Fowler a cikin ƙalubalen kumfa sau biyu. Fowler ya ci kalubale da ci 10–9. *"Soccer AM Pro AM" (2017-2023) - Masu sha'awar dole ne su amsa wasu tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci daga Fenners a duk faɗin ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin mintuna 5. Idan masu takara sun sami amsar daidai, baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio ya shirya don kai hari. Amma idan masu takara sun sami amsar kuskure, sauran mashahuran baƙi suna shirye su kai farmaki. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. Za a sami dabarun harbin ƙwallon ƙafa guda 5 akan £50: Fenati Shootout, Volley, One-on-One tare da mai tsaron gida, Crossbar da Free Kick. *"Ƙalubalen Volley" (2015–2023) - Magoya baya dole ne su yi harbi da gwadawa da zira kwallaye a gaban mai tsaron gidan "shahararrun" kowane mako. Masu fafatawar dai rukuni ne na masoya kwallon kafa. *"Wasanni na Duniya na Duniya" - Jimmy Bullard da baƙo a cikin ɗakin studio, ko watakila Bullard da kansa dole ne ya yi takara a cikin ƙalubale don sake haifar da mafi kyawun raga na gasar cin kofin duniya a baya a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. *"Gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2012-2015) - An sake yin wasan, a yanzu yana da bangarori biyar - kowannensu an yi masa ado da suna da tambarin ɗayan manyan gasa biyar, tare da rami a kowane girma da raguwa. An kalubalanci magoya bayan su buga kwallon cikin kowane rami, daga League 2 har zuwa gasar zakarun Turai, cikin dakika 60. *"Wembley 2011" (2010-11) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da rami a lamba 0 (na shekara ta 2011 da aka kara girma), labulen tambarin gasar zakarun Turai, da filin wasan da za a buga wasan karshe, Wembley. *"The Glory Hole" (2009-10) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin Premier, da kuma labulen alamar Soccer AM. *"Hanyar Zuwa Roma" (2008-09) - Fans yanzu suna da rami mafi girma don buga kwallon. Saitin yanzu yana da babban kofin gasar zakarun Turai wanda ke kewaye da 'yan wasa irin su Steven Gerrard, Ryan Giggs, da Billy McNeill. Sauran abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da Julius Caesar rike da jan kati da jan kafet mai nuna tambarin gasar zakarun Turai tare da birnin da za a buga wasan karshe, wato Rome. *"Hollywood" (2007-08) - biyo bayan tafiyar David Beckham zuwa Los Angeles Galaxy, wasan ya nuna salon Hollywood Walk of Fame-style "pavement" wanda ya kai ga sanannen manufa tare da David Beckham izgili tare da shi. Taurari sun haɗa da abokan wasan kwaikwayon tare da Jeff Stelling a matsayin babban tauraro a kan hanyar tafiya. Noel Gallagher, Ricky Hatton, Mani, da Sergio Pizzorno na Kasabian suma sun fito. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley II" (2006-07) - bita na 2005-06's "Hanyar zuwa Wembley" - amsawar harshe ga gazawar filin wasa na Wembley da za a kammala a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na 2006, duk da filin wasa na Millennium ya karbi bakuncin taron. Sashin yana murnar kashi na 126 na gasar cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayun 2007. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2006, mawakin katar na Kasabian kuma mawaki Sergio Pizzorno ya zira abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwallo a Soccer AM ta Helen Chamberlain - yana zura kwallon a gabansa da kuma kwance damara mai tsafta ta hanyar sawu mai tsafta. takalma. *"Hanyar zuwa Wembley" (2005-06) - An sanya sunan asali na asali don murnar dawowar gasar cin kofin FA zuwa filin wasa na Wembley a watan Mayu 2006, ko da yake bai canza ba duk da sanarwar da FA ta yi cewa filin wasan ba zai cika ba, kuma za a sake shi zuwa filin wasa na Millennium a Cardiff. Kalubalen shine 'zura kwallo' ta hanyar buga kwallon ta cikin rami a cikin harafin "b" (na kalmar "Wembley") sau da yawa zai yiwu a cikin dakika 80 daga yadi 12. Ana ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi rubutu a ciki kuma su yi hasashen adadin lokutan da "Magoya bayan Mako" za su sami ƙwallon ta hanyar "b". Ana yin wannan tare da kiɗan baya na "Que Sera, Sera". Ƙungiyoyin da suka ci sau bakwai ko fiye sun sami T-shirt "Sauki" ga kowane memba. *"Mu ne Gasar Zakarun Turai" (2004-05) - bikin Sky Sports na siyan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don gasar zakarun Turai, an cire tauraron tsakiyar tambarin gasar zakarun Turai na 3D kuma an yi niyya daga yadi 12. Waƙar baya shine, "Blitzkrieg Bop" na Ramones. *"Ciyar da Labulen Ƙarfe" (2002-03) - Magoya baya dole ne su buga kwallon ta cikin Labulen ƙarfe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa a cikin minti daya. A halin yanzu, masu maye gurbin Gabashin Turai (sanye da ja TCCCP tracksuits - pun a kan tsofaffin СССР shirts da TCP da maganin antiseptik) za su dumi, wani abin tunawa daga "Feed the Iron Curtain" shine lokacin da daya daga cikin mashahuran ya rasa "burin" kuma ya harba kwallon da za ta sake dawowa cikin takaici da kuma kwallon gabas ta doke daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Turai. Wannan mashahurin shine Frank McAvennie da Tim kuma Helen suna ƙaunarsa sosai har suka sake suna wurin shakatawar motar Frank McAvennie Car Park don girmama shi. *"Kofin Duniya 2002" (2001-02) - babbar fuskar Sven-Göran Eriksson tare da buɗe bakinsa shine manufa, tare da kiɗan baya na "Sven, 'Gor-don', Eriksson, tra, lala, lala!" (zuwa waƙar Brown Girl in the Ring). *"Ciyar da Goat" (2000-01) - makasudin shine bakin babban akuya, tare da kiɗan baya na "Ciyar da Goat Kuma Zai Buga" (zuwa waƙar Cwm Rhondda) - sanannen filin wasa na Shaun Goater a Manchester City. *Lob Star" (1999-00) - Makasudin shine babban gidan yanar gizo, wanda lobster ya rike. Abin da ake nufi shine ya guntu kwallon a cikin raga daga nesa. Musamman, Neil Lennon ya sami nasarar gano burin, kawai an gaya masa cewa ya yi haka kafin busa. *"Chips" (1998-99) - Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dole ne a yanke kwallon a cikin manufa. Dole ne a yi wannan a kan ɗan gajeren bango "bulo". ’Yan wasan kwallon kafa a wannan lokacin sun kasance sojojin Amurka ne a irin salon wadanda ke cikin shahararren gidan talabijin na CHIPs. *"Rob Jones" (1996-1998) - Maƙasudin zagaye tare da hoton harbi na dan wasan Liverpool Rob Jones a manne a kai. Makasudin yana kan wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke mannewa daga cikin ƙaramin akwati. Kowane mako Tim ya kan yi ba'a 'saboda Rob Jones bai ci wa Liverpool kwallo ba a kakar 2/3/4/5 da yake yi musu wasa'. === Ƙwallon ƙafa === Soccer AM Soccerette siffa ce ta wasan kwaikwayon na shekaru da yawa. Wata matashiya da ke yin ƙirar T-shirt na Soccer AM, wadda aka sake tsara ta kowace kakar ta kasance a matsayin lambar yabo ta gasa. Masu kallo za su iya lashe T-shirt ta hanyar hasashen adadin kwallayen da "Magoya bayan mako" suka zira a gasar kalubalen kungiyarsu daga baya a wasan. Mai gabatar da wasan ne ya gabatar da Soccerette kuma an yi masa tambayoyi da yawa waɗanda kusan babu makawa sun haifar da ɓarna da ɓarna. An tambayi Soccerette game da matsayinta na aure, wanda ke haifar da farin ciki da yawa idan "ba ɗaya" ba, kuma idan ƙwallon ƙafa "yana da saurayi" ko "aure" (ko da yake na ƙarshen ya kasance ba kasafai ba), kuma ma'aikacin jirgin zai gudu ba tare da riga ba kuma ya amsa. Tsohon mai masaukin baki Tim Lovejoy ya kasance yana bayyana cewa dangantakar Soccerette "ba za ta taba dorewa ba", ko da kuwa tsawon lokacin da suka kasance tare. Shahararrun ƙwallon ƙafa sun haɗa da [[Natalie Sawyer, Jennifer Metcalfe, Lucy Pinder, Tamsin Greenway, Gemma Atkinson da Louise Cliffe]]. An bar wannan sashin a cikin 2015. == Siffofin ƙwallon ƙafa == == Manazarta == h3kp2mwwhrxmvbszpe4g93d3z8efqrz Kifi na Kogin Bot 0 158366 859906 2026-06-18T10:59:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314349626|Bot River klipfish]]" 859906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifin klipfish na Bot River''' ( '''''Clinus spatutus''''' ) nau'in kifin clinid ne da ke zaune a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ake samunsa a cikin ruwan teku na [[Kogin Bot]] da kuma Kleinmond Estuary inda yake zaune a tsakanin ciyawa. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|17.5|cm|in}} TL . == Manazarta == qgmi3ta6us6ybpujbqfdcfsq5c671ly 859909 859906 2026-06-18T10:59:56Z Engineer014 44591 859909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin klipfish na Bot River''' ( '''''Clinus spatutus''''' ) nau'in kifin clinid ne da ke zaune a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ake samunsa a cikin ruwan teku na [[Kogin Bot]] da kuma Kleinmond Estuary inda yake zaune a tsakanin ciyawa. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|17.5|cm|in}} TL . == Manazarta == 5urpfmyonmq033k3nv81nwnlx2a49i1 Tsoro a filin wasa 0 158367 859907 2026-06-18T10:59:36Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352035729|Stage fright]]" 859907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:View_of_a_performance_on_stage_from_the_wings.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Kalli wasan kwaikwayo a kan dandamali daga fikafikan]] '''Tsoron da ake ji a wurin''' wasa ko kuma '''tashin hankali a lokacin wasa''' shine [[Anxiety|tsoro]], [[tsoro]], ko kuma tsoro mai ɗorewa wanda mutum zai iya fuskanta ta hanyar buƙatar yin wasa a gaban masu kallo, na gaske ko na tunani, ko da gaske ko kuma mai yiwuwa (misali, lokacin yin wasa a gaban kyamara ). Yin wasa a gaban masu kallo da ba a sani ba na iya haifar da damuwa fiye da yin wasa a gaban fuskokin da aka saba. Akasin haka, wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin damuwa lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban baƙi, amma suna jin tsoro mai tsanani a wurin wasa lokacin da abokai, dangi da abokan aiki suke. Wannan yanayin na iya bayyana har tsawon sa'o'i talatin da shida kafin lokacin, tare da alamun gargajiya kamar tashin zuciya, bushewar baki, da kuma jin kasala a ido. A wasu lokuta, tsoro a mataki na iya zama wani ɓangare na babban tsarin tsoron zamantakewa ( rashin lafiyar zamantakewa ), amma mutane da yawa suna fuskantar tsoro a mataki ba tare da wata matsala ba. Sau da yawa, tsoro a mataki yana tasowa ne kawai a cikin tsammanin wani abu, sau da yawa yana da dogon lokaci a gaba. Yana da alamu da yawa: ƙarar magana, [[tachycardia]], rawar jiki a hannuwa da ƙafafu, gumi a hannu, ciwon jijiyoyi a fuska, bushewar baki, da [[jiri]] . == Mutane da yanayi == Tsoron dandamali na iya faruwa a cikin mutane daban-daban, tun daga waɗanda suka saba zuwa kasancewa a gaban masu sauraro har zuwa waɗanda suka yi hakan tsawon shekaru. Ana gane shi a cikin jama'a. Tsoron dandamali na iya, misali, yin mummunan tasiri ga aikin mutum, ta yadda zai shafi kwarin gwiwarsa yayin hirar aiki, gabatarwa, da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Julie |last2=Goffin |first2=Richard |date=2004 |title=Measuring Job Interview Anxiety: Beyond Weak Knees and Sweaty Palms |journal=Personnel Psychology |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=607–637 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00002.x}}</ref> Hakanan yana shafar 'yan wasa, malamai, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu barkwanci, mawaƙa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyon |first=Amélie J. A. A. |last2=R. K. Studer |last3=H. Hildebrandt |date=August 2020 |title=Music performance anxiety from the challenge and threat perspective: psychophysiological and performance outcomes |url=https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8.pdf |journal=BMC Psychology |volume=8 |issue=87 |page=87 |doi=10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8 |pmc=7448432 |pmid=32843074 |s2cid= |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> da 'yan siyasa. Mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a sadarwa na iya fuskantar tsoro a dandamali, amma wasu mutanen da ke da tsoro a dandamali na yau da kullun suma suna da [[Damuwar jama'a|fargabar zamantakewa]] ko tsoron zamantakewa, wanda a cikinsa ba sabon abu bane jin tsoro na dogon lokaci na damuwa a kowane yanayi na zamantakewa. Ana iya ganin tsoro a dandamali a cikin yanayin makaranta, kamar ayyukan tsayawa tsaye da jawabai na aji. == Tasiri == Idan wani ya fara jin tsoro ko fargaba, sai ya fara jin damuwa. A cewar wata wasika ta Harvard Mental Health, "Damuwa yawanci tana da alamun jiki waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da zuciya mai sauri, bushewar baki, murya mai rawa, ja, rawar jiki, gumi, [[Zufa|rashin]] hankali, da tashin zuciya ". {{Sfn|Beyond Shyness|2003}} Yana sa jiki ya kunna tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne lokacin da jiki ya saki [[adrenaline]] cikin kwararar jini wanda ke haifar da jerin halayen. Wannan martanin jiki ana kiransa da " yaƙi ko gudu ", wani tsari ne da ke faruwa a jiki wanda aka yi don kare kansa daga lahani. "Tsokokin wuya suna matsewa, suna saukar da kai ƙasa da kafadu sama, yayin da tsokoki na baya ke jawo kashin baya zuwa lanƙwasa [[wiktionary:concave|mai lanƙwasa]] . Wannan, bi da bi, yana tura ƙashin ƙugu gaba kuma yana jan al'aura sama, yana jefa jiki zuwa matsayin tayi na gargajiya". {{Sfn|Cyphert|2025}} An kuma lura cewa wannan yana da tasiri akan aikin jima'i da ilimin halittar jiki, wanda wani lokacin ana iya danganta shi da shingayen tunani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-16 |title=Erectile Dysfunction: Why Some Men Are Secretly Afraid of Sex {{!}} The Inspirational Lifestyle |url=https://theinspirationallifestyle.com/erectile-dysfunction-why-some-men-are-secretly-afraid-of-sex/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin tsayayya da wannan matsayi, jiki zai fara girgiza a wurare kamar ƙafafu da hannaye. Wasu abubuwa da dama suna faruwa banda wannan. Tsokoki a jiki suna matsewa, suna sa su yi tsauri kuma a shirye suke su kai hari. Na biyu, "jijiyoyin jini a cikin gaɓoɓinsu suna matsewa". {{Sfn|Cyphert|2005}} Wannan na iya barin mutum da jin sanyin yatsu, yatsun ƙafafu, hanci, da kunnuwa. [[Tashohin jini|Jijiyoyin jini]] masu matsewa kuma suna ba jiki ƙarin jini zuwa ga muhimman gabobin jiki. Rashin motsin rai ya nuna fiye da kashi 50% na bambancin da ke tsakanin mutum ɗaya a cikin damuwa a cikin aiki a cikin mawaƙa, bisa ga bincike kan damuwa a cikin aiki da kuma rawar da hali da gogewa ke takawa a cikin mawaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, wani tattaunawa ya nuna cewa shekaru da yawa na ilimi na yau da kullun na iya magance damuwar aiki da ke da alaƙa da nau'in hali. Ganin yanayi daban-daban, damuwar aiki ta ragu da lokaci, yana nuna cewa salon sa ido kan kai na cikin littafin tarihin rayuwa na iya samun fa'idodi masu amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadler |first=Michael E. |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher J. |date=2010 |title=Performance Anxiety: A Longitudinal Study of the Roles of Personality and Experience in Musicians |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247789714 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=280–287 |doi=10.1177/1948550610370492 |issn=1948-5506 |via=Research Gate}}</ref> == Magani == Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi shahara a maganin tsoro a matakin mataki ya haɗa da amfani da masu toshewar beta . Ana rubuta Propranolol a wasu lokutan ba tare da laƙabi ba don magance damuwar aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davidson |first=JR |date=2006 |title=Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder: what does the evidence tell us? |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=67 |issue=Suppl 12 |pages=20–6 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.002 |pmid=17092192}}</ref> A matsayin maganin hana beta, propranolol yana hana [[adrenaline]] (epinephrine) da aka saki yayin amsawar jiki " faɗa ko tashi " daga haɗuwa da zuciya, huhu da sauran sassan jiki. Wannan yana rage ko kawar da alamun jiki na damuwa na aiki, gami da ƙaruwar bugun zuciya ( [[tachycardia]] ), numfashi mai sauri ( hawan iska ), bushewar baki, rawar jiki, murya mai rawa, da gumi. Propranolol ba magani ne da aka amince da shi a hukumance don damuwa na aiki ba; duk da haka, nazarin da ya gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elman |first=M. J. |last2=Sugar |first2=J. |last3=Fiscella |first3=R. |last4=Deutsch |first4=T. A. |last5=Noth |first5=J. |last6=Nyberg |first6=M. |last7=Packo |first7=K. |last8=Anderson |first8=R. J. |date=1998 |title=The effect of propranolol versus placebo on resident surgical performance |journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society |volume=96 |pages=283–291; discussion 291–294 |issn=0065-9533 |pmc=1298399 |pmid=10360293}}</ref> da gogewar marasa lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Propranolol User Reviews for Performance Anxiety |url=https://www.drugs.com/comments/propranolol/for-performance-anxiety.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> sun nuna cewa maganin sau da yawa yana da tasiri sosai wajen rage alamun damuwa na jiki. Propranolol ba ya taimakawa tare da alamun damuwa na tunani, gami da jin motsin rai na tsoro tunda maganin ba ya canza ilimin halittar kwakwalwa ba kamar magungunan da aka tsara wa wasu nau'ikan damuwa kamar magungunan rage radadi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=What To Know About Using Propranolol for Performance Anxiety |url=https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/propranolol-for-anxiety |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=GoodRX Health}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=How quickly does propranolol work for anxiety? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-quickly-does-propranolol-work-for-anxiety |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGinn |first=Daniel |date=2017-08-04 |title=Can This Drug Cure Performance Anxiety? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/08/can-a-drug-make-you-a-better-speaker/535845/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Akwai kuma hanyoyin magance damuwar aiki ba tare da amfani da magani ba. Shakatawa jiki da numfashi mai zurfi, shirya kansa a hankali, da kuma mayar da hankalin mutum hanyoyi ne da za su iya taimakawa wajen rage fargabar mataki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conquering Stage Fright {{!}} Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA |url=https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder/treatment/conquering-stage-fright#:~:text=Practice%20ways%20to%20calm%20and,alcohol%20as%20much%20as%20possible |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=adaa.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana iya amfani da barasa don rage damuwa, wasu nau'ikan magani sun fi kyau wajen magance fargabar mataki. Shan barasa na iya shafar aikin mutum kuma ya haifar da raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin tunani gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Joshua |title=Stage Fright {{!}} Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/eeseniordesignhandbook/2014/stage-fright/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutane masu shahara == Mutane da yawa da suka shahara a fagen wasan kwaikwayo sun fuskanci tsoro a dandamali kuma sun sami damar shawo kan matsalarsu, ciki har da Ariel Pink, Al Jolson, Lily Pons, Rob Halford, Brian Wilson, Virginia O'Brien, Michael Gambon, Steve Perry, Geoff Tate, Grimes, Lorde, Carly Simon, [1] Jason Alexander, Mose Allison, Maya Angelou, David Brenner, Peter Coyote, Olympia Dukakis, Jani Lane, Richard Lewis, Roy Orbison, [2] Barbra Streisand, [3] Adele, David Warner, [4] Niall Horan, Frankie Howerd, Mike Yarwood, Ian Holm, [5] Lady Gaga, Mariah Carey, Frankie Boyle, [6] Peter Gabriel, Donald Fagen, John Lydon, Meg White (wanda ya yi tsauri sosai har ya kai ta ga yin wasa da wuri). ritaya daga masana'antar kiɗa) da Amanda Seyfried . [7] A wasu lokuta, shahararrun taurari sun sha wahala wajen jure damuwarsu. Hugh Grant ya ce yayin da yake fitowa a fim din ''Music and Lyrics'' na 2007 cewa "ya yi dukkan fim din cike da lorazepam ." == Duba kuma == * Camera shyness – Desire to avoid being photographed or filmed * Choke (sports) – Sports term * Counterphobic attitude – Seeking out the source of one's fear to overcome it * Glossophobia – Fear of public speaking * Scopophobia – Fear of being stared at * Test anxiety – Anxiety or stress triggered by exams * White coat syndrome == Manazarta == 99h3ff4mgwu9t2hfypbl1aylphqbi56 859908 859907 2026-06-18T10:59:54Z Sardeeq 39275 859908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:View_of_a_performance_on_stage_from_the_wings.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Kalli wasan kwaikwayo a kan dandamali daga fikafikan]] '''Tsoron da ake ji a wurin''' wasa ko kuma '''tashin hankali a lokacin wasa''' shine [[Anxiety|tsoro]], [[tsoro]], ko kuma tsoro mai ɗorewa wanda mutum zai iya fuskanta ta hanyar buƙatar yin wasa a gaban masu kallo, na gaske ko na tunani, ko da gaske ko kuma mai yiwuwa (misali, lokacin yin wasa a gaban kyamara ). Yin wasa a gaban masu kallo da ba a sani ba na iya haifar da damuwa fiye da yin wasa a gaban fuskokin da aka saba. Akasin haka, wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin damuwa lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban baƙi, amma suna jin tsoro mai tsanani a wurin wasa lokacin da abokai, dangi da abokan aiki suke. Wannan yanayin na iya bayyana har tsawon sa'o'i talatin da shida kafin lokacin, tare da alamun gargajiya kamar tashin zuciya, bushewar baki, da kuma jin kasala a ido. A wasu lokuta, tsoro a mataki na iya zama wani ɓangare na babban tsarin tsoron zamantakewa ( rashin lafiyar zamantakewa ), amma mutane da yawa suna fuskantar tsoro a mataki ba tare da wata matsala ba. Sau da yawa, tsoro a mataki yana tasowa ne kawai a cikin tsammanin wani abu, sau da yawa yana da dogon lokaci a gaba. Yana da alamu da yawa: ƙarar magana, [[tachycardia]], rawar jiki a hannuwa da ƙafafu, gumi a hannu, ciwon jijiyoyi a fuska, bushewar baki, da [[jiri]] . == Mutane da yanayi == Tsoron dandamali na iya faruwa a cikin mutane daban-daban, tun daga waɗanda suka saba zuwa kasancewa a gaban masu sauraro har zuwa waɗanda suka yi hakan tsawon shekaru. Ana gane shi a cikin jama'a. Tsoron dandamali na iya, misali, yin mummunan tasiri ga aikin mutum, ta yadda zai shafi kwarin gwiwarsa yayin hirar aiki, gabatarwa, da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Julie |last2=Goffin |first2=Richard |date=2004 |title=Measuring Job Interview Anxiety: Beyond Weak Knees and Sweaty Palms |journal=Personnel Psychology |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=607–637 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00002.x}}</ref> Hakanan yana shafar 'yan wasa, malamai, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu barkwanci, mawaƙa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyon |first=Amélie J. A. A. |last2=R. K. Studer |last3=H. Hildebrandt |date=August 2020 |title=Music performance anxiety from the challenge and threat perspective: psychophysiological and performance outcomes |url=https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8.pdf |journal=BMC Psychology |volume=8 |issue=87 |page=87 |doi=10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8 |pmc=7448432 |pmid=32843074 |s2cid= |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> da 'yan siyasa. Mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a sadarwa na iya fuskantar tsoro a dandamali, amma wasu mutanen da ke da tsoro a dandamali na yau da kullun suma suna da [[Damuwar jama'a|fargabar zamantakewa]] ko tsoron zamantakewa, wanda a cikinsa ba sabon abu bane jin tsoro na dogon lokaci na damuwa a kowane yanayi na zamantakewa. Ana iya ganin tsoro a dandamali a cikin yanayin makaranta, kamar ayyukan tsayawa tsaye da jawabai na aji. == Tasiri == Idan wani ya fara jin tsoro ko fargaba, sai ya fara jin damuwa. A cewar wata wasika ta Harvard Mental Health, "Damuwa yawanci tana da alamun jiki waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da zuciya mai sauri, bushewar baki, murya mai rawa, ja, rawar jiki, gumi, [[Zufa|rashin]] hankali, da tashin zuciya ". {{Sfn|Beyond Shyness|2003}} Yana sa jiki ya kunna tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne lokacin da jiki ya saki [[adrenaline]] cikin kwararar jini wanda ke haifar da jerin halayen. Wannan martanin jiki ana kiransa da " yaƙi ko gudu ", wani tsari ne da ke faruwa a jiki wanda aka yi don kare kansa daga lahani. "Tsokokin wuya suna matsewa, suna saukar da kai ƙasa da kafadu sama, yayin da tsokoki na baya ke jawo kashin baya zuwa lanƙwasa [[wiktionary:concave|mai lanƙwasa]] . Wannan, bi da bi, yana tura ƙashin ƙugu gaba kuma yana jan al'aura sama, yana jefa jiki zuwa matsayin tayi na gargajiya". {{Sfn|Cyphert|2025}} An kuma lura cewa wannan yana da tasiri akan aikin jima'i da ilimin halittar jiki, wanda wani lokacin ana iya danganta shi da shingayen tunani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-16 |title=Erectile Dysfunction: Why Some Men Are Secretly Afraid of Sex {{!}} The Inspirational Lifestyle |url=https://theinspirationallifestyle.com/erectile-dysfunction-why-some-men-are-secretly-afraid-of-sex/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin tsayayya da wannan matsayi, jiki zai fara girgiza a wurare kamar ƙafafu da hannaye. Wasu abubuwa da dama suna faruwa banda wannan. Tsokoki a jiki suna matsewa, suna sa su yi tsauri kuma a shirye suke su kai hari. Na biyu, "jijiyoyin jini a cikin gaɓoɓinsu suna matsewa". {{Sfn|Cyphert|2005}} Wannan na iya barin mutum da jin sanyin yatsu, yatsun ƙafafu, hanci, da kunnuwa. [[Tashohin jini|Jijiyoyin jini]] masu matsewa kuma suna ba jiki ƙarin jini zuwa ga muhimman gabobin jiki. Rashin motsin rai ya nuna fiye da kashi 50% na bambancin da ke tsakanin mutum ɗaya a cikin damuwa a cikin aiki a cikin mawaƙa, bisa ga bincike kan damuwa a cikin aiki da kuma rawar da hali da gogewa ke takawa a cikin mawaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, wani tattaunawa ya nuna cewa shekaru da yawa na ilimi na yau da kullun na iya magance damuwar aiki da ke da alaƙa da nau'in hali. Ganin yanayi daban-daban, damuwar aiki ta ragu da lokaci, yana nuna cewa salon sa ido kan kai na cikin littafin tarihin rayuwa na iya samun fa'idodi masu amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadler |first=Michael E. |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher J. |date=2010 |title=Performance Anxiety: A Longitudinal Study of the Roles of Personality and Experience in Musicians |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247789714 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=280–287 |doi=10.1177/1948550610370492 |issn=1948-5506 |via=Research Gate}}</ref> == Magani == Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi shahara a maganin tsoro a matakin mataki ya haɗa da amfani da masu toshewar beta . Ana rubuta Propranolol a wasu lokutan ba tare da laƙabi ba don magance damuwar aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davidson |first=JR |date=2006 |title=Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder: what does the evidence tell us? |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=67 |issue=Suppl 12 |pages=20–6 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.002 |pmid=17092192}}</ref> A matsayin maganin hana beta, propranolol yana hana [[adrenaline]] (epinephrine) da aka saki yayin amsawar jiki " faɗa ko tashi " daga haɗuwa da zuciya, huhu da sauran sassan jiki. Wannan yana rage ko kawar da alamun jiki na damuwa na aiki, gami da ƙaruwar bugun zuciya ( [[tachycardia]] ), numfashi mai sauri ( hawan iska ), bushewar baki, rawar jiki, murya mai rawa, da gumi. Propranolol ba magani ne da aka amince da shi a hukumance don damuwa na aiki ba; duk da haka, nazarin da ya gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elman |first=M. J. |last2=Sugar |first2=J. |last3=Fiscella |first3=R. |last4=Deutsch |first4=T. A. |last5=Noth |first5=J. |last6=Nyberg |first6=M. |last7=Packo |first7=K. |last8=Anderson |first8=R. J. |date=1998 |title=The effect of propranolol versus placebo on resident surgical performance |journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society |volume=96 |pages=283–291; discussion 291–294 |issn=0065-9533 |pmc=1298399 |pmid=10360293}}</ref> da gogewar marasa lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Propranolol User Reviews for Performance Anxiety |url=https://www.drugs.com/comments/propranolol/for-performance-anxiety.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> sun nuna cewa maganin sau da yawa yana da tasiri sosai wajen rage alamun damuwa na jiki. Propranolol ba ya taimakawa tare da alamun damuwa na tunani, gami da jin motsin rai na tsoro tunda maganin ba ya canza ilimin halittar kwakwalwa ba kamar magungunan da aka tsara wa wasu nau'ikan damuwa kamar magungunan rage radadi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=What To Know About Using Propranolol for Performance Anxiety |url=https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/propranolol-for-anxiety |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=GoodRX Health}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=How quickly does propranolol work for anxiety? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-quickly-does-propranolol-work-for-anxiety |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGinn |first=Daniel |date=2017-08-04 |title=Can This Drug Cure Performance Anxiety? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/08/can-a-drug-make-you-a-better-speaker/535845/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Akwai kuma hanyoyin magance damuwar aiki ba tare da amfani da magani ba. Shakatawa jiki da numfashi mai zurfi, shirya kansa a hankali, da kuma mayar da hankalin mutum hanyoyi ne da za su iya taimakawa wajen rage fargabar mataki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conquering Stage Fright {{!}} Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA |url=https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder/treatment/conquering-stage-fright#:~:text=Practice%20ways%20to%20calm%20and,alcohol%20as%20much%20as%20possible |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=adaa.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana iya amfani da barasa don rage damuwa, wasu nau'ikan magani sun fi kyau wajen magance fargabar mataki. Shan barasa na iya shafar aikin mutum kuma ya haifar da raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin tunani gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Joshua |title=Stage Fright {{!}} Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/eeseniordesignhandbook/2014/stage-fright/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutane masu shahara == Mutane da yawa da suka shahara a fagen wasan kwaikwayo sun fuskanci tsoro a dandamali kuma sun sami damar shawo kan matsalarsu, ciki har da Ariel Pink, Al Jolson, Lily Pons, Rob Halford, Brian Wilson, Virginia O'Brien, Michael Gambon, Steve Perry, Geoff Tate, Grimes, Lorde, Carly Simon, [1] Jason Alexander, Mose Allison, Maya Angelou, David Brenner, Peter Coyote, Olympia Dukakis, Jani Lane, Richard Lewis, Roy Orbison, [2] Barbra Streisand, [3] Adele, David Warner, [4] Niall Horan, Frankie Howerd, Mike Yarwood, Ian Holm, [5] Lady Gaga, Mariah Carey, Frankie Boyle, [6] Peter Gabriel, Donald Fagen, John Lydon, Meg White (wanda ya yi tsauri sosai har ya kai ta ga yin wasa da wuri). ritaya daga masana'antar kiɗa) da Amanda Seyfried . [7] A wasu lokuta, shahararrun taurari sun sha wahala wajen jure damuwarsu. Hugh Grant ya ce yayin da yake fitowa a fim din ''Music and Lyrics'' na 2007 cewa "ya yi dukkan fim din cike da lorazepam ." == Duba kuma == * Camera shyness – Desire to avoid being photographed or filmed * Choke (sports) – Sports term * Counterphobic attitude – Seeking out the source of one's fear to overcome it * Glossophobia – Fear of public speaking * Scopophobia – Fear of being stared at * Test anxiety – Anxiety or stress triggered by exams * White coat syndrome == Manazarta == osdyajw1j0w2trrk0lufkhpozkrzotw Hypseleotris cyprinoides 0 158368 859911 2026-06-18T11:01:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314637071|Hypseleotris cyprinoides]]" 859911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Hypseleotris cyprinoides.jpg|status=DD|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Larson, H. |date=2019 |title=''Hypseleotris cyprinoides'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T63355A138117006 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T63355A138117006.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Hypseleotris cyprinoides|authority=([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1837)|synonyms=* ''Eleotris cyprinoides'' <small>Valenciennes, 1837</small> * ''Asterropteryx cyprinoides'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1837)</small> * ''Hypseleotris bipartita'' <small>[[Albert William Herre|Herre]], 1927</small> * ''Hypseleotris dayi'' <small>[[J. L. B. Smith]], 1950</small> * ''Hypseleotris tohizonae'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1880)</small> * ''Eleotris tohizonae'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1880</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Hypseleotris|cyprinoides|month=June|year=2018}}</ref>}} '''''Hypseleotris cyprinoides''''', nau'in '''kifi mai kama da carp-gudgeon''' ko '''bitterling-gudgeon na wurare masu zafi''', nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Eleotridae da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku mai sabo, mai launin ruwan kasa, da kuma ruwan teku daga [[Afirka]] ta hanyar kudancin [[Asiya]] zuwa [[Jerin tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific|Tsibirin Pacific]] . Wannan nau'in [[Gudun kifi|kifi mai kama da ruwa]] zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8|cm|in}} . An cire shi daga tsibirin Réunion na Tekun Indiya, == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ilt69x4o0b2zsmbdmdyrr2uta3du9y6 859915 859911 2026-06-18T11:02:56Z Engineer014 44591 859915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Hypseleotris cyprinoides''''', nau'in '''kifi mai kama da carp-gudgeon''' ko '''bitterling-gudgeon na wurare masu zafi''', nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Eleotridae da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku mai sabo, mai launin ruwan kasa, da kuma ruwan teku daga [[Afirka]] ta hanyar kudancin [[Asiya]] zuwa [[Jerin tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific|Tsibirin Pacific]] . Wannan nau'in [[Gudun kifi|kifi mai kama da ruwa]] zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8|cm|in}} . An cire shi daga tsibirin Réunion na Tekun Indiya, == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 309t2tfw7uwv2srbsc549fnf7oddvyq Takamaiman tsoron zamantakewa 0 158369 859913 2026-06-18T11:02:12Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333598793|Specific social phobia]]" 859913 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwararrun [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|likitocin kwakwalwa]] sau da yawa suna bambanta tsakanin tsoron jama'a na gama gari da kuma '''tsoron jama'a na musamman''' . <ref name="crozier" /> Mutanen da ke da tsoron jama'a na gama gari suna da babban damuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa. Waɗanda ke da tsoron jama'a na musamman za su iya fuskantar damuwa ne kawai a cikin 'yan yanayi kaɗan. <ref name="crozier">Crozier, W. Ray; Alden, Lynn E. ''International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness''. New York John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK), 2001. {{ISBN|0-471-49129-2}}.</ref> Kalmar "tsoron jama'a na musamman" kuma na iya nufin takamaiman nau'ikan [[damuwar jama'a]] marasa asibiti. Manyan abubuwan da suka fi haifar da fargabar zamantakewa sune glossophobia (tsoron yin magana a bainar jama'a) da kuma tsoro a kan dandamali (tsoron yin aiki). Wasu kuma sun haɗa da tsoron kusanci ko saduwa da mutane ta hanyar jima'i, amfani da bandakuna na jama'a ( paruresis ), halartar tarurrukan jama'a, amfani da waya, da kuma mu'amala da manyan mutane. Ana iya rarraba takamaiman tsoron zamantakewa zuwa cikin fargabar aiki da fargabar hulɗa, watau, tsoron yin aiki a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa da kuma mu'amala da wasu mutane, bi da bi. Dalilin tsoron zamantakewa ba a tabbatar da shi ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hitchcock |first=Carla A. |last2=Chavira |first2=Denise A. |last3=Stein |first3=Murray B. |date=2009 |title=Recent Findings in Social Phobia among Children and Adolescents |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=34–44 |issn=0333-7308 |pmc=2925835 |pmid=19728571}}</ref> Alamomin tsoron zamantakewa na iya faruwa a ƙarshen [[samartaka]] lokacin da matasa suka daraja ra'ayoyin da suke bayarwa ga takwarorinsu. Kwarewar asibiti game da hasashen tsoron zamantakewa ya nuna cewa yana iya tsawaita tsawon shekaru amma yana inganta a tsakiyar rayuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lijster |first=Jasmijn M. |last2=Dierckx |first2=Bram |last3=Utens |first3=Elisabeth M.W.J. |last4=Verhulst |first4=Frank C. |last5=Zieldorff |first5=Carola |last6=Dieleman |first6=Gwen C. |last7=Legerstee |first7=Jeroen S. |date=April 2017 |title=The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.1177/0706743716640757 |issn=0706-7437 |pmc=5407545 |pmid=27310233}}</ref> == Magani == Maganin fargabar zamantakewa yawanci ya ƙunshi ilimin psychotherapy, magani, ko duka biyun. === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Ana amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) sau da yawa don magance tsoron zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otte |first=Christian |date=December 2011 |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety disorders: current state of the evidence |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/cotte |issn=1294-8322 |pmc=3263389 |pmid=22275847}}</ref> CBT yana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don inganta mutum (wanda aka gano yana da tsoron zamantakewa), hanyoyin tunani, hali da kuma jurewa a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa wanda ke haifar da mutum ga damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Priyamvada |first=Richa |last2=Kumari |first2=Sapna |last3=Prakash |first3=Jai |last4=Chaudhury |first4=Suprakash |date=2009 |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of social phobia |journal=Industrial Psychiatry Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=60–63 |doi=10.4103/0972-6748.57863 |issn=0972-6748 |pmc=3016703 |pmid=21234166 |doi-access=free}}</ref> CBT yana da nufin inganta damuwa, tsoro, da damuwa ta mutum ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa da muhalli. CBT yawanci ana yin ta ne ta hanyar zaman mutum ɗaya, amma an kammala zaman rukuni ta hanyar CBT. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |language=en}}</ref> === Magani === Ana yawan rubuta magungunan rage damuwa da rage damuwa don magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa. Magungunan rage damuwa na serotonin (SSRIs) kamar sertraline, fluvoxamine, da paroxetine sune magungunan rage damuwa da ake amfani da su don magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa. Bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan magungunan SSRI suna da tasiri mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da gwaje-gwajen placebo, duk da haka ba duk mutane ne aka yi su a cikin girma ɗaya ba ko kuma suka sami irin wannan jin daɗi. Waɗannan magungunan SSRI sun sami sakamako mai kyau bayan makonni 12 na amfani, idan aka kwatanta da placebo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Canton |first=John |date=May 3, 2012 |title=Optimal treatment of social phobia: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=8 |pages=203–215 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S23317 |pmc=3363138 |pmid=22665997 |doi-access=free}}</ref> MAOI Nardil ( phenelzine sulfate ) yana aiki sosai wajen magance fargabar zamantakewa kuma galibi ana kiransa da "ma'aunin zinare" don fargabar zamantakewa saboda tsarinsa na musamman don ƙara GABA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nardil Social Anxiety & Depression Information - |url=https://nardil.org/ |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=nardil.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Marasa lafiya da suka guji wasu yanayi ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari sosai don su fuskanci waɗannan yanayi yayin da suke shan maganin rage damuwa. Maganin rage damuwa yana taimaka wa majiyyaci ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa ko na sana'a kafin magani mai ɗorewa ya yi tasiri, don haka yana ba da sauƙi na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma maganin rage damuwa yana da haɗarin dogaro. Magungunan hana beta-adrenergic suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa bugun zuciya da rawar jiki waɗanda ba sa amsawa ga maganin rage damuwa. == Yaɗuwa == A da, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin lamuran tabin hankali, ana ɗaukar cewa tsoron zamantakewa cuta ce da ba kasafai ake samunta ba. Yanzu an fahimci cewa wannan hanyar kimantawa ba ta dace ba, saboda mutanen da ke fama da tsoron zamantakewa ba sa neman taimakon tabin hankali saboda yanayin cutar su. Wata hanyar da ta fi inganci da ake amfani da ita yanzu ita ce binciken al'umma. [1] Bincike daban-daban sun nuna cewa ciwon glossophobia shine nau'in da ya fi yawa. Wani labarin da aka yi bisa ga Binciken Cututtuka na Ƙasa ya ruwaito cewa 1/3 na mutanen da ke fama da phobia ta zamantakewa ta rayuwa suna da glossophobia Wani bincike da aka yi kan wani samfurin al'umma daga wani birni na Kanada ya ba da rahoton cewa daga cikin mutanen da suka yi imanin cewa suna cikin damuwa a cikin yanayi ɗaya ko fiye na zamantakewa, 55% suna jin tsoron yin magana da babban taron jama'a, 25% suna jin tsoron yin magana da ƙaramin rukuni na mutanen da suka saba, 23% suna jin tsoron mu'amala da hukuma, 14.5% suna jin tsoron tarukan jama'a, 14% suna jin tsoron yin magana da baƙi, 7% suna jin tsoron cin abinci da 5% suna jin tsoron rubutu a bainar jama'a. == Duba kuma == * Takamaiman tsoro == Manazarta == 2ilzippdkjn8exrvc8v7s5yeo7grzmo 859914 859913 2026-06-18T11:02:30Z Sardeeq 39275 859914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kwararrun [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|likitocin kwakwalwa]] sau da yawa suna bambanta tsakanin tsoron jama'a na gama gari da kuma '''tsoron jama'a na musamman''' . <ref name="crozier" /> Mutanen da ke da tsoron jama'a na gama gari suna da babban damuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa. Waɗanda ke da tsoron jama'a na musamman za su iya fuskantar damuwa ne kawai a cikin 'yan yanayi kaɗan. <ref name="crozier">Crozier, W. Ray; Alden, Lynn E. ''International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness''. New York John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK), 2001. {{ISBN|0-471-49129-2}}.</ref> Kalmar "tsoron jama'a na musamman" kuma na iya nufin takamaiman nau'ikan [[damuwar jama'a]] marasa asibiti. Manyan abubuwan da suka fi haifar da fargabar zamantakewa sune glossophobia (tsoron yin magana a bainar jama'a) da kuma tsoro a kan dandamali (tsoron yin aiki). Wasu kuma sun haɗa da tsoron kusanci ko saduwa da mutane ta hanyar jima'i, amfani da bandakuna na jama'a ( paruresis ), halartar tarurrukan jama'a, amfani da waya, da kuma mu'amala da manyan mutane. Ana iya rarraba takamaiman tsoron zamantakewa zuwa cikin fargabar aiki da fargabar hulɗa, watau, tsoron yin aiki a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa da kuma mu'amala da wasu mutane, bi da bi. Dalilin tsoron zamantakewa ba a tabbatar da shi ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hitchcock |first=Carla A. |last2=Chavira |first2=Denise A. |last3=Stein |first3=Murray B. |date=2009 |title=Recent Findings in Social Phobia among Children and Adolescents |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=34–44 |issn=0333-7308 |pmc=2925835 |pmid=19728571}}</ref> Alamomin tsoron zamantakewa na iya faruwa a ƙarshen [[samartaka]] lokacin da matasa suka daraja ra'ayoyin da suke bayarwa ga takwarorinsu. Kwarewar asibiti game da hasashen tsoron zamantakewa ya nuna cewa yana iya tsawaita tsawon shekaru amma yana inganta a tsakiyar rayuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lijster |first=Jasmijn M. |last2=Dierckx |first2=Bram |last3=Utens |first3=Elisabeth M.W.J. |last4=Verhulst |first4=Frank C. |last5=Zieldorff |first5=Carola |last6=Dieleman |first6=Gwen C. |last7=Legerstee |first7=Jeroen S. |date=April 2017 |title=The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.1177/0706743716640757 |issn=0706-7437 |pmc=5407545 |pmid=27310233}}</ref> == Magani == Maganin fargabar zamantakewa yawanci ya ƙunshi ilimin psychotherapy, magani, ko duka biyun. === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Ana amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) sau da yawa don magance tsoron zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otte |first=Christian |date=December 2011 |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety disorders: current state of the evidence |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/cotte |issn=1294-8322 |pmc=3263389 |pmid=22275847}}</ref> CBT yana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don inganta mutum (wanda aka gano yana da tsoron zamantakewa), hanyoyin tunani, hali da kuma jurewa a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa wanda ke haifar da mutum ga damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Priyamvada |first=Richa |last2=Kumari |first2=Sapna |last3=Prakash |first3=Jai |last4=Chaudhury |first4=Suprakash |date=2009 |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of social phobia |journal=Industrial Psychiatry Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=60–63 |doi=10.4103/0972-6748.57863 |issn=0972-6748 |pmc=3016703 |pmid=21234166 |doi-access=free}}</ref> CBT yana da nufin inganta damuwa, tsoro, da damuwa ta mutum ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa da muhalli. CBT yawanci ana yin ta ne ta hanyar zaman mutum ɗaya, amma an kammala zaman rukuni ta hanyar CBT. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |language=en}}</ref> === Magani === Ana yawan rubuta magungunan rage damuwa da rage damuwa don magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa. Magungunan rage damuwa na serotonin (SSRIs) kamar sertraline, fluvoxamine, da paroxetine sune magungunan rage damuwa da ake amfani da su don magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa. Bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan magungunan SSRI suna da tasiri mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da gwaje-gwajen placebo, duk da haka ba duk mutane ne aka yi su a cikin girma ɗaya ba ko kuma suka sami irin wannan jin daɗi. Waɗannan magungunan SSRI sun sami sakamako mai kyau bayan makonni 12 na amfani, idan aka kwatanta da placebo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Canton |first=John |date=May 3, 2012 |title=Optimal treatment of social phobia: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=8 |pages=203–215 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S23317 |pmc=3363138 |pmid=22665997 |doi-access=free}}</ref> MAOI Nardil ( phenelzine sulfate ) yana aiki sosai wajen magance fargabar zamantakewa kuma galibi ana kiransa da "ma'aunin zinare" don fargabar zamantakewa saboda tsarinsa na musamman don ƙara GABA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nardil Social Anxiety & Depression Information - |url=https://nardil.org/ |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=nardil.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Marasa lafiya da suka guji wasu yanayi ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari sosai don su fuskanci waɗannan yanayi yayin da suke shan maganin rage damuwa. Maganin rage damuwa yana taimaka wa majiyyaci ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa ko na sana'a kafin magani mai ɗorewa ya yi tasiri, don haka yana ba da sauƙi na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma maganin rage damuwa yana da haɗarin dogaro. Magungunan hana beta-adrenergic suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa bugun zuciya da rawar jiki waɗanda ba sa amsawa ga maganin rage damuwa. == Yaɗuwa == A da, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin lamuran tabin hankali, ana ɗaukar cewa tsoron zamantakewa cuta ce da ba kasafai ake samunta ba. Yanzu an fahimci cewa wannan hanyar kimantawa ba ta dace ba, saboda mutanen da ke fama da tsoron zamantakewa ba sa neman taimakon tabin hankali saboda yanayin cutar su. Wata hanyar da ta fi inganci da ake amfani da ita yanzu ita ce binciken al'umma. [1] Bincike daban-daban sun nuna cewa ciwon glossophobia shine nau'in da ya fi yawa. Wani labarin da aka yi bisa ga Binciken Cututtuka na Ƙasa ya ruwaito cewa 1/3 na mutanen da ke fama da phobia ta zamantakewa ta rayuwa suna da glossophobia Wani bincike da aka yi kan wani samfurin al'umma daga wani birni na Kanada ya ba da rahoton cewa daga cikin mutanen da suka yi imanin cewa suna cikin damuwa a cikin yanayi ɗaya ko fiye na zamantakewa, 55% suna jin tsoron yin magana da babban taron jama'a, 25% suna jin tsoron yin magana da ƙaramin rukuni na mutanen da suka saba, 23% suna jin tsoron mu'amala da hukuma, 14.5% suna jin tsoron tarukan jama'a, 14% suna jin tsoron yin magana da baƙi, 7% suna jin tsoron cin abinci da 5% suna jin tsoron rubutu a bainar jama'a. == Duba kuma == * Takamaiman tsoro == Manazarta == 9x87n7ms00szu3asbeuunuz1qzvsbgq Apeirophobia 0 158370 859917 2026-06-18T11:03:33Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359020770|Apeirophobia]]" 859917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apeirophobia''' / / ə ˈp iː rə ˈ f oʊ b i ˈə / ə-PEER -ə- FOH - BEE -ə ; daga Ancient Greek ) shine takamaiman tsoron rashin iyaka, har abada, rashin iyaka, ko wanda ba a iya ƙidayawa ba kuma ana kiransa da '''tsoron rashin iyaka''', '''tsoron har abada''', ko '''tsoron rashin iyaka''', yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi kuma wani lokacin yana haifar [[Harin tsoro|da hare-haren tsoro]] daga tunanin da ke shiga tsakani na rashin iyaka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=Understand Apeirophobia: Fear of infinity |url=https://exploringyourmind.com/apeirophobia-fear-infinity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113164254/https://exploringyourmind.com/apeirophobia-fear-infinity/ |archive-date=2020-11-13 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Exploring your mind |language=en}}</ref> Yawanci yana farawa ne a [[Samartaka|lokacin samartaka]] ko a farkon lokacin kuma a halin yanzu ba a san yadda yake faruwa ba akan lokaci. Ana iya haifar da tsoron Apeirophobia ta hanyar tsoro game da rayuwa ta har abada ko mantawa bayan mutuwa. Saboda haka, sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da thanatophobia (tsoron mutuwa), chronophobia (tsoron lokaci ko wucewar lokaci), nihilophobia, da sauran tsoro na wanzuwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Azarian |first=Bobby |date=2016-09-01 |title=Apeirophobia: The Fear of Eternity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/apeirophobia-the-fear-of-eternity/498368/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023165233/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/apeirophobia-the-fear-of-eternity/498368/ |archive-date=2022-10-23 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-28 |title=Apeirophobia – The Fear of Infinity |url=https://practicalpie.com/apeirophobia/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Practical Psychology |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu fama da cutar galibi suna ba da rahoton jin rashin fahimta wanda zai iya haifar da fahimtar gaskiya mai kama da mafarki ko karkatacciyar hanya. OCD na wanzuwa wani lokacin na iya zama sanadin tunanin da ke cike da damuwa game da rashin iyaka ko har abada, wanda zai iya haifar da ko haifar da apeirophobia. Kamar sauran tsoro, apeirophobia na iya danganta da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]] ko rashin ƙarfi na obsessive-compulsive . <ref name=":1" /> Martin Wiener, farfesa a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar George Mason, ya yi hasashen cewa rashin son kai na nuna tsoron wani abu da ba a sani ba a nan gaba, kamar yadda tsoron tsufa ke nunawa . Akwai ƙarancin bincike kan wannan tsoro. Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da shi ba a cikin DSM-5, ya cika sharuɗɗan su na wani takamaiman phobia, wanda wani nau'in cuta ne na damuwa. [1] Babu wasu hanyoyin magani da aka tsara musamman don magance apeirophobia, [2] kodayake wasu apeirophobes sun amfana daga magungunan hana damuwa ko maganin halayyar fahimta . [3] == Duba kuma == * Apeiron * Rikicin Rayuwa * Jerin tsoro == Manazarta == 5stnkxn1qczeavavuas8bx3x3mql46o 859919 859917 2026-06-18T11:03:56Z Sardeeq 39275 859919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Apeirophobia''' / / ə ˈp iː rə ˈ f oʊ b i ˈə / ə-PEER -ə- FOH - BEE -ə ; daga Ancient Greek ) shine takamaiman tsoron rashin iyaka, har abada, rashin iyaka, ko wanda ba a iya ƙidayawa ba kuma ana kiransa da '''tsoron rashin iyaka''', '''tsoron har abada''', ko '''tsoron rashin iyaka''', yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi kuma wani lokacin yana haifar [[Harin tsoro|da hare-haren tsoro]] daga tunanin da ke shiga tsakani na rashin iyaka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=Understand Apeirophobia: Fear of infinity |url=https://exploringyourmind.com/apeirophobia-fear-infinity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113164254/https://exploringyourmind.com/apeirophobia-fear-infinity/ |archive-date=2020-11-13 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Exploring your mind |language=en}}</ref> Yawanci yana farawa ne a [[Samartaka|lokacin samartaka]] ko a farkon lokacin kuma a halin yanzu ba a san yadda yake faruwa ba akan lokaci. Ana iya haifar da tsoron Apeirophobia ta hanyar tsoro game da rayuwa ta har abada ko mantawa bayan mutuwa. Saboda haka, sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da thanatophobia (tsoron mutuwa), chronophobia (tsoron lokaci ko wucewar lokaci), nihilophobia, da sauran tsoro na wanzuwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Azarian |first=Bobby |date=2016-09-01 |title=Apeirophobia: The Fear of Eternity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/apeirophobia-the-fear-of-eternity/498368/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023165233/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/apeirophobia-the-fear-of-eternity/498368/ |archive-date=2022-10-23 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-28 |title=Apeirophobia – The Fear of Infinity |url=https://practicalpie.com/apeirophobia/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Practical Psychology |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu fama da cutar galibi suna ba da rahoton jin rashin fahimta wanda zai iya haifar da fahimtar gaskiya mai kama da mafarki ko karkatacciyar hanya. OCD na wanzuwa wani lokacin na iya zama sanadin tunanin da ke cike da damuwa game da rashin iyaka ko har abada, wanda zai iya haifar da ko haifar da apeirophobia. Kamar sauran tsoro, apeirophobia na iya danganta da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]] ko rashin ƙarfi na obsessive-compulsive . <ref name=":1" /> Martin Wiener, farfesa a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar George Mason, ya yi hasashen cewa rashin son kai na nuna tsoron wani abu da ba a sani ba a nan gaba, kamar yadda tsoron tsufa ke nunawa . Akwai ƙarancin bincike kan wannan tsoro. Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da shi ba a cikin DSM-5, ya cika sharuɗɗan su na wani takamaiman phobia, wanda wani nau'in cuta ne na damuwa. [1] Babu wasu hanyoyin magani da aka tsara musamman don magance apeirophobia, [2] kodayake wasu apeirophobes sun amfana daga magungunan hana damuwa ko maganin halayyar fahimta . [3] == Duba kuma == * Apeiron * Rikicin Rayuwa * Jerin tsoro == Manazarta == 1fdbon45t7v75r3z37uugw82dirk8l0 Ma'aunin Damuwa a Cikin Damuwa 0 158371 859920 2026-06-18T11:05:40Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340237470|Depression Anxiety Stress Scales]]" 859920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sikelin Damuwa na Damuwa (DASS)''' jerin tambayoyi ne guda uku da suka shafi rahoton kai da kai, tare da jimillar abubuwa 42. <ref name="ref2">{{Cite journal |last=Lovibond |first=P.F. |last2=Lovibond, S.H. |date=March 1995 |title=The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U |pmid=7726811}}</ref> Kowace tambaya an kimanta ta ne akan ma'aunin Likert mai maki huɗu, ko dai mita ko tsananin abubuwan da mahalarta suka fuskanta a makon da ya gabata, don jaddada yanayi fiye da halaye. Waɗannan maki sun kama daga sifili, ma'ana abokin ciniki ya yi imanin cewa abun "bai shafe su ba kwata-kwata", zuwa huɗu, ma'ana abokin ciniki ya yi la'akari da abun "ya shafi su sosai ko mafi yawan lokaci". Haka kuma an jaddada a cikin umarnin cewa babu amsoshi na gaskiya ko na kuskure. == Sikeli == Jimlar abubuwa 14 masu dacewa ga kowane ma'auni ya ƙunshi maki na mahalarta na kowanne daga cikin [[Babban rashin damuwa|Baƙin Ciki]], [[Anxiety|Damuwa]], da [[Damuwa (biology)|Damuwa]], <ref name="ref2">{{Cite journal |last=Lovibond |first=P.F. |last2=Lovibond, S.H. |date=March 1995 |title=The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U |pmid=7726811}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLovibondLovibond,_S.H.1995">Lovibond, P.F.; Lovibond, S.H. (March 1995). "The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories". ''Behaviour Research and Therapy''. '''33''' (3): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>343. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U|10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7726811 7726811].</cite></ref> gami da abubuwa kamar "Ban taɓa jin wani jin daɗi ko kaɗan ba", "Na san bushewar bakina" da kuma "Na ga yana da wahala in faɗi" a cikin tsarin ma'aunin. An tsara jerin abubuwa 42 don kada a haɗa abubuwa iri ɗaya. Sannan kowane ma'aunin ya kasu kashi-kashi wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu zuwa biyar kowannensu. Ma'aunin '''Damuwa''' yana da ƙananan ma'auni waɗanda ke tantance rashin lafiya, rashin bege, raguwar darajar rayuwa, rashin son kai, rashin sha'awa/shiga ciki, rashin hankali, da rashin kuzari . Ma'aunin '''Damuwa''' yana tantance motsin rai na kai tsaye, tasirin tsokoki na ƙashi, damuwa ta yanayi, da kuma ƙwarewar mutum game da tasirin damuwa. Ƙananan ma'aunin sikelin '''damuwa''' yana nuna matakan motsin rai mara lokaci ta hanyar wahalar shakatawa, motsin rai na jijiyoyi, da kuma saurin fushi/tashin hankali, fushi/mai yawan amsawa, da kuma rashin haƙuri. == Manufa == Babban manufar DASS ita ce a ware tare da gano ɓangarorin rikicewar motsin rai, misali, don tantance tsananin manyan alamomin baƙin ciki, damuwa, ko damuwa. Manufofin farko na tsarin sikelin sune bayyana cikakken jerin manyan alamomin baƙin ciki da damuwa, cika ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na isasshen ilimin halin ɗan adam, da kuma haɓaka mafi girman wariya tsakanin ma'aunin damuwa na baƙin ciki. Duk da cewa mutane ba tare da cancantar ilimin halin ɗan adam ba za su iya gudanar da DASS kuma su sami maki, ana ba da shawarar cewa ƙwararren likita ne ya yanke fassarar da yanke shawara bisa ga sakamako tare da wasu nau'ikan kimantawa. [1] == Ci gaba == Masu bincike a Jami'ar New South Wales ( [[Asturaliya|Australia]] ) ne suka ƙirƙiro Ma'aunin Damuwa, Damuwa, da Damuwa. An ƙirƙiro gwajin ta amfani da samfurin amsoshi daga kwatancen sakamakon gwaji guda 504 da ɗalibai suka yi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga babban samfurin amsoshin ɗaliban jami'a 950 na shekarar farko. Daga nan aka daidaita gwajin a kan samfurin maza 1044 da mata 1870 masu shekaru tsakanin 17 zuwa 69, a tsakanin mahalarta daban-daban, ciki har da ɗaliban jami'a, ma'aikatan jinya a cikin horo, da ma'aikata masu launin shuɗi da fari na babban kamfanin jirgin sama, banki, wurin bita na jirgin ƙasa, da tashar jiragen ruwa . Daga baya an duba sakamakon don tabbatar da inganci ga ƙungiyoyin da ke fita daga asibiti, ciki har da marasa lafiya da ke fama da damuwa da damuwa, marasa lafiya da ke [[Ciwon zuciya|fama da bugun zuciya]], marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin barci, da kuma marasa lafiya da ke shan magani don matsalolin jima'i, na mazan jiya, da na damuwa. Duk da cewa ba a daidaita gwajin a kan samfuran da ba su kai shekaru 17 ba, saboda sauƙin harshe, babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi da ta nuna cewa ana amfani da ma'aunin don kwatantawa da yara ƙanana kamar 12 . <ref name="ref1" /> Maki na aminci na ma'aunin dangane da ma'aunin alpha na Cronbach sun kimanta ma'aunin damuwa a 0.91, ma'aunin damuwa a 0.84, da ma'aunin damuwa a 0.90 a cikin samfurin al'ada. Ma'auni da karkacewar daidaito na kowane ma'auni sune 6.34 da 6.97 don baƙin ciki, 4.7 da 4.91 don damuwa, da kuma 10.11 da 7.91 don damuwa, bi da bi. Ma'aunin maki a cikin samfurin al'ada ya bambanta kaɗan tsakanin jinsi da kuma bambanta dangane da shekaru, kodayake ma'aunin maki don rarrabuwa ba ya canzawa ta waɗannan bambance-bambancen. <ref name="ref1" /> Ma'aunin Damuwa da Damuwa sun cika ƙa'idar ma'auni na 0.9 don bincike; duk da haka, ma'aunin Damuwa har yanzu ya cika ƙa'idodin 0.7 don aikace-aikacen asibiti kuma har yanzu yana kusa da 0.9 da ake buƙata don bincike. == Duba kuma == * Gwajin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam == Manazarta == jib7ogdqnaro3qt2unlq88jdrdo747a 859922 859920 2026-06-18T11:06:04Z Sardeeq 39275 859922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sikelin Damuwa na Damuwa (DASS)''' jerin tambayoyi ne guda uku da suka shafi rahoton kai da kai, tare da jimillar abubuwa 42. <ref name="ref2">{{Cite journal |last=Lovibond |first=P.F. |last2=Lovibond, S.H. |date=March 1995 |title=The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U |pmid=7726811}}</ref> Kowace tambaya an kimanta ta ne akan ma'aunin Likert mai maki huɗu, ko dai mita ko tsananin abubuwan da mahalarta suka fuskanta a makon da ya gabata, don jaddada yanayi fiye da halaye. Waɗannan maki sun kama daga sifili, ma'ana abokin ciniki ya yi imanin cewa abun "bai shafe su ba kwata-kwata", zuwa huɗu, ma'ana abokin ciniki ya yi la'akari da abun "ya shafi su sosai ko mafi yawan lokaci". Haka kuma an jaddada a cikin umarnin cewa babu amsoshi na gaskiya ko na kuskure. == Sikeli == Jimlar abubuwa 14 masu dacewa ga kowane ma'auni ya ƙunshi maki na mahalarta na kowanne daga cikin [[Babban rashin damuwa|Baƙin Ciki]], [[Anxiety|Damuwa]], da [[Damuwa (biology)|Damuwa]], <ref name="ref2">{{Cite journal |last=Lovibond |first=P.F. |last2=Lovibond, S.H. |date=March 1995 |title=The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U |pmid=7726811}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLovibondLovibond,_S.H.1995">Lovibond, P.F.; Lovibond, S.H. (March 1995). "The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories". ''Behaviour Research and Therapy''. '''33''' (3): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>343. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U|10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7726811 7726811].</cite></ref> gami da abubuwa kamar "Ban taɓa jin wani jin daɗi ko kaɗan ba", "Na san bushewar bakina" da kuma "Na ga yana da wahala in faɗi" a cikin tsarin ma'aunin. An tsara jerin abubuwa 42 don kada a haɗa abubuwa iri ɗaya. Sannan kowane ma'aunin ya kasu kashi-kashi wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu zuwa biyar kowannensu. Ma'aunin '''Damuwa''' yana da ƙananan ma'auni waɗanda ke tantance rashin lafiya, rashin bege, raguwar darajar rayuwa, rashin son kai, rashin sha'awa/shiga ciki, rashin hankali, da rashin kuzari . Ma'aunin '''Damuwa''' yana tantance motsin rai na kai tsaye, tasirin tsokoki na ƙashi, damuwa ta yanayi, da kuma ƙwarewar mutum game da tasirin damuwa. Ƙananan ma'aunin sikelin '''damuwa''' yana nuna matakan motsin rai mara lokaci ta hanyar wahalar shakatawa, motsin rai na jijiyoyi, da kuma saurin fushi/tashin hankali, fushi/mai yawan amsawa, da kuma rashin haƙuri. == Manufa == Babban manufar DASS ita ce a ware tare da gano ɓangarorin rikicewar motsin rai, misali, don tantance tsananin manyan alamomin baƙin ciki, damuwa, ko damuwa. Manufofin farko na tsarin sikelin sune bayyana cikakken jerin manyan alamomin baƙin ciki da damuwa, cika ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na isasshen ilimin halin ɗan adam, da kuma haɓaka mafi girman wariya tsakanin ma'aunin damuwa na baƙin ciki. Duk da cewa mutane ba tare da cancantar ilimin halin ɗan adam ba za su iya gudanar da DASS kuma su sami maki, ana ba da shawarar cewa ƙwararren likita ne ya yanke fassarar da yanke shawara bisa ga sakamako tare da wasu nau'ikan kimantawa. [1] == Ci gaba == Masu bincike a Jami'ar New South Wales ( [[Asturaliya|Australia]] ) ne suka ƙirƙiro Ma'aunin Damuwa, Damuwa, da Damuwa. An ƙirƙiro gwajin ta amfani da samfurin amsoshi daga kwatancen sakamakon gwaji guda 504 da ɗalibai suka yi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga babban samfurin amsoshin ɗaliban jami'a 950 na shekarar farko. Daga nan aka daidaita gwajin a kan samfurin maza 1044 da mata 1870 masu shekaru tsakanin 17 zuwa 69, a tsakanin mahalarta daban-daban, ciki har da ɗaliban jami'a, ma'aikatan jinya a cikin horo, da ma'aikata masu launin shuɗi da fari na babban kamfanin jirgin sama, banki, wurin bita na jirgin ƙasa, da tashar jiragen ruwa . Daga baya an duba sakamakon don tabbatar da inganci ga ƙungiyoyin da ke fita daga asibiti, ciki har da marasa lafiya da ke fama da damuwa da damuwa, marasa lafiya da ke [[Ciwon zuciya|fama da bugun zuciya]], marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin barci, da kuma marasa lafiya da ke shan magani don matsalolin jima'i, na mazan jiya, da na damuwa. Duk da cewa ba a daidaita gwajin a kan samfuran da ba su kai shekaru 17 ba, saboda sauƙin harshe, babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi da ta nuna cewa ana amfani da ma'aunin don kwatantawa da yara ƙanana kamar 12 . <ref name="ref1" /> Maki na aminci na ma'aunin dangane da ma'aunin alpha na Cronbach sun kimanta ma'aunin damuwa a 0.91, ma'aunin damuwa a 0.84, da ma'aunin damuwa a 0.90 a cikin samfurin al'ada. Ma'auni da karkacewar daidaito na kowane ma'auni sune 6.34 da 6.97 don baƙin ciki, 4.7 da 4.91 don damuwa, da kuma 10.11 da 7.91 don damuwa, bi da bi. Ma'aunin maki a cikin samfurin al'ada ya bambanta kaɗan tsakanin jinsi da kuma bambanta dangane da shekaru, kodayake ma'aunin maki don rarrabuwa ba ya canzawa ta waɗannan bambance-bambancen. <ref name="ref1" /> Ma'aunin Damuwa da Damuwa sun cika ƙa'idar ma'auni na 0.9 don bincike; duk da haka, ma'aunin Damuwa har yanzu ya cika ƙa'idodin 0.7 don aikace-aikacen asibiti kuma har yanzu yana kusa da 0.9 da ake buƙata don bincike. == Duba kuma == * Gwajin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam == Manazarta == d6fue8yroqpghb5zg2bwnlc0qb2wvgr Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve 0 158372 859931 2026-06-18T11:17:59Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339859733|Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve]]" 859931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Ma'ajiyar Ruwa na Dar es Salaam''' ko '''DMRS''' ( ''Hifahdi Akiba Bahari ya Dar es Salaam'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) rukuni ne na wuraren shakatawa na ruwa na Tanzania, tare da rukunin IUCN na II yana cikin Yankin Dar es Salaam na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tsarin ma'ajiyar ya ƙunshi tsibirai tara marasa zama, huɗu suna arewacin Gundumar Kinondoni ta Dar es Salaam; ( [[Tsibirin Bongoyo|Bongoyo]], Mbudya, Pangavini da Fungu Yasini ) da huɗu a kudu da birnin Tsibiran Makatumbi, Tsibirin Kimbubu, Tsibirin Sinda da Tsibirin Kendwa a Gundumar Kigamboni . Yana ba da kariya ga wasu muhimman yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi; murjani, mangroves da gadajen ciyawar teku . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar Es Salaam Marine Reserve System |url=https://www.marineparks.go.tz/index.php/home/reserves |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> == Matsayin shari'a == Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Ruwa da Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Tanzania ce ke kula da harkokin kula da ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Tanzaniya, wadda ita ce mai kula da kuma kula da kafa da kuma kula da Ma'ajiyar Ruwa da aka Kare a Tanzaniya. An fara kafa Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Dar es Salaam a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamun Kifi ta 1970 kuma a shekarar 1998 aka mayar da ita zuwa Wuraren Shakatawa da Ma'ajiyar Ruwa [https://web.archive.org/web/20100515211155/http://marineparktz.com/] (MPRs), Dokar Lamba ta 29 ta 1994. [http://www.icran.org/SITES/doc/dmrs.pdf] . == Barazanar == Ziyarar yankin ajiyar dabbobi (musamman Bongoyo da Mbudya) tafiya ce mai kyau ga masu yawon bude ido da kuma mazauna Tanzaniya, tsibiran suna aiki a matsayin wurin shakatawa iri-iri, ciki har da yin iyo a ruwa, yin rana da kuma yin yawo a kan tsaunuka. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ayyukan yawon bude ido marasa tsari sun haifar da tabarbarewa a cikin gandun daji. Al'ummomin kamun kifi na Kunduchi, Ununio, da Msasani da ke kusa duk sun dogara sosai kan albarkatun da ke cikin ma'ajiyar [http://www.icran.org/SITES/doc/dmrs.pdf] kuma [[Wuce gona da Iri|yawan amfani da]] albarkatu yana ƙara zama abin damuwa yayin da masunta na gida ke danganta raguwar kama kifi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da amfani da ƙananan raga da kamun kifi masu ƙarfi . Masu nutsewa sun lura da raguwar yawan kifaye da lafiyar murjani, da kuma ƙaruwar adadin murjani masu launin ja da suka karye. == Kaguwa na Kwakwa == A babban yankin Tanzaniya, da alama babu wani adadi da ya rage, yayin da akwai yiwuwar wasu kaɗan su rage a arewacin Dar es Salaam . Sabanin haka, tsarin Ma'ajiyar Ruwa na Dar es Salaam ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai tara, waɗanda ba su da zama, shida daga cikinsu an san suna da tarin kaguwa na kwakwa ( Mbudya, [[Tsibirin Bongoyo|Bongoyo]], Pangavini, Kendwa, Tsibirin Sinda ). Tsibirin Bongoyo yana da mafi girman samfuran kaguwa a ƙasar. == Manazarta == cmkk3pppq5eycosnfb1nwidou4oj6wm 859932 859931 2026-06-18T11:18:19Z Engineer014 44591 859932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin Ma'ajiyar Ruwa na Dar es Salaam''' ko '''DMRS''' ( ''Hifahdi Akiba Bahari ya Dar es Salaam'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) rukuni ne na wuraren shakatawa na ruwa na Tanzania, tare da rukunin IUCN na II yana cikin Yankin Dar es Salaam na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tsarin ma'ajiyar ya ƙunshi tsibirai tara marasa zama, huɗu suna arewacin Gundumar Kinondoni ta Dar es Salaam; ( [[Tsibirin Bongoyo|Bongoyo]], Mbudya, Pangavini da Fungu Yasini ) da huɗu a kudu da birnin Tsibiran Makatumbi, Tsibirin Kimbubu, Tsibirin Sinda da Tsibirin Kendwa a Gundumar Kigamboni . Yana ba da kariya ga wasu muhimman yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi; murjani, mangroves da gadajen ciyawar teku . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar Es Salaam Marine Reserve System |url=https://www.marineparks.go.tz/index.php/home/reserves |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> == Matsayin shari'a == Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Ruwa da Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Tanzania ce ke kula da harkokin kula da ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Tanzaniya, wadda ita ce mai kula da kuma kula da kafa da kuma kula da Ma'ajiyar Ruwa da aka Kare a Tanzaniya. An fara kafa Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Dar es Salaam a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamun Kifi ta 1970 kuma a shekarar 1998 aka mayar da ita zuwa Wuraren Shakatawa da Ma'ajiyar Ruwa [https://web.archive.org/web/20100515211155/http://marineparktz.com/] (MPRs), Dokar Lamba ta 29 ta 1994. [http://www.icran.org/SITES/doc/dmrs.pdf] . == Barazanar == Ziyarar yankin ajiyar dabbobi (musamman Bongoyo da Mbudya) tafiya ce mai kyau ga masu yawon bude ido da kuma mazauna Tanzaniya, tsibiran suna aiki a matsayin wurin shakatawa iri-iri, ciki har da yin iyo a ruwa, yin rana da kuma yin yawo a kan tsaunuka. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ayyukan yawon bude ido marasa tsari sun haifar da tabarbarewa a cikin gandun daji. Al'ummomin kamun kifi na Kunduchi, Ununio, da Msasani da ke kusa duk sun dogara sosai kan albarkatun da ke cikin ma'ajiyar [http://www.icran.org/SITES/doc/dmrs.pdf] kuma [[Wuce gona da Iri|yawan amfani da]] albarkatu yana ƙara zama abin damuwa yayin da masunta na gida ke danganta raguwar kama kifi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da amfani da ƙananan raga da kamun kifi masu ƙarfi . Masu nutsewa sun lura da raguwar yawan kifaye da lafiyar murjani, da kuma ƙaruwar adadin murjani masu launin ja da suka karye. == Kaguwa na Kwakwa == A babban yankin Tanzaniya, da alama babu wani adadi da ya rage, yayin da akwai yiwuwar wasu kaɗan su rage a arewacin Dar es Salaam . Sabanin haka, tsarin Ma'ajiyar Ruwa na Dar es Salaam ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai tara, waɗanda ba su da zama, shida daga cikinsu an san suna da tarin kaguwa na kwakwa ( Mbudya, [[Tsibirin Bongoyo|Bongoyo]], Pangavini, Kendwa, Tsibirin Sinda ). Tsibirin Bongoyo yana da mafi girman samfuran kaguwa a ƙasar. == Manazarta == n876hmjc08dvq8kh7g0ze9kzrgfgf5z Kifi mai ban sha'awa 0 158373 859935 2026-06-18T11:20:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354735742|Spotted killifish]]" 859935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifin kifin da aka yi masa kitso''' ( ''Nothobranchius orthonotus'' ) ƙaramin nau'in kifi ne, ɗan gajeren lokaci, wani kogi na Afirka daga dangin Nothobranchiidae . Waɗannan kifayen asalinsu suna zaune ne a cikin tafkuna masu ruwa da yawa waɗanda ke cikin maɓuɓɓugan savannah na gabashin Afirka, musamman Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, da Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan nau'in kifi yana faruwa a cikin ruwa na ɗan lokaci kuma ƙwai na killifish na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci na bushewa. Kalmar killifish wataƙila ta fito ne daga ''kil'' na Holland don kill (ƙaramin rafi). == Abinci mai gina jiki == Kifin kifin da aka yi masa kitse yana cin ƙwayoyin halittar da ba su da ƙashi a cikin ruwa da kuma ƙashi masu ƙashi, abincinsa ya ƙunshi kifin huhu na matasa ( ''[[Gaiwa|Protopterus annectens]]'' ) da kuma tsutsar amphibia. Baya ga waɗannan, wannan nau'in yana kuma cin ƙaramin adadin ƙwari daga nau'ikan Odonata, [[Buzuzu|Coleoptera]] da Ephemeroptera . Ana iya ɗaukar irin waɗannan abinci a matsayin masu riba don cinikin girman abu da sauƙin kamawa. <ref name="Polacik">{{Cite journal |last=Polacik |first=M |last2=Reichard |first2=M |date=June 29, 2010 |title=Diet overlap among three sympatric African annual killifish species Nothobranchius spp. from Mozambique |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=754–768 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02717.x |pmid=20701652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Zagayen rayuwa da haifuwa == Kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama, wanda galibi yake cikin nau'in ''Nothobranchius'', an daidaita shi da bushewar muhallinsu na shekara-shekara. Kifin yana ƙyanƙyashewa a farkon kowace damina, kuma yana ci gaba da girma da sauri. Cikin 'yan makonni kaɗan, waɗannan kifayen suna isa ga girman jiki, kuma suna hayayyafa kowace rana, inda mata ke haifar da ƙwai har zuwa 50 kowace rana. Daga nan, ana haifar ƙwai a cikin wani yanki na dutse ko ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa a can bayan tafkin ya bushe. Ko da a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, ƙwai suna iya rayuwa a cikin dakatarwar ci gaba har zuwa farkon kakar damina mai zuwa. <ref name="Polacik" /> == Halaye == Kifi mai nau'in ''Nothobranchius'' yana nuna bambancin jinsi, inda mazan ke nuna launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske. Kifin kifin da aka yi masa alama da babba yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'insa, kuma yana iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|10|cm|in}} a tsayi. <ref name="Polacik">{{Cite journal |last=Polacik |first=M |last2=Reichard |first2=M |date=June 29, 2010 |title=Diet overlap among three sympatric African annual killifish species Nothobranchius spp. from Mozambique |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=754–768 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02717.x |pmid=20701652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPolacikReichard2010">Polacik, M; Reichard, M (June 29, 2010). </cite></ref> == Mazauna da muhalli == Kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama ya samo asali ne daga tafkunan ruwa masu tsafta da ke cikin tsaunukan savannah na gabashin Afirka, musamman Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, da Afirka ta Kudu. An gano cewa wannan nau'in yana raba waɗannan tafkunan tare da ''N. furzeri'', ''[[Nothobranchius kadleci|N. kadleci]]'' da ''N.rachovii'', duk suna haɗuwa. Muhalli na halitta da ake zaune a ciki na iya kamawa daga waɗanda ba su da kayan lambu da kuma waɗanda ba su da zurfi tare da ruwan gajimare, har zuwa tafkuna masu yawa da suka yi girma, waɗanda suke da zurfi kuma suna da ruwa mai tsabta. Wannan nau'in kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin fadama da ke da alaƙa da wuraren ambaliyar ruwa lokaci-lokaci. Ganin yadda kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama ya rayu, ya saba da yanayin busasshiyar yanayi da danshi daban-daban da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a wannan ɓangaren na duniya. Duk da haka, saboda shirye-shiryen fesa kwari masu yaɗuwa na yaƙi da zazzabin cizon sauro da tsetse kwanan nan, yawan kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama yana fuskantar barazana. Duk da cewa wannan nau'in yana fuskantar barazana, yana cikin ƙarancin haɗari, kuma har yanzu ba ya buƙatar ayyukan kiyayewa saboda barazanar tana cikin gida. == Manazarta == hgun8jzx3rehi9a03eo0stzhajdfl0i 859936 859935 2026-06-18T11:20:28Z Engineer014 44591 859936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin kifin da aka yi masa kitso''' ( ''Nothobranchius orthonotus'' ) ƙaramin nau'in kifi ne, ɗan gajeren lokaci, wani kogi na Afirka daga dangin Nothobranchiidae . Waɗannan kifayen asalinsu suna zaune ne a cikin tafkuna masu ruwa da yawa waɗanda ke cikin maɓuɓɓugan savannah na gabashin Afirka, musamman Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, da Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan nau'in kifi yana faruwa a cikin ruwa na ɗan lokaci kuma ƙwai na killifish na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci na bushewa. Kalmar killifish wataƙila ta fito ne daga ''kil'' na Holland don kill (ƙaramin rafi). == Abinci mai gina jiki == Kifin kifin da aka yi masa kitse yana cin ƙwayoyin halittar da ba su da ƙashi a cikin ruwa da kuma ƙashi masu ƙashi, abincinsa ya ƙunshi kifin huhu na matasa ( ''[[Gaiwa|Protopterus annectens]]'' ) da kuma tsutsar amphibia. Baya ga waɗannan, wannan nau'in yana kuma cin ƙaramin adadin ƙwari daga nau'ikan Odonata, [[Buzuzu|Coleoptera]] da Ephemeroptera . Ana iya ɗaukar irin waɗannan abinci a matsayin masu riba don cinikin girman abu da sauƙin kamawa. <ref name="Polacik">{{Cite journal |last=Polacik |first=M |last2=Reichard |first2=M |date=June 29, 2010 |title=Diet overlap among three sympatric African annual killifish species Nothobranchius spp. from Mozambique |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=754–768 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02717.x |pmid=20701652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Zagayen rayuwa da haifuwa == Kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama, wanda galibi yake cikin nau'in ''Nothobranchius'', an daidaita shi da bushewar muhallinsu na shekara-shekara. Kifin yana ƙyanƙyashewa a farkon kowace damina, kuma yana ci gaba da girma da sauri. Cikin 'yan makonni kaɗan, waɗannan kifayen suna isa ga girman jiki, kuma suna hayayyafa kowace rana, inda mata ke haifar da ƙwai har zuwa 50 kowace rana. Daga nan, ana haifar ƙwai a cikin wani yanki na dutse ko ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa a can bayan tafkin ya bushe. Ko da a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, ƙwai suna iya rayuwa a cikin dakatarwar ci gaba har zuwa farkon kakar damina mai zuwa. <ref name="Polacik" /> == Halaye == Kifi mai nau'in ''Nothobranchius'' yana nuna bambancin jinsi, inda mazan ke nuna launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske. Kifin kifin da aka yi masa alama da babba yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'insa, kuma yana iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|10|cm|in}} a tsayi. <ref name="Polacik">{{Cite journal |last=Polacik |first=M |last2=Reichard |first2=M |date=June 29, 2010 |title=Diet overlap among three sympatric African annual killifish species Nothobranchius spp. from Mozambique |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=754–768 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02717.x |pmid=20701652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPolacikReichard2010">Polacik, M; Reichard, M (June 29, 2010). </cite></ref> == Mazauna da muhalli == Kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama ya samo asali ne daga tafkunan ruwa masu tsafta da ke cikin tsaunukan savannah na gabashin Afirka, musamman Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, da Afirka ta Kudu. An gano cewa wannan nau'in yana raba waɗannan tafkunan tare da ''N. furzeri'', ''[[Nothobranchius kadleci|N. kadleci]]'' da ''N.rachovii'', duk suna haɗuwa. Muhalli na halitta da ake zaune a ciki na iya kamawa daga waɗanda ba su da kayan lambu da kuma waɗanda ba su da zurfi tare da ruwan gajimare, har zuwa tafkuna masu yawa da suka yi girma, waɗanda suke da zurfi kuma suna da ruwa mai tsabta. Wannan nau'in kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin fadama da ke da alaƙa da wuraren ambaliyar ruwa lokaci-lokaci. Ganin yadda kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama ya rayu, ya saba da yanayin busasshiyar yanayi da danshi daban-daban da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a wannan ɓangaren na duniya. Duk da haka, saboda shirye-shiryen fesa kwari masu yaɗuwa na yaƙi da zazzabin cizon sauro da tsetse kwanan nan, yawan kifin kifin da aka yi wa alama yana fuskantar barazana. Duk da cewa wannan nau'in yana fuskantar barazana, yana cikin ƙarancin haɗari, kuma har yanzu ba ya buƙatar ayyukan kiyayewa saboda barazanar tana cikin gida. == Manazarta == 4lxz6y667pl42bsilph43rdjkvj1j7a Tsibirin Maziwi 0 158374 859941 2026-06-18T11:27:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339965380|Maziwi Island]]" 859941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Maziwe''' a hukumance, '''Maziwe Island Marine Reserve''' ( ''Kisiwa Hifadhi Akiba Bahari cha Maziwe'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) Maziwe Marine Reserve ƙaramin tsibiri ne da ke bakin tekun arewacin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren ajiyar ruwa a Tanzaniya, wannan yanayin halittu mai cike da murjani yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye sama da 400 da kuma bambancin nau'ikan murjani, soso da algae. Ana kuma ɗaukar Maziwe a matsayin mafi mahimmancin wurin kiwo ga kunkuru a Gabashin Afirka. Wannan yanayin muhalli na bakin teku ba wai kawai yana da mahimmanci ga namun daji da ke dogaro da shi ba har ma don dorewar rayuwar mutanen da ke zaune a yankin na dogon lokaci. == Tarihi == An kafa Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Tsibirin Maziwe a shekarar 1975, ita ce yankin farko da Tanga ke da kariya daga ruwan teku. Shirin Kare da Ci Gaban Yankin Tekun Tanga (TCZCDP), wanda aka fara a watan Yulin 1994 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Yunin 2007, ya taimaka wa yankunan bakin teku na Tanga, ciki har da Maziwe Island Marine Reserve, fahimtar da kuma amfani da muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ICAM. Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa wannan tsibirin ya kasance mafi girma sosai kuma an shuka shi da bishiyoyin dabino da sauran bishiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fay |first=M.B. |date=1992 |title=Maziwi Island Off Pangani |url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publications/Reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs139.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518120401/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publications/Reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs139.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2009 |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 139 |publisher=UNEP}}</ref> Saboda masunta na gida suna sare bishiyoyi a tsibirin wataƙila tare da [[Tashin matakin teku|hauhawar matakin teku]], canjin yanayin yanayi ko yanayi tsibirin ya fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa mai yawa. == Conservation == A shekarar 2005, Dorobo Fund ta haɗu da al'ummar Ushongo/Pangani ta gida, masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar nishaɗi, da kuma Sashen Wuraren Shakatawa na Ruwa da Ajiye Kuɗi na Tanzaniya da manufar kare ma'ajiyar ruwa. Tsawon shekaru, wannan aiki na musamman da haɗin gwiwa ya haifar da abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa ga masunta na gida, gwamnati, da kuma 'yan kasuwan yawon buɗe ido na gida. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin shine Shirin Kare Kunkuru na Abokan Maziwe. Tsibirin yana aiki a matsayin muhimmin wurin zama ga kunkuru masu kore, waɗanda ke rarrafe a bakin teku don yin ƙwai. Duk da haka, canje-canje a tsarin tsibirin ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a gidajen kunkuru a lokacin da ruwa ke ci gaba da mamaye su, wanda hakan ya sa ƙwai ba sa iya rayuwa. Shirin Kare Kunkuru na Abokan Maziwe, tare da haɗin gwiwar al'ummar ƙauyen Ushongo da jami'an kiyayewa, suna ƙaura gidajen kunkuru daga rairayin bakin teku na Maziwe Island Marine Reserve da Kikogwe Beach zuwa wani yanki mai kariya a bakin tekun Ushongo. Wannan aikin ya mayar da gidajen kunkuru sama da 330 kuma ya saki jarirai kunkuru sama da 60,000 zuwa cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari, muna sa ran ganin fa'idodi na dogon lokaci da kuma fa'ida mai faɗi yayin da Maziwe ke aiki a matsayin wurin da za a haɓaka kamun kifi a babban yankin da kuma don gabaɗaya bambancin halittu da kiyaye bakin teku a Gabashin Afirka. == Manazarta == 1gf5vrhm8anwfz6o0zcn63mquao4szk 859943 859941 2026-06-18T11:27:34Z Engineer014 44591 859943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin Maziwe''' a hukumance, '''Maziwe Island Marine Reserve''' ( ''Kisiwa Hifadhi Akiba Bahari cha Maziwe'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) Maziwe Marine Reserve ƙaramin tsibiri ne da ke bakin tekun arewacin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren ajiyar ruwa a Tanzaniya, wannan yanayin halittu mai cike da murjani yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye sama da 400 da kuma bambancin nau'ikan murjani, soso da algae. Ana kuma ɗaukar Maziwe a matsayin mafi mahimmancin wurin kiwo ga kunkuru a Gabashin Afirka. Wannan yanayin muhalli na bakin teku ba wai kawai yana da mahimmanci ga namun daji da ke dogaro da shi ba har ma don dorewar rayuwar mutanen da ke zaune a yankin na dogon lokaci. == Tarihi == An kafa Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Tsibirin Maziwe a shekarar 1975, ita ce yankin farko da Tanga ke da kariya daga ruwan teku. Shirin Kare da Ci Gaban Yankin Tekun Tanga (TCZCDP), wanda aka fara a watan Yulin 1994 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Yunin 2007, ya taimaka wa yankunan bakin teku na Tanga, ciki har da Maziwe Island Marine Reserve, fahimtar da kuma amfani da muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ICAM. Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa wannan tsibirin ya kasance mafi girma sosai kuma an shuka shi da bishiyoyin dabino da sauran bishiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fay |first=M.B. |date=1992 |title=Maziwi Island Off Pangani |url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publications/Reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs139.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518120401/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publications/Reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs139.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2009 |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 139 |publisher=UNEP}}</ref> Saboda masunta na gida suna sare bishiyoyi a tsibirin wataƙila tare da [[Tashin matakin teku|hauhawar matakin teku]], canjin yanayin yanayi ko yanayi tsibirin ya fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa mai yawa. == Conservation == A shekarar 2005, Dorobo Fund ta haɗu da al'ummar Ushongo/Pangani ta gida, masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar nishaɗi, da kuma Sashen Wuraren Shakatawa na Ruwa da Ajiye Kuɗi na Tanzaniya da manufar kare ma'ajiyar ruwa. Tsawon shekaru, wannan aiki na musamman da haɗin gwiwa ya haifar da abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa ga masunta na gida, gwamnati, da kuma 'yan kasuwan yawon buɗe ido na gida. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin shine Shirin Kare Kunkuru na Abokan Maziwe. Tsibirin yana aiki a matsayin muhimmin wurin zama ga kunkuru masu kore, waɗanda ke rarrafe a bakin teku don yin ƙwai. Duk da haka, canje-canje a tsarin tsibirin ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a gidajen kunkuru a lokacin da ruwa ke ci gaba da mamaye su, wanda hakan ya sa ƙwai ba sa iya rayuwa. Shirin Kare Kunkuru na Abokan Maziwe, tare da haɗin gwiwar al'ummar ƙauyen Ushongo da jami'an kiyayewa, suna ƙaura gidajen kunkuru daga rairayin bakin teku na Maziwe Island Marine Reserve da Kikogwe Beach zuwa wani yanki mai kariya a bakin tekun Ushongo. Wannan aikin ya mayar da gidajen kunkuru sama da 330 kuma ya saki jarirai kunkuru sama da 60,000 zuwa cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari, muna sa ran ganin fa'idodi na dogon lokaci da kuma fa'ida mai faɗi yayin da Maziwe ke aiki a matsayin wurin da za a haɓaka kamun kifi a babban yankin da kuma don gabaɗaya bambancin halittu da kiyaye bakin teku a Gabashin Afirka. == Manazarta == c90ikvam3r9zud0afzx1dl5cw6pwfcy Anyimchukwu Ude 0 158375 859970 2026-06-18T11:51:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359160719|Anyimchukwu Ude]]" 859970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anyim Chukwu Ude''' ya rayu tun daga (1 Yuni 1941 ya mutu 15 Mayu 2023) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na mazabar Ebonyi ta Kudu a [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]], ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007. Ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP)<ref name="nassnig2">{{cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref><nowiki>}}}}}}}}}spanning 42 years. He was a veteran journalist, broadcaster and administrator with vast experience in public service, especially in media matters. He entered the public service of former Eastern Nigeria as a clerk in 1960 and later joined the Eastern Nigeria Information Service, printers and publishers of ‘Nigerian Outlook’ in May 1965 as a reporter. At the end of</nowiki> == Ayyukansa a cikin watsa shirye-shirye == Before going to the [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Senate]], Ude had a career in the Nigerian Public Service spanning 42 years. He was a veteran journalist, broadcaster and administrator with vast experience in public service, especially in media matters. He entered the public service of former Eastern Nigeria as a clerk in 1960 and later joined the Eastern Nigeria Information Service, printers and publishers of ‘Nigerian Outlook’ in May 1965 as a reporter. At the end of the [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Nigerian Civil War]] in 1970, he trained as a journalist and broadcaster in Nigeria and overseas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ude later worked in East Central State Broadcasting Service (ECBS), Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Imo Broadcasting Service (IBS) and [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] (FRCN). Senator Ude was the first General Manager of Radio Nigeria, Owerri (1981–1985); first Director-General of Imo Broadcasting Corporation (1985–1991); first Director-General of Broadcasting Corporation of Abia State (1991–1996); first Chief Executive of Ebonyi Broadcasting Service; and first Honourable Commissioner for Commerce, Industry & Tourism, Ebonyi State (1997–1999). Ude was for 161/2 years the Chief Executive of several Broadcasting Establishments thus remaining the longest serving Chief Executive in Nigeria’s volatile Broadcasting Industry.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Between 1984 and 2003, he held several special appointments. They include Director, Golden Guinea Breweries, Umuahia (1984–1987); Member, Special Advisory Committee to the Federal Government on Electronic Media Operations (1989–1993); Member, Central Working Committee of the Broadcasting Organisations of Nigeria, BON (1987–1997); Chairman, Zone ‘E’ of BON comprising the Eastern States; and Chairman, Governing Council of the Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze in Anambra State (2000–2003).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A former President-General of Old Afikpo Union (OAU) comprising today’s Ebonyi South Senatorial Zone, he was also an ordained Ruling Elder of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was the Chairman of the Presbyterian Joint Hospital, Uburu in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State from 1994 to 2000. He was also a Member, Advisory Council to the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was decorated a Member of the [[Order of the Niger]] by former President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] in 2000 and was one of the six delegates selected to represent Ebonyi State at the 2005 National Political Reform Conference.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai == Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yunin 2007, an nada Ude a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan kan Jirgin Sama kuma ya yi aiki a wasu Kwamitocin Majalisar Dattija guda hudu: Tsaro da Sojoji, Sufurin Kasa, Kasuwancin Babban Birni da Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido.<ref name="nassnig"> {{Cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Jirgin Sama, ya kasance a tsakiyar kokarin da aka samu don inganta [[Filin jirgin saman Enugu|Filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam]], Enugu zuwa matsayin filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan fansho da kyauta ga ma'aikatan kamfanin Nigeria Airways kamar yadda yake yi wajen biyan diyya ga iyalai na wadanda suka kamu da hadarin jirgin sama na 2005/2006. Kwamitin ya kuma bincika biyan kuɗi da amfani da Asusun Harkokin Jirgin Sama. 2 Ude ta dauki nauyin Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a a Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kuma gabatar da shawarwari da yawa a bene na Majalisar Dattijai (3)))))))))) A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Jirgin Sama, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Ude ya nuna damuwa game da gazawar tsaro a filayen jirgin saman kasar bayan wani abin da ya faru a Calabar inda wani direban mota ya shiga cikin jirgin sama da ke shirin tashi.4)))))))))) Ude ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2023, yana da shekaru 81.5(((((((((( == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin mutane daga Jihar Ebonyi]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] m676j7x7xtiilrg4uua9ox1nn6gu269 859973 859970 2026-06-18T11:52:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anyim Chukwu Ude''' ya rayu tun daga (1 Yuni 1941 ya mutu 15 Mayu 2023) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na mazabar Ebonyi ta Kudu a [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]], ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007. Ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP)<ref name="nassnig2">{{cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyukansa a cikin watsa shirye-shirye == Before going to the [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Senate]], Ude had a career in the Nigerian Public Service spanning 42 years. He was a veteran journalist, broadcaster and administrator with vast experience in public service, especially in media matters. He entered the public service of former Eastern Nigeria as a clerk in 1960 and later joined the Eastern Nigeria Information Service, printers and publishers of ‘Nigerian Outlook’ in May 1965 as a reporter. At the end of the [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Nigerian Civil War]] in 1970, he trained as a journalist and broadcaster in Nigeria and overseas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ude later worked in East Central State Broadcasting Service (ECBS), Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Imo Broadcasting Service (IBS) and [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] (FRCN). Senator Ude was the first General Manager of Radio Nigeria, Owerri (1981–1985); first Director-General of Imo Broadcasting Corporation (1985–1991); first Director-General of Broadcasting Corporation of Abia State (1991–1996); first Chief Executive of Ebonyi Broadcasting Service; and first Honourable Commissioner for Commerce, Industry & Tourism, Ebonyi State (1997–1999). Ude was for 161/2 years the Chief Executive of several Broadcasting Establishments thus remaining the longest serving Chief Executive in Nigeria’s volatile Broadcasting Industry.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Between 1984 and 2003, he held several special appointments. They include Director, Golden Guinea Breweries, Umuahia (1984–1987); Member, Special Advisory Committee to the Federal Government on Electronic Media Operations (1989–1993); Member, Central Working Committee of the Broadcasting Organisations of Nigeria, BON (1987–1997); Chairman, Zone ‘E’ of BON comprising the Eastern States; and Chairman, Governing Council of the Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze in Anambra State (2000–2003).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A former President-General of Old Afikpo Union (OAU) comprising today’s Ebonyi South Senatorial Zone, he was also an ordained Ruling Elder of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was the Chairman of the Presbyterian Joint Hospital, Uburu in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State from 1994 to 2000. He was also a Member, Advisory Council to the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was decorated a Member of the [[Order of the Niger]] by former President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] in 2000 and was one of the six delegates selected to represent Ebonyi State at the 2005 National Political Reform Conference.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai == Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yunin 2007, an nada Ude a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan kan Jirgin Sama kuma ya yi aiki a wasu Kwamitocin Majalisar Dattija guda hudu: Tsaro da Sojoji, Sufurin Kasa, Kasuwancin Babban Birni da Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido.<ref name="nassnig"> {{Cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Jirgin Sama, ya kasance a tsakiyar kokarin da aka samu don inganta [[Filin jirgin saman Enugu|Filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam]], Enugu zuwa matsayin filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan fansho da kyauta ga ma'aikatan kamfanin Nigeria Airways kamar yadda yake yi wajen biyan diyya ga iyalai na wadanda suka kamu da hadarin jirgin sama na 2005/2006. Kwamitin ya kuma bincika biyan kuɗi da amfani da Asusun Harkokin Jirgin Sama. 2 Ude ta dauki nauyin Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a a Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kuma gabatar da shawarwari da yawa a bene na Majalisar Dattijai (3)))))))))) A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Jirgin Sama, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Ude ya nuna damuwa game da gazawar tsaro a filayen jirgin saman kasar bayan wani abin da ya faru a Calabar inda wani direban mota ya shiga cikin jirgin sama da ke shirin tashi.4)))))))))) Ude ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2023, yana da shekaru 81.5(((((((((( == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin mutane daga Jihar Ebonyi]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 9xumcwmhrowaslqkftk1btw3ugq9lm0 859981 859973 2026-06-18T11:56:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anyim Chukwu Ude''' ya rayu tun daga (1 Yuni 1941 ya mutu 15 Mayu 2023) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na mazabar Ebonyi ta Kudu a [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]], ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007. Ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP)<ref name="nassnig2">{{cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyukansa a cikin watsa shirye-shirye == Before going to the [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Senate]], Ude had a career in the Nigerian Public Service spanning 42 years. He was a veteran journalist, broadcaster and administrator with vast experience in public service, especially in media matters. He entered the public service of former Eastern Nigeria as a clerk in 1960 and later joined the Eastern Nigeria Information Service, printers and publishers of ‘Nigerian Outlook’ in May 1965 as a reporter. At the end of the [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Nigerian Civil War]] in 1970, he trained as a journalist and broadcaster in Nigeria and overseas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ude later worked in East Central State Broadcasting Service (ECBS), Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Imo Broadcasting Service (IBS) and [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] (FRCN). Senator Ude was the first General Manager of Radio Nigeria, Owerri (1981–1985); first Director-General of Imo Broadcasting Corporation (1985–1991); first Director-General of Broadcasting Corporation of Abia State (1991–1996); first Chief Executive of Ebonyi Broadcasting Service; and first Honourable Commissioner for Commerce, Industry & Tourism, Ebonyi State (1997–1999). Ude was for 161/2 years the Chief Executive of several Broadcasting Establishments thus remaining the longest serving Chief Executive in Nigeria’s volatile Broadcasting Industry.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Between 1984 and 2003, he held several special appointments. They include Director, Golden Guinea Breweries, Umuahia (1984–1987); Member, Special Advisory Committee to the Federal Government on Electronic Media Operations (1989–1993); Member, Central Working Committee of the Broadcasting Organisations of Nigeria, BON (1987–1997); Chairman, Zone ‘E’ of BON comprising the Eastern States; and Chairman, Governing Council of the Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze in Anambra State (2000–2003).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A former President-General of Old Afikpo Union (OAU) comprising today’s Ebonyi South Senatorial Zone, he was also an ordained Ruling Elder of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was the Chairman of the Presbyterian Joint Hospital, Uburu in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State from 1994 to 2000. He was also a Member, Advisory Council to the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was decorated a Member of the [[Order of the Niger]] by former President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] in 2000 and was one of the six delegates selected to represent Ebonyi State at the 2005 National Political Reform Conference.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai == Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yunin 2007, an nada Ude a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan kan Jirgin Sama kuma ya yi aiki a wasu Kwamitocin Majalisar Dattija guda hudu: Tsaro da Sojoji, Sufurin Kasa, Kasuwancin Babban Birni da Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido.<ref name="nassnig"> {{Cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Jirgin Sama, ya kasance a tsakiyar kokarin da aka samu don inganta [[Filin jirgin saman Enugu|Filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam]], Enugu zuwa matsayin filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan fansho da kyauta ga ma'aikatan kamfanin Nigeria Airways kamar yadda yake yi wajen biyan diyya ga iyalai na wadanda suka kamu da hadarin jirgin sama na 2005/2006. Kwamitin ya kuma bincika biyan kuɗi da amfani da Asusun Harkokin Jirgin Sama.<ref>"Senator Anyim Ude". National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2010-06-08</ref> Ude ta dauki nauyin Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a a Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kuma gabatar da shawarwari da yawa a bene na Majalisar Dattijai (3)))))))))) A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Jirgin Sama, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Ude ya nuna damuwa game da gazawar tsaro a filayen jirgin saman kasar bayan wani abin da ya faru a Calabar inda wani direban mota ya shiga cikin jirgin sama da ke shirin tashi.4)))))))))) Ude ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2023, yana da shekaru 81.5(((((((((( == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin mutane daga Jihar Ebonyi]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] mzqrufp5utkjx8p0hctas5q25po682p 859985 859981 2026-06-18T11:58:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 "An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators..." ThisDay. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-08. 859985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anyim Chukwu Ude''' ya rayu tun daga (1 Yuni 1941 ya mutu 15 Mayu 2023) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na mazabar Ebonyi ta Kudu a [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]], ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007. Ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP)<ref name="nassnig2">{{cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyukansa a cikin watsa shirye-shirye == Before going to the [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Senate]], Ude had a career in the Nigerian Public Service spanning 42 years. He was a veteran journalist, broadcaster and administrator with vast experience in public service, especially in media matters. He entered the public service of former Eastern Nigeria as a clerk in 1960 and later joined the Eastern Nigeria Information Service, printers and publishers of ‘Nigerian Outlook’ in May 1965 as a reporter. At the end of the [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Nigerian Civil War]] in 1970, he trained as a journalist and broadcaster in Nigeria and overseas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ude later worked in East Central State Broadcasting Service (ECBS), Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Imo Broadcasting Service (IBS) and [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] (FRCN). Senator Ude was the first General Manager of Radio Nigeria, Owerri (1981–1985); first Director-General of Imo Broadcasting Corporation (1985–1991); first Director-General of Broadcasting Corporation of Abia State (1991–1996); first Chief Executive of Ebonyi Broadcasting Service; and first Honourable Commissioner for Commerce, Industry & Tourism, Ebonyi State (1997–1999). Ude was for 161/2 years the Chief Executive of several Broadcasting Establishments thus remaining the longest serving Chief Executive in Nigeria’s volatile Broadcasting Industry.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Between 1984 and 2003, he held several special appointments. They include Director, Golden Guinea Breweries, Umuahia (1984–1987); Member, Special Advisory Committee to the Federal Government on Electronic Media Operations (1989–1993); Member, Central Working Committee of the Broadcasting Organisations of Nigeria, BON (1987–1997); Chairman, Zone ‘E’ of BON comprising the Eastern States; and Chairman, Governing Council of the Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze in Anambra State (2000–2003).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A former President-General of Old Afikpo Union (OAU) comprising today’s Ebonyi South Senatorial Zone, he was also an ordained Ruling Elder of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was the Chairman of the Presbyterian Joint Hospital, Uburu in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State from 1994 to 2000. He was also a Member, Advisory Council to the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He was decorated a Member of the [[Order of the Niger]] by former President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] in 2000 and was one of the six delegates selected to represent Ebonyi State at the 2005 National Political Reform Conference.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai == Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yunin 2007, an nada Ude a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan kan Jirgin Sama kuma ya yi aiki a wasu Kwamitocin Majalisar Dattija guda hudu: Tsaro da Sojoji, Sufurin Kasa, Kasuwancin Babban Birni da Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido.<ref name="nassnig"> {{Cite web |title=Senator Anyim Ude |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=51&page=1&state=13 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Jirgin Sama, ya kasance a tsakiyar kokarin da aka samu don inganta [[Filin jirgin saman Enugu|Filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam]], Enugu zuwa matsayin filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan fansho da kyauta ga ma'aikatan kamfanin Nigeria Airways kamar yadda yake yi wajen biyan diyya ga iyalai na wadanda suka kamu da hadarin jirgin sama na 2005/2006. Kwamitin ya kuma bincika biyan kuɗi da amfani da Asusun Harkokin Jirgin Sama.<ref>"Senator Anyim Ude". National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2010-06-08</ref> Ude ta dauki nauyin Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a a Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kuma gabatar da shawarwari da yawa a bene na Majalisar Dattijai (3)))))))))) A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Jirgin Sama, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Ude ya nuna damuwa game da gazawar tsaro a filayen jirgin saman kasar bayan wani abin da ya faru a Calabar inda wani direban mota ya shiga cikin jirgin sama da ke shirin tashi.<ref>Bankole, Idowu (2023-05-18). "Ebonyi loses renowned Journalist, Senator Anyim Ude". ''Vanguard News''. Retrieved 2026-06-13.</ref> Ude ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2023, yana da shekaru 81.<ref>"An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators..." ''ThisDay''. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-08.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin mutane daga Jihar Ebonyi]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] s2lmqurtb90sufqork6ynzyt0h5gy7n